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Ahad AA, Hussein HA, Arog HA, Abdi MM. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in camels and its herders in selected districts of Somali Pastoral Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2024; 229:106240. [PMID: 38850872 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis poses a major public and animal health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in pastoral settings, however, seroepidemological studies are scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and to identify the associated risk factors for camels and occupational individuals from three purposively selected districts of the Somali pastoral region in Eastern Ethiopia. Serum samples were serially diluted using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) as a screening test and a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) test as a confirmatory test. From a total of 450 camels and 250 human serum samples tested, the overall seroprevalence was confirmed to be 2.9 % (95 % CI, 1.5-4.9) in camels and 2.0 % (95 % CI, 0.2-3.7) in humans. In camels, abortion and retained fetal membrane (RFM) were significant risk factors for Brucella seropositivity (p<0.05). However, in humans, RFM disposal differed significantly (p<0.05). The fact that brucellosis is found in both camels and humans highlights the importance of implementing a coordinated One Health approach to control and eliminate the disease. This would ensure improved public health and increased livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adan Ahad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia.
| | - Hassan Abdi Hussein
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Hassan Abdi Arog
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Mahad Mohamed Abdi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
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Shirwany ASAK, Awais MM, Anwar MI, Hameed MR, Akhtar M, Ijaz N, Gill SS, Ali MA, Bhatti MS, Chaudhry M. Seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of brucellosis in small ruminants of district Khanewal, Pakistan. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:9-18. [PMID: 38680794 PMCID: PMC11055584 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Keeping in view the economic and veterinary public health importance of brucellosis, this research was conducted to determine its seroprevalence and associated risk determinants in small ruminants in district Khanewal, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Materials and Methods Two-stage cluster sampling technique was used for sampling, and the sample size was calculated using C-survey 2.0. Accordingly, sera samples (n = 392) were collected from small ruminants in the study area from October 2022 to July 2023. All the samples were tested for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), followed by confirmation of all the samples using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (ID.vet®, France; sensitivity and specificity=100%, each). Results The seropositivity rate of brucellosis was 7.14% [n = 28/392; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.87%-10.12%] by RBPT, whereas the results of ELISA showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 7.40% (n = 29/392; 95% CI = 5.11%-10.37%) in the study population. Univariate analysis of risk factors revealed that abortion history (AH), retained fetal membranes (RFMs), repeat breeding, flock size (FS), educational status of farmers (ESFs), awareness about brucellosis (AB), and farm hygiene had a significant association with the seroprevalence of brucellosis (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis using a binary logistic regression model revealed that variables including tehsil, FS, AH, RFM, ESF, AB, and farming system were significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with brucellosis in the target population. Conclusion Brucellosis is prevalent in small ruminants in Khanewal, Pakistan. The disease burden can be reduced by improving the reproductive health of animals, farm hygiene, and farmers' awareness about the diseases. Further studies are needed on a larger scale to devise stringent disease control strategies to avoid losses associated with brucellosis at regional, national, and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad Ali Khan Shirwany
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- ASAKS and MMA contributed equally to this study and shared the first authorship
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- ASAKS and MMA contributed equally to this study and shared the first authorship
| | - Muhammad Irfan Anwar
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Hameed
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Masood Akhtar
- One Health Research Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shakera Sadiq Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain Bhatti
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Directorate of Multan Division, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Chaudhry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Gachohi J, Njoki P, Mogoa E, Otieno F, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Ngere I, Dawa J, Nasimiyu C, Osoro E, Bett B, Njenga K. Higher livestock abortion burden in arid and semi-arid lands, Kenya, 2019-2020. