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Wight TN, Day AJ, Kang I, Harten IA, Kaber G, Briggs DC, Braun KR, Lemire JM, Kinsella MG, Hinek A, Merrilees MJ. V3: an enigmatic isoform of the proteoglycan versican. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C519-C537. [PMID: 37399500 PMCID: PMC10511178 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00059.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
V3 is an isoform of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan (PG) versican generated through alternative splicing of the versican gene such that the two major exons coding for sequences in the protein core that support chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain attachment are excluded. Thus, versican V3 isoform carries no GAGs. A survey of PubMed reveals only 50 publications specifically on V3 versican, so it is a very understudied member of the versican family, partly because to date there are no antibodies that can distinguish V3 from the CS-carrying isoforms of versican, that is, to facilitate functional and mechanistic studies. However, a number of in vitro and in vivo studies have identified the expression of the V3 transcript during different phases of development and in disease, and selective overexpression of V3 has shown dramatic phenotypic effects in "gain and loss of function" studies in experimental models. Thus, we thought it would be useful and instructive to discuss the discovery, characterization, and the putative biological importance of the enigmatic V3 isoform of versican.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ingrid A Harten
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - David C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen R Braun
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael G Kinsella
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Aleksander Hinek
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Sin YJA, MacLeod R, Tanguay AP, Wang A, Braender-Carr O, Vitelli TM, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Cowman MK. Noncovalent hyaluronan crosslinking by TSG-6: Modulation by heparin, heparan sulfate, and PRG4. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:990861. [PMID: 36275631 PMCID: PMC9579337 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.990861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The size, conformation, and organization of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) affect its interactions with soluble and cell surface-bound proteins. HA that is induced to form stable networks has unique biological properties relative to unmodified soluble HA. AlphaLISA assay technology offers a facile and general experimental approach to assay protein-mediated networking of HA in solution. Connections formed between two end-biotinylated 50 kDa HA (bHA) chains can be detected by signal arising from streptavidin-coated donor and acceptor beads being brought into close proximity when the bHA chains are bridged by proteins. We observed that incubation of bHA with the protein TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulated gene/protein 6, TNFAIP/TSG-6) leads to dimerization or higher order multimerization of HA chains in solution. We compared two different heparin (HP) samples and two heparan sulfate (HS) samples for the ability to disrupt HA crosslinking by TSG-6. Both HP samples had approximately three sulfates per disaccharide, and both were effective in inhibiting HA crosslinking by TSG-6. HS with a relatively high degree of sulfation (1.75 per disaccharide) also inhibited TSG-6 mediated HA networking, while HS with a lower degree of sulfation (0.75 per disaccharide) was less effective. We further identified Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4, lubricin) as a TSG-6 ligand, and found it to inhibit TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking. The effects of HP, HS, and PRG4 on HA crosslinking by TSG-6 were shown to be due to HP/HS/PRG4 inhibition of HA binding to the Link domain of TSG-6. Using the AlphaLISA platform, we also tested other HA-binding proteins for ability to create HA networks. The G1 domain of versican (VG1) effectively networked bHA in solution but required a higher concentration than TSG-6. Cartilage link protein (HAPLN1) and the HA binding protein segment of aggrecan (HABP, G1-IGD-G2) showed only low and variable magnitude HA networking effects. This study unambiguously demonstrates HA crosslinking in solution by TSG-6 and VG1 proteins, and establishes PRG4, HP and highly sulfated HS as modulators of TSG-6 mediated HA crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jin Ashley Sin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca MacLeod
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam P. Tanguay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Andrew Wang
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Braender-Carr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teraesa M. Vitelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
| | - Mary K. Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary K. Cowman, ; Tannin A. Schmidt,
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3
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Fernández-Tabanera E, Melero-Fernández de Mera RM, Alonso J. CD44 In Sarcomas: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:909450. [PMID: 35785191 PMCID: PMC9247467 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.909450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment, particularly the extracellular matrix, plays an essential role in the development of tumors through the interaction with specific protein-membrane receptors. One of the most relevant proteins in this context is the transmembrane protein CD44. The role of CD44 in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis has been well established in many cancers, although a comprehensive review concerning its role in sarcomas has not been published. CD44 is overexpressed in most sarcomas and several in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown a direct effect on tumor progression, dissemination, and drug resistance. Moreover, CD44 has been revealed as a useful marker for prognostic