1
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Poggio TV, Chacon T, Larrieu E. Successful control of Echinococcosis in Argentina and Chile through a One Health approach, including vaccination of the sheep intermediate host. Parasitology 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38699823 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis control in South American countries requires a comprehensive integrative ‘One Health’ approach. While insular nations have seen successful in their elimination programmes, South American countries face persistent challenges in hostile environments, with Echinococcus granulosus s.l., posing a significant public health concern. Vaccination of intermediate hosts has demonstrated the efficacy of the EG95 vaccine in reducing transmission rates. For example, since 2009, Rio Negro Province in Argentina has added, with marked success, the EG95 vaccine to the control programme, supplementing dog deworming. The Aysen Region of Chile has also reported encouraging preliminary results in reducing cyst prevalence in vaccinated sheep after 3 years of vaccination. The challenges in aligning control strategies with socio-cultural factors, especially in indigenous communities, underlines the need for context-specific strategies. The Rio Negro programme demonstrated commendable compliance, underlining the importance of community engagement in achieving lasting success. The most promising strategies for effective echinococcosis control involved dog deworming and the routine vaccination of sheep and/or goats, underscoring the importance of sustained implementation until all grazing animals have been replaced. For lasting success, these interventions need to be combined with a robust surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Veronica Poggio
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "César Milstein"- Fundación Cassara - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Chacon
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Dirección Regional Aysén, Aysen, Chile
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, General Pico, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Escuela de Veterinaria, Choele Choel, Argentina
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2
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Gu H, Hu Y, Guo S, Jin Y, Chen W, Huang C, Hu Z, Li F, Liu J. China's prevention and control experience of echinococcosis: A 19-year retrospective. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e16. [PMID: 38305033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People's Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - S Guo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - W Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - C Huang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Z Hu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - F Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - J Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
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3
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Hogea MO, Ciomaga BF, Muntean MM, Muntean AA, Popa MI, Popa GL. Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:36. [PMID: 38393125 PMCID: PMC10891927 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined CE as a neglected disease, it is the second most important foodborne parasitic disease, and it remains an important public health issue, considering its zonal endemicity and potential morbidity. The control and prevention of CE is a relevant WHO target, especially from a One Health perspective, as the disease affects not only animals and humans but also the food chain. Since not all countries have a CE surveillance strategy or reporting system and specific management guidelines, recent epidemiological data are relatively scarce, and research concerning the specific geographical distribution of the disease is ongoing. To add new information to the subject, we have analyzed and collected data from national guidelines and several medical databases. Out of the 751 research articles that were originally identified, only 52 were included in the investigation after applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Notable international projects that have provided significant contributions and had a positive impact are presented. The available data were correlated with WHO recommendations on the subject, thus showcasing the measures taken and those that are still needed to properly control the disease's spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Octav Hogea
- Department of Microbiology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-O.H.); (B.-F.C.); (M.-M.M.); (A.-A.M.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Bogdan-Florin Ciomaga
- Department of Microbiology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-O.H.); (B.-F.C.); (M.-M.M.); (A.-A.M.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Mădălina-Maria Muntean
- Department of Microbiology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-O.H.); (B.-F.C.); (M.-M.M.); (A.-A.M.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Andrei-Alexandru Muntean
- Department of Microbiology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-O.H.); (B.-F.C.); (M.-M.M.); (A.-A.M.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Ioan Popa
- Department of Microbiology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-O.H.); (B.-F.C.); (M.-M.M.); (A.-A.M.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Loredana Popa
- Parasitic Disease Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Shao G, Hua R, Song H, Chen Y, Zhu X, Hou W, Li S, Yang A, Yang G. Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011709. [PMID: 37871121 PMCID: PMC10621941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the infection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), one of the most harmful zoonotic helminths worldwide. Infected dogs are the major source of CE transmission. While praziquantel-based deworming is a main measure employed to control dog infections, its efficacy is at times compromised by the persistent high rate of dog re-infection and the copious discharge of E. granulosus eggs into the environment. Therefore, the dog vaccine is a welcome development, as it offers a substantial reduction in the biomass of E. granulosus. This study aimed to use previous insights into E. granulosus functional genes to further assess the protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins in dogs using a two-time injection vaccination strategy. METHODS We expressed and combined recombinant E. granulosus triosephosphate isomerase (rEgTIM) with annexin B3 (rEgANXB3), adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) with Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEgEPC1), and fatty acid-binding protein (rEgFABP) with paramyosin (rEgA31). Beagle dogs received two subcutaneous vaccinations mixed with Quil-A adjuvant, and subsequently orally challenged with protoscoleces two weeks after booster vaccination. All dogs were sacrificed for counting and measuring E. granulosus tapeworms at 28 days post-infection, and the level of serum IgG was detected by ELISA. RESULTS Dogs vaccinated with rEgTIM&rEgANXB3, rEgADK1&rEgEPC1, and rEgFABP-EgA31 protein groups exhibited significant protectiveness, with a worm reduction rate of 71%, 57%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated groups exhibited an inhibition of worm growth, as evidenced by a reduction in body length and width (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IgG in the vaccinated dogs was significantly higher than that of the control dogs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These verified candidates may be promising vaccines for the prevention of E. granulosus infection in dogs following two injections. The rEgTIM&rEgANXB3 co-administrated vaccine underscored the potential for the highest protective efficacy and superior protection stability for controlling E. granulosus infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Shao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hou
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiong Li
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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Gauci CG, Jenkins DJ, Lightowlers MW. Protection against cystic echinococcosis in sheep using an Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant antigen (EG95) as a bacterin. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-3. [PMID: 36226566 PMCID: PMC10090584 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The EG95 recombinant vaccine is protective against cystic echinococcus in animal intermediate hosts. Preparation of the existing, registered EG95 vaccines involves semi-purification of the vaccine protein, adding to the cost of production. Truncation of the EG95 cDNA, shortening both the amino and carboxy-termini of the protein, leads to high levels of recombinant protein expression. The recombinant EG95 protein was prepared as a bacterin from clarified, whole bacterial lysate, and used in a vaccine trial in sheep against an experimental challenge infection with Echinococcus granulosus eggs. The EG95 bacterin was found to induce 98% protection. Use of this in a new generation EG95 vaccine would simplify production, facilitate new sources of the vaccine and potentially enhance uptake of vaccination in control of E. granulosus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G. Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - David J. Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Cystic Echinococcosis: An Impact Assessment of Prevention Programs in Endemic Developing Countries in Africa, Central Asia, and South America. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8412718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the tapeworm species, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1), is one of many primary neglected zoonoses worldwide. Within endemic developing countries, CE has multiple effects on animal and human health and well-being. To address such effects, veterinary and human medical sector collaboration on prevention program delivery is essential. To begin preliminary evaluations of county specific prevention programs, a critically appraised topic (CAT) was conducted. It sought to answer: What impact do CE prevention programs have on human and animal disease prevalence, in populations living in endemic developing countries within Africa, Central Asia, and South America? Methodology. The aim was to assess the ability of prevention and control program outputs to produce measurable differences in health, social, and economic outcomes (e.g., improved access to medical services, positive behavioral change, or reduced treatment costs, respectively). Included articles were obtained using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria from the four databases (CAB Abstracts and Global Health; the National Library of Medicine (PubMed); ScienceDirect; and WHO Institutional Repository of Information Sharing (IRIS)). The articles were appraised using three checklists: the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP), and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Results. Ten articles were selected. Geographically, 20% of studies were conducted in South America, 30% in Africa, and 50% in Central Asia. For definitive hosts, dogs, CoproELISA antigen testing, before and after Praziquantel (PZQ) de-worming, was a primary focus. For humans, who are intermediate hosts (IH), disease surveillance methods, namely ultrasound (US), were commonly assessed. Whilst for sheep, also acting as IH, disease prevention methods, such as the EG95 livestock vaccine and de-worming farm dogs, were evaluated. Common to all studies were issues of program sustainability, in terms of regular human US screening, dog de-worming, and annual sheep vaccination. This was attributed to transient and remote human or animal populations; limited access to adequate roads or hospitals; few skilled health workers or veterinarians; an over-reliance on communities to administer preventatives; and limited resources. Conclusion. Despite variations in result validity and collection periods, useful comparisons of CE endemic countries produced key research and program recommendations. Future research recommendations included testing the significance of multiple program outcomes in relation to prevalence (e.g., the social outcome: behavioral change), further research on the impact of livestock vaccinations, and the CE transmission role of waterways and sanitation. Program recommendations included calculating and distinguishing between stray versus owned dog populations; formal representation of internal and external stakeholder interests through institutional organization; establishing sustainable guidelines around the frequency of PZQ and vaccination administration; improved veterinary-human medical training and resource sharing; and combined prevention methods and multiple canine disease management.
