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Falkhofen J, Bahr MS, Baumann B, Wolff M. Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy on Solid Samples. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4085. [PMID: 39000864 PMCID: PMC11243826 DOI: 10.3390/s24134085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) is a technique in which the sound wave is detected by a quartz tuning fork (QTF). It enables particularly high specificity with respect to the excitation frequency and is well known for an extraordinarily sensitive analysis of gaseous samples. We have developed the first photoacoustic (PA) cell for QEPAS on solid samples. Periodic heating of the sample is excited by modulated light from an interband cascade laser (ICL) in the infrared region. The cell represents a half-open cylinder that exhibits an acoustical resonance frequency equal to that of the QTF and, therefore, additionally amplifies the PA signal. The antinode of the sound pressure of the first longitudinal overtone can be accessed by the sound detector. A 3D finite element (FE) simulation confirms the optimal dimensions of the new cylindrical cell with the given QTF resonance frequency. An experimental verification is performed with an ultrasound micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) microphone. The presented frequency-dependent QEPAS measurement exhibits a low noise signal with a high-quality factor. The QEPAS-based investigation of three different solid synthetics resulted in a linearly dependent signal with respect to the absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Falkhofen
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Marc-Simon Bahr
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Wolff
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 20999 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Guo G, Li L, Zhou Y, Gong T, Tian Y, Sun X, Cui J, Shi S, Guo Z, He X, Qiu X, Sun J, Jiang C, Fittschen C, Li C. High-Sensitivity Differential Helmholtz Photoacoustic System Combined with the Herriott Multipass Cell and Its Application in Seed Respiration. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7730-7737. [PMID: 38703107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A highly sensitive photoacoustic detection system using a differential Helmholtz resonator (DHR) combined with a Herriott multipass cell is presented, and its implementation to sub-ppm level carbon dioxide (CO2) detection is demonstrated. Through the utilization of erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA), the laser power was amplified to 150 mW. Within the multipass cell, a total of 22 reflections occurred, contributing to an impressive 33.6 times improvement in the system sensitivity. The normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) was 8.64 × 10-11 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 [signal-to-noise ratio, (SNR) = 1] and according to the Allan variance analysis, a minimum detection limit of 500 ppb could be achieved for CO2 at 1204 s, which demonstrates the long-term stability of the system. The system was applied to detect the respiration of rice and upland rice seeds. It is demonstrated that the system can monitor and distinguish the respiration intensity and respiration rate of different seeds in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guqing Guo
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lin Li
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yueting Zhou
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yali Tian
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaocong Sun
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhenyu Guo
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaohu He
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xuanbing Qiu
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Christa Fittschen
- CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A─Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Chuanliang Li
- Shanxi Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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3
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Qiao S, He Y, Sun H, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Spagnolo V, Ma Y. Ultra-highly sensitive dual gases detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy by exploiting a long-wave, high-power, wide-tunable, single-longitudinal-mode solid-state laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:100. [PMID: 38693126 PMCID: PMC11063167 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) as a highly sensitive and selective trace gas detection technique has extremely broad application in many fields. However, the laser sources currently used in PAS limit the sensing performance. Compared to diode laser and quantum cascade laser, the solid-state laser has the merits of high optical power, excellent beam quality, and wide tuning range. Here we present a long-wave, high-power, wide-tunable, single-longitudinal-mode solid-state laser used as light source in a PAS sensor for trace gas detection. The self-built solid-state laser had an emission wavelength of ~2 μm with Tm:YAP crystal as the gain material, with an excellent wavelength and optical power stability as well as a high beam quality. The wide wavelength tuning range of 9.44 nm covers the absorption spectra of water and ammonia, with a maximum optical power of ~130 mW, allowing dual gas detection with a single laser source. The solid-state laser was used as light source in three different photoacoustic detection techniques: standard PAS with microphone, and external- and intra-cavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), proving that solid-state laser is an attractive excitation source in photoacoustic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ying He
