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Perin PP, Turmina T, Arias-Pacheco CA, Gomes JS, Andrade LDO, Zolla NDO, Mendonça TO, Oliveira WJ, Fahl WDO, Scheffer KC, Cunha Neto RDS, Chierato MER, Mori E, Felicio ALDA, Haga GSI, Guido MC, Barrochelo LH, Marcos ADS, Lux Hoppe EG. Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Invasive Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) from Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:303. [PMID: 38668258 PMCID: PMC11054148 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies, one of the most lethal global zoonoses, affects all mammals. It remains circulating worldwide in sylvatic cycles through terrestrial and airborne reservoirs, and in Brazil, bats are currently the main reservoirs and source of transmission. Wild boars, an important invasive alien species in Brazil, are a proven food source for hematophagous bats and may participate in the Brazilian sylvatic cycle of rabies. We evaluated the presence of this pathogen in hunted wild boars from the São Paulo state using histopathology, the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), viral isolation in cell culture (VICC), the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results of histopathological, DFA, VICC, and RT-qPCR analysis were negative for all samples; seven serum samples tested positive in the RFFIT, and titers ranged from 0.13 IU/mL to 0.5 IU/mL. The presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in the studied wild boars suggests the circulation of the virus in these animals. Educative actions directed at hunters should include information on the prevention of this important zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Parreira Perin
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Talita Turmina
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Carmen Andrea Arias-Pacheco
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Jonathan Silvestre Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Lívia de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Natália de Oliveira Zolla
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Talita Oliveira Mendonça
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Wilson Junior Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
| | - Willian de Oliveira Fahl
- Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01311090, Brazil; (W.d.O.F.); (K.C.S.); (R.d.S.C.N.); (M.E.R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Karin Correa Scheffer
- Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01311090, Brazil; (W.d.O.F.); (K.C.S.); (R.d.S.C.N.); (M.E.R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Rene dos Santos Cunha Neto
- Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01311090, Brazil; (W.d.O.F.); (K.C.S.); (R.d.S.C.N.); (M.E.R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Chierato
- Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01311090, Brazil; (W.d.O.F.); (K.C.S.); (R.d.S.C.N.); (M.E.R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Enio Mori
- Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo 01311090, Brazil; (W.d.O.F.); (K.C.S.); (R.d.S.C.N.); (M.E.R.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Artur Luiz de Almeida Felicio
- Agricultural Defense Coordination, Department of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, Campinas 13070178, Brazil; (A.L.d.A.F.); (G.S.I.H.); (M.C.G.); (L.H.B.); (A.d.S.M.)
| | - Guilherme Shin Iwamoto Haga
- Agricultural Defense Coordination, Department of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, Campinas 13070178, Brazil; (A.L.d.A.F.); (G.S.I.H.); (M.C.G.); (L.H.B.); (A.d.S.M.)
| | - Maria Carolina Guido
- Agricultural Defense Coordination, Department of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, Campinas 13070178, Brazil; (A.L.d.A.F.); (G.S.I.H.); (M.C.G.); (L.H.B.); (A.d.S.M.)
| | - Luiz Henrique Barrochelo
- Agricultural Defense Coordination, Department of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, Campinas 13070178, Brazil; (A.L.d.A.F.); (G.S.I.H.); (M.C.G.); (L.H.B.); (A.d.S.M.)
| | - Affonso dos Santos Marcos
- Agricultural Defense Coordination, Department of Agriculture and Supply of the State of São Paulo, Campinas 13070178, Brazil; (A.L.d.A.F.); (G.S.I.H.); (M.C.G.); (L.H.B.); (A.d.S.M.)
| | - Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884900, Brazil; (P.P.P.); (T.T.); (C.A.A.-P.); (J.S.G.); (L.d.O.A.); (N.d.O.Z.); (T.O.M.); (W.J.O.)