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7
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Sykes AL, Larrieu E, Poggio TV, Céspedes MG, Mujica GB, Basáñez MG, Prada JM. Modelling diagnostics for Echinococcus granulosus surveillance in sheep using Latent Class Analysis: Argentina as a case study. One Health 2022; 14:100359. [PMID: 34977321 PMCID: PMC8683760 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is a globally prevalent zoonotic parasitic cestode leading to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in both humans and sheep with both medical and financial impacts, whose reduction requires the application of a One Health approach to its control. Regarding the animal health component of this approach, lack of accurate and practical diagnostics in livestock impedes the assessment of disease burden and the implementation and evaluation of control strategies. We use of a Bayesian Latent Class Analysis (LCA) model to estimate ovine CE prevalence in sheep samples from the Río Negro province of Argentina accounting for uncertainty in the diagnostics. We use model outputs to evaluate the performance of a novel recombinant B8/2 antigen B subunit (rEgAgB8/2) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting E. granulosus in sheep. Necropsy (as a partial gold standard), western blot (WB) and ELISA diagnostic data were collected from 79 sheep within two Río Negro slaughterhouses, and used to estimate individual infection status (assigned as a latent variable within the model). Using the model outputs, the performance of the novel ELISA at both individual and flock levels was evaluated, respectively, using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and simulating a range of sample sizes and prevalence levels within hypothetical flocks. The estimated (mean) prevalence of ovine CE was 27.5% (95%Bayesian credible interval (95%BCI): 13.8%-58.9%) within the sample population. At the individual level, the ELISA had a mean sensitivity and specificity of 55% (95%BCI: 46%-68%) and 68% (95%BCI: 63%-92%), respectively, at an optimal optical density (OD) threshold of 0.378. At the flock level, the ELISA had an 80% probability of correctly classifying infection at an optimal cut-off threshold of 0.496. These results suggest that the novel ELISA could play a useful role as a flock-level diagnostic for CE surveillance in the region, supplementing surveillance activities in the human population and thus strengthening a One Health approach. Importantly, selection of ELISA cut-off threshold values must be tailored according to the epidemiological situation.
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Key Words
- Argentina
- BCI, Bayesian Credible Interval
- Bayesian inference
- CE, Cystic Echinococcosis
- CI, Confidence Interval
- DALY, Disability-adjusted life year
- Diagnostics
- ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Echinococcosis
- JAGS, Just Another Gibbs Sampler
- LCA, Latent class analysis
- Latent class analysis
- MCAR, Missing completely at random
- MCMC, Markov Chain Monte Carlo
- OD, Optical density
- ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic
- SD, Standard deviation
- Surveillance
- USD, United States Dollar
- WB, Western blot
- WHO, World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abagael L. Sykes
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Du X, Zhu M, Zhang T, Wang C, Tao J, Yang S, Zhu Y, Zhao W. The Recombinant Eg.P29-Mediated miR-126a-5p Promotes the Differentiation of Mouse Naive CD4 + T Cells via DLK1-Mediated Notch1 Signal Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773276. [PMID: 35211114 PMCID: PMC8861942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease spread worldwide caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg), which sometimes causes serious damage; however, in many cases, people are not aware that they are infected. A number of recombinant vaccines based on Eg are used to evaluate their effectiveness against the infection. Our previous report showed that recombinant Eg.P29 (rEg.P29) has a marvelous immunoprotection and can induce Th1 immune response. Furthermore, data of miRNA microarray in mice spleen CD4+ T cells showed that miR-126a-5p was significantly elevated 1 week after immunization by using rEg.P29. Therefore, in this perspective, we discussed the role of miR-126a-5p in the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th1/Th2 under rEg.P29 immunization and determined the mechanisms associated with delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) and Notch1 signaling pathway. One week after P29 immunization of mice, we found that miR-126a-5p was significantly increased and DLK1 expression was decreased, while Notch1 pathway activation was enhanced and Th1 response was significantly stronger. The identical conclusion was obtained by overexpression of mmu-miR-126a-5p in primary naive CD4+ T cells in mice. Intriguingly, mmu-miR-126a-5p was significantly raised in serum from mice infected with protoscolex in the early stages of infection and markedly declined in the late stages of infection, while has-miR-126-5p expression was dramatically reduced in serum from CE patients. Taken together, we show that miR-126a-5p functions as a positive regulator of Notch1-mediated differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1 through downregulating DLK1 in vivo and in vitro. Hsa-miR-126-5p is potentially a very promising diagnostic biomarker for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Du
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Tao
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Songhao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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9
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Assessment of the Vaccination Program against Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep in the Pehuenche Community of Central Chile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060679. [PMID: 35327078 PMCID: PMC8944607 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonosis that uses dogs and sheep as its main hosts in Chile. The Eg95 vaccine against sheep infection has been included in some control programs. Here, we assess the efficacy of the vaccination program in the hyperendemic Alto Biobío commune after 3 years of execution. Fisher’s test and generalized linear models were used in the assessment. The program tried to offer a first dose at 2 months of age, a booster 1 month later, and yearly vaccination. Given logistic difficulties, important delays in vaccination occurred, and most animals did not receive the first booster. Dog deworming was not included in the program. Likely due to the aforementioned factors, the overall frequency of infection was not lower, but the proportion of large (>5 mm) cysts and fertile cysts was smaller after the program. The frequency of infection and/or the number of cysts were lower when the age at first dose was younger and the first booster was administered 1 month after the first dose. The results suggest that vaccination affects both cyst development after the larvae reach the target organs, as well as the development of the protoscolex once the cysts start developing.
