1
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Shan Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhan G, Huang J, Yang X, Xu C, Guo N, Xiong Z, Wu F, Liu Y, Liu H, Chen B, Chen B, Sun J, He J, Guo Y, Cao S, Wu K, Mao R, Wu G, Lin L, Zou X, Wang J, Chen J. KMT2D deficiency leads to cellular developmental disorders and enhancer dysregulation in neural-crest-containing brain organoids. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00638-8. [PMID: 39327125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
KMT2D, a H3K4me1 methyltransferase primarily regulating enhancers, is a leading cause of KABUKI syndrome. This multisystem disorder leads to craniofacial and cognitive abnormalities, possibly through neural crest and neuronal lineages. However, the impacted cell-of-origin and molecular mechanism of KMT2D during the development of KABUKI disease remains unknown. Here we have optimized a brain organoid model to investigate neural crest and neuronal differentiation. To pinpoint KMT2D's enhancer target, we developed a genome-wide cis-regulatory element explorer (GREE) based on single-cell multiomic integration. Single cell RNA-seq revealed that KMT2D-knockout (KO) and patient-derived organoids exhibited neural crest deformities and GABAergic overproduction. Mechanistically, GREE identified that KMT2D targets a roof-plate-like niche cell and activates the niche cell-specific WNT3A enhancer, providing the microenvironment for neural crest and neuronal development. Interestingly, KMT2D-mutated mice displayed decreased WNT3A expression in the diencephalon roof plate, indicating impaired niche cell function. Deleting the WNT3A enhancer in the organoids presented phenotypic similarities to KMT2D-depletion, emphasizing the WNT3A enhancer as the predominant target of KMT2D. Conversely, reactivating WNT signaling in KMT2D-KO rescued the lineage defects by restoring the microenvironment. Overall, our discovery of KMT2D's primary target provides insights for reconciling complex phenotypes of KABUKI syndrome and establishes a new paradigm for dissecting the mechanisms of genetic disorders from genotype to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Shan
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiuyu Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodong Zhan
- Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Junju Huang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujian Liu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - He Liu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Biyuan Chen
- Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bingqiu Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Jiangping He
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yiping Guo
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Kaixin Wu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Animal Research Center, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Lihui Lin
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaobing Zou
- Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China.
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2
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Cacicedo ML, Weinl-Tenbruck C, Frank D, Wirsching S, Straub BK, Hauke J, Okun JG, Horscroft N, Hennermann JB, Zepp F, Chevessier-Tünnesen F, Gehring S. mRNA-based therapy proves superior to the standard of care for treating hereditary tyrosinemia 1 in a mouse model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:294-308. [PMID: 35949297 PMCID: PMC9357842 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism characterized by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Only limited treatment options (e.g., oral nitisinone) are available. Patients must adhere to a strict diet and face a life-long risk of complications, including liver cancer and progressive neurocognitive decline. There is a tremendous need for innovative therapies that standardize metabolite levels and promise normal development. Here, we describe an mRNA-based therapeutic approach that rescues Fah-deficient mice, a well-established tyrosinemia model. Repeated intravenous or intramuscular administration of lipid nanoparticle-formulated human FAH mRNA resulted in FAH protein synthesis in deficient mouse livers, stabilized body weight, normalized pathologic increases in metabolites after nitisinone withdrawal, and prevented early death. Dose reduction and extended injection intervals proved therapeutically effective. These results provide proof of concept for an mRNA-based therapeutic approach to treating hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 that is superior to the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L. Cacicedo
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Corresponding author Maximiliano L. Cacicedo, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Daniel Frank
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wirsching
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K. Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Hauke
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julia B. Hennermann
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Gehring
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Malaguti M, Portero Migueles R, Annoh J, Sadurska D, Blin G, Lowell S. SyNPL: Synthetic Notch pluripotent cell lines to monitor and manipulate cell interactions in vitro and in vivo. Development 2022; 149:275525. [PMID: 35616331 PMCID: PMC9270970 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions govern differentiation and cell competition in pluripotent cells during early development, but the investigation of such processes is hindered by a lack of efficient analysis tools. Here, we introduce SyNPL: clonal pluripotent stem cell lines that employ optimised Synthetic Notch (SynNotch) technology to report cell-cell interactions between engineered ‘sender’ and ‘receiver’ cells in cultured pluripotent cells and chimaeric mouse embryos. A modular design makes it straightforward to adapt the system for programming differentiation decisions non-cell-autonomously in receiver cells in response to direct contact with sender cells. We demonstrate the utility of this system by enforcing neuronal differentiation at the boundary between two cell populations. In summary, we provide a new adaptation of SynNotch technology that could be used to identify cell interactions and to profile changes in gene or protein expression that result from direct cell-cell contact with defined cell populations in culture and in early embryos, and that can be customised to generate synthetic patterning of cell fate decisions. Summary: Optimised Synthetic Notch circuitry in mouse pluripotent stem cells provides a modular tool with which to monitor cell-cell interactions and program synthetic patterning of cell fates in culture and in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Malaguti
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rosa Portero Migueles
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jennifer Annoh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Daina Sadurska
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Guillaume Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sally Lowell
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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4
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Kim SJ, Kwon HS, Kwon DK, Koo OJ, Moon JH, Park EJ, Yum SY, Lee BC, Jang G. Production of Transgenic Porcine Embryos Reconstructed with Induced Pluripotent Stem-Like Cells Derived from Porcine Endogenous Factors Using piggyBac System. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:26-36. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-kee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joon-Ho Moon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Yum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Chun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Emergence Center for Food-Medicine Personalized Therapy System, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes and Precision Medicine in Human Liver Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:716-719. [PMID: 29509632 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver-like human cells can be generated from human skin by converting fibroblasts to "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs), then differentiating the iPSCs into "induced hepatocytes". Although still primarily used as a research tool, emerging applications involving iPSC-derived induced hepatocytes have exciting and provocative clinical and translational potential. This review provides a brief summary of the current status of this field and obstacles that must be overcome before this novel tool will enable precision medicine-based approaches to human liver disease.
