1
|
Tobin M, Sheth J, Wood KC, Michel EK, Geffen MN. "Distinct inhibitory neurons differently shape neuronal codes for sound intensity in the auditory cortex". BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.01.526470. [PMID: 36778269 PMCID: PMC9915672 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits contain multiple types of inhibitory neurons which shape how information is processed within neuronal networks. Here, we asked whether somatostatin-expressing (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) inhibitory neurons have distinct effects on population neuronal responses to noise bursts of varying intensities. We optogenetically stimulated SST or VIP neurons while simultaneously measuring the calcium responses of populations of hundreds of neurons in the auditory cortex of male and female awake, head-fixed mice to sounds. Upon SST neuronal activation, noise bursts representations became more discrete for different intensity levels, relying on cell identity rather than strength. By contrast, upon VIP neuronal activation, noise bursts of different intensity level activated overlapping neuronal populations, albeit at different response strengths. At the single-cell level, SST and VIP neuronal activation differentially activated the response-level curves of monotonic and nonmonotonic neurons. SST neuronal activation effects were consistent with a shift of the neuronal population responses toward a more localist code with different cells responding to sounds of different intensity. By contrast, VIP neuronal activation shifted responses towards a more distributed code, in which sounds of different intensity level are encoded in the relative response of similar populations of cells. These results delineate how distinct inhibitory neurons in the auditory cortex dynamically control cortical population codes. Different inhibitory neuronal populations may be recruited under different behavioral demands, depending on whether categorical or invariant representations are advantageous for the task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tobin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Janaki Sheth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Katherine C. Wood
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Erin K. Michel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Maria N. Geffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waitzmann F, Wu YK, Gjorgjieva J. Top-down modulation in canonical cortical circuits with short-term plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311040121. [PMID: 38593083 PMCID: PMC11032497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical dynamics and computations are strongly influenced by diverse GABAergic interneurons, including those expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Together with excitatory (E) neurons, they form a canonical microcircuit and exhibit counterintuitive nonlinear phenomena. One instance of such phenomena is response reversal, whereby SST neurons show opposite responses to top-down modulation via VIP depending on the presence of bottom-up sensory input, indicating that the network may function in different regimes under different stimulation conditions. Combining analytical and computational approaches, we demonstrate that model networks with multiple interneuron subtypes and experimentally identified short-term plasticity mechanisms can implement response reversal. Surprisingly, despite not directly affecting SST and VIP activity, PV-to-E short-term depression has a decisive impact on SST response reversal. We show how response reversal relates to inhibition stabilization and the paradoxical effect in the presence of several short-term plasticity mechanisms demonstrating that response reversal coincides with a change in the indispensability of SST for network stabilization. In summary, our work suggests a role of short-term plasticity mechanisms in generating nonlinear phenomena in networks with multiple interneuron subtypes and makes several experimentally testable predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Waitzmann
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354Freising, Germany
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yue Kris Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354Freising, Germany
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354Freising, Germany
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo L, Kumar A. Role of interneuron subtypes in controlling trial-by-trial output variability in the neocortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:874. [PMID: 37620550 PMCID: PMC10449833 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trial-by-trial variability is a ubiquitous property of neuronal activity in vivo which shapes the stimulus response. Computational models have revealed how local network structure and feedforward inputs shape the trial-by-trial variability. However, the role of input statistics and different interneuron subtypes in this process is less understood. To address this, we investigate the dynamics of stimulus response in a cortical microcircuit model with one excitatory and three inhibitory interneuron populations (PV, SST, VIP). Our findings demonstrate that the balance of inputs to different neuron populations and input covariances are the primary determinants of output trial-by-trial variability. The effect of input covariances is contingent on the input balances. In general, the network exhibits smaller output trial-by-trial variability in a PV-dominated regime than in an SST-dominated regime. Importantly, our work reveals mechanisms by which output trial-by-trial variability can be controlled in a context, state, and task-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Guo
- Division of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Scilife Lab, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Division of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Scilife Lab, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bernáez Timón L, Ekelmans P, Kraynyukova N, Rose T, Busse L, Tchumatchenko T. How to incorporate biological insights into network models and why it matters. J Physiol 2023; 601:3037-3053. [PMID: 36069408 DOI: 10.1113/jp282755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the staggering complexity of the brain and its neural circuitry, neuroscientists rely on the analysis of mathematical models to elucidate its function. From Hodgkin and Huxley's detailed description of the action potential in 1952 to today, new theories and increasing computational power have opened up novel avenues to study how neural circuits implement the computations that underlie behaviour. Computational neuroscientists have developed many models of neural circuits that differ in complexity, biological realism or emergent network properties. With recent advances in experimental techniques for detailed anatomical reconstructions or large-scale activity recordings, rich biological data have become more available. The challenge when building network models is to reflect experimental results, either through a high level of detail or by finding an appropriate level of abstraction. Meanwhile, machine learning has facilitated the development of artificial neural networks, which are trained to perform specific tasks. While they have proven successful at achieving task-oriented behaviour, they are often abstract constructs that differ in many features from the physiology of brain circuits. Thus, it is unclear whether the mechanisms underlying computation in biological circuits can be investigated by analysing artificial networks that accomplish the same function but differ in their mechanisms. Here, we argue that building biologically realistic network models is crucial to establishing causal relationships between neurons, synapses, circuits and behaviour. More specifically, we advocate for network models that consider the connectivity structure and the recorded activity dynamics while evaluating task performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernáez Timón