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Hasib A, Silaen OSM, Widodo A, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Moses IB, Riwu KHP, Yanestria SM. Tracking lethal threat: in-depth review of rabies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1385-1399. [PMID: 38107233 PMCID: PMC10725282 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Vu AH, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DV, Ngo GC, Pham TQ, Inoue S, Nishizono A, Nguyen TD, Nguyen AKT. Rabies-infected dogs at slaughterhouses: A potential risk of rabies transmission via dog trading and butchering activities in Vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:630-637. [PMID: 33973381 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the status of neutralizing antibodies and rabies virus infection in dogs at slaughterhouses in Hanoi city from 2015 to 2017. A total of 2,376 pairs of blood and brain samples were collected from dogs at 92 slaughterhouses (8 large slaughterhouses and 84 small slaughterhouses) in 6 districts in Hanoi. Of the 1,500 dog samples from the large slaughterhouses where imported dogs were slaughtered, no dog brain samples were infected with rabies virus and no blood samples were positive for rabies neutralizing antibodies. Meanwhile, 7/876 (0.8%) of dog brain samples from small slaughterhouses in which slaughtered local dogs were positive for rabies virus and 26.4% had neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of these rabies viruses showed that they all had a common origin with the domestic strains circulating in Northern Vietnam. Research results suggested that there was a potential risk of rabies transmission to humans through dog slaughtering activities in Vietnam. Vaccination for dogs should be strengthened, strictly implemented and frequently monitored to reach the rate of herd vaccination coverage as WHO's recommendation. Dog trading and slaughtering activities should be strictly monitored to minimize the risk of rabies transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Hoang Vu
- Hanoi Center for Disease Control, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Giang Chau Ngo
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thai Quang Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Trong Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Health Science, Thang Long University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Okeme S, Kia G, Mshelbwala PP, Umoh J, Magalhães RS. Profiling the public health risk of canine rabies transmission in Kogi state, Nigeria. One Health 2020; 10:100154. [PMID: 33117871 PMCID: PMC7582198 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently reports have emerged of rabies outbreaks in townships close to the city of Lokoja, the capital city of Kogi State in Nigeria. Areas in Lokoja are known to have high rates of dog bites and dogs are frequently butchered for human consumption, both of which may constitute risk factors for rabies transmission. However, data on the relative importance of these factors on canine rabies exposure in the densely populated capital of Kogi State is scarce. To understand the risk for public health two separate observational cross-sectional studies were conducted in Lokoja. Firstly, a retrospective study was performed to investigate the human profile of dog bite injuries and quantify the vaccination coverage of offending dogs. Information on dog bite cases and vaccination records covering of 11 years (2003-2013) were obtained from the largest public veterinary clinic (i.e. State Veterinary Clinic) and a private veterinary clinic in Lokoja. Then, an investigation of the presence of rabies antigen in the brain tissues of dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Lokoja was performed. A total of 208 canine brain samples from five slaughter points within the army barracks (the main venue in Lokoja where dogs are slaughtered for human consumption) were examined by fluorescent antibody technique. Out of 95 human dog bite cases, 46 (48.4%) were in persons between 10 and 19 years of age and 57 (60%) were males. There was a statistically significant association between gender of victims and their age, with a greater proportion of bites in males <10 years of age compared to other age groups (P < .001). Our results indicated a higher frequency of dog bites on the legs (51%) than other parts of the body; vaccination rates of offending dogs were lower compared to the general population of dogs presenting to clinics in Lokoja (25% vs 31%, respectively). Rabies antigen was detected in 11/203 (5.3%) brain samples from dogs slaughtered for human consumption. Paediatric dog bites and dog slaughtering practices represent a significant public health risk to residents of Lokoja in the context of rabies exposure. In order to minimize the risk of rabies outbreaks in children and people butchering, handling and consuming dog meat, dog vaccination and health promotion and education should be prioritized to these high risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Okeme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - G.S. Kia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Philip P. Mshelbwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - J.U. Umoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - R.J. Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Children's Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Novel role of SARM1 mediated axonal degeneration in the pathogenesis of rabies. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008343. [PMID: 32069324 PMCID: PMC7048299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viral infections continue to pose a serious threat to human and animal wellbeing. Host responses combatting the invading virus in these infections often cause irreversible damage to the nervous system, resulting in poor prognosis. Rabies is the most lethal neurotropic virus, which specifically infects neurons and spreads through the host nervous system by retrograde axonal transport. The key pathogenic mechanisms associated with rabies infection and axonal transmission in neurons remains unclear. Here we studied the pathogenesis of different field isolates of lyssavirus including rabies using ex-vivo model systems generated with mouse primary neurons derived from the peripheral and central nervous systems. In this study, we show that neurons activate selective and compartmentalized degeneration of their axons and dendrites in response to infection with different field strains of lyssavirus. We further show that this axonal degeneration is mediated by the loss of NAD and calpain-mediated digestion of key structural proteins such as MAP2 and neurofilament. We then analysed the role of SARM1 gene in rabies infection, which has been shown to mediate axonal self-destruction during injury. We show that SARM1 is required for the accelerated execution of rabies induced axonal degeneration and the deletion of SARM1 gene significantly delayed axonal degeneration in rabies infected neurons. Using a microfluidic-based ex-vivo neuronal model, we show that SARM1-mediated axonal degeneration impedes the spread of rabies virus among interconnected neurons. However, this neuronal defense mechanism also results in the pathological loss of axons and dendrites. This study therefore identifies a potential host-directed mechanism behind neurological dysfunction in rabies infection. This study also implicates a novel role of SARM1 mediated axonal degeneration in neurotropic viral infection. Lyssaviruses including rabies, still causes devastating loss of human life every year and many victims are children under the age of 15. Rabies infection causes severe neurological dysfunction in the host resulting in paralysis, cognitive deficits and behavioural abnormalities. The mechanism of how rabies infection induces neurological dysfunction in the host remains unclear. This is because unlike other microbial infections, rabies infection rarely causes neuronal cell death and loss of neurons in the host nervous system. In this study, we show that neurons activate specific axonal self-destruction mechanism during rabies infection to prevent the spread of virus. However, this neuronal self-defense mechanism results in the loss of axons and dendrites, the structural components essential for the functioning of neurons. We further show that axonal degeneration in rabies infection is mediated by SARM1 gene, which has been previously shown to mediate defensive self-destruction of axons and dendrites in the event of neuronal injury. In summary, this study identifies a novel molecular mechanism behind neuronal dysfunction in rabies infection. This study also describes a novel intrinsic anti-viral defence mechanism in neurons, which could influence the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections.
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Tu NTK, Tue NT, Vapalahti O, Virtala AMK, Van Tan L, Rabaa MA, Carrique-Mas J, Thwaites GE, Baker S. Occupational Animal Contact in Southern and Central Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:759-771. [PMID: 31720941 PMCID: PMC6910886 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global zoonotic disease burden, the underlying exposures that drive zoonotic disease emergence are not understood. Here, we aimed to assess exposures to potential sources of zoonotic disease and investigate the demographics, attitudes, and behavior of individuals with sustained occupational animal contact in Vietnam. We recruited 581 animal workers (animal-raising farmers, slaughterers, animal health workers, and rat traders) and their families in southern and central Vietnam into a cohort. Cohort members were followed for 3 years and interviewed annually regarding (1) demography and attitudes regarding zoonotic disease, (2) medical history, (3) specific exposures to potential zoonotic infection sources, and (4) socioeconomic status. Interview information over the 3 years was combined and analyzed as cross-sectional data. Of the 297 cohort members interviewed, the majority (79.8%; 237/297) reported raising livestock; almost all (99.6%; 236/237) reported being routinely exposed to domestic animals, and more than a quarter (28.7%; 68/237) were exposed to exotic animals. Overall, 70% (208/297) reported slaughtering exotic animals; almost all (99.5%; 207/208) reported consuming such animals. The consumption of raw blood and meat was common (24.6%; 73/297 and 37%; 110/297, respectively). Over half (58.6%; 174/297) reported recent occupational animal-induced injuries that caused bleeding; the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was limited. Our work demonstrates that individuals working with animals in Vietnam are exposed to a wide range of species, and there are limited procedures for reducing potential zoonotic disease exposures. We advocate better education, improved animal security, and enforced legislation of PPE for those with occupational animal exposure in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kha Tu
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tri Tue
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija K Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Le Van Tan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Rysava K, Miranda ME, Zapatos R, Lapiz S, Rances P, Miranda LM, Roces MC, Friar J, Townsend SE, Hampson K. On the path to rabies elimination: The need for risk assessments to improve administration of post-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A64-A72. [PMID: 30573356 PMCID: PMC6863041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costs of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) often remain high in regions where rabies has been controlled in dogs, presenting a challenge for sustaining rabies elimination programmes. We investigated the potential for bite patient risk assessments to improve PEP provision and surveillance in settings approaching elimination of dog-mediated rabies. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of patients presenting to animal bite treatment centres (ABTCs) on the island province of Bohol in the Philippines to investigate the health status of biting dogs and to quantify current expenditure on PEP. RESULTS Incidence of bite patients presenting to ABTCs was high (>300/100,000 persons/year) and increasing, resulting in substantial health provider costs. Over $142,000 was spent on PEP in 2013 for a population of 1.3 million. From follow up of 3820 bite patients we found that >92% were bitten by healthy dogs (alive 14 days after the bite) and just 1.4% were bitten by probable or confirmed rabid dogs. The status of dogs that bit 6% of patients could not be determined. During the course of investigations of bites by suspect dogs, we were able to obtain samples for case confirmation, identify exposed persons who had not sought PEP as well as in-contact dogs at risk of developing rabies. We calculate that expenditure on PEP could at least be halved through more judicious approaches to provision of PEP, based on the histories of biting animals determined through risk assessments with bite patients. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a One Health approach to surveillance based on Integrated Bite Case Management could improve the sustainability and effectiveness of rabies elimination programmes while also improving patient care by identifying those genuinely in need of lifesaving PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rysava