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6
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Murine pluripotent stem cells with a homozygous knockout of Foxg1 show reduced differentiation towards cortical progenitors in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:50-60. [PMID: 29080444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxg1 is a transcription factor critical for the development of the mammalian telencephalon. Foxg1 controls the proliferation of dorsal telencephalon progenitors and the specification of the ventral telencephalon. Homozygous knockout of Foxg1 in mice leads to severe microcephaly, attributed to premature differentiation of telencephalic progenitors, mainly of cortical progenitors. Here, we analyzed the influence of a Foxg1 knockout on differentiation of murine pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) in an in vitro model of neuronal development. Murine PSCs were prone to neuronal differentiation in embryoid body like culture with minimal medium conditions, based on the intrinsic default of PSCs to develop into cortical progenitors. Differences between Foxg1 wildtype (Foxg1WT) and knockout (Foxg1KO) mPSCs were analyzed. Several mPSC lines with homozygous mutations in Foxg1 were produced using the CRISPR/Cas9 system leading to loss of functional domains. Analysis of mRNA expression using quantitative Real-Time (q) PCR revealed that Foxg1KO mPSCs expressed significantly less mRNA of Foxg1, Emx1, and VGlut1 compared to Foxg1WT controls, indicating reduced differentiation towards dorsal telencephalic progenitors. However, the size of the derived EB-like structures did not differ between Foxg1WT and Foxg1KO mPSCs. These results show that loss of dorsal telencephalic progenitors can be detected using a simple and rapid differentiation protocol. This study is a first hint that this differentiation method can be used to analyze even extreme phenotypes that are lethal in vivo.
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7
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Gene Therapy in Tyrosinemia: Potential and Pitfalls. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:231-243. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Cantz T, Sharma AD, Ott M. Concise review: cell therapies for hereditary metabolic liver diseases-concepts, clinical results, and future developments. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1055-62. [PMID: 25524146 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of cell-based therapies for inherited metabolic liver diseases has been introduced for now more than 40 years in animal experiments, but controlled clinical data in humans are still not available. In the era of dynamic developments in stem cell science, the "right" cell for transplantation is considered as an important key for successful treatment. Do we aim to transplant mature hepatocytes or do we consider the liver as a stem/progenitor-driven organ and replenish the diseased liver with genetically normal stem/progenitor cells? Although conflicting results from cell tracing and transplantation experiments have recently emerged about the existence and role of stem/progenitor cells in the liver, their overall contribution to parenchymal cell homeostasis and tissue repair is limited. Accordingly, engraftment and repopulation efficacies of extrahepatic and liver-derived stem/progenitor cell types are considered to be lower compared to mature hepatocytes. On the basis of these results, we will discuss the current clinical cell transplantation programs for inherited metabolic liver diseases and future developments in liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Cantz
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Zhang G, Zhang Y. "Mouse Clone Model" for evaluating the immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26687081 PMCID: PMC4684929 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the immune-rejection and tumor-formation potentials of induced pluripotent stem cells and other stem cells, we devised a model—designated the “Mouse Clone Model”—which combined the theory of somatic animal cloning, tetraploid complementation, and induced pluripotent stem cells to demonstrate the applicability of stem cells for transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 4th Floor - 4KD481, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Program in Life Science, New College, University of Toronto, 40 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
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10
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Chen J, Gao Y, Huang H, Xu K, Chen X, Jiang Y, Li H, Gao S, Tao Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Cai T, Gao S. The combination of Tet1 with Oct4 generates high-quality mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:686-98. [PMID: 25331067 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The DNA dioxygenase Tet1 has recently been proposed to play an important role in the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Its oxidization product 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, formerly considered an intermediate in the demethylation of 5-methylcytosine, has recently been implicated as being important in epigenetic reprogramming. Here, we provide evidence that Tet1 (T) can replace multiple transcription factors during somatic cell reprogramming and can generate high-quality mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with Oct4 (O). The OT-iPSCs can efficiently produce viable mice derived entirely from iPSCs through tetraploid complementation; all 47 adult OT-iPSC mice grew healthily, without tumorigenesis, and had a normal life span. Furthermore, a new secondary reprogramming system was established using the OT all-iPSC mice-derived somatic cells. Our results provide the first evidence that the DNA dioxygenase Tet1 can replace multiple pluripotency transcription factors and can generate high-quality iPSCs with Oct4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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11
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New Tools in Experimental Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015; 2:202-210. [PMID: 26317066 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-015-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for end stage liver disease is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Through improvement in surgical techniques, immunosuppression, and general medical care, liver transplantation has become an effective treatment over the course of the last half-century. Unfortunately, due to the limited availability of donor organs, there is a finite limit to the number of patients who will benefit from this therapy. This review will discuss current research in experimental cellular therapies for acute, chronic, and metabolic liver failure that may be appropriate when liver transplantation is not an immediate option.