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre Ekelmans
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nataliya Kraynyukova
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Rose
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Tchumatchenko
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Yu Y, Han F, Wang Q. Regulating epileptiform discharges by heterogeneous interneurons in thalamocortical model. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:083128. [PMID: 37561121 DOI: 10.1063/5.0163243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are abundant and have diverse roles, classified as parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) according to chemically defined categories. Currently, their involvement with seizures has been partially uncovered in physiological terms. Here, we propose a corticothalamic model containing heterogeneous interneurons to study the effects of various interneurons on absence seizure dynamics by means of optogenetic stimulation. First, the important role of feedforward inhibition caused by SRN→PV→PN projections on seizures is verified. Then, we demonstrate that light activation targeting either PV or SOM INs can control seizures. Finally, with different inhibition contributions from PV INs and SOM INs, the possible disinhibitory effect of blue light acting on VIP INs is mainly discussed. The results suggest that depending on the inhibition degree of both types, the disinhibition brought about by the VIP INs will trigger seizures, will control seizures, and will not work or cause the PNs to tend toward a high saturation state with high excitability. The circuit mechanism and the related bifurcation characteristics in various cases are emphatically revealed. In the model presented, in addition to Hopf and saddle-node bifurcations, the system may also undergo period-doubling and torus bifurcations under stimulus action, with more complex dynamics. Our work may provide a theoretical basis for understanding and further exploring the role of heterogeneous interneurons, in particular, the VIP INs, a novel target, in absence seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhao
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hahn G, Kumar A, Schmidt H, Knösche TR, Deco G. Rate and oscillatory switching dynamics of a multilayer visual microcircuit model. eLife 2022; 11:77594. [PMID: 35994330 PMCID: PMC9395191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is organized around layered microcircuits consisting of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal types which perform rate- and oscillation-based computations. Using modeling, we show that both superficial and deep layers of the primary mouse visual cortex implement two ultrasensitive and bistable switches built on mutual inhibitory connectivity motives between somatostatin, parvalbumin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide cells. The switches toggle pyramidal neurons between high and low firing rate states that are synchronized across layers through translaminar connectivity. Moreover, inhibited and disinhibited states are characterized by low- and high-frequency oscillations, respectively, with layer-specific differences in frequency and power which show asymmetric changes during state transitions. These findings are consistent with a number of experimental observations and embed firing rate together with oscillatory changes within a switch interpretation of the microcircuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Hahn
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helmut Schmidt
- Brain Networks Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Brain Networks Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Computer Science and Automation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A circuit mechanism for independent modulation of excitatory and inhibitory firing rates after sensory deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116895119. [PMID: 35925891 PMCID: PMC9371725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116895119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortex is particularly vulnerable to perturbations during sensitive periods, such as the critical period when manipulating sensory experience can induce long-lasting changes in brain structure. Depriving rodents of vision in one eye (known as monocular deprivation [MD]) reduces network activity over two days, whereby inhibitory neurons decrease their firing rates one day after MD, while excitatory neurons are delayed by an additional day. We use spiking networks to mechanistically dissect the requirements for this independent firing-rate regulation after sensory deprivation. We find that in networks stabilized by recurrent inhibition, at least two interneuron subtypes (parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing interneurons) are necessary to dynamically alter the circuit response after deprivation and generalize the result across sensory cortices. Diverse interneuron subtypes shape sensory processing in mature cortical circuits. During development, sensory deprivation evokes powerful synaptic plasticity that alters circuitry, but how different inhibitory subtypes modulate circuit dynamics in response to this plasticity remains unclear. We investigate how deprivation-induced synaptic changes affect excitatory and inhibitory firing rates in a microcircuit model of the sensory cortex with multiple interneuron subtypes. We find that with a single interneuron subtype (parvalbumin-expressing [PV]), excitatory and inhibitory firing rates can only be comodulated—increased or decreased together. To explain the experimentally observed independent modulation, whereby one firing rate increases and the other decreases, requires strong feedback from a second interneuron subtype (somatostatin-expressing [SST]). Our model applies to the visual and somatosensory cortex, suggesting a general mechanism across sensory cortices. Therefore, we provide a mechanistic explanation for the differential role of interneuron subtypes in regulating firing rates, contributing to the already diverse roles they serve in the cortex.