- National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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Liang T, Qiao S, Chen Y, He Y, Ma Y. High-sensitivity methane detection based on QEPAS and H-QEPAS technologies combined with a self-designed 8.7 kHz quartz tuning fork. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 36:100592. [PMID: 38322619 PMCID: PMC10844118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas as well as being flammable and explosive. In this manuscript, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and heterodyne QEPAS (H-QEPAS) exploring a self-designed quartz tuning fork (QTF) with resonance frequency (f0) of ∼8.7 kHz was utilized to achieve sensitive CH4 detection. Compared with the standard commercial 32.768 kHz QTF, this self-designed QTF with a low f0 and large prong gap has the merits of long energy accumulation time and low optical noise. The strongest line located at 6057.08 cm-1 in the 2v3 overtone band of CH4 was chosen as the target absorption line. A diode laser with a high output power of > 30 mW was utilized as the excitation source. Acoustic micro-resonators (AmRs) were added to the sensor architecture to amplify the intensity of acoustic waves. Compared to the bare QTF, after the addition of AmRs, a signal enhancement of 149-fold and 165-fold were obtained for QEPAS and H-QEPAS systems, respectively. The corresponding minimum detection limits (MDLs) were 711 ppb and 1.06 ppm for QEPAS and H-QEPAS sensors. Furthermore, based on Allan variance analysis the MDLs can be improved to 19 ppb and 27 ppb correspondingly. Compared to the QEPAS sensor, the H-QEPAS sensor shows significantly shorter measurement timeframes, allowing for measuring the gas concentration quickly while simultaneously obtaining f0 of QTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ying He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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5
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Li Z, Liu J, Ning Z, Xu H, Miao J, Pan Y, Yang C, Fang Y. Compact gas cell for simultaneous detection of atmospheric aerosol optical properties based on photoacoustic spectroscopy and integrating sphere scattering enhancement. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 36:100591. [PMID: 38322617 PMCID: PMC10844632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols play a pivotal role in the earth-atmospheric system. Analyzing their optical properties, specifically absorption and scattering coefficients, is essential for comprehending the impact of aerosols on climate. When different optical properties of aerosols are individually measured using multiple devices, cumulative errors in the detection results inevitably occur. To address this challenge, based on photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and integrating sphere (IS) scattering enhancement, a compact gas cell (PASIS-Cell) was developed. The PASIS-Cell comprises a dual-T-type photoacoustic cell (DTPAC) and an IS. IS is coupled with DTPAC through a transparent quartz tube, thereby enhancing the scattering signal without compromising the acoustic characteristics of DTPAC. Concurrently, DTPAC can realize high-performance photoacoustic detection of absorption signal. Experimental results demonstrate that PASIS-Cell can simultaneously invert atmospheric aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, with a minimum detection limit of less than 1 Mm-1, showcasing its potential in the analysis of aerosol optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haichun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yonghua Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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6
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Wang Q, Xu S, Zhu Z, Wang J, Zou X, Zhang C, Liu Q. High sensitivity and ultra-low concentration range photoacoustic spectroscopy based on trapezoid compound ellipsoid resonant photoacoustic cell and partial least square. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 35:100583. [PMID: 38312807 PMCID: PMC10835439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A high sensitivity and ultra-low concentration range photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) gas detection system, which was based on a novel trapezoid compound ellipsoid resonant photoacoustic cell (TCER-PAC) and partial least square (PLS), was proposed to detect acetylene (C2H2) gas. In the concentration range of 0.5 ppm ∼ 10.0 ppm, the limit of detection (LOD) values of TCER-PAC-based PAS system without data processing was 66.4 ppb, which was lower than that of the traditional trapezoid compound cylindrical resonant photoacoustic cell (TCCR-PAC). The experimental results indicated that the TCER-PAC had higher sensitivity than of TCCR-PAC. Within the concentration range of 12.5 ppb ∼ 125.0 ppb, the LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) of TCER-PAC-based PAS system combined with PLS regression algorithm were 1.1 ppb and 3.7 ppb, respectively. The results showed that higher detection sensitivity and lower LOD were obtained by PAS system with TCER-PAC and PLS than that of TCCR-PAC-based PAS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shunyuan Xu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Ziheng Zhu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Xin Zou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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7