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12
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Hickey RD, Mao SA, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Miller A, Nace R, Glorioso J, Peng KW, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ, Nyberg SL. Noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of liver regeneration in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 using the sodium iodide symporter gene. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:442-53. [PMID: 25482651 PMCID: PMC5957080 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for the many liver disorders that are currently only curable by organ transplantation. However, one of the major limitations of hepatocyte (HC) transplantation is an inability to monitor cells longitudinally after injection. We hypothesized that the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene could be used to visualize transplanted HCs in a rodent model of inherited liver disease: hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. Wild-type C57Bl/6J mouse HCs were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector containing the mouse Slc5a5 (NIS) gene controlled by the thyroxine-binding globulin promoter. NIS-transduced cells could robustly concentrate radiolabeled iodine in vitro, with lentiviral transduction efficiencies greater than 80% achieved in the presence of dexamethasone. Next, NIS-transduced HCs were transplanted into congenic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockout mice, and this resulted in the prevention of liver failure. NIS-transduced HCs were readily imaged in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography, and this demonstrated for the first time noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of regenerating tissue in individual animals over time. We also tested the efficacy of primary HC spheroids engrafted in the liver. With the NIS reporter, robust spheroid engraftment and survival could be detected longitudinally after direct parenchymal injection, and this thereby demonstrated a novel strategy for HC transplantation. This work is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of NIS imaging in the field of HC transplantation. We anticipate that NIS labeling will allow noninvasive and longitudinal identification of HCs and stem cells in future studies related to liver regeneration in small and large preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D. Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Amber Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Zhou C, Cai X, Fu Y, Wei X, Fu N, Xie J, Lin Y. Tetraploid complementation proves pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Cell Prolif 2014; 48:39-46. [PMID: 25430589 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has been displayed after producing adult mice, in tetraploid complementation assays. These studies lead us to the last piece of the puzzle for reprogramming somatic cells into fully pluripotent cells which function as embryonic stem cells in most applications. However, in all of previous studies, skin fibroblasts were used as the starting population for reprogramming, raising questions as to whether the pluripotency of the iPS cells was dependent on the particular starting cell type. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our iPS cell lines were prepared from murine adipose stem cells (ASCs). Their multi-potency was first tested by teratoma formation in nude mice. Then, tetraploid complementation was performed to generate progeny from them. RESULTS We succeeded to the birth of viable and fertile adult mice derived entirely from reprogrammed ASC, indicating cell types other than fibroblasts can also be restored to the embryonic level of pluripotency. CONCLUSIONS We also directed differentiation of iPS cells into chondrocytes, thus adipose-derived iPS cells can be used as models to study chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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14
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Burnight ER, Wiley LA, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Gene therapy using stem cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a017434. [PMID: 25395375 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral-mediated gene augmentation therapy has recently shown success in restoring vision to patients with retinal degenerative disorders. Key to this success was the availability of animal models that accurately presented the human phenotype to test preclinical efficacy and safety. These exciting studies support the use of gene therapy in the treatment of devastating retinal degenerative diseases. In some cases, however, in vivo gene therapy for retinal degeneration would not be effective because the cell types targeted are no longer present. The development of somatic cell reprogramming methods provides an attractive source of autologous cells for transplantation and treatment of retinal degenerative disease. This article explores the development of gene therapy and patient-derived stem cells for the purpose of restoring vision to individuals suffering from inherited retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Burnight
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Luke A Wiley
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Robert F Mullins
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Budd A Tucker
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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15
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Li G, He X, Sun C. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapies for inherited arrhythmias: opportunities and challenges involved (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3-10. [PMID: 25323841 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology represents great potential for recapitulating complex physiological phenotypes, probing toxicological testing and screening candidate drugs, demonstrating novel mechanistic insights and, in particular, applying iPSC-based therapeutic strategies for inherited disorders. Inherited arrhythmias are caused by various genetic abnormalities and harbor similar clinical outcomes. Clinically, the poorest outcomes are fatal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the current therapeutic options for inherited arrhythmias are inadequate and problematic. In this review, we summarize the advances of the iPSC technique in the field of inherited arrhythmias and discuss the possibility of iPSC‑based therapies for inherited arrhythmias. Additionally, we highlight the key challenges faced in the field of iPSC and the emerging strategies used to address these concerns before the novel technique can be used safely and efficiently in clinical practice. It is likely that the iPSC technique will present opportunities and further challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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16
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Evans-Galea MV, Pébay A, Dottori M, Corben LA, Ong SH, Lockhart PJ, Delatycki MB. Cell and gene therapy for Friedreich ataxia: progress to date. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:684-93. [PMID: 24749505 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) present significant challenges in developing effective therapeutic intervention. Current treatments aim to manage symptoms and thus improve quality of life, but none can cure, nor are proven to slow, the neurodegeneration inherent to this disease. The primary clinical features of FRDA include progressive ataxia and shortened life span, with complications of cardiomyopathy being the major cause of death. FRDA is most commonly caused by an expanded GAA trinucleotide repeat in the first intron of FXN that leads to reduced levels of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein important for iron metabolism. The GAA expansion in FRDA does not alter the coding sequence of FXN. It results in reduced production of structurally normal frataxin, and hence any increase in protein level is expected to be therapeutically beneficial. Recently, there has been increased interest in developing novel therapeutic applications like cell and/or gene therapies, and these cutting-edge applications could provide effective treatment options for FRDA. Importantly, since individuals with FRDA produce frataxin at low levels, increased expression should not elicit an immune response. Here we review the advances to date and highlight the future potential for cell and gene therapy to treat this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite V Evans-Galea