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10
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Yu M, Zhu Y, Li Y, Chen Z, Sha T, Li Z, Zhang F, Ding J. Design of a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Echinococcus granulosus in Immunoinformatics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668492. [PMID: 34456902 PMCID: PMC8388843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All the time, echinococcosis is a global zoonotic disease which seriously endangers public health all over the world. In order to speed up the development process of anti-Echinococcus granulosus vaccine, at the same time, it can also save economic cost. In this study, immunoinformatics tools and molecular docking methods were used to predict and screen the antigen epitopes of Echinococcus granulosus, to design a multi-epitope vaccine containing B- and T-cell epitopes. The multi-epitope vaccine could activate B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies theoretically, which could protect the human body against Echinococcus granulosus infection. It also could activate T lymphocytes and clear the infected parasites in the body. In this study, four CD8+ T-cell epitopes, three CD4+ T-cell epitopes and four B-cell epitopes of Protein EgTeg were identified by immunoinformatics methods. Meanwhile, three CD8+ T-cell epitopes, two CD4+ T-cell epitopes and four B-cell epitopes of Protein EgFABP1 were identified. We constructed the multi-epitope vaccine using linker proteins. The study based on the traditional methods of antigen epitope prediction, further optimized the prediction results combined with molecular docking technology and improved the precision and accuracy of the results. Finally, in vivo and in vitro experiments had verified that the vaccine designed in this study had good antigenicity and immunogenicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Cells, Cultured
- Computer-Aided Design
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Echinococcosis/blood
- Echinococcosis/immunology
- Echinococcosis/parasitology
- Echinococcosis/prevention & control
- Echinococcus granulosus/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Young Adult
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tong Sha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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11
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Anvari D, Rezaei F, Ashouri A, Rezaei S, Majidiani H, Pagheh AS, Rezaei F, Shariatzadeh SA, Fotovati A, Siyadatpanah A, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E. Current situation and future prospects of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine candidates: A systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1080-1096. [PMID: 32762075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease, represents a threat for livestock and humans, manifests as a quiescent, subclinical and chronic hydatid cyst infection. The disease imposes high expenditures and economic losses in medical and veterinary. Prophylactic vaccination would be one of the effective preventive health care against echinococcosis. During the last decades, many studies have characterized the protective antigens of Echinococcus granulosus and their role in immunization of various animal host species. Herein, we aimed to systematically evaluate and represent the best antigens as possible vaccine candidates for cystic echinococcosis. Data were systematically searched from five databases including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, up to 1 February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed data extraction and quality assessment. A total of 47 articles were eligible for inclusion criteria in the current study. The most common antigens used for vaccination against E. granulosus were EG95 and antigen B. Freund's adjuvant and Quil A have been predominantly utilized. In addition, regarding the antigen delivery, animal models, measurement of immune responses and reduction in hydatid cyst have been discussed in the text. The data demonstrated that DNA vaccines with antigen B and recombinant protein vaccines based on EG95 antigen have the best results and elicited protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashouri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Sander VA, Sánchez López EF, Mendoza Morales L, Ramos Duarte VA, Corigliano MG, Clemente M. Use of Veterinary Vaccines for Livestock as a Strategy to Control Foodborne Parasitic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:288. [PMID: 32670892 PMCID: PMC7332557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a major concern worldwide since they are associated with high mortality and morbidity in the human population. Among the causative agents of FBDs, Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trichinella spiralis are listed in the top global risk ranking of foodborne parasites. One common feature between them is that they affect domestic livestock, encompassing an enormous risk to global food production and human health from farm to fork, infecting animals, and people either directly or indirectly. Several approaches have been employed to control FBDs caused by parasites, including veterinary vaccines for livestock. Veterinary vaccines against foodborne parasites not only improve the animal health by controlling animal infections but also contribute to increase public health by controlling an important source of FBDs. In the present review, we discuss the advances in the development of veterinary vaccines for domestic livestock as a strategy to control foodborne parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Clemente
- Laboratorio de Molecular Farming y Vacunas, Unidad Biotecnológica 6-UB6, INTECH, UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
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13