Collapse
|
8
|
Newton DF, Oh H, Shukla R, Misquitta K, Fee C, Banasr M, Sibille E. Chronic Stress Induces Coordinated Cortical Microcircuit Cell-Type Transcriptomic Changes Consistent With Altered Information Processing. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:798-809. [PMID: 34861977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information processing in cortical cell microcircuits involves regulation of excitatory pyramidal (PYR) cells by inhibitory somatostatin- (SST), parvalbumin-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons. Human postmortem and rodent studies show impaired PYR cell dendritic morphology and decreased SST cell markers in major depressive disorder or after chronic stress. However, knowledge of coordinated changes across microcircuit cell types is virtually absent. METHODS We investigated the transcriptomic effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on distinct microcircuit cell types in the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate regions 24a, 24b, and 32) in mice. C57BL/6 mice, exposed to UCMS or control housing for 5 weeks, were assessed for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Microcircuit cell types were laser microdissected and processed for RNA sequencing. RESULTS UCMS induced predicted elevations in behavioral emotionality in mice. DESeq2 analysis revealed unique differentially expressed genes in each cell type after UCMS. Presynaptic functions, oxidative stress response, metabolism, and translational regulation were differentially dysregulated across cell types, whereas nearly all cell types showed downregulated postsynaptic gene signatures. Across the cortical microcircuit, we observed a shift from a distributed transcriptomic coordination across cell types in control mice toward UCMS-induced increased coordination between PYR, SST, and parvalbumin cells and a hub-like role for PYR cells. Finally, we identified a microcircuit-wide coexpression network enriched in synaptic, bioenergetic, and oxidative stress response genes that correlated with UCMS-induced behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest cell-specific deficits, microcircuit-wide synaptic reorganization, and a shift in cells regulating the cortical excitation-inhibition balance, suggesting increased coordinated regulation of PYR cells by SST and parvalbumin cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight F Newton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyunjung Oh
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Keith Misquitta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Fee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hertäg L, Clopath C. Prediction-error neurons in circuits with multiple neuron types: Formation, refinement, and functional implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115699119. [PMID: 35320037 PMCID: PMC9060484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115699119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceAn influential idea in neuroscience is that neural circuits do not only passively process sensory information but rather actively compare them with predictions thereof. A core element of this comparison is prediction-error neurons, the activity of which only changes upon mismatches between actual and predicted sensory stimuli. While it has been shown that these prediction-error neurons come in different variants, it is largely unresolved how they are simultaneously formed and shaped by highly interconnected neural networks. By using a computational model, we study the circuit-level mechanisms that give rise to different variants of prediction-error neurons. Our results shed light on the formation, refinement, and robustness of prediction-error circuits, an important step toward a better understanding of predictive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Hertäg
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Apicella AJ, Marchionni I. VIP-Expressing GABAergic Neurons: Disinhibitory vs. Inhibitory Motif and Its Role in Communication Across Neocortical Areas. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:811484. [PMID: 35221922 PMCID: PMC8867699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.811484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurons play a crucial role in shaping cortical activity. Even though GABAergic neurons constitute a small fraction of cortical neurons, their peculiar morphology and functional properties make them an intriguing and challenging task to study. Here, we review the basic anatomical features, the circuit properties, and the possible role in the relevant behavioral task of a subclass of GABAergic neurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). These studies were performed using transgenic mice in which the VIP-expressing neurons can be recognized using fluorescent proteins and optogenetic manipulation to control (or regulate) their electrical activity. Cortical VIP-expressing neurons are more abundant in superficial cortical layers than other cortical layers, where they are mainly studied. Optogenetic and paired recordings performed in ex vivo cortical preparations show that VIP-expressing neurons mainly exert their inhibitory effect onto somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons, leading to a disinhibitory effect onto excitatory pyramidal neurons. However, this subclass of GABAergic neurons also releases neurotransmitters onto other GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons, suggesting other possible circuit roles than a disinhibitory effect. The heterogeneity of VIP-expressing neurons also suggests their involvement and recruitment during different functions via the inhibition/disinhibition of GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons locally and distally, depending on the specific local circuit in which they are embedded, with potential effects on the behavioral states of the animal. Although VIP-expressing neurons represent only a tiny fraction of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the cortex, these neurons’ selective activation/inactivation could produce a relevant behavioral effect in the animal. Regardless of the increasing finding and discoveries on this subclass of GABAergic neurons, there is still a lot of missing information, and more studies should be done to unveil their role at the circuit and behavior level in different cortical layers and across different neocortical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ivan Marchionni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Voina D, Recanatesi S, Hu B, Shea-Brown E, Mihalas S. Single Circuit in V1 Capable of Switching Contexts during Movement Using an Inhibitory Population as a Switch. Neural Comput 2022; 34:541-594. [PMID: 35016220 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
As animals adapt to their environments, their brains are tasked with processing stimuli in different sensory contexts. Whether these computations are context dependent or independent, they are all implemented in the same neural tissue. A crucial question is what neural architectures can respond flexibly to a range of stimulus conditions and switch between them. This is a particular case of flexible architecture that permits multiple related computations within a single circuit. Here, we address this question in the specific case of the visual system circuitry, focusing on context integration, defined as the integration of feedforward and surround information across visual space. We show that a biologically inspired microcircuit with multiple inhibitory cell types can switch between visual processing of the static context and the moving context. In our model, the VIP population acts as the switch and modulates the visual circuit through a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, the VIP population is efficient, requiring only a relatively small number of neurons to switch contexts. This circuit eliminates noise in videos by using appropriate lateral connections for contextual spatiotemporal surround modulation, having superior denoising performance compared to circuits where only one context is learned. Our findings shed light on a minimally complex architecture that is capable of switching between two naturalistic contexts using few switching units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Voina
- Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A.
| | - Stefano Recanatesi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
| | - Brian Hu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109 U.S.A
| | - Eric Shea-Brown
- Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A., and Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, U.S.A.