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M E Miranda
- Field Epidemiology Training Program Alumni Foundation Inc. Quezon City, Philippines; Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines
| | - R Zapatos
- Provincial Health Office, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - S Lapiz
- Office of the Provincial Veterinarian, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - P Rances
- Provincial Health Office, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - L M Miranda
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines; Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
| | - M C Roces
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines
| | - J Friar
- Wise Monkey Foundation, Washington, USA
| | - S E Townsend
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Hampson
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Kasem S, Hussein R, Al-Doweriej A, Qasim I, Abu-Obeida A, Almulhim I, Alfarhan H, Hodhod AA, Abel-Latif M, Hashim O, Al-Mujalli D, Al-Sahaf A. Rabies among animals in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2018; 12:445-447. [PMID: 31079702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal viral disease that continues to threaten human and animal health in endemic countries. Rabies is endemic in animals in the Arabian Peninsula. Although Saudi Arabia is the largest country on the Peninsula, little has been reported in the country about rabies situation. METHODS A total of 199 animals suspected of rabies from 2010 to 2017, were examined for rabies infection using the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT). RESULTS There were 158 (79.4%) positive cases of rabies of the examined animals, Most positive cases were found in Al-Qassim (63), Eastern region (48), Riyadh (25) and Al-Madina (10). Rabies was diagnosed in Procavia capensis and monkeys (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) in Saudi Arabia for the first time. In addition, infected livestock, especially camels, sheep and goat that pose a risk to veterinarians and farmers which increases the risk of potential zoonosis of rabies in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Rabies in Saudi Arabia remain a public health problem and dogs and camels are the main reservoir and continue to present health risks for both human and animals throughout the country, underscoring the importance of applying rabies control measures to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Kasem
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, El-Geish Street, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Raed Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Doweriej
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Qasim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu-Obeida
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Almulhim
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alfarhan
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Hodhod
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia; Animal Health Research Institute, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abel-Latif
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia; Department of animal wealth development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Osman Hashim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dakhil Al-Mujalli
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Sahaf
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
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El-Sayed A. Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:8-15. [PMID: 30255072 PMCID: PMC6149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Lee HS, Thiem VD, Anh DD, Duong TN, Lee M, Grace D, Nguyen-Viet H. Geographical and temporal patterns of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) incidence in humans in the Mekong River Delta and Southeast Central Coast regions in Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194943. [PMID: 29634746 PMCID: PMC5892892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Vietnam, rabies has been a notifiable disease for more than 40 years. Over the last five years, on average, more than 350,000 people per year have been bitten by dogs and cats while more than 80 human deaths have been reported yearly. No studies have been conducted to evaluate the geographical and temporal patterns of rabies in humans in Vietnam. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the geographical and temporal distributions of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) incidence in humans in Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. METHODS Average incidence rabies (AIR) PEP rates for every 3 or 4 years (2005-2008, 2009-2012 and 2013-2015) were calculated to describe the spatial distribution of rabies PEP. Hotspot analysis was implemented to identify patterns of spatial significance using the Getis-Ord Gi statistic. For temporal pattern analysis, two regions [Mekong River Delta (MRD) and Southeast Central Coast (SCC)], with the highest incidence rates, and the seasonal-decomposition procedure based on loess (STL), were compared to assess their temporal patterns of rabies PEP. FINDINGS We found hotspots in southern Vietnam and coldspots in northern Vietnam during the study period. Rabies cases were limited to specific areas. In addition, the hotspot analysis showed that new risk areas were identified in each period which were not observed in incidence rate maps. The seasonal plots showed seasonal patterns with a strong peak in February/July and a minor peak in October/December in the MRD region. However, in the SCC, a small peak was detected at the early part of each year and a strong peak in the middle of each year. CONCLUSION Our findings provide insight into understanding the geographical and seasonal patterns of rabies PEP in Vietnam. This study provides evidence to aid policy makers when making decisions and investing resources. Such information may also be utilized to raise public awareness to prevent rabies exposures and reduce unnecessary PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Nhu Duong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mihye Lee