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Li B, Wu H, Feng C, Wang J, Jia S, Zheng P, Dong L. Photoacoustic Heterodyne CO Sensor for Rapid Detection of CO Impurities in Hydrogen. Anal Chem 2024; 96:547-553. [PMID: 38155434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) fuel cells have been developed as an environmentally benign, low-carbon, and efficient energy option in the current period of promoting low-carbon activities, which offer a compelling means to reduce carbon emissions. However, the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) impurities in H2 may potentially damage the fuel cell's anode. As a result, monitoring of the CO levels in fuel cells has become a significant area of research. In this paper, a novel photoacoustic sensor is developed based on photoacoustic heterodyne technology. The sensor combines a 4.61 μm mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with a low-noise differential photoacoustic cell. This combination enables fast, real-time online detection of CO impurity concentrations in H2. Notably, the sensor requires no wavelength locking to monitor CO online in real-time and produces a single effective signal with a period of only 15 ms. Furthermore, the sensor's performance was thoroughly evaluated in terms of detection sensitivity, linearity, and long-term stability. The minimum detection limit of 11 ppb was obtained at an optimal time constant of 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peichao Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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8
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Fu L, Lu P, Pan Y, Zhong Y, Sima C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Cui L, Liu D. All-optical non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy for multicomponent gas detection based on aseismic photoacoustic cell. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 34:100571. [PMID: 38035174 PMCID: PMC10682669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
An all-optical non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy system for multicomponent gas detection based on a silicon cantilever optical microphone (SCOM) and an aseismic photoacoustic cell is proposed and demonstrated. The SCOM has a high sensitivity of over 96.25 rad/Pa with sensitivity fluctuation less than ± 1.56 dB between 5 Hz and 250 Hz. Besides, the minimal detectable pressure (MDP) of the sensor is 0.55 μPa·Hz-1/2 at 200 Hz, which indicates that the fabricated sensor has high sensitivity and low noise level. Six different gases of CO2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 are detected at the frequency of 10 Hz, whose detection limits (3σ) are 62.66 ppb, 929.11 ppb, 1494.97 ppb, 212.94 ppb, 1153.36 ppb and 417.61 ppb, respectively. The system achieves high sensitivity and low detection limits for trace gas detection. In addition, the system exhibits seismic performance with suppressing vibration noise by 4.5 times, and achieves long-term stable operation. The proposed non-resonant all-optical PAS multi-component gas detection system exhibits the advantages of anti-vibration performance, low gas consumption and long term stability, which provides a solution for working in complex environments with inherently safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Jiangshan Zhang
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
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9
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Cheng H, Zeng F, Tang J, Zhang X, Huang Z, Chao X. Construction of response surface model for photoacoustic-based H 2S measurement system and significance analysis of multiple influential factors. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2023; 142:693-701. [PMID: 37500412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we first introduce the relationship between the photoacoustic (PA) signals' intensity of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) versus multiple parameters of optical path conditions, following by the construction of response surface method (RSM)-based models of the PA signals' intensity versus the distance l1 from the laser head to the convex lens, the distance l2 from the convex lens to the PA cell (PAC), and the distance l3 from the geometric center line of the light beam to the acoustic sensor. After that, we perform the significance analysis. The results show that the RSM model with a third-order configuration is relatively preferred. The distances l1, l2 and l3 all have significant influences on the PA signals' intensity. Additionally, we ameliorated the performance of the full third-order model by removing the non-significant terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuping Zeng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Power Equipment & System Security for Integrated Energy Resources, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ju Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Power Equipment & System Security for Integrated Energy Resources, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zujian Huang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xianzong Chao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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10
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Zhao X, Guo M, Cui D, Li C, Qi H, Chen K, Ma F, Huang J, Zhang G, Zhao J. Multi-pass Differential Photoacoustic Sensor for Real-Time Measurement of SF 6 Decomposition Component H 2S at the ppb Level. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8214-8222. [PMID: 37192501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We designed and implemented a photoacoustic (PA) sensor for H2S detection in SF6 background gas based on a multi-pass differential photoacoustic cell (MDPC) and a near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) laser. In the MDPC apparatus, two resonators with identical geometric parameters were vertically and symmetrically embedded. The differential processing algorithm of two phase-reversed signals realized the effective enhancement of the PA signal and suppressed the flow noise in the dynamic sampling process. In addition, the λ/4 buffer chamber in the MDPC was utilized as a muffler to further reduce the flow noise and realize the dynamic detection of H2S. The collimated excitation light was reflected 30 times in a multi-pass structure constituted of two gold-plated concave mirrors, and an absorption path length of 4.92 m was achieved. Due to the high gas density of SF6, the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the gas flow was different between SF6 and N2 background gases. The maximum flow rate of the characteristic gas components detected in the SF6 background is 150 standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM), which is lower than 350 SCCM in N2. The linearity property was analyzed, and the results show that the sensitivity of the sensor to H2S in the SF6 background was 27.3 μV/ppm. With the structure, parameters, temperature, gas flow, and natural frequency of the MDPC been optimized, a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 11 ppb was reached with an averaging time of 1000 s, which furnished an effective preventive implement for the safe operation of gas insulation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Dongyu Cui
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Hongchao Qi
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute, Net Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jikuan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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11
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Chang J, He Q, Li M. Development of a Stable Oxygen Sensor Using a 761 nm DFB Laser and Multi-Pass Absorption Spectroscopy for Field Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094274. [PMID: 37177478 PMCID: PMC10181456 DOI: 10.3390/s23094274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An optical sensor system based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) was developed for atmospheric oxygen (O2) detection. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser with butterfly packaging was used to target the O2 absorption line at 760.89 nm. A compact multi-pass gas cell was employed to increase the effective absorption length to 3.3 m. To ensure the stability and anti-interference capability of the sensor in field measurements, the optical module was fabricated with isolation of ambient light and vibration design. A 1f normalized 2f WMS (WMS-2f/1f) technique was adopted to reduce the effect of laser power drift. In addition, a LabVIEW-based dual-channel lock-in amplifier was developed for harmonic detection, which significantly reduced the sensor volume and cost. The detailed detection principle was described, and a theoretical model was established to verify the effectiveness of the technique. Experiments were carried out to obtain the device's sensing performances. An Allan deviation analysis yielded a minimum detection limit of 0.054% for 1 s integration time that can be further improved to 0.009% at ~60 s. Finally, the reliability and anti-interference capability of the sensor system were verified by the atmospheric O2 monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jvqiang Chang
- MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qixin He
- MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China
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12
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Luo H, Wang C, Lin H, Wu Q, Yang Z, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Kan R, Yu J, Zheng H. Helmholtz-resonator quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1678-1681. [PMID: 37221739 DOI: 10.1364/ol.481457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Helmholtz-resonator quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (HR-QEPAS) was developed for trace gas sensing. A pair of Helmholtz resonators with high-order resonance frequency was designed and coupled with a quartz tuning fork (QTF). Detailed theoretical analysis and experimental research were carried out to optimize the HR-QEPAS performance. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the water vapor in the ambient air was detected using a 1.39 µm near-infrared laser diode. Benefiting from the acoustic filtering of the Helmholtz resonance, the noise level of QEPAS was reduced by >30%, making the QEPAS sensor immune to environmental noise. In addition, the photoacoustic signal amplitude was improved significantly by >1 order of magnitude. As a result, the detection signal-to-noise ratio was enhanced by >20 times, compared with a bare QTF.
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13
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Yang S, Peng W, Yu B, Sun X, Zhou S, Li J. Measurement of nitric oxide spectral parameters: Considering the effects of CO 2 and H 2O. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121749. [PMID: 35985227 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-wave quantum cascade laser (CW-QCL) based spectrometer is developed to investigate the high-resolution spectral parameters of nitric oxide (NO). Line strengths and nitrogen (N2)-, carbon dioxide (CO2)-, water vapor (H2O)-, broadening coefficients for NO R(6.5) are measured. The spectral region ranging from 1989 cm-1 to 1901 cm-1, which is suitable for the in situ laser sensing of trace NO, is investigated. Spectral parameters are determined by fitting absorption spectra with multi-peak Voigt profiles. The measured intensities are compared to the HITRAN2020 database to assess the performance of the system and a good agreement within ±5% is obtained for the established lines. The measurement results are useful for the design of a spectroscopic sensor for monitoring exhaled breath NO, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Yang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Benli Yu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Sun
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
| | - Jingsong Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, 230601 Hefei, China.