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A., and Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vercruysse F, Naud R, Sprekeler H. Self-organization of a doubly asynchronous irregular network state for spikes and bursts. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009478. [PMID: 34748532 PMCID: PMC8575278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical pyramidal cells (PCs) have a specialized dendritic mechanism for the generation of bursts, suggesting that these events play a special role in cortical information processing. In vivo, bursts occur at a low, but consistent rate. Theory suggests that this network state increases the amount of information they convey. However, because burst activity relies on a threshold mechanism, it is rather sensitive to dendritic input levels. In spiking network models, network states in which bursts occur rarely are therefore typically not robust, but require fine-tuning. Here, we show that this issue can be solved by a homeostatic inhibitory plasticity rule in dendrite-targeting interneurons that is consistent with experimental data. The suggested learning rule can be combined with other forms of inhibitory plasticity to self-organize a network state in which both spikes and bursts occur asynchronously and irregularly at low rate. Finally, we show that this network state creates the network conditions for a recently suggested multiplexed code and thereby indeed increases the amount of information encoded in bursts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vercruysse
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Naud
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- uOttawa Brain Mind Institute, Center for Neural Dynamics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rikhye RV, Yildirim M, Hu M, Breton-Provencher V, Sur M. Reliable Sensory Processing in Mouse Visual Cortex through Cooperative Interactions between Somatostatin and Parvalbumin Interneurons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8761-8778. [PMID: 34493543 PMCID: PMC8528503 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3176-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic neuronal variability significantly limits information encoding in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, under certain conditions, neurons can respond reliably with highly precise responses to the same visual stimuli from trial to trial. This suggests that there exists intrinsic neural circuit mechanisms that dynamically modulate the intertrial variability of visual cortical neurons. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of different inhibitory interneurons (INs) in reliable coding in mouse V1. To study the interactions between somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-INs), we used a dual-color calcium imaging technique that allowed us to simultaneously monitor these two neural ensembles while awake mice, of both sexes, passively viewed natural movies. SST neurons were more active during epochs of reliable pyramidal neuron firing, whereas PV neurons were more active during epochs of unreliable firing. SST neuron activity lagged that of PV neurons, consistent with a feedback inhibitory SST→PV circuit. To dissect the role of this circuit in pyramidal neuron activity, we used temporally limited optogenetic activation and inactivation of SST and PV interneurons during periods of reliable and unreliable pyramidal cell firing. Transient firing of SST neurons increased pyramidal neuron reliability by actively suppressing PV neurons, a proposal that was supported by a rate-based model of V1 neurons. These results identify a cooperative functional role for the SST→PV circuit in modulating the reliability of pyramidal neuron activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cortical neurons often respond to identical sensory stimuli with large variability. However, under certain conditions, the same neurons can also respond highly reliably. The circuit mechanisms that contribute to this modulation remain unknown. Here, we used novel dual-wavelength calcium imaging and temporally selective optical perturbation to identify an inhibitory neural circuit in visual cortex that can modulate the reliability of pyramidal neurons to naturalistic visual stimuli. Our results, supported by computational models, suggest that somatostatin interneurons increase pyramidal neuron reliability by suppressing parvalbumin interneurons via the inhibitory SST→PV circuit. These findings reveal a novel role of the SST→PV circuit in modulating the fidelity of neural coding critical for visual perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev V Rikhye
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ming Hu
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Vincent Breton-Provencher
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ter Wal M, Tiesinga PHE. Comprehensive characterization of oscillatory signatures in a model circuit with PV- and SOM-expressing interneurons. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:487-517. [PMID: 34628539 PMCID: PMC8551150 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits contain a wide variety of interneuron types, which differ in their biophysical properties and connectivity patterns. The two most common interneuron types, parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing cells, have been shown to be differentially involved in many cognitive functions. These cell types also show different relationships with the power and phase of oscillations in local field potentials. The mechanisms that underlie the emergence of different oscillatory rhythms in neural circuits with more than one interneuron subtype, and the roles specific interneurons play in those mechanisms, are not fully understood. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of all possible circuit motifs and input regimes that can be achieved in circuits comprised of excitatory cells, PV-like fast-spiking interneurons and SOM-like low-threshold spiking interneurons. We identify 18 unique motifs and simulate their dynamics over a range of input strengths. Using several characteristics, such as oscillation frequency, firing rates, phase of firing and burst fraction, we cluster the resulting circuit dynamics across motifs in order to identify patterns of activity and compare these patterns to behaviors that were generated in circuits with one interneuron type. In addition to the well-known PING and ING gamma oscillations and an asynchronous state, our analysis identified three oscillatory behaviors that were generated by the three-cell-type motifs only: theta-nested gamma oscillations, stable beta oscillations and theta-locked bursting behavior, which have also been observed in experiments. Our characterization provides a map to interpret experimental activity patterns and suggests pharmacological manipulations or optogenetics approaches to validate these conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marije Ter Wal