- Medical Microbiology Department, The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Chomdara K, Phiphakhavong S, Khounsy S, Mukaka M, Dance DAB, Blacksell SD. Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005609. [PMID: 28570561 PMCID: PMC5469496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal viral disease that continues to threaten both human and animal health in endemic countries. The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a rabies-endemic country in which dogs are the main reservoir and continue to present health risks for both human and animals throughout the country. METHODS Passive, laboratory-based rabies surveillance was performed for suspected cases of dog rabies in Vientiane Capital during 2010-2016 and eight additional provinces between 2015-2016 using the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT). RESULTS There were 284 rabies positive cases from 415 dog samples submitted for diagnosis. 257 cases were from Vientiane Capital (2010-2016) and the remaining 27 cases were submitted during 2015-2016 from Champassak (16 cases), Vientiane Province (4 cases), Xieng Kuang (3 cases), Luang Prabang (2 cases), Saravan (1 case), Saisomboun (1 case) and Bokeo (1 case). There was a significant increase in rabies cases during the dry season (p = 0.004) (November to April; i.e., <100mm of rainfall per month). No significant differences were noted between age, sex, locality of rabies cases. CONCLUSION The use of laboratory-based rabies surveillance is a useful method of monitoring rabies in Lao PDR and should be expanded to other provincial centers, particularly where there are active rabies control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Keo Chomdara
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Sithong Phiphakhavong
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A. B. Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
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12
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Wicker LV, Canfield PJ, Higgins DP. Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:75-93. [PMID: 27359248 PMCID: PMC7165938 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Viverridae is a family of nocturnal carnivores including civets, genets and African linsangs. While a list of known organisms isolated from a species is an essential tool for population management, this review represents the first attempt to collate published reports of organisms isolated from viverrids. A wide range of organisms, including 11 viruses, eight bacterial species, one internal arthropod species, representatives from eight genera of protozoan, 21 genera of nematode, seven genera of cestode, eight genera of trematode and six genera of external arthropod (mites, ticks and louse), have been reported in literature spanning over a century of research. Many of these are capable of infecting multiple hosts, including humans. This is of concern given the anthropogenic factors that bring humans and domestic species into close contact with viverrids, facilitating transmission and spillover of organisms between groups. These factors include trade in viverrids for human consumption, captive management in zoos, rescue centres or on commercial breeding farms, and the increasing overlap of free-ranging viverrid distribution and human settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Wicker
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- Save Vietnam's WildlifeCuc Phuong National ParkNinh BinhVietnam
| | - P. J. Canfield
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - D. P. Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
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13
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Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, Sidwa TJ, Sorhage FE. Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:505-17. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Nguyen KAT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DV, Ngo GC, Nguyen CN, Yamada K, Noguchi K, Ahmed K, Hoang HD, Nishizono A. Evaluation of Rapid Neutralizing Antibody Detection Test against Rabies Virus in Human Sera. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:111-6. [PMID: 26060424 PMCID: PMC4458509 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2014-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and easy determination of protective neutralization antibody (NAb) against rabies in the field is very important for an early and effective response to rabies in both animal and human health sectors. The rapid neutralizing antibody detection test (RAPINA), first developed in 2009 and then improved in 2012, is a quick test allowing detection of 0.5 IU/ml antibodies in human and animal sera or plasma. This study aimed to assess the RAPINA test by comparison with rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test (RFFIT), using 214 sera of vaccinated and unvaccinated professional dog butchers, laboratory workers and rabies patients in Vietnam. The sensitivity, specificity, false negative rate, false positive rate and concordance of the RAPINA test as compared to RFFIT were 100%, 98.34%, 0%, 1.66% and 98.6%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.7% and 100%, respectively when RAPINA test was used. With its remarkable sensitivity, specificity and easy implementation, RAPINA test can be used for rapid determination of NAb in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu Anh Thi Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Vietnam
- Hanoi Preventive Medicine Center, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Kentaro Yamada
- Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Japan
| | | | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Japan
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15