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Jazouli M, Lightowlers MW, Bamouh Z, Gauci CG, Tadlaoui K, Ennaji MM, Elharrak M. Immunological responses and potency of the EG95NC - recombinant sheep vaccine against cystic echinococcosis. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102149. [PMID: 32464256 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has an important impact on human health as well as economic costs including the cost of treatment as well as loss of productivity for the livestock industry. In many parts of the world where the disease is endemic, sheep and other livestock play an important role in the parasite's transmission. A vaccine to protect livestock against CE can be effective in reducing transmission and economic costs of the disease. A recombinant antigen vaccine has been developed against infection with E. granulosus (EG95) which could potentially be used to reduce the level of E. granulosus transmission and decrease the incidence of human infections. Further development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine as a combined product with clostridial vaccine antigens is one potential strategy which could improve application of the hydatid vaccine by providing an indirect economic incentive to livestock owners to vaccinate against CE. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the EG95 recombinant vaccine produced in Morocco by vaccination of sheep, including a combined vaccine incorporating EG95 and clostridia antigens. Vaccination with EG95 either as a monovalent vaccine or combined with clostridia antigens, protected sheep against a challenge infection with E. granulosus eggs and induced a strong, long lasting, and specific antibody response against the EG95 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jazouli
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco; Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M W Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Z Bamouh
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - C G Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - K Tadlaoui
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M M Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M Elharrak
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
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14
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Larrieu E, Gavidia CM, Lightowlers MW. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:889-899. [PMID: 31529690 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human CE occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against CE have been implemented in several endemic countries to reduce or eliminate the disease. New Zealand and Tasmania are examples of some of the first programmes to be undertaken (in insular territories) and which were very successful in the elimination of CE. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances in a second generation of control programmes undertaken in continental areas (Argentina, Uruguay and Chile). Nevertheless, only moderate gains in CE control have been made and the impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment to the adoption of procedures that were successful in New Zealand and Tasmania has been the requirement to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas eight times per year over numerous years. In addition, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis for surveillance, the genetic characterization of parasite strains and in vaccination against CE infection in livestock. In order to establish new paradigms and appropriate combinations of control strategies, we have carried out a review and discussion of the available control tools and control models. Control strategies must be suitable and sustainable to benefit the Echinococcosis-endemic areas primarily, which at the same time are the poorest regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Larrieu
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina.,Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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15
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Sreevatsava V, De S, Bandyopadhyay S, Chaudhury P, Bera AK, Muthiyan R, De AK, Perumal P, Sunder J, Chakraborty G, Bhattacharya D. Variability of the EG95 antigen-coding gene of Echinococcus granulosus in animal and human origin: implications for vaccine development. J Genet 2019; 98:53. [PMID: 31204707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the genetic variability of the EG95 protein-coding gene in several animal and human isolates of Echinococcus granulosus was investigated. A total of 24 isolates collected from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog and man were amplified by Eg95-coding gene-specific primers. From the generated sequence information, a conceptual amino acid sequence was deduced. Phylogenetically, the Eg95 coding gene belongs to the Eg95-1/Eg95-2/Eg95-3/Eg95-4 cluster. Further confirmation on the maximum composite likelihood analysis revealed that the overall transition/transversion bias was 2.913. This finding indicated thatthere is bias towards transitional and transversional substitution. Using artificial neural networks, a B-cell epitope was predicted on primary sequence information. Stretches of amino acid residues varied between animal and human isolates when hydrophobicity was considered. Flexibility also varied between larval and adult stages of the organism. This observation is important to develop vaccines. However, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes on primary sequence data remained constant in all isolates. In this study, agretope identification started with hydrophobic amino acids. Amino acids with the same physico-chemical properties were present in the middle. The conformational propensity of the Eg95-coding gene of 156 amino acid residues had α-turns and β-turns, and α-amphipathic regions up to 129, 138-156 and 151-155 residues, respectively. The results indicated potential T-cell antigenic sites. The overall Tajima's D value was negative (-2.404165), indicative of negative selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sreevatsava
- Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata 700 037, India.