- 1 Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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17
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Nuclear reprogramming by interphase cytoplasm of two-cell mouse embryos. Nature 2014; 509:101-4. [PMID: 24670652 PMCID: PMC4124901 DOI: 10.1038/nature13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful mammalian cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) into unfertilized, metaphase II (MII)-arrested oocytes attests to the cytoplasmic presence of reprogramming factors capable of inducing totipotency in somatic cell nuclei. However, these poorly defined maternal factors presumably decline sharply after fertilization, as the cytoplasm of pronuclear-stage zygotes is reportedly inactive. Recent evidence suggests that zygotic cytoplasm, if maintained at metaphase, can also support derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells after SCNT, albeit at low efficiency. This led to the conclusion that critical oocyte reprogramming factors present in the metaphase but not in the interphase cytoplasm are 'trapped' inside the nucleus during interphase and effectively removed during enucleation. Here we investigated the presence of reprogramming activity in the cytoplasm of interphase two-cell mouse embryos (I2C). First, the presence of candidate reprogramming factors was documented in both intact and enucleated metaphase and interphase zygotes and two-cell embryos. Consequently, enucleation did not provide a likely explanation for the inability of interphase cytoplasm to induce reprogramming. Second, when we carefully synchronized the cell cycle stage between the transplanted nucleus (ES cell, fetal fibroblast or terminally differentiated cumulus cell) and the recipient I2C cytoplasm, the reconstructed SCNT embryos developed into blastocysts and ES cells capable of contributing to traditional germline and tetraploid chimaeras. Last, direct transfer of cloned embryos, reconstructed with ES cell nuclei, into recipients resulted in live offspring. Thus, the cytoplasm of I2C supports efficient reprogramming, with cell cycle synchronization between the donor nucleus and recipient cytoplasm as the most critical parameter determining success. The ability to use interphase cytoplasm in SCNT could aid efforts to generate autologous human ES cells for regenerative applications, as donated or discarded embryos are more accessible than unfertilized MII oocytes.
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18
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Pfaff N, Lachmann N, Ackermann M, Kohlscheen S, Brendel C, Maetzig T, Niemann H, Antoniou MN, Grez M, Schambach A, Cantz T, Moritz T. A ubiquitous chromatin opening element prevents transgene silencing in pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated progeny. Stem Cells 2014; 31:488-99. [PMID: 23307570 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methylation-induced gene silencing represents a major obstacle to efficient transgene expression in pluripotent cells and thereof derived tissues. As ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOE) have been shown to prevent transgene silencing in cell lines and primary hematopoietic cells, we hypothesized a similar activity in pluripotent cells. This concept was investigated in the context of cytidine deaminase (CDD) gene transfer, an approach to render hematopoietic cells resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent Ara-C. When murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)/embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were transduced with self-inactivating lentiviral vectors using housekeeping (truncated elongation factor 1α; EFS) or viral (spleen focus-forming virus; SFFV) promoters, incorporation of an heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2 B1/chromobox protein homolog 3 locus-derived UCOE (A2UCOE) significantly increased transgene expression and Ara-C resistance and effectively prevented silencing of the SFFV-promoter. The EFS promoter showed relatively stable transgene expression in naïve iPSCs, but rapid transgene silencing was observed upon hematopoietic differentiation. When combined with the A2UCOE, however, the EFS promoter yielded stable transgene expression in 73% ± 6% of CD41(+) hematopoietic progeny, markedly increased CDD expression levels, and significantly enhanced Ara-C resistance in clonogenic cells. Bisulfite sequencing revealed protection from differentiation-induced promoter CpG methylation to be associated with these effects. Similar transgene promoting activities of the A2UCOE were observed during murine neurogenic differentiation, in naïve human pluripotent cells, and during nondirected multilineage differentiation of these cells. Thus, our data provide strong evidence that UCOEs can efficiently prevent transgene silencing in iPS/ESCs and their differentiated progeny and thereby introduce a generalized concept to circumvent differentiation-induced transgene silencing during the generation of advanced iPSC/ESC-based gene and cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Pfaff
- REBIRTH Research Group Reprogramming, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
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19
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Ackermann M, Lachmann N, Hartung S, Eggenschwiler R, Pfaff N, Happle C, Mucci A, Göhring G, Niemann H, Hansen G, Schambach A, Cantz T, Zweigerdt R, Moritz T. Promoter and lineage independent anti-silencing activity of the A2 ubiquitous chromatin opening element for optimized human pluripotent stem cell-based gene therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1531-42. [PMID: 24290698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of retroviral transgene expression in pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and their differentiated progeny constitutes a major roadblock for PSC-based gene therapy. As ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs) have been successfully employed to stabilize transgene expression in murine hematopoietic and pluripotent stem cells as well as their differentiated progeny, we here investigated UCOE activity in their human counterparts to establish a basis for future clinical application of the element. To this end, we demonstrate profound anti-silencing activity of the A2UCOE in several human iPS and ES cell lines including their progeny obtained upon directed cardiac or hematopoietic differentiation. We also provide evidence for A2UCOE activity in murine iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells, thus establishing efficacy of the element in cells of different germ layers. Finally, we investigated combinations of the A2UCOE with viral promoter/enhancer elements again demonstrating profound stabilization of transgene expression. In all these settings the effect of the A2UCOE was associated with strongly reduced promoter DNA-methylation. Thus, our data clearly support the concept of the A2UCOE as a generalized strategy to prevent epigenetic silencing in PSC and their differentiated progeny and strongly favors its application to stabilize transgene expression in PSC-based cell and gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mania Ackermann
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Susann Hartung
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Reto Eggenschwiler
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Nils Pfaff
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Adele Mucci
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Mariensee/Neustadt, Lower Saxony 31535, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30625, Germany.