and diagnostic (CD44v6 isoform) in osteosarcoma. Besides, some innovative treatments such as HA-functionalized liposomes therapy have become an excellent CD44-mediated intracellular delivery system for osteosarcoma. Unfortunately, the reduced number of studies deciphering the prognostic/diagnostic value of CD44 in other sarcoma subgroups, neither than osteosarcoma, in addition to the low number of patients involved in those studies, have produced inconclusive results. In this review, we have gone through the information available on the role of CD44 in the development, maintenance, and progression of sarcomas, analyzing their implications at the prognostic, therapeutic, and mechanistic levels. Moreover, we illustrate how research involving the specific role of CD44 in the different sarcoma subgroups could suppose a chance to advance towards a more innovative perspective for novel therapies and future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Fernández-Tabanera
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel M. Melero-Fernández de Mera
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Alonso,
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Rivas F, Erxleben D, Smith I, Rahbar E, DeAngelis PL, Cowman MK, Hall AR. Methods for isolating and analyzing physiological hyaluronan: a review. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C674-C687. [PMID: 35196167 PMCID: PMC8977137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00019.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate hyaluronan (or hyaluronic acid, HA) is found in all human tissues and biofluids where it has wide-ranging functions in health and disease that are dictated by both its abundance and size. Consequently, hyaluronan evaluation in physiological samples has significant translational potential. Although the analytical tools and techniques for probing other biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids have become standard approaches in biochemistry, those available for investigating hyaluronan are less well established. In this review, we survey methods related to the assessment of native hyaluronan in biological specimens, including protocols for separating it from biological matrices and technologies for determining its concentration and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rivas
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dorothea Erxleben
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ian Smith
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Adam R Hall
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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5
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Wang DH, Wu XM, Chen JS, Cai ZG, An JH, Zhang MY, Li Y, Li FP, Hou R, Liu YL. Isolation and characterization mesenchymal stem cells from red panda ( Ailurus fulgens styani) endometrium. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac004. [PMID: 35211318 PMCID: PMC8862722 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) are undifferentiated endometrial cells with self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and high proliferation potential. Nowadays, eMSCs have been found in a few species, but it has never been reported in endangered wild animals, especially the red panda. In this study, we successfully isolated and characterized the eMSCs derived from red panda. Red panda eMSCs were fibroblast-like, had a strong proliferative potential and a stable chromosome number. Pluripotency genes including Klf4, Sox2 and Thy1 were highly expressed in eMSCs. Besides, cultured eMSCs were positive for MSC markers CD44, CD49f and CD105 and negative for endothelial cell marker CD31 and haematopoietic cell marker CD34. Moreover, no reference RNA-seq was used to analyse the eMSCs transcriptional expression profile and key pathways. Compared with skin fibroblast cell group, 9104 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which are 5034 genes upregulated, 4070 genes downregulated and the top 20 enrichment pathways of DEGs in Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) mainly associated with G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway, carbohydrate derivative binding, nucleoside binding, ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle, DNA replication, Ras signalling pathway and purine metabolism. Among the DEGs, some representative genes about promoting MSCs differentiation and proliferation were upregulated and promoting fibroblasts proliferation were downregulated in eMSCs group. Red panda eMSCs also had multiple differentiation ability and could differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and hepatocytes. In conclusion, we, for the first time, isolated and characterized the red panda eMSCs with ability of multiplication and multilineage differentiation in vitro. The new multipotential stem cell could be beneficial not only for the germ plasm resources conservation of red panda, but also for basic or pre-clinical studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Song Chen
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun-Hui An
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming-Yue Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fei-Ping Li
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Liang Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 1375 Panda Road, Northern Suburb, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan Province, China
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6
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Timms KP, Maurice SB. Context-dependent bioactivity of versican fragments. Glycobiology 2021; 30:365-373. [PMID: 31651027 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican (VCAN) proteolysis and the accumulation of VCAN fragments occur in many developmental and disease processes, affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and cell phenotype. Little is known about the significance of proteolysis and the roles of fragments, or how this ECM remodeling affects the microenvironment and phenotype of diseased cells. G1-DPEAAE fragments promote aspects of epithelial-mesenchymal transitioning in developing and diseased cells, resulting in cell migration. Enhanced proliferation and invasion of tumor and endothelial cells is directly associated with G1 domain deposition and G1-DPEAAE localization respectively. These tumorigenic and angiogenic roles could explain the disease exacerbating effect often associated with G1-containing fragments, however, the pathogenicity of G1 fragments depends entirely upon the context. Overall, VCAN fragments promote tumorigenesis and inflammation; however, the specific cleavage site, the extent of cleavage activity and the microenvironment in which cleavage occurs collectively determine how this pleiotropic molecule and its fragments influence cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Payne Timms