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guet-McCreight A, Skinner FK. Deciphering how interneuron specific 3 cells control oriens lacunosum-moleculare cells to contribute to circuit function. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:997-1014. [PMID: 34379493 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00204.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide diversity of inhibitory cells across the brain makes them suitable to contribute to network dynamics in specialized fashions. However, the contributions of a particular inhibitory cell type in a behaving animal are challenging to untangle as one needs to both record cellular activities and identify the cell type being recorded. Thus, using computational modeling and theory to predict and hypothesize cell-specific contributions is desirable. Here, we examine potential contributions of interneuron-specific 3 (I-S3) cells - an inhibitory interneuron found in CA1 hippocampus that only targets other inhibitory interneurons - during simulated theta rhythms. We use previously developed multi-compartment models of oriens lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) cells, the main target of I-S3 cells, and explore how I-S3 cell inputs during in vitro and in vivo scenarios contribute to theta. We find that I-S3 cells suppress OLM cell spiking, rather than engender its spiking via post-inhibitory rebound mechanisms, and contribute to theta frequency spike resonance during simulated in vivo scenarios. To elicit recruitment similar to in vitro experiments, inclusion of disinhibited pyramidal cell inputs is necessary, implying that I-S3 cell firing broadens the window for pyramidal cell disinhibition. Using in vivo virtual networks, we show that I-S3 cells contribute to a sharpening of OLM cell recruitment at theta frequencies. Further, shifting the timing of I-S3 cell spiking due to external modulation shifts the timing of the OLM cell firing and thus disinhibitory windows. We propose a specialized contribution of I-S3 cells to create temporally precise coordination of modulation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances K Skinner
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mackwood O, Naumann LB, Sprekeler H. Learning excitatory-inhibitory neuronal assemblies in recurrent networks. eLife 2021; 10:59715. [PMID: 33900199 PMCID: PMC8075581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the connectivity observed in the brain and how it emerges from local plasticity rules is a grand challenge in modern neuroscience. In the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice, synapses between excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons tend to be stronger for neurons that respond to similar stimulus features, although these neurons are not topographically arranged according to their stimulus preference. The presence of such excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) neuronal assemblies indicates a stimulus-specific form of feedback inhibition. Here, we show that activity-dependent synaptic plasticity on input and output synapses of PV interneurons generates a circuit structure that is consistent with mouse V1. Computational modeling reveals that both forms of plasticity must act in synergy to form the observed E/I assemblies. Once established, these assemblies produce a stimulus-specific competition between pyramidal neurons. Our model suggests that activity-dependent plasticity can refine inhibitory circuits to actively shape cortical computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Mackwood
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura B Naumann
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Domhof JWM, Tiesinga PHE. Flexible Frequency Switching in Adult Mouse Visual Cortex Is Mediated by Competition Between Parvalbumin and Somatostatin Expressing Interneurons. Neural Comput 2021; 33:926-966. [PMID: 33513330 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks in rodent primary visual cortex (V1) can generate oscillations in different frequency bands depending on the network state and the level of visual stimulation. High-frequency gamma rhythms, for example, dominate the network's spontaneous activity in adult mice but are attenuated upon visual stimulation, during which the network switches to the beta band instead. The spontaneous local field potential (LFP) of juvenile mouse V1, however, mainly contains beta rhythms and presenting a stimulus does not elicit drastic changes in network oscillations. We study, in a spiking neuron network model, the mechanism in adult mice allowing for flexible switches between multiple frequency bands and contrast this to the network structure in juvenile mice that lack this flexibility. The model comprises excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs) and two types of interneurons: the parvalbumin-expressing (PV) and the somatostatinexpressing (SOM) interneuron. In accordance with experimental findings, the pyramidal-PV and pyramidal-SOM cell subnetworks are associated with gamma and beta oscillations, respectively. In our model, they are both generated via a pyramidal-interneuron gamma (PING) mechanism, wherein the PCs drive the oscillations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that large but not small visual stimulation activates SOM cells, which shift the frequency of resting-state gamma oscillations produced by the pyramidal-PV cell subnetwork so that beta rhythms emerge. Finally, we show that this behavior is obtained for only a subset of PV and SOM interneuron projection strengths, indicating that their influence on the PCs should be balanced so that they can compete for oscillatory control of the PCs. In sum, we propose a mechanism by which visual beta rhythms can emerge from spontaneous gamma oscillations in a network model of the mouse V1; for this mechanism to reproduce V1 dynamics in adult mice, balance between the effective strengths of PV and SOM cells is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W M Domhof
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bernardi D, Doron G, Brecht M, Lindner B. A network model of the barrel cortex combined with a differentiator detector reproduces features of the behavioral response to single-neuron stimulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1007831. [PMID: 33556070 PMCID: PMC7895413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of a single neuron in the rat somatosensory cortex can elicit a behavioral response. The probability of a behavioral response does not depend appreciably on the duration or intensity of a constant stimulation, whereas the response probability increases significantly upon injection of an irregular current. Biological mechanisms that can potentially suppress a constant input signal are present in the dynamics of both neurons and synapses and seem ideal candidates to explain these experimental findings. Here, we study a large network of integrate-and-fire neurons with several salient features of neuronal populations in the rat barrel cortex. The model includes cellular spike-frequency adaptation, experimentally constrained numbers and types of chemical synapses endowed with short-term plasticity, and gap junctions. Numerical simulations of this model indicate that cellular and synaptic adaptation mechanisms alone may not suffice to account for the experimental results if the local network activity is read out by an integrator. However, a circuit that approximates a differentiator can detect the single-cell stimulation with a reliability that barely depends on the length or intensity of the stimulus, but that increases when an irregular signal is used. This finding is in accordance with the experimental results obtained for the stimulation of a regularly-spiking excitatory cell. It is widely assumed that only a large group of neurons can encode a stimulus or control behavior. This tenet of neuroscience has been