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20
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Wu G, Han D, Gong Y, Sebastiano V, Gentile L, Singhal N, Adachi K, Fischedick G, Ortmeier C, Sinn M, Radstaak M, Tomilin A, Schöler HR. Establishment of totipotency does not depend on Oct4A. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1089-97. [PMID: 23934214 PMCID: PMC3845671 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oct4A is a core component of the regulatory network of pluripotent cells, and by itself can reprogram neural stem cells into pluripotent cells in mouse and humans. However, its role in defining totipotency and inducing pluripotency during embryonic development is still unclear. We genetically eliminated maternal Oct4A using a Cre-lox approach in mouse and found that the establishment of totipotency was not affected, as shown by the generation of live pups. After complete inactivation of both maternal and zygotic Oct4A expression, the embryos still formed Oct4-GFP– and Nanog–expressing inner cell masses, albeit non-pluripotent, indicating that Oct4A is not a determinant for the pluripotent cell lineage separation. Interestingly, Oct4A-deficient oocytes were able to reprogram fibroblasts into pluripotent cells. Our results clearly demonstrate that, in contrast to its role in the maintenance of pluripotency, maternal Oct4A is crucial for neither the establishment of totipotency in embryos, nor the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells using oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Jiang MG, Li T, Feng C, Fu R, Yuan Y, Zhou Q, Li X, Wan H, Wang L, Li W, Xiao Y, Zhao XY, Zhou Q. Generation of transgenic rats through induced pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27150-27158. [PMID: 23926100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important animal model for human disease research. Using inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and MAPK signaling pathways, rat embryonic stem cells and rat induced pluripotent stem cells (riPSCs) have been derived. However, unlike rat embryonic stem cells, germ line competent riPSCs have only been derived from Wistar rats at low efficiency. Here, we found that an optimized induction medium containing knock-out serum replacement and vitamin C improved the rate and efficiency of riPSCs generation from Dark Agouti rat fibroblasts and Sertoli cells. riPSCs maintained an undifferentiated status for >30 passages and could differentiate into various cells types including germ cells when injected into rat blastocysts. Moreover, transgenic riPSCs could be generated through the PiggyBac transposon, which could be used to generate transgenic rats through germ line transmission. riPSCs can be used as a novel tool in genetic and genomic studies of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haifeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yamei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Stem Cell Research, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Eggenschwiler R, Loya K, Wu G, Sharma AD, Sgodda M, Zychlinski D, Herr C, Steinemann D, Teckman J, Bals R, Ott M, Schambach A, Schöler HR, Cantz T. Sustained knockdown of a disease-causing gene in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells using lentiviral vector-based gene therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:641-54. [PMID: 23926210 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for studies on disease-related developmental processes and may serve as an autologous cell source for future treatment of many hereditary diseases. New genetic engineering tools such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nuclease allow targeted correction of monogenetic disorders but are very cumbersome to establish. Aiming at studies on the knockdown of a disease-causing gene, lentiviral vector-mediated expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) is a valuable option, but it is limited by silencing of the knockdown construct upon epigenetic remodeling during differentiation. Here, we propose an approach for the expression of a therapeutic shRNA in disease-specific iPSCs using third-generation lentiviral vectors. Targeting severe α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency, we overexpressed a human microRNA 30 (miR30)-styled shRNA directed against the PiZ variant of A1AT, which is known to cause chronic liver damage in affected patients. This knockdown cassette is traceable from clonal iPSC lines to differentiated hepatic progeny via an enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter expressed from the same RNA-polymerase II promoter. Importantly, the cytomegalovirus i/e enhancer chicken β actin (CAG) promoter-driven expression of this construct is sustained without transgene silencing during hepatic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. At low lentiviral copy numbers per genome we confirmed a functional relevant reduction (-66%) of intracellular PiZ protein in hepatic cells after differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that lentiviral vector-mediated expression of shRNAs can be efficiently used to knock down and functionally evaluate disease-related genes in patient-specific iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Eggenschwiler
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H. Pluripotent cells in farm animals: state of the art and future perspectives. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:103-28. [PMID: 23244833 DOI: 10.1071/rd12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonic germ cells and embryonic carcinoma cells are a unique type of cell because they remain undifferentiated indefinitely in in vitro culture, show self-renewal and possess the ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These capabilities make them a unique in vitro model for studying development, differentiation and for targeted modification of the genome. True pluripotent ESCs have only been described in the laboratory mouse and rat. However, rodent physiology and anatomy differ substantially from that of humans, detracting from the value of the rodent model for studies of human diseases and the development of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine. Recently, progress in the isolation of pluripotent cells in farm animals has been made and new technologies for reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state have been developed. Prior to clinical application of therapeutic cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells in human patients, their survival and the absence of tumourigenic potential must be assessed in suitable preclinical large animal models. The establishment of pluripotent cell lines in farm animals may provide new opportunities for the production of transgenic animals, would facilitate development and validation of large animal models for evaluating ESC-based therapies and would thus contribute to the improvement of human and animal health. This review summarises the recent progress in the derivation of pluripotent and reprogrammed cells from farm animals. We refer to our recent review on this area, to which this article is complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loefller-Institut (FLI), Biotechnology, Höltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