- University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Sean Bertram Maurice
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Dr. Donald Rix Northern Health Sciences Centre, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Evanko SP, Gooden MD, Kang I, Chan CK, Vernon RB, Wight TN. A Role for HAPLN1 During Phenotypic Modulation of Human Lung Fibroblasts In Vitro. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:797-811. [PMID: 33064036 PMCID: PMC7649966 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420966663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) stabilizes interactions between two important extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, versican and hyaluronan, which facilitate proliferation of fibroblasts and their conversion to myofibroblasts. However, the role of HAPLN1 in these events has not been studied. Using immunocytochemistry, cellular and ECM locations of HAPLN1 were evaluated in cultured human lung fibroblasts during proliferation and conversion to myofibroblasts. HAPLN1 localized to pericellular matrices, associating with both versican and hyaluronan in the ECM and on the cell surface. Nuclear and total HAPLN1 immunostaining increased after myofibroblast induction. Confocal microscopy showed HAPLN1 predominant in the ECM under cells while versican predominated above cells. Versican and HAPLN1 were also juxtaposed in columnar inclusions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Nuclear HAPLN1 staining in interphase cells redistributed to the cytosol during mitosis. In the absence of TGF-β1, addition of exogenous bovine HAPLN1 (together with aggrecan G1) facilitated myofibroblast formation, as seen by significant upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) staining, while adding full-length bovine versican had no effect. Increased compaction of hyaluronan-rich ECM suggests that HAPLN1 plus G1 addition affects hyaluronan networks and myofibroblast formation. These observations demonstrate changes in both extracellular and intracellular localization of HAPLN1 during fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast conversion suggesting a possible role in fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michel D Gooden
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Islam S, Watanabe H. Versican: A Dynamic Regulator of the Extracellular Matrix. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:763-775. [PMID: 33131383 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420953922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan belonging to the aggrecan/lectican family. In adults, this proteoglycan serves as a structural macromolecule of the extracellular matrix in the brain and large blood vessels. In contrast, versican is transiently expressed at high levels during development and under pathological conditions when the extracellular matrix dramatically changes, including in the inflammation and repair process. There are many reports showing the upregulation of versican in cancer, which correlates with cancer aggressiveness. Versican has four classical splice variants, and all the variants contain G1 and G3 domains at N- and C-termini, respectively. There are two glycosaminoglycan attachment domains CSα and CSβ. The largest V0 variant contains both CSα and CSβ, V1 contains CSβ, V2 contains CSα, and the shortest G3 variant has neither of them. Versican degradation is initiated by cleavage at a site in the CSβ domain by ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) proteinases. The N-terminal fragment containing the G1 domain has been reported to exert various biological functions, although its mechanisms of action have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we describe the role of versican in inflammation and cancer and also address the biological function of versikine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Islam
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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9
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Ruiz Martínez MA, Peralta Galisteo S, Castán H, Morales Hernández ME. Role of proteoglycans on skin ageing: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:529-535. [PMID: 32895982 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work analyses the role of proteoglycans on skin ageing, influenced by the presence of glycosylated proteins, which exercise diverse functions on the skin. They are essential components that restore the cells, providing hydration, maintaining hydration of the extracellular matrix, preventing the formation of wrinkles thanks to their ability to combine to other molecules such as collagen or hyaluronic acid and favouring the smoothness of the skin texture. The use of these proteins is a very recent and promising topic, since their application may revolutionize skin ageing therapies. Of the existing proteoglycans, decorin, versican and perlecan are of special note, playing a fundamental role on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ruiz Martínez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - S Peralta Galisteo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - H Castán
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - M E Morales Hernández
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
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10