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16
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Sreevatsava V, De S, Bandyopadhyay S, Chaudhury P, Bera AK, Muthiyan R, De AK, Perumal P, Sunder J, Chakraborty G, Bhattacharya D. Variability of the EG95 antigen-coding gene of Echinococcus granulosus in animal and human origin: implications for vaccine development. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, McManus DP. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00075-18. [PMID: 30760475 PMCID: PMC6431127 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00075-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Larrieu E, Mujica G, Araya D, Labanchi JL, Arezo M, Herrero E, Santillán G, Vizcaychipi K, Uchiumi L, Salvitti JC, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Sepulveda L, Galvan JM, Cabrera M, Seleiman M, Crowley P, Cespedes G, García Cachau M, Gino L, Molina L, Daffner J, Gauci CG, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW. Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: 8 years of work. Acta Trop 2019; 191:1-7. [PMID: 30576624 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in the Rio Negro province of Argentina. After 30 years of control using praziquantel in dogs the transmission rate to humans and sheep has decreased significantly, however transmission persists. The objective of the study was to assess the inclusion of the EG95 for sheep in the control program and to determine the vaccine's operative feasibility in field conditions. An intervention study was defined in Rio Negro Province in Argentina comprising, in total, an area of 5820 Km2. Lambs received two vaccinations with the EG95 vaccine followed by a single booster injection when the animals were 1-1.5 years of age. Vaccination of lambs born into one trial site was introduced and continued for 8 years. Evidence for Echinococcus granulosus transmission was monitored before and after vaccination by coproantigen ELISA in faecal samples of dog, purgation of dogs to detect E. granulosus worms, necropsy on adult sheep and by ultrasound screening in children of 6-14 years old. 29,323 doses of vaccine were applied between 2009 and 2017, which a vaccination coverage of 80.1%/85.7% (57.3% average for fully vaccinated). Before the introduction of the vaccine 56.3% of the 6-year-old sheep were infected with E. granulosus at necropsy and 84.2% of the farms had infected sheep; 4.3% of the dogs were positive for E. granulosus infection using the arecoline test, and with coproELISA 9.6% of dog fecal samples were positive and 20.3% of the farms had infected dog.After the vaccine was introduced, 21.6% of sheep older than 6 years were found to be infected at necropsy and 20.2% of the farms were found to be infected; in dogs, 4.5% were found positive for E. granulosus using arecoline purgation and with coproELISA 3.7% of samples were positive, with 8.9% of farms having a positive dog. In 2016 only one case of E. granulosus infection was diagnosed by US screening in a 6-14 years old child. Included in the analysis are discussions of difficulties experienced in the field which affected correct vaccine administration as well as social features and practices that may impact on echinococcosis control and the EG95 vaccination program in Rio Negro. Vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine provides a valuable new tool which improves the effectiveness of CE control activities. Vaccination was effective even in a difficult, remote environment where only approximately half the lambs born into the communities were fully vaccinated.
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19
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Thys S, Sahibi H, Gabriël S, Rahali T, Lefèvre P, Rhalem A, Marcotty T, Boelaert M, Dorny P. Community perception and knowledge of cystic echinococcosis in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:118. [PMID: 30691432 PMCID: PMC6350308 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a neglected zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, remains a public health issue in many developing countries that practice extensive sheep breeding. Control of CE is difficult and requires a community-based integrated approach. We assessed the communities’ knowledge and perception of CE, its animal hosts, and its control in a CE endemic area of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Methods We conducted twenty focus group discussions (FGDs) stratified by gender with villagers, butchers and students in ten Berber villages that were purposefully selected for their CE prevalence. Results This community considers CE to be a severe and relatively common disease in humans and animals but has a poor understanding of the parasite’s life cycle. Risk behaviour and disabling factors for disease control are mainly related to cultural practices in sheep breeding and home slaughtering, dog keeping, and offal disposal at home, as well as in slaughterhouses. Participants in our focus group discussions were supportive of control measures as management of canine populations, waste disposal, and monitoring of slaughterhouses. Conclusions The uncontrolled stray dog population and dogs having access to offal (both at village dumps and slaughterhouses) suggest that authorities should be more closely involved in CE control. This study also highlights the need for improved knowledge about the transmission cycle of the parasite among communities and health professionals. Inter-sectoral collaboration between health staff, veterinarians, and social scientists appears to be crucial for sustainable control of this parasitic zoonosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6372-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Thys