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25
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Steinemann D, Göhring G, Schlegelberger B. Genetic instability of modified stem cells - a first step towards malignant transformation? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2013; 2:39-51. [PMID: 23671815 PMCID: PMC3636728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are important tools in regenerative medicine. Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that the reprogramming process, including retroviral transduction with potent oncogenes like c-Myc and long-term cultivation, may induce genetic instability. Genetically altered iPS cells can grow out and dominate the cell culture. This review intends to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge on genetic instability of embryonic and iPSCs, with an emphasis on cytogenetic alterations, and compares these data with what is known from tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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26
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Manukjan G, Tauscher M, Ripperger T, Schwarzer A, Schlegelberger B, Steinemann D. Induced G1 phase arrest of fast-dividing cells improves the quality of genomic profiles generated by array-CGH. Biotechniques 2013; 53:245-8. [PMID: 23046508 DOI: 10.2144/0000113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide profiling of copy number alterations by array-based high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) is an important method to ensure the genomic integrity of cells in diverse conditions. We observed that the analysis of genomic profiles, in particular of fast-dividing murine leukemia cell lines, is challenging due to characteristic patterns oscillating around the array-CGH baseline. Here we show array-CGH data can be drastically improved by reducing proliferation rates of cultured cells using deprivation protocols or cell cycle inhibitors. Arresting cell cycle in the G1 phase leads to smoother genomic profiles, and hence to a more reliable detection of copy number alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Manukjan
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Cheng W, Miao L, Zhang H, Yang O, Ge H, Li Y, Wang L. Induction of interleukin 2 expression in the liver for the treatment of H22 hepatoma in mice. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:50-7. [PMID: 22999060 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We designed this study to evaluate the ability of a plasmid carrying an RU486 regulatory system to induce expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene and to examine the antitumour efficacy of the induced IL-2 gene. METHODS The plasmid pRS-mIL-2,which contains an RU486 inducible system and IL-2 gene was injected into mice. Sera and tissues from liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys were taken to test the properties of the plasmid. To examine the antitumour efficacy of pRS-mIL-2, tumours were established in the liver by direct inoculation of H22 hepatoma cells. RESULTS The IL-2 levels in serum correlated with the dose of plasmid and RU486. High and sustained IL-2 levels could be achieved by administration of RU486 every day. The mRNA of transgene IL-2 was found only in the liver. Treatment of mice with pRS-mIL-2 plus RU486 resulted in the significant reduction in tumour volume compared with control groups. CONCLUSIONS Tight temporal and spatial control of transgene IL-2 expression can be achieved by a plasmid containing an RU486 inducible system driven by liver specific promoter. pRS-mIL-2 exhibited strong antitumour efficacy following consecutive induction with RU486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Time to reconsider stem cell induction strategies. Cells 2012; 1:1293-312. [PMID: 24710555 PMCID: PMC3901125 DOI: 10.3390/cells1041293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in stem cell research suggest that it may be time to reconsider the current focus of stem cell induction strategies. During the previous five years, approximately, the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells, i.e., the generation of so-called ‘induced pluripotent stem cells’ (iPSCs), has become the focus of ongoing research in many stem cell laboratories, because this technology promises to overcome limitations (both technical and ethical) seen in the production and use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). A rapidly increasing number of publications suggest, however, that it is now possible to choose instead other, alternative ways of generating stem and progenitor cells bypassing pluripotency. These new strategies may offer important advantages with respect to ethics, as well as to safety considerations. The present communication discusses why these strategies may provide possibilities for an escape from the dilemma presented by pluripotent stem cells (self-organization potential, cloning by tetraploid complementation, patenting problems and tumor formation risk).
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Kues WA, Herrmann D, Barg-Kues B, Haridoss S, Nowak-Imialek M, Buchholz T, Streeck M, Grebe A, Grabundzija I, Merkert S, Martin U, Hall VJ, Rasmussen MA, Ivics Z, Hyttel P, Niemann H. Derivation and characterization of sleeping beauty transposon-mediated porcine induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:124-35. [PMID: 22989381 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic pig is an important large animal model for preclinical testing of novel cell therapies. Recently, we produced pluripotency reporter pigs in which the Oct4 promoter drives expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Here, we reprogrammed Oct4-EGFP fibroblasts employing the nonviral Sleeping Beauty transposon system to deliver the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc. Successful reprogramming to a pluripotent state was indicated by changes in cell morphology and reactivation of the Oct4-EGFP reporter. The transposon-reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells showed long-term proliferation in vitro over >40 passages, expressed transcription factors typical of embryonic stem cells, including OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, REX1, ESRRB, DPPA5, and UTF1 and surface markers of pluripotency, including SSEA-1 and TRA-1-60. In vitro differentiation resulted in derivatives of the 3 germ layers. Upon injection of putative iPS cells under the skin of immunodeficient mice, we observed teratomas in 3 of 6 cases. These results form the basis for in-depth studies toward the derivation of porcine iPS cells, which hold great promise for preclinical testing of novel cell therapies in the pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried A Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany.