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Ahmed K, Phommachanh P, Vorachith P, Matsumoto T, Lamaningao P, Mori D, Takaki M, Douangngeun B, Khambounheuang B, Nishizono A. Molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses circulating in two rabies endemic provinces of Laos, 2011-2012: regional diversity in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003645. [PMID: 25825907 PMCID: PMC4380407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rabies is endemic in Laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. There are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through Laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in Laos. METHODS We determined the rate of rabies-positive samples by analyzing data from animal samples submitted to the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry's National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory from 2004 through 2011. Twenty-three rabies-positive samples were used for viral genetic characterization. Full genome sequencing was performed on two rabies viruses. RESULTS Rabies-positive samples increased substantially from 40.5% in 2004 to 60.2% in 2009 and continued at this level during the study period. More than 99% of the samples were from dogs, followed by cats and monkeys. Phylogenetic analyses showed that three rabies virus lineages belonging to the Southeast Asian cluster are currently circulating in Laos; these are closely related to viruses from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lineages of the circulating Laos rabies viruses diverged from common ancestors as recently as 44.2 years and as much as 55.3 years ago, indicating periodic virus invasions. CONCLUSION There is an increasing trend of rabies in Laotian animals. Similar to other rabies-endemic countries, dogs are the main viral reservoir. Three viral lineages closely related to viruses from neighboring countries are currently circulating in Laos. Data provide evidence of periodic historic exchanges of the viruses with neighboring countries, but no recent invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Minako Takaki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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16
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Tan LV, Thai LH, Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Chuong LV, Sinh DX, Phong ND, Mai NTH, Man DNH, Hien VM, Vinh NT, Day J, Chau NVV, Hien TT, Farrar J, de Jong MD, Thwaites G, van Doorn HR, Chau TTH. Viral aetiology of central nervous system infections in adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in southern Vietnam over 12 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3127. [PMID: 25165820 PMCID: PMC4148224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections are important diseases in both children and adults worldwide. The spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Better understanding of the viral causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and may influence clinical management. Methodology/Principal Findings Study was conducted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, a primary, secondary, and tertiary referral hospital for all southern provinces of Vietnam. Between December 1996 and May 2008, patients with CNS infections of presumed viral origin were enrolled. Laboratory diagnostics consisted of molecular and serological tests targeted at 14 meningitis/encephalitis-associated viruses. Of 291 enrolled patients, fatal outcome and neurological sequelae were recorded in 10% (28/291) and 27% (78/291), respectively. Mortality was especially high (9/19, 47%) amongst those with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis which is attributed to the limited availability of intravenous acyclovir/valacyclovir. Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected, responsible for 36 (12%), 19 (6.5%), 19 (6.5%) and 8 (2.7%) respectively, followed by rubella virus (6, 2%), varicella zoster virus (5, 1.7%), mumps virus (2, 0.7%), cytomegalovirus (1, 0.3%), and rabies virus (1, 0.3%). Conclusions/Significance Viral infections of the CNS in adults in Vietnam are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive laboratory testing, 68% of the patients remain undiagnosed. Together with our previous reports, the data confirm that Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses are the leading identified causes of CNS viral infections in Vietnam, suggest that the majority of morbidity/mortality amongst patients with a confirmed/probable diagnosis is preventable by adequate vaccination/treatment, and are therefore of public health significance. Central nervous system (CNS) infections are important diseases worldwide. The spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Better understanding of the causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and influence clinical management. We describe the clinical features and infectious causes of 291 adults with clinically suspected CNS infections of presumed viral origin. We show that CNS viral infections in Vietnam are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mortality was especially high (47%) amongst those with herpes simplex encephalitis which is attributed to the limited availability specific antiviral drugs in our setting. Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue viruses, herpes simplex virus and enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected, followed by rubella virus, varicella zoster virus, mumps virus, cytomegalovirus, and rabies virus. Our study represents the broadest yet investigation of the possible viral causes of the CNS infections in adults in Vietnam, with a diagnostic yield of 32%. The results show that the majority of morbidity/mortality amongst patients with a confirmed/probable diagnosis could be prevented by adequate vaccination or treatment, and are therefore of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Le Hong Thai
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ly Van Chuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Xuan Sinh
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Vo Minh Hien
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Jeremy Day