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297274. [PMID: 38386647 PMCID: PMC10883554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tracking livestock abortion patterns over time and across factors such as species and agroecological zones (AEZs) could inform policies to mitigate disease emergence, zoonoses risk, and reproductive losses. We conducted a year-long population-based active surveillance of livestock abortion between 2019 and 2020, in administrative areas covering 52% of Kenya's landmass and home to 50% of Kenya's livestock. Surveillance sites were randomly selected to represent all AEZs in the country. Local animal health practitioners electronically transmitted weekly abortion reports from each ward, the smallest administrative unit, to a central server, using a simple short messaging service (SMS). Data were analyzed descriptively by administrative unit, species, and AEZ to reveal spatiotemporal patterns and relationships with rainfall and temperature. Of 23,766 abortions reported in all livestock species, sheep and goats contributed 77%, with goats alone contributing 53%. Seventy-seven per cent (n = 18,280) of these abortions occurred in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) that primarily practice pastoralism production systems. While spatiotemporal clustering of cases was observed in May-July 2019 in the ASALs, there was a substantial seasonal fluctuation across AEZs. Kenya experiences high livestock abortion rates, most of which go unreported. We recommend further research to document the national true burden of abortions. In ASALs, studies linking pathogen, climate, and environmental surveillance are needed to assign livestock abortions to infectious or non-infectious aetiologies and conducting human acute febrile illnesses surveillance to detect any links with the abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gachohi
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peris Njoki
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy Mogoa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Otieno
- Animal and human health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Animal and human health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Dahlem Research School (DRS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Animal and human health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya One Health Platform, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Ngere
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Dawa
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolyne Nasimiyu
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Osoro
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernard Bett
- Animal and human health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Samadi A, Amiri M, Hailat N. The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:82. [PMID: 38289422 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assadullah Samadi
- Paraclinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | | | - Nabil Hailat
- Veterinary Pathology, Pathology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology [JUST], Irbid, Jordan
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Odongo MO, Bebora LC, Gathumbi JK, Aboge GO, Waiboci LW, Erume J. Seroprevalence and spatial distribution of livestock brucellosis using three serological tests in Kajiado County, Kenya. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1583-1596. [PMID: 38292705 PMCID: PMC10824078 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a serious zoonotic infection with a global socioeconomic impact on both the livestock industry and human health. In Kenya, brucellosis is endemic but there is limited information on the true burden of the disease due to weak or peace-meal surveillance. The true burden and spread of animal brucellosis in Kajiado County is not known. Aim The aim of the study was to determine the current seroprevalence and spatial distribution of livestock brucellosis in Kajiado County and also to compare the three serological tests, namely; Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), and competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) in the detection of seropositive animals. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 5 sub-counties and 13 wards, where a total of 782 serum samples from unvaccinated bovine (n = 278; 34 herds), ovine (n = 256; 25 flocks), and caprine (n = 248; 28 flocks), were screened for anti-Brucella antibodies using RBPT, i-ELISA, and c-ELISA tests, in parallel. Results Overall animal seroprevalence was 6.91% (54/782); while that for bovine, ovine, and caprine was 18.35% (51/278), 0.78% (2/256), and 0.4% (1/248), respectively. Bovine seroprevalence was 2.2% (6/278), 14.4% (40/278), and 4.7% (13/278) in RBPT, i-ELISA, and c-ELISA tests, respectively; while ovine 0.78% (2/256) and caprine 0.4% (1/248) were positive only in c-ELISA. Bovine herd seropositivity was 67.65% (23/34), whereas ovine and caprine flock seropositivities were 8% (2/25) and 3.6% (1/28), respectively. Conclusion The findings indicate a moderate seroprevalence of brucellosis in bovine, while that of ovine and caprine was low in Kajiado County. Indirect ELISA was found superior to both c-ELISA and RBPT in detecting bovine seropositive animals, while c-ELISA was superior to both RBPT and i-ELISA in detecting seropositive ovines and caprines. These results will contribute to baseline data for further study of Brucella infection and a starting point for the formulation of a strategy for the control of brucellosis in Kajiado County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahacla O. Odongo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly C. Bebora
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O. Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lillian W. Waiboci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Akoko JM, Mwatondo A, Muturi M, Wambua L, Abkallo HM, Nyamota R, Bosire C, Oloo S, Limbaso KS, Gakuya F, Nthiwa D, Bartlow A, Middlebrook E, Fair J, Ogutu JO, Gachohi J, Njenga K, Bett B. Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20192. [PMID: 37980384 PMCID: PMC10657468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2-7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya's Brucellosis Control Policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lillian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Oloo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Francis Gakuya
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Jeanne Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Joseph O Ogutu
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John Gachohi
- Global Health Programme, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G, Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Global Health Programme, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G, Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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