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Dynamic clonal analysis of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells marked by 5 fluorescent proteins using confocal and multiphoton microscopy. Blood 2012; 120:e105-16. [PMID: 22995900 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-440636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a methodology for tracing the clonal history of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) behavior in live tissues in 4 dimensions (4D). This integrates genetic combinatorial marking using lentiviral vectors encoding various fluorescent proteins (FPs) with advanced imaging methods. Five FPs: Cerulean, EGFP, Venus, tdTomato, and mCherry were concurrently used to create a diverse palette of color-marked cells. A key advantage of imaging using a confocal/2-photon hybrid microscopy approach is the simultaneous assessment of uniquely 5FP-marked cells in conjunction with structural components of the tissues at high resolution. Volumetric analyses revealed that spectrally coded HSPC-derived cells can be detected noninvasively in various intact tissues, including the bone marrow, for extensive periods of time after transplantation. Live studies combining video-rate multiphoton and confocal imaging in 4D demonstrate the possibility of dynamic cellular and clonal tracking in a quantitative manner. This methodology has applications in the understanding of clonal architecture in normal and perturbed hematopoiesis.
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31
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Groß B, Pittermann E, Reinhardt D, Cantz T, Klusmann JH. Prospects and challenges of reprogrammed cells in hematology and oncology. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012; 29:507-28. [PMID: 22857266 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2012.708707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a promising basis for modeling pediatric genetic disorders, allowing the derivation, study, and genetic correction of disease and patient-specific cell lines in vitro. Similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), iPSCs are capable of unlimited in vitro expansion and derivation of many cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These may not only allow large scale screenings to develop therapeutic compounds, but also help to overcome cross-species barriers of genetically engineered animal models, which do not adequately recapitulate the associated human phenotype. Here, we review the current state and emerging developments of iPSC research, which can be exploited as a tool in modeling pediatric hematopoietic disorders and could lead to new clinical applications in gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groß
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Sabour D, Schöler HR. Reprogramming and the mammalian germline: the Weismann barrier revisited. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:716-23. [PMID: 22947493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The germline represents a unique cell type that can transmit genetic material to the next generation. During early embryonic development, somatic cells give rise to a small population of cells known as germ cells, which eventually differentiate into mature gametes. Germ cells undergo a process of removing and resetting relevant epigenetic information, mainly by DNA demethylation. This extensive epigenetic reprogramming leads to the conversion of germ cells into immortal cells that can pass on the genome to the next generation. In the absence of germline-specific reprogramming, germ cells would preserve the old, parental epigenetic memory, which would prevent the transfer of heritable information to the offspring. On the contrary, somatic cells cannot reset epigenetic information by preserving the full methylation pattern on imprinting genes. In this review, we focus on the capacity of germ cells and somatic cells (soma) to transfer genetic information to the next generation, and thus revisit the Weismann theory of heredity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Sabour
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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33
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Zhang H, Jin Y. Mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55:395-411. [PMID: 22918817 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30406-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Stromal-cell-derived factor (SDF) 1-alpha in combination with BMP-2 and TGF-β1 induces site-directed cell homing and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for tissue engineering without the requirement for cell seeding. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:89-94. [PMID: 22684849 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical translation of tissue engineering approaches is limited by the requirement of a cell source. Cell guidance is a new concept that provides an alternative approach, obviating a requirement for an external cell source. This relies on site-specific homing and differentiation of the patient's own cells to an implanted scaffold through controlled delivery of cytokines. In this study, we used stromal-cell-derived factor 1-alpha (SDF-1α) in combination with bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to induce cell migration and osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation, respectively, in implanted scaffolds in a rat model. A customized cytokine microdelivery apparatus was used to ensure the constant rate and concentration of cytokine delivery around the scaffold. The formation of osteoid or early cartilage was observed after 4 weeks in specimens treated with SDF-1α and either BMP-2 or TGF-β1. The density of cellular infiltrate and formation of differentiated tissue were lower in scaffolds treated only with BMP-2 or TGF-β1. Thus, controlled SDF-1α delivery induces cell migration into scaffolds and can result in enhanced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis when used in combination with differentiation cytokines for purposes of tissue engineering.