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agro-Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV), Madinat Al Irfane. BP 6202-Instituts, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tarik Rahali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Rabat, University Mohamed V, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, Rabat, RP, Morocco
| | | | - Abdelkbir Rhalem
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agro-Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV), Madinat Al Irfane. BP 6202-Instituts, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Acosta-Jamett G, Andresiuk V, Balkaya I, Casulli A, Gasser RB, van der Giessen J, González LM, Haag KL, Zait H, Irshadullah M, Jabbar A, Jenkins DJ, Kia EB, Manfredi MT, Mirhendi H, M'rad S, Rostami-Nejad M, Oudni-M'rad M, Pierangeli NB, Ponce-Gordo F, Rehbein S, Sharbatkhori M, Simsek S, Soriano SV, Sprong H, Šnábel V, Umhang G, Varcasia A, Saarma U. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:729-742. [PMID: 29782829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the major cause of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide and is listed among the most severe parasitic diseases of humans. To date, numerous studies have investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of E. granulosus s.s. in various geographic regions. However, there has been no global study. Recently, using mitochondrial DNA, it was shown that E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are distinct genotypes, but a larger dataset is required to confirm the distinction of these genotypes. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the distinction of genotypes G1 and G3 using a large global dataset; and (ii) analyse the genetic diversity and phylogeography of genotype G1 on a global scale using near-complete mitogenome sequences. For this study, 222 globally distributed E. granulosus s.s. samples were used, of which 212 belonged to genotype G1 and 10 to G3. Using a total sequence length of 11,682 bp, we inferred phylogenetic networks for three datasets: E. granulosus s.s. (n = 222), G1 (n = 212) and human G1 samples (n = 41). In addition, the Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed. The latter yielded several strongly supported diffusion routes of genotype G1 originating from Turkey, Tunisia and Argentina. We conclude that: (i) using a considerably larger dataset than employed previously, E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are indeed distinct mitochondrial genotypes; (ii) the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. G1 is high globally, with lower values in South America; and (iii) the complex phylogeographic patterns emerging from the phylogenetic and geographic analyses suggest that the current distribution of genotype G1 has been shaped by intensive animal trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vanessa Andresiuk
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, CP: 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adriano Casulli
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Miguel González
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Karen L Haag
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Houria Zait
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Malik Irshadullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David J Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Teresa Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Selim M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nora Beatriz Pierangeli
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Silvia Viviana Soriano
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Malzéville 54220, France
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia.
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Prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep in Narok County, Kenya. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2065-2073. [PMID: 29736732 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus species (sensu lato, s.l.). In East Africa, several species/strains occur in livestock, wildlife, and humans, but there is limited information on frequencies of infection by different genotypes in the various mammalian hosts. We have obtained data on E. granulosus infection prevalence in sheep sampled from abattoirs in Narok County, southern Kenya. We inspected carcasses for the presence of hydatid cysts in 180 sheep randomly selected in five sub-locations. The overall prevalence was 16.0% (144/900 animals), with the majority of cysts (50.7%) found in the liver, followed by the lungs (36.8%), while infections involving the liver and lungs were detected in 12.5% of the sheep. PCR-RFLP genotyping of the mitochondrial nad-1 gene in all the 343 cysts identified E. granulosus G1-G3 (sensu stricto, s.s.) as the only genotype. The majority of the cysts (62.1%) were fertile, and 35.2% were sterile, while 2.7% were calcified. Considering cyst fertility, 73.02% of lung cysts were fertile compared to 53.4% in liver cysts. Our data extends previous CE studies in livestock and indicates a high level of CE infection of sheep in Narok, with a predominance of E. granulosus s.s., which is highly pathogenic and commonly infects humans. Given the high fertility rates observed in the cysts, there is an urgent need to determine whether there is a significant incidence of human infection in Narok, and initiate "One Health" control measures.