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical, Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Brookes SM, Fooks AR. Effects of carcase decomposition on rabies virus infectivity and detection. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:110-3. [PMID: 25010791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carcases received for rabies diagnosis are occasionally decomposed due to delays in finding, submitting or storing them. Positive diagnostic results from such samples are reliable but negative results may be invalid. Previous studies assessed the effect of decomposition on rabies detection using excised brains. To better reflect decomposition in the field, intact infected mouse carcases were stored at three temperatures for up to 70 days. The brains were then removed and tested using routine rabies diagnostic assays. Rabies virus was isolated using the Rabies Tissue Culture Inoculation Test (RTCIT) on days 18, 3 and 3 at 4°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) detected viral antigen on days 36, 12 and 3, whilst a rabies specific Hemi-nested RT-PCR detected viral RNA on days 70, 48 and 48 at 4°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. These findings suggest the persistence of infectious rabies virus in carcases left for 18 days at cold temperatures (4°C) and up to 3 days in temperatures reaching 35°C. The detection of viral RNA from a carcase decomposing at 35°C for 48 days supports the use of molecular assays to accompany OIE-prescribed rabies diagnostic tests particularly when decomposed samples are likely to be submitted. Count=199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
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Lunney M, Fèvre SJS, Stiles E, Ly S, San S, Vong S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of rabies prevention and dog bite injuries in urban and peri-urban provinces in Cambodia, 2009. Int Health 2013; 4:4-9. [PMID: 24030875 DOI: 10.1016/j.inhe.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a major public health issue despite the existence of well established prevention and treatment protocols. Knowledge and methods of practice were evaluated in an urban and peri-urban province of Cambodia (Phnom Penh and Kandal, respectively). The majority of respondents (93.2%; 233/250) had heard of the disease rabies, of whom only 77.3% (180/233) knew it was fatal to humans. In addition, only 51.9% (121/233) were aware of the vaccine for dogs. The proportion of the population that reported a dog bite (2004-2009) was similar for Phnom Penh and Kandal. Nearly one-half of all victims (37/75) sought treatment at the Institut Pasteur-Cambodia (IPC) clinic, followed by a private clinic (19/75), a hospital (6/75) and traditional medicine (4/75); 7 victims sought no treatment and 2 reported other. Overall, children aged <15 years reported a significantly greater proportion of dog bite victims than adults aged ≥15 years [10.0% (28/280) vs 4.4% (47/1059), respectively]. Nearly all dog owners agreed to pay for their dogs' vaccination (96.5%; 136/141) and to use a collar (94.3%; 133/141). Only 41.8% (59/141) and 51.8% (73/141) would pay to have their dogs spayed and neutered, respectively. Further community education on the prevention of rabies transmission is needed. Focusing on responsible dog ownership and the importance of both the prevention and immediate treatment following a dog bite is essential to reduce rabies infection in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Lunney
- Veterinarians without Borders/Vétérinaires sans Frontières-Canada, P.O. Box 8373, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3R9
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Both L, van Dolleweerd C, Wright E, Banyard AC, Bulmer-Thomas B, Selden D, Altmann F, Fooks AR, Ma JKC. Production, characterization, and antigen specificity of recombinant 62-71-3, a candidate monoclonal antibody for rabies prophylaxis in humans. FASEB J 2013; 27:2055-65. [PMID: 23371065 PMCID: PMC3633812 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-219964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies kills many people throughout the developing world every year. The murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 62-71-3 was recently identified for its potential application in rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The purpose here was to establish a plant-based production system for a chimeric mouse-human version of mAb 62-71-3, to characterize the recombinant antibody and investigate at a molecular level its interaction with rabies virus glycoprotein. Chimeric 62-71-3 was successfully expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Glycosylation was analyzed by mass spectroscopy; functionality was confirmed by antigen ELISA, as well as rabies and pseudotype virus neutralization. Epitope characterization was performed using pseudotype virus expressing mutagenized rabies glycoproteins. Purified mAb demonstrated potent viral neutralization at 500 IU/mg. A critical role for antigenic site I of the glycoprotein, as well as for two specific amino acid residues (K226 and G229) within site I, was identified with regard to mAb 62-71-3 neutralization. Pseudotype viruses expressing glycoprotein from lyssaviruses known not to be neutralized by this antibody were the controls. The results provide the molecular rationale for developing 62-71-3 mAb for rabies PEP; they also establish the basis for developing an inexpensive plant-based antibody product to benefit low-income families in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; and
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Bianca Bulmer-Thomas
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; and
| | - David Selden
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in patients who received medical attention at a public health service. Three hundred and forty-nine consecutive patients, treated in the Outpatient Eye Clinic of Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil, were enrolled in this study. After an eye examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. The results showed that 25·5% of the patients were seronegative and 74·5% were seropositive for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies; of these 27·3% had OT and 72·7% had other ocular diseases (OOD). The presence of cats or dogs [odds ratio (OR) 2·22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·24–3·98, P = 0·009] and consumption of raw or undercooked meat (OR 1·77, 95% CI 1·05–2·98, P = 0·03) were associated with infection but not with the development of OT. Age (OT 48·2 ± 21·2 years vs. OOD: 69·5 ± 14·7 years, P < 0·0001) and the low level of schooling/literacy (OT vs. OOD: OR 0·414, 95% CI 0·2231–0·7692, P = 0·007) were associated with OT. The presence of dogs and cats as well as eating raw/undercooked meat increases the risk of infection, but is not associated with the development of OT.