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Addition of High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid to Fibroblast-Like Stromal Cells Modulates Endogenous Hyaluronic Acid Metabolism and Enhances Proteolytic Processing and Secretion of Versican. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071681. [PMID: 32668663 PMCID: PMC7407811 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effect of exogenous linear chain high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW HA) on endogenously synthesized hyaluronic acid (HA) and associated binding proteins in primary cultures of fibroblast-like stromal cells that were obtained by collagenase digestion of the murine peripatellar fat pad. The cultures were expanded in DMEM that was supplemented with fetal bovine serum and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) then exposed to macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) to induce macrophage properties, before activation of inflammatory pathways using E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Under all culture conditions, a significant amount of endogenously synthesized HA localized in LAMP1-positive lysosomal vesicles. However, this intracellular pool was depleted after the addition of exogenous HMW HA and was accompanied by enhanced proteolytic processing and secretion of de novo synthesized versican, much of which was associated with endosomal compartments. No changes were detected in synthesis, secretion, or proteolytic processing of aggrecan or lubricin (PRG4). The addition of HMW HA also modulated a range of LPS-affected genes in the TLR signaling and phagocytosis pathways, as well as endogenous HA metabolism genes, such as Has1, Hyal1, Hyal2, and Tmem2. However, there was no evidence for association of endogenous or exogenous HMW HA with cell surface CD44, TLR2 or TLR4 protein, suggesting that its physiochemical effects on pericelluar pH and/or ionic strength might be the primary modulators of signal transduction and vesicular trafficking by this cell type. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of a potential in vivo effect of therapeutically applied HMW HA on the modification of osteoarthritis-related joint pathologies, such as pro-inflammatory and degradative responses of multipotent mesenchymal cells residing in the synovial membrane, the underlying adipose tissue, and the articular cartilage surface.
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11
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Harten IA, Kaber G, Agarwal KJ, Kang I, Ibarrientos SR, Workman G, Chan CK, Nivison MP, Nagy N, Braun KR, Kinsella MG, Merrilees MJ, Wight TN. The synthesis and secretion of versican isoform V3 by mammalian cells: A role for N-linked glycosylation. Matrix Biol 2020; 89:27-42. [PMID: 32001344 PMCID: PMC7282976 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Versican is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan found in most soft tissues, which is encoded by the VCAN gene. At least four major isoforms (V0, V1, V2, and V3) are generated via alternative splicing. The isoforms of versican are expressed and accumulate in various tissues during development and disease, where they contribute to ECM structure, cell growth and migration, and immune regulation, among their many functions. While several studies have identified the mRNA transcript for the V3 isoform in a number of tissues, little is known about the synthesis, secretion, and targeting of the V3 protein. In this study, we used lentiviral generation of doxycycline-inducible rat V3 with a C-terminal tag in stable NIH 3T3 cell lines and demonstrated that V3 is processed through the classical secretory pathway. We further show that N-linked glycosylation is required for efficient secretion and solubility of the protein. By site-directed mutagenesis, we identified amino acids 57 and 330 as the active N-linked glycosylation sites on V3 when expressed in this cell type. Furthermore, exon deletion constructs of V3 revealed that exons 11-13, which code for portions of the carboxy region of the protein (G3 domain), are essential for V3 processing and secretion. Once secreted, the V3 protein associates with hyaluronan along the cell surface and within the surrounding ECM. These results establish critical parameters for the processing, solubility, and targeting of the V3 isoform by mammalian cells and establishes a role for V3 in the organization of hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Harten
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiran J. Agarwal
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gail Workman
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K. Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary P. Nivison
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Braun
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mervyn J. Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Wight TN, Kang I, Evanko SP, Harten IA, Chang MY, Pearce OMT, Allen CE, Frevert CW. Versican-A Critical Extracellular Matrix Regulator of Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:512. [PMID: 32265939 PMCID: PMC7105702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan, versican increases along with other ECM versican binding molecules such as hyaluronan, tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), and inter alpha trypsin inhibitor (IαI) during inflammation in a number of different diseases such as cardiovascular and lung disease, autoimmune diseases, and several different cancers. These interactions form stable scaffolds which can act as "landing strips" for inflammatory cells as they invade tissue from the circulation. The increase in versican is often coincident with the invasion of leukocytes early in the inflammatory process. Versican interacts with inflammatory cells either indirectly via hyaluronan or directly via receptors such as CD44, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) present on the surface of immune and non-immune cells. These interactions activate signaling pathways that promote the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-6, and NFκB. Versican also influences inflammation by interacting with a variety of growth factors and cytokines involved in regulating inflammation thereby influencing their bioavailability and bioactivity. Versican is produced by multiple cell types involved in the inflammatory process. Conditional total knockout of versican in a mouse model of lung inflammation demonstrated significant reduction in leukocyte invasion into the lung and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. While versican produced by stromal cells tends to be pro-inflammatory, versican expressed by myeloid cells can create anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironments. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment often contains elevated levels of versican. Perturbing the accumulation of versican in tumors can inhibit inflammation and tumor progression in some cancers. Thus versican, as a component of the ECM impacts immunity and inflammation through regulating immune cell trafficking and activation. Versican is emerging as a potential target in the control of inflammation in a number of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen P. Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Harten
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mary Y. Chang
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Oliver M. T. Pearce
- Centre for the Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carys E. Allen
- Centre for the Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Islam S, Chuensirikulchai K, Khummuang S, Keratibumrungpong T, Kongtawelert P, Kasinrerk W, Hatano S, Nagamachi A, Honda H, Watanabe H. Accumulation of versican facilitates wound healing: Implication of its initial ADAMTS-cleavage site. Matrix Biol 2019; 87:77-93. [PMID: 31669737 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix, and is expressed at high levels in tissues during development and remodeling in pathological conditions. Its core protein is cleaved at a region close to the N-terminal end of CSβ domain by several members of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family, i.e., ADAMTS-1, 4, 5, 9, 15, and 20. Here, using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, we generated knock-in mice (V1R), which express an ADAMTS cleavage-resistant versican. Some V1R homozygote mice, termed R/R, exhibit syndactyly and organ hemorrhage. In wound healing experiments, R/R wound shows accumulation of versican and activated TGFβ-signaling in the early stage, leading to faster healing than wild type wound. Immunostaining for Ki67, CD31, smooth muscle α-actin, periostin demonstrates higher levels of overall cell proliferation and an increased number of endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. Immunostaining for CD11b and qRT-PCR for macrophage markers revealed increased levels of inflammatory cell infiltration, especially those of M1 macrophages. Cultured R/R dermal fibroblasts revealed increased deposition of versican, type I and III collagens, and hyaluronan, and upregulation of Smad2/3 signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the cleavage site determines versican turnover and that versican plays a central role in the provisional matrix during the wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Islam
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kantinan Chuensirikulchai
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Biomedical Technology Research Center, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saichit Khummuang
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Biomedical Technology Research Center, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanyaporn Keratibumrungpong
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sonoko Hatano
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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14
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Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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15
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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16
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Chang MY, Kang I, Gale M, Manicone AM, Kinsella MG, Braun KR, Wigmosta T, Parks WC, Altemeier WA, Wight TN, Frevert CW. Versican is produced by Trif- and type I interferon-dependent signaling in macrophages and contributes to fine control of innate immunity in lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1069-L1086. [PMID: 28912382 PMCID: PMC5814701 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that versican is important in the innate immune response to lung infection. Our goal was to understand the regulation of macrophage-derived versican and the role it plays in innate immunity. We first defined the signaling events that regulate versican expression, using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice lacking specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR adaptor molecules, or the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1). We show that LPS and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] trigger a signaling cascade involving TLR3 or TLR4, the Trif adaptor, type I interferons, and IFNAR1, leading to increased expression of versican by macrophages and implicating versican as an interferon-stimulated gene. The signaling events regulating versican are distinct from those for hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1) and syndecan-4 in macrophages. HAS1 expression requires TLR2 and MyD88. Syndecan-4 requires TLR2, TLR3, or TLR4 and both MyD88 and Trif. Neither HAS1 nor syndecan-4 is dependent on type I interferons. The importance of macrophage-derived versican in lungs was determined with LysM/Vcan-/- mice. These studies show increased recovery of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of poly(I:C)-treated LysM/Vcan-/- mice compared with control mice. IFN-β and IL-10, two important anti-inflammatory molecules, are significantly decreased in both poly(I:C)-treated BMDMs from LysM/Vcan-/- mice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from poly(I:C)-treated LysM/Vcan-/- mice compared with control mice. In short, type I interferon signaling regulates versican expression, and versican is necessary for type I interferon production. These findings suggest that macrophage-derived versican is an immunomodulatory molecule with anti-inflammatory properties in acute pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Inkyung Kang