challenged by experiments in which stimulating a single cortical neuron has had a measurable effect on an animal’s behavior. Recently, theoretical studies have explored how a single-neuron stimulation could be detected in a large recurrent network. However, these studies missed essential biological mechanisms of cortical networks and are unable to explain more recent experiments in the barrel cortex. Here, to describe the stimulated brain area, we propose and study a network model endowed with many important biological features of the barrel cortex. Importantly, we also investigate different readout mechanisms, i.e. ways in which the stimulation effects can propagate to other brain areas. We show that a readout network which tracks rapid variations in the local network activity is in agreement with the experiments. Our model demonstrates a possible mechanism for how the stimulation of a single neuron translates into a signal at the population level, which is taken as a proxy of the animal’s response. Our results illustrate the power of spiking neural networks to properly describe the effects of a single neuron’s activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bernardi
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Guy Doron
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaul D, Schwab SG, Mechawar N, Matosin N. How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:193-215. [PMID: 33556389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe stress is among the most robust risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorders. Imaging studies indicate that life stress is integral to shaping the human brain, especially regions involved in processing the stress response. Although this is likely underpinned by changes to the cytoarchitecture of cellular networks in the brain, we are yet to clearly understand how these define a role for stress in human psychopathology. In this review, we consolidate evidence of macro-structural morphometric changes and the cellular mechanisms that likely underlie them. Focusing on stress-sensitive regions of the brain, we illustrate how stress throughout life may lead to persistent remodelling of the both neurons and glia in cellular networks and how these may lead to psychopathology. We support that greater translation of cellular alterations to human cohorts will support parsing the psychological sequalae of severe stress and improve our understanding of how stress shapes the human brain. This will remain a critical step for improving treatment interventions and prevention outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kaul
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Norman JF, Rahsepar B, Noueihed J, White JA. Determining the optimal expression method for dual-color imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 351:109064. [PMID: 33387574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence imaging is a widely used technique that permits for cell-type-specific recording from hundreds of neurons simultaneously. Often, to obtain cell-type-specific recordings from more than one cell type, researchers add an additional fluorescent protein to mark a second neuronal subpopulation. Currently, however, no consensus exists on the best expression method for multiple fluorescent proteins. NEW METHOD We optimized the coexpression of two fluorescent proteins across multiple brain regions and mouse lines. RESULTS The single-virus method, a viral injection in a double transgenic reporter mouse, results in limited fluorescent coexpression. In contrast the double-virus method, injecting a mixture of two viruses in a Cre driver mouse, results in up to 70 % coexpression of the fluorescent markers in vitro. Using the double-virus method allows for population activity recording and neuronal subpopulation determination. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The standard for expressing two fluorescent proteins is to use a double transgenic reporter mouse with a single viral injection. Injecting two viruses into a Cre driver mouse resulted in significantly higher coexpression compared to the standard method. This result generalized to multiple brain regions and mouse lines in vitro, as well as in vivo. CONCLUSION Efficiently coexpressing multiple fluorescent proteins provides population activity while identifying a neuronal subpopulation of interest. The improved coexpression is applicable to a wide breadth of experiments, ranging from engram investigation to voltage imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Norman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States.
| | - Bahar Rahsepar
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Jad Noueihed
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - John A White
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Complementary Inhibitory Weight Profiles Emerge from Plasticity and Allow Flexible Switching of Receptive Fields. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9634-9649. [PMID: 33168622 PMCID: PMC7726533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0276-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical areas comprise multiple types of inhibitory interneurons, with stereotypical connectivity motifs that may follow specific plasticity rules. Yet, their combined effect on postsynaptic dynamics has been largely unexplored. Here, we analyze the response of a single postsynaptic model neuron receiving tuned excitatory connections alongside inhibition from two plastic populations. Synapses from each inhibitory population change according to distinct plasticity rules. We tested different combinations of three rules: Hebbian, anti-Hebbian, and homeostatic scaling. Depending on the inhibitory plasticity rule, synapses become unspecific (flat), anticorrelated to, or correlated with excitatory synapses. Crucially, the neuron's receptive field (i.e., its response to presynaptic stimuli) depends on the modulatory state of inhibition. When both inhibitory populations are active, inhibition balances excitation, resulting in uncorrelated postsynaptic responses regardless of the inhibitory tuning profiles. Modulating the activity of a given inhibitory population produces strong correlations to either preferred or nonpreferred inputs, in line with recent experimental findings that show dramatic context-dependent changes of neurons' receptive fields. We thus confirm that a neuron's receptive field does not follow directly from the weight profiles of its presynaptic afferents. Our results show how plasticity rules in various cell types can interact to shape cortical circuit motifs and their dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in sensory areas of the cortex are known to respond to specific features of a given input (e.g., specific sound frequencies), but recent experimental studies show that such responses (i.e., their receptive fields) depend on context. Inspired by the cortical connectivity, we built models of excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto a single neuron, to study how receptive fields may change on short and long time scales. We show how various synaptic plasticity rules allow for the emergence of diverse connectivity profiles and, moreover, how their dynamic interaction creates a mechanism by which postsynaptic responses can quickly change. Our work emphasizes multiple roles of inhibition in cortical processing and provides a first mechanistic model for flexible receptive fields.