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14
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Wang F, Liang R, Xue Q, Wang Q, Wu J, Cheng Y, Sun J, Li Q. A novel wavelength modulation spectroscopy gas sensing technique with an ultra-compressed wavelength scanning bandwidth. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121561. [PMID: 35779472 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) gas sensing system, a scanning ramp combined with a high frequency sinusoidal signal is applied to drive the laser source. Generally, a wide wavelength scanning bandwidth realized by voltage scanning ramp is required to fully cover the target gas absorption profile. In this paper, a novel WMS-based strategy is proposed and verified in a CH4 detection system. The wavelength scanning bandwidth is compressed from ∼659 pm to ∼166 pm, even narrower than the half width at full height (HWFM) of the CH4 absorption profile. In addition, the second harmonic signal that induced by the absorption is increased threefold by virtue of making full use of the dynamic range of the preamplifier circuit, and the waveform distortion that comes from the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) effect is eliminated as well. Benefiting from the compressed driving current range, the thermal stability of the laser diode is improved from the original level of 0.5 °C to 0.1 °C. As a result, a linear sensitivity of 75.2 ppb is achieved within 0-3000 ppm CH4 concentration range at 12.7 s time constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Rui Liang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingsheng Xue
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaopeng Cheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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15
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Wu Q, Lv H, Lin L, Wu H, Giglio M, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Dong L, Spagnolo V, Yu J, Zheng H. Clamp-type quartz tuning fork enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4556-4559. [PMID: 36048703 DOI: 10.1364/ol.464334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, clamp-type quartz tuning fork enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (Clamp-type QEPAS) is proposed and realized through the design, realization, and testing of clamp-type quartz tuning forks (QTFs) for photoacoustic gas sensing. The clamp-type QTF provides a wavefront-shaped aperture with a diameter up to 1 mm, while keeping Q factors > 104. This novel, to the best of our knowledge, design results in a more than ten times increase in the area available for laser beam focusing for the QEPAS technique with respect to a standard QTF. The wavefront-shaped clamp-type prongs effectively improve the acoustic wave coupling efficiency. The possibility to implement a micro-resonator system for clamp-type QTF is also investigated. A signal-to-noise enhancement of ∼30 times has been obtained with a single-tube acoustic micro resonator length of 8 mm, ∼20% shorter than the dual-tube micro-resonator employed in a conventional QEPAS system.
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16
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Li B, Feng C, Wu H, Jia S, Dong L. Photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100388. [PMID: 36068802 PMCID: PMC9441263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A breath sensor for real-time measurement of human exhaled carbon monoxide is reported. This breath sensor is based on a novel photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing technique, which combines the conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy with the beat-frequency detection algorithm, thus offering a fast response time and a convenient optical alignment, as well as eliminating the needs for frequency calibration and wavelength locking. The principle of photoacoustic heterodyne gas sensing was explained in detail. The performance of the photoacoustic heterodyne breath sensor was evaluated in terms of minimum detection limit, response time, and linearity. The exhaled carbon monoxide levels of eight volunteers were measured and the results demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of this breath sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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17
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Bojęś P, Pokryszka P, Jaworski P, Yu F, Wu D, Krzempek K. Quartz-Enhanced Photothermal Spectroscopy-Based Methane Detection in an Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5504. [PMID: 35898009 PMCID: PMC9330783 DOI: 10.3390/s22155504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the combination of using an anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (ARHCF), working as a gas absorption cell, and an inexpensive, commercially available watch quartz tuning fork (QTF), acting as a detector in the quartz-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy (QEPTS) sensor configuration is demonstrated. The proof-of-concept experiment involved the detection of methane (CH4) at 1651 nm (6057 cm-1). The advantage of the high QTF Q-factor combined with a specially designed low-noise amplifier and additional wavelength modulation spectroscopy with the second harmonic (2f-WMS) method of signal analysis, resulted in achieving a normalized noise-equivalent absorption (NNEA) at the level of 1.34 × 10-10 and 2.04 × 10-11 W cm-1 Hz-1/2 for 1 and 100 s of integration time, respectively. Results obtained in that relatively non-complex sensor setup show great potential for further development of cost-optimized and miniaturized gas detectors, taking advantage of the combination of ARHCF-based absorption cells and QTF-aided spectroscopic signal retrieval methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bojęś
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Piotr Pokryszka
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Piotr Jaworski
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Fei Yu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (F.Y.); (D.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Dakun Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (F.Y.); (D.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Karol Krzempek
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.); (K.K.)