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M Manicone
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Michael G Kinsella
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen R Braun
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tara Wigmosta
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - William C Parks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington;
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and
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17
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Abstract
Versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan found in the extracellular matrix that is important for changes in cell phenotype associated with development and disease. Versican has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular disorders, as well as lung disease and fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and several other diseases that have an inflammatory component. Versican was first identified as a fibroblast proteoglycan and forms large multimolecular complexes with hyaluronan and other components of the provisional matrix during wound healing and inflammation. The biology of versican has been well studied. Versican plays a major role in embryogenesis, particularly heart formation, where versican deletion proves lethal. The ability to purify versican to characterize and to use in experimental systems is vital to defining its role in development and disease. Protein expression systems have proven challenging to obtain milligram quantities of full-length versican. Here, we describe proteoglycan biochemical purification techniques that have been developed by others, but which we have adapted to use with our source tissues and cells. We also include methods for immunohistochemical localization and quantitation of versican in tissue sections.
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18
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Murasawa Y, Nakamura H, Watanabe K, Kanoh H, Koyama E, Fujii S, Kimata K, Zako M, Yoneda M, Isogai Z. The Versican G1 Fragment and Serum-Derived Hyaluronan-Associated Proteins Interact and Form a Complex in Granulation Tissue of Pressure Ulcers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:432-449. [PMID: 29169988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA)-rich extracellular matrix plays dynamic roles during tissue remodeling. Versican and serum-derived HA-associated protein (SHAP), corresponding to the heavy chains of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor, are major HA-binding molecules in remodeling processes, such as wound healing. Versican G1-domain fragment (VG1F) is generated by proteolysis and is present in either remodeling tissues or the mature dermis. However, the macrocomplex formation of VG1F has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the VG1F-containing macrocomplex in pressure ulcers characterized by chronic refractory wounds. VG1F colocalized with SHAP-HA in specific regions of the granulation tissue but not with fibrillin-1. A unique VG1F-SHAP-HA complex was isolated from granulation tissues using gel filtration chromatography and subsequent cesium chloride-gradient ultracentrifugation under dissociating conditions. Consistent with this molecular composition, recombinant versican G1, but not versican G3, interacted with the two heavy chains of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. The addition of recombinant VG1 in fibroblast cultures enhanced VG1F-SHAP-HA complex deposition in the pericellular extracellular matrix. Comparison with other VG1F-containing macrocomplexes, including dermal VG1F aggregates, versican-bound microfibrils, and intact versican, highlighted the tissue-specific organization of HA-rich extracellular matrix formation containing versican and SHAP. The VG1F-SHAP-HA complex was specifically detected in the edematous granulation tissues of human pressure ulcers and in inflamed stages in a mouse model of moist would healing, suggesting that the complex provides an HA-rich matrix suitable for inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murasawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanoh
- Department of Dermatology, Toki Municipal Hospital, Toki, Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- Department of Nursing, Kurashiki Heisei Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Research Creation Support Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masahiro Zako
- School of Nursing and Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yoneda
- School of Nursing and Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zenzo Isogai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; School of Nursing and Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagoya, Japan.
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19
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Wight TN. Provisional matrix: A role for versican and hyaluronan. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:38-56. [PMID: 27932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and versican are extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are enriched in the provisional matrices that form during the early stages of development and disease. These two molecules interact to create pericellular "coats" and "open space" that facilitate cell sorting, proliferation, migration, and survival. Such complexes also impact the recruitment of leukocytes during development and in the early stages of disease. Once thought to be inert components of the ECM that help hold cells together, it is now quite clear that they play important roles in controlling cell phenotype, shaping tissue response to injury and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Conversion of hyaluronan-/versican-enriched provisional matrix to collagen-rich matrix is a "hallmark" of tissue fibrosis. Targeting the hyaluronan and versican content of provisional matrices in a variety of diseases including, cardiovascular disease and cancer, is becoming an attractive strategy for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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