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Healy DM, Brookes SM, Banyard AC, Núñez A, Cosby SL, Fooks AR. Pathobiology of rabies virus and the European bat lyssaviruses in experimentally infected mice. Virus Res 2012; 172:46-53. [PMID: 23274107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the clinicopathology of European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) types-1 and -2 and of rabies virus was undertaken. Following inoculation of mice at a peripheral site with these viruses, clinical signs of rabies and distribution of virus antigen in the mouse brain were examined. The appearance of clinical signs of disease varied both within and across the different virus species, with variation in incubation periods and weight loss throughout disease progression. The distribution of viral antigen throughout the regions of the brain examined was similar for each of the isolates during the different stages of disease progression, suggesting that antigen distribution was not associated with clinical presentation. However, specific regions of the brain including the cerebellum, caudal medulla, hypothalamus and thalamus, showed notable differences in the proportion of virus antigen positive cells present in comparison to other brain regions suggesting that these areas are important in disease development irrespective of virus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Healy
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group (WZ&VBDRG), Department of Virology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Dimaano EM, Scholand SJ, Alera MTP, Belandres DB. Clinical and epidemiological features of human rabies cases in the Philippines: a review from 1987 to 2006. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e495-9. [PMID: 21600825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies viral infection causes a fatal encephalomyelitis. In humans, classic features include hydrophobia, aerophobia, hypersalivation, agitation, and neurological symptoms. In the Philippines, canine rabies contributes to a significant burden of human disease. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1839 patients admitted to San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines between 1987 and 2006, with a clinical diagnosis of rabies. We used the World Health Organization case definition for clinical rabies, which is defined by the presence of hydrophobia. RESULTS Male patients outnumbered females by 2.2 to 1 and twice the number of adults were affected compared with children. Most patients were indigent. Dog bites occurred more than cat bites (97.1% vs. 2.9%) and most cases were caused by a single bite (86.2%), compared to multiple bites (8.7%). Bites to the face, head, and neck led to shorter incubation times, yet the incubation period varied, with most cases (42.7%) occurring in the bracket of 91-365 days post-exposure. Clinical symptoms included hydrophobia in all cases, as per our case definition, and aerophobia in 95.5%; only 9.4% had fever, 9.2% exhibited restlessness, and 6.7% exhibited hypersalivation. Localized neurological symptoms included pain (4.1%), numbness (2.6%), and itching (2.3%). None of the patients received appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). CONCLUSIONS This study examines the largest cohort of rabies patients reported to-date. Better understanding of clinical disease manifestations may help in salvage efforts to save patients with rabies. Knowledge of epidemiological factors will improve preventative efforts to reduce suffering from rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efren M Dimaano
- San Lazaro Hospital, San Lazaro Compound, Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines
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Dacheux L, Wacharapluesadee S, Hemachudha T, Meslin FX, Buchy P, Reynes JM, Bourhy H. More accurate insight into the incidence of human rabies in developing countries through validated laboratory techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e765. [PMID: 21152054 PMCID: PMC2994914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborative Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France.
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Actitud ante la mordedura de murciélago. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 72:291-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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