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18
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Li L, Zhao H, Ni N, Wang Y, Gao J, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Study on the origin of linear deviation with the Beer-Lambert law in absorption spectroscopy by measuring sulfur dioxide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 275:121192. [PMID: 35366524 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is proportional to concentration and optical path length of the absorbers in the sample, and in a linear relationship with total column concentration (product of concentration and optical path length) at a single wavelength. However, limitation of spectral resolution will result in linear deviation with the Beer-Lambert law in actual measurement. Regarding additivity of polychromatic light intensity as the theoretical basis, this paper attributed linear deviation with the Beer-Lambert law to spectral resolution, concentration and light intensity, and verified this explanation by measuring sulfur dioxide at various total column concentrations using spectrometers with different spectral resolutions in the waveband range of 216-230 nm. It was found that linear deviation with the Beer-Lambert law was in negative correlation with spectral resolution, and in positive correlation with total column concentration, and absorbance could be considered to be linear with total column concentration (below 171.4 mg/m2) of sulfur dioxide in the wavelength range of 216-230 nm. In addition, it was also proved that linear deviation increases with decreasing light intensity at a fixed sulfur dioxide column concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Huan Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Nan Ni
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yongda Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Tianjin University, State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yucun Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yungang Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
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19
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Liang R, Wang F, Xue Q, Wang Q, Wu J, Cheng Y, Li Q. A Fourier-domain-based line shape recovery method used in direct absorption spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 275:121153. [PMID: 35305360 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel absorption line shape recovery method with self-calibration function and ultra-easy implementation was introduced to direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) in this study. The self-calibration function empowered the DAS system with the immunity to the laser power fluctuations. The ultra-easy implementation was achieved in that the DAS system was substantially simplified with a single-path DAS rather than the traditional dual-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and the absorption profile can be directly recovered by an analog or digital filter instead of complex fitting algorithm or sophisticated balance detection circuits. The reliability and self-calibration characteristic of the new method were validated using CH4 transition at 1653.72 nm, where the line strength is 1.45×10-21cm/molec. The Voigt fitting residual and signal to noise ratio were optimized in detail and compared with the DOAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Fupeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Qingsheng Xue
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaopeng Cheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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20
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Shang Z, Li S, Li B, Wu H, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Dong L. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic NH 3 sensor exploiting a large-prong-spacing quartz tuning fork and an optical fiber amplifier for biomedical applications. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100363. [PMID: 35574186 PMCID: PMC9096678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A sensor system for exhaled ammonia (NH3) monitoring exploiting quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was demonstrated. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with an operating frequency band targeting an NH3 absorption line falling at 1531.68 nm and capable to emit up to 3 W of optical power was employed. A custom T-shaped grooved QTF with prong spacing of 1 mm was designed and realized to allow a proper focusing of the high-power optical beam exiting the EDFA between the prongs. The performance of the realized sensor system was optimized in terms of spectrophone parameters, laser power and modulation current, resulting in a NH3 minimum detectable concentration of 14 ppb at 1 s averaging time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 8.15 × 10-9 cm-1 W/√Hz. Continuous measurements of the NH3 level exhaled by 3 healthy volunteers was carried out to demonstrate the potentiality of the developed sensor for breath analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Shangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Biao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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21
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Lou C, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yao J, Chang C, Ma Y, Liu X. Ultra-broadband optical detection from the visible to the terahertz range using a miniature quartz tuning fork. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1875-1878. [PMID: 35363758 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report and experimentally demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, sensitive and wideband optical detection strategy based on the light-induced thermoelastic effect in a miniature quartz tuning fork (mQTF) with low stiffness prongs. Compared with a traditional QTF, the soft prongs of the mQTF result in improved sensitivity. Experimental results demonstrate that the mQTF exhibits ∼54-fold superior sensitivity compared to a QTF, and the mQTF sensor has an ultra-broadband optical response, ranging from visible light to terahertz wavelengths. Its response time reaches 11.7 ms, and the minimum noise equivalent power (NEP) is measured to be 2.2 × 10-9 W Hz-1/2 at room temperature. The mQTF exhibits advantages in its cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, and ultra-broadband response, and provides a promising approach for the detection of low-dose optical and terahertz-wave radiation.