Collapse
|
22
|
Millman DJ, Ocker GK, Caldejon S, Kato I, Larkin JD, Lee EK, Luviano J, Nayan C, Nguyen TV, North K, Seid S, White C, Lecoq J, Reid C, Buice MA, de Vries SEJ. VIP interneurons in mouse primary visual cortex selectively enhance responses to weak but specific stimuli. eLife 2020; 9:e55130. [PMID: 33108272 PMCID: PMC7591255 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in the cortex regulate feedback inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and, reciprocally, SST neurons inhibit VIP neurons. Although VIP neuron activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mouse is highly correlated with locomotion, the relevance of locomotion-related VIP neuron activity to visual coding is not known. Here we show that VIP neurons in mouse V1 respond strongly to low contrast front-to-back motion that is congruent with self-motion during locomotion but are suppressed by other directions and contrasts. VIP and SST neurons have complementary contrast tuning. Layer 2/3 contains a substantially larger population of low contrast preferring pyramidal neurons than deeper layers, and layer 2/3 (but not deeper layer) pyramidal neurons show bias for front-to-back motion specifically at low contrast. Network modeling indicates that VIP-SST mutual antagonism regulates the gain of the cortex to achieve sensitivity to specific weak stimuli without compromising network stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - India Kato
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Josh D Larkin
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Chelsea Nayan
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Kat North
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jerome Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lourenço J, Koukouli F, Bacci A. Synaptic inhibition in the neocortex: Orchestration and computation through canonical circuits and variations on the theme. Cortex 2020; 132:258-280. [PMID: 33007640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex plays a crucial role in all basic and abstract cognitive functions. Conscious mental processes are achieved through a correct flow of information within and across neocortical networks, whose particular activity state results from a tight balance between excitation and inhibition. The proper equilibrium between these indissoluble forces is operated with multiscale organization: along the dendro-somatic axis of single neurons and at the network level. Fast synaptic inhibition is assured by a multitude of inhibitory interneurons. During cortical activities, these cells operate a finely tuned division of labor that is epitomized by their detailed connectivity scheme. Recent results combining the use of mouse genetics, cutting-edge optical and neurophysiological approaches have highlighted the role of fast synaptic inhibition in driving cognition-related activity through a canonical cortical circuit, involving several major interneuron subtypes and principal neurons. Here we detail the organization of this cortical blueprint and we highlight the crucial role played by different neuron types in fundamental cortical computations. In addition, we argue that this canonical circuit is prone to many variations on the theme, depending on the resolution of the classification of neuronal types, and the cortical area investigated. Finally, we discuss how specific alterations of distinct inhibitory circuits can underlie several devastating brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Lourenço
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 47 Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Fani Koukouli
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 47 Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bacci
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 47 Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barron HC, Auksztulewicz R, Friston K. Prediction and memory: A predictive coding account. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 192:101821. [PMID: 32446883 PMCID: PMC7305946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory, but it is also involved in online prediction. Evidence suggests that a unitary hippocampal code underlies both episodic memory and predictive processing, yet within a predictive coding framework the hippocampal-neocortical interactions that accompany these two phenomena are distinct and opposing. Namely, during episodic recall, the hippocampus is thought to exert an excitatory influence on the neocortex, to reinstate activity patterns across cortical circuits. This contrasts with empirical and theoretical work on predictive processing, where descending predictions suppress prediction errors to 'explain away' ascending inputs via cortical inhibition. In this hypothesis piece, we attempt to dissolve this previously overlooked dialectic. We consider how the hippocampus may facilitate both prediction and memory, respectively, by inhibiting neocortical prediction errors or increasing their gain. We propose that these distinct processing modes depend upon the neuromodulatory gain (or precision) ascribed to prediction error units. Within this framework, memory recall is cast as arising from fictive prediction errors that furnish training signals to optimise generative models of the world, in the absence of sensory data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Ryszard Auksztulewicz
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt Am Main, 60322, Germany; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hertäg L, Sprekeler H. Learning prediction error neurons in a canonical interneuron circuit. eLife 2020; 9:e57541. [PMID: 32820723 PMCID: PMC7442488 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems constantly compare external sensory information with internally generated predictions. While neural hallmarks of prediction errors have been found throughout the brain, the circuit-level mechanisms that underlie their computation are still largely unknown. Here, we show that a well-orchestrated interplay of three interneuron types shapes the development and refinement of negative prediction-error neurons in a computational model of mouse primary visual cortex. By balancing excitation and inhibition in multiple pathways, experience-dependent inhibitory plasticity can generate different variants of prediction-error circuits, which can be distinguished by simulated optogenetic experiments. The experience-dependence of the model circuit is consistent with that of negative prediction-error circuits in layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex. Our model makes a range of testable predictions that may shed light on the circuitry underlying the neural computation of prediction errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Hertäg