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35
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Young MA, Larson DE, Sun CW, George DR, Ding L, Miller CA, Lin L, Pawlik KM, Chen K, Fan X, Schmidt H, Kalicki-Veizer J, Cook LL, Swift GW, Demeter RT, Wendl MC, Sands MS, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Townes TM, Ley TJ. Background mutations in parental cells account for most of the genetic heterogeneity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:570-82. [PMID: 22542160 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To assess the genetic consequences of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, we sequenced the genomes of ten murine iPSC clones derived from three independent reprogramming experiments, and compared them to their parental cell genomes. We detected hundreds of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in every clone, with an average of 11 in coding regions. In two experiments, all SNVs were unique for each clone and did not cluster in pathways, but in the third, all four iPSC clones contained 157 shared genetic variants, which could also be detected in rare cells (<1 in 500) within the parental MEF pool. These data suggest that most of the genetic variation in iPSC clones is not caused by reprogramming per se, but is rather a consequence of cloning individual cells, which "captures" their mutational history. These findings have implications for the development and therapeutic use of cells that are reprogrammed by any method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Fischedick G, Klein DC, Wu G, Esch D, Höing S, Han DW, Reinhardt P, Hergarten K, Tapia N, Schöler HR, Sterneckert JL. Zfp296 is a novel, pluripotent-specific reprogramming factor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34645. [PMID: 22485183 PMCID: PMC3317644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs). However, this process is slow and inefficient compared with the fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), indicating that ESCs express additional factors that can enhance the efficiency of reprogramming. We had previously developed a method to detect and isolate early neural induction intermediates during the differentiation of mouse ESCs. Using the gene expression profiles of these intermediates, we identified 23 ESC-specific transcripts and tested each for the ability to enhance iPSC formation. Of the tested factors, zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296) led to the largest increase in mouse iPSC formation. We confirmed that Zfp296 was specifically expressed in pluripotent stem cells and germ cells. Zfp296 in combination with OSKM induced iPSC formation earlier and more efficiently than OSKM alone. Through mouse chimera and teratoma formation, we demonstrated that the resultant iPSCs were pluripotent. We showed that Zfp296 activates transcription of the Oct4 gene via the germ cell–specific conserved region 4 (CR4), and when overexpressed in mouse ESCs leads to upregulation of Nanog expression and downregulation of the expression of differentiation markers, including Sox17, Eomes, and T, which is consistent with the observation that Zfp296 enhances the efficiency of reprogramming. In contrast, knockdown of Zfp296 in ESCs leads to the expression of differentiation markers. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of Zfp296 in ESCs inhibits, but does not block, differentiation into neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Fischedick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana C. Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Esch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hergarten
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Tapia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jared L. Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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37
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Prospect of induced pluripotent stem cell genetic repair to cure genetic diseases. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:498197. [PMID: 22448173 PMCID: PMC3289873 DOI: 10.1155/2012/498197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetic diseases, where the cells are already damaged, the damaged cells can be replaced by new normal cells, which can be differentiated from iPSC. To avoid immune rejection, iPSC from the patient's own cell can be developed. However, iPSC from the patients's cell harbors the same genetic aberration. Therefore, before differentiating the iPSCs into required cells, genetic repair should be done. This review discusses the various technologies to repair the genetic aberration in patient-derived iPSC, or to prevent the genetic aberration to cause further damage in the iPSC-derived cells, such as Zn finger and TALE nuclease genetic editing, RNA interference technology, exon skipping, and gene transfer method. In addition, the challenges in using the iPSC and the strategies to manage the hurdles are addressed.
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38
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Orlando L, Sanchez-Ripoll Y, Foster J, Bone H, Giachino C, Welham MJ. Differential coupling of self-renewal signaling pathways in murine induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30234. [PMID: 22291922 PMCID: PMC3264619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), exhibiting properties similar to those of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), has attracted much attention, with many studies focused on improving efficiency of derivation and unraveling the mechanisms of reprogramming. Despite this widespread interest, our knowledge of the molecular signaling pathways that are active in iPSCs and that play a role in controlling their fate have not been studied in detail. To address this shortfall, we have characterized the influence of different signals on the behavior of a model mouse iPSC line. We demonstrate significant responses of this iPSC line to the presence of serum, which leads to profoundly enhanced proliferation and, depending on the medium used, a reduction in the capacity of the iPSCs to self-renew. Surprisingly, this iPSC line was less sensitive to withdrawal of LIF compared to ESCs, exemplified by maintenance of expression of a Nanog-GFP reporter and enhanced self-renewal in the absence of LIF. While inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling decreased iPSC self-renewal, inhibition of Gsk-3 promoted it, even in the absence of LIF. High passages of this iPSC line displayed altered characteristics, including genetic instability and a reduced ability to self-renew. However, this second feature could be restored upon inhibition of Gsk-3. Collectively, our data suggest modulation of Gsk-3 activity plays a key role in the control of iPSC fate. We propose that more careful consideration should be given to characterization of the molecular pathways that control the fate of different iPSC lines, since perturbations from those observed in naïve pluripotent ESCs could render iPSCs and their derivatives susceptible to aberrant and potentially undesirable behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Orlando
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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Eberle I, Moslem M, Henschler R, Cantz T. Engineered MSCs from Patient-Specific iPS Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:1-17. [PMID: 22915200 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) represent a heterogenic cell population that can be isolated from various tissues of the body or can be generated from pluripotent stem cells by in vitro differentiation. Various promising pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that MSCs might stimulate endogenous regeneration and/or act as anti-inflammatory agents, which could be of high therapeutic relevance for a number of diseases, including graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, inflammatory bowel diseases, or some forms of liver failure. Notably, conflicting results of various studies illustrated that the source of MSCs, the cultivation condition, and the way of administration have important effects on the desired clinical effect. Some of the involved molecular pathways have recently been elucidated and an artificial modulation of these pathways by engineered MSCs might result in superfunctional MSCs for enhanced endogenous regeneration or anti-inflammatory response. In this review, we summarize important findings of conventional MSCs for applications in gastroenterology and we describe the state-of-the-art for the generation of patient-derived iPS cells that eventually might provide genetically engineered superfunctional iPS cells for advanced cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Eberle
- Junior Research Group Stem Cell Biology, OE 8881, Cluster-of-Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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40
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Edited stem cells yield healthy mice. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/475426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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