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22
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Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Laser Based Laser Heterodyne Radiometer for Column Density of HDO and CH4 Measurements at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing of HDO and CH4 could provide valuable information on environmental and climatological studies. In a recent contribution, we reported a 3.53 μm distributed feedback (DFB) inter-band cascade laser (ICL)-based heterodyne radiometer. In the present work, we present the details of measurements and inversions of HDO and CH4 at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. The instrument line shape (ILS) of laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR) is discussed firstly, and the spectral resolution is about 0.004 cm−1 theoretically according to the ILS. Furthermore, the retrieval algorithm, optimal estimation method (OEM), combined with LBLRTM (Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model) for retrieving the densities of atmospheric HDO and CH4 are investigated. The HDO densities were retrieved to be less than 1.0 ppmv, while the CH4 densities were around 1.79 ppmv from 20 to 24 July 2018. The correlation coefficient of water vapor densities retrieved by LHR and EM27/SUN is around 0.6, the potential reasons for the differences were discussed. Finally, in order to better understand the retrieval procedure, the Jacobian value and the Averaging Kernels are also discussed.
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23
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Lang Z, Qiao S, Ma Y. Acoustic microresonator based in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor with a line interaction mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1295-1298. [PMID: 35290297 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An acoustic microresonator (AmR) based in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (IP-QEPAS) sensor with a line interaction mode is proposed for what is believed to be the first time. The interaction area for the acoustic wave of the proposed AmR, with a slotted sidewall, is not limited to a point of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) prongs, but extends along the whole plane of the QTF prongs. Sixteen types of AmRs are designed to identify the best parameters. Water vapor (H2O) is chosen as the analyte to verify the reported method. The results indicate that this AmR for IP-QEPAS with a line interaction mode not only provides a high signal level, but also reduces the thermal noise caused by the laser directly illuminating the QTF. Compared with standard IP-QEPAS without an AmR, the minimum detection limit (MDL) is improved by 4.11 times with the use of the technique proposed in this study.
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24
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Ma Y, Hu Y, Qiao S, Lang Z, Liu X, He Y, Spagnolo V. Quartz tuning forks resonance frequency matching for laser spectroscopy sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 25:100329. [PMID: 35070687 PMCID: PMC8762071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the performance of quartz tuning fork (QTF) based laser spectroscopy sensing employing multiple QTFs. To avoid that resonance frequency mismatching of the QTFs degrades the sensor performance, two types of resonance frequency matching method are here proposed. A system based on the coupling of two sensing modules, one based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and one on light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) technique, was realized to validate the proposed methods. Each module employed a different QTF (QTF1 and QTF2, respectively). Operating temperature or pressure of QTF2 were regulated to match the resonance frequency of QTF1, which operated at 25.0 °C and atmospheric pressure. Without regulation, the difference between QTF1 and QTF2 resonance frequencies was 2.42 Hz and the superposition coefficient η was only 54.7%. When the temperature regulation was carried out, at a QTF2 operating temperature of 67.5 °C, an optimal η value of 95.0% was obtained. For the pressure regulation approach, if operating QTF2 at pressure of 500 Torr, η reached a value of 97.2%. The obtained results show that the proposed two methods are effective in resonance frequency matching of QTFs for gas sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yinqiu Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shunda Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ziting Lang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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25
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Liang T, Qiao S, Lang Z, Ma Y. Highly Sensitive Trace Gas Detection Based on In-Plane Single-Quartz-Enhanced Dual Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1035. [PMID: 35161782 PMCID: PMC8840422 DOI: 10.3390/s22031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For this invited manuscript, an in-plane single-quartz-enhanced dual spectroscopy (IP-SQEDS)-based trace gas sensor was demonstrated for the first time. A single quartz tuning fork (QTF) was employed to combine in-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (IP-QEPAS) with light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) techniques. Water vapor (H2O) was chosen as the target gas. Compared to traditional QEPAS, IP-SQEDS not only allowed for simple structures, but also obtained nearly three times signal amplitude enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (T.L.); (S.Q.); (Z.L.)
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