- Modelling of Cognitive Processes, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Berlin Institute of TechnologyBerlinGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Modelling of Cognitive Processes, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Berlin Institute of TechnologyBerlinGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Capogna M, Castillo PE, Maffei A. The ins and outs of inhibitory synaptic plasticity: Neuron types, molecular mechanisms and functional roles. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6882-6901. [PMID: 32663353 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are highly diverse, and their synaptic outputs express various forms of plasticity. Compelling evidence indicates that activity-dependent changes of inhibitory synaptic transmission play a significant role in regulating neural circuits critically involved in learning and memory and circuit refinement. Here, we provide an updated overview of inhibitory synaptic plasticity with a focus on the hippocampus and neocortex. To illustrate the diversity of inhibitory interneurons, we discuss the case of two highly divergent interneuron types, parvalbumin-expressing basket cells and neurogliaform cells, which support unique roles on circuit dynamics. We also present recent progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term, activity-dependent plasticity of fast inhibitory transmission. Lastly, we discuss the role of inhibitory synaptic plasticity in neuronal circuits' function. The emerging picture is that inhibitory synaptic transmission in the CNS is extremely diverse, undergoes various mechanistically distinct forms of plasticity and contributes to a much more refined computational role than initially thought. Both the remarkable diversity of inhibitory interneurons and the various forms of plasticity expressed by GABAergic synapses provide an amazingly rich inhibitory repertoire that is central to a variety of complex neural circuit functions, including memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish National Research Foundation Center of Excellence PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominck P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poirazi P, Papoutsi A. Illuminating dendritic function with computational models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:303-321. [PMID: 32393820 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites have always fascinated researchers: from the artistic drawings by Ramon y Cajal to the beautiful recordings of today, neuroscientists have been striving to unravel the mysteries of these structures. Theoretical work in the 1960s predicted important dendritic effects on neuronal processing, establishing computational modelling as a powerful technique for their investigation. Since then, modelling of dendrites has been instrumental in driving neuroscience research in a targeted manner, providing experimentally testable predictions that range from the subcellular level to the systems level, and their relevance extends to fields beyond neuroscience, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. Validation of modelling predictions often requires - and drives - new technological advances, thus closing the loop with theory-driven experimentation that moves the field forward. This Review features the most important, to our understanding, contributions of modelling of dendritic computations, including those pending experimental verification, and highlights studies of successful interactions between the modelling and experimental neuroscience communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Papoutsi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gwak J, Kwag J. Distinct subtypes of inhibitory interneurons differentially promote the propagation of rate and temporal codes in the feedforward neural network. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:053102. [PMID: 32491918 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensory information is believed to be encoded in neuronal spikes using two different neural codes, the rate code (spike firing rate) and the temporal code (precisely-timed spikes). Since the sensory cortex has a highly hierarchical feedforward structure, sensory information-carrying neural codes should reliably propagate across the feedforward network (FFN) of the cortex. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibitory interneurons, such as the parvalbumin-positive (PV) and somatostatin-positive (SST) interneurons, that have distinctively different electrophysiological and synaptic properties, modulate the neural codes during sensory information processing in the cortex. However, how PV and SST interneurons impact on the neural code propagation in the cortical FFN is unknown. We address this question by building a five-layer FFN model consisting of a physiologically realistic Hodgkin-Huxley-type models of excitatory neurons and PV/SST interneurons at different ratios. In response to different firing rate inputs (20-80 Hz), a higher ratio of PV over SST interneurons promoted a reliable propagation of all ranges of firing rate inputs. In contrast, in response to a range of precisely-timed spikes in the form of pulse-packets [with a different number of spikes (α, 40-400 spikes) and degree of dispersion (σ, 0-20 ms)], a higher ratio of SST over PV interneurons promoted a reliable propagation of pulse-packets. Our simulation results show that PV and SST interneurons differentially promote a reliable propagation of the rate and temporal codes, respectively, indicating that the dynamic recruitment of PV and SST interneurons may play critical roles in a reliable propagation of sensory information-carrying neural codes in the cortical FFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongheon Gwak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Payeur A, Béïque JC, Naud R. Classes of dendritic information processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 58:78-85. [PMID: 31419712 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites are much more than passive neuronal components. Mounting experimental evidence and decades of computational work have decisively shown that dendrites leverage a host of nonlinear biophysical phenomena and actively participate in sophisticated computations, at the level of the single neuron and at the level of the network. However, a coherent view of their processing power is still lacking and dendrites are largely neglected in neural network models. Here, we describe four classes of dendritic information processing and delineate their implications at the algorithmic level. We propose that beyond the well-known spatiotemporal filtering of their inputs, dendrites are capable of selecting, routing and multiplexing information. By separating dendritic processing from axonal outputs, neuron networks gain a degree of freedom with implications for perception and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Payeur
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Béïque
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Naud
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pet, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|