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Valizadeh M, Haghpanah B, Badirzadeh A, Roointan E, Fallahi S, Raeghi S. Immunization of sheep against Echinococcus granulosus with protoscolex tegumental surface antigens. Vet World 2017; 10:854-858. [PMID: 28919673 PMCID: PMC5591468 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.854-858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cystic echinococcosis (CE) has potential economic effects to both animal products and human health. A vaccine to protect livestock against CE can be effective in reducing economic costs and increasing the livestock products. Protoscolex tegumental surface antigens (PSTSA) used to induce the production of specific antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus in sheep. The tegumental antigens were extracted from viable protoscolices by solubilization in sterile phosphate-buffered saline containing decanoyl-N-methylglucamine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten lambs which were infected with CE (positive control), 10 negative control, and 10 test groups of sheep were included in the study. 300 µg emulsion of purified-PSTSA was injected intramuscularly in a two-step immunization on the first and 30 days. Sera were collected immediately before immunization and 6 times with 10-day intervals until 60 days post immunization. Thereafter, the sera were tested for antibodies by indirect hemagglutination test in microtiter plate. RESULTS After two immunizations, all the infected animals in test group showed substantial increases in antibody titer. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the titer obtained in the test and negative control groups in both phases of immunization (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that the PSTSA is a promising immunogenic compound for immunization of sheep against CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Valizadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Haghpanah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Roointan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Sotillo J, Toledo R, Mulvenna J, Loukas A. Exploiting Helminth-Host Interactomes through Big Data. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:875-888. [PMID: 28734897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminths facilitate their parasitic existence through the production and secretion of different molecules, including proteins. Some helminth proteins can manipulate the host's immune system, a phenomenon that is now being exploited with a view to developing therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. In recent years, hundreds of helminth genomes have been sequenced, but as a community we are still taking baby steps when it comes to identifying proteins that govern host-helminth interactions. The information generated from genomic, immunomic, and proteomic studies, as well as from cutting-edge approaches such as proteogenomics, is leading to a substantial volume of big data that can be utilised to shed light on fundamental biology and provide solutions for the development of bioactive-molecule-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Departament de Farmacia, Tecnologia Farmacéutica y Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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Merino V, Westgard CM, Bayer AM, García PJ. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cystic echinococcosis and sheep herding in Peru: a mixed-methods approach. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:213. [PMID: 28683741 PMCID: PMC5500929 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasitic disease, cystic echinococcosis (CE), is prevalent in low-income, livestock-raising communities and 2000 new people will be diagnosed this year in South America alone. The disease usually passes from livestock to dogs to humans, making it a zoonotic disease and part of the One Health Initiative. Control of CE has been infamously difficult; no endemic areas of South America have succeeded in maintaining sustainable eradication of the parasite. For the current study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rural sheep farmers and other community leaders regarding their sheep herding practices and perspectives about a control program for CE. We also hope to identify potential barriers and opportunities that could occur in a control program. The authors conducted Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) surveys and semi-structured interviews in rural communities in the highlands of Peru. The KAP surveys were administered to 51 local shepherds, and the semi-structured interviews were administered to 40 individuals, including shepherds, community leaders, and health care providers. RESULTS We found that the shepherds already deworm their sheep at a median of 2 times per year (N = 49, range 2-4) and have a mean willingness-to-pay of U.S. $ 0.60 for dog dewormer medication (N = 20, range = 0.00- $2.00 USD). We were not able to learn the deworming agent or agents that were being used, for neither sheep nor dogs. Additionally, 90% of shepherds slaughter their own sheep (N = 49). We also learned that the main barriers to an effective control program include: lack of education about the cause and control options for CE, accessibility to the distant communities and sparse grazing pastures, and a lack of economic incentive. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest it may be feasible to develop an effective CE control program which can be used to create an improved protocol to control CE in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Merino
- Kuskaya: An Interdisciplinary Training Program for Innovation in Global Health, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 431 San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Christopher M. Westgard
- Kuskaya: An Interdisciplinary Training Program for Innovation in Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Angela M. Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles USA
- Unit of Epidemiology, STD and HIV, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia J. García
- Unit of Epidemiology, STD and HIV, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Akkapulu N, Aytac HO, Arer IM, Kus M, Yabanoglu H. Incidence and risk factors of biliary fistulation from a hepatic hydatid cyst in clinically asymptomatic patients. Trop Doct 2017; 48:20-24. [PMID: 28662605 DOI: 10.1177/0049475517717177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biliary fistulation from a hepatic hydatid cyst is its most frequent complication. If unrecognised, this may cause difficulties during and after surgical intervention. Our study looked into its incidence and also the possible risk factors in a retrospective investigation of 60 patients (34 women) who had undergone surgery or percutaneous treatment. Demographics and anatomical characteristics, such as cyst type, location, number, diameter and laboratory findings were examined. A full 50% had biliary fistulation, with increased risk if the cyst diameter was ≥8.8 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezih Akkapulu
- 1 MD, FACS, Department of General Surgery, Adana Research and Teaching Centre, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - H Ozgur Aytac
- 2 MD, Department of General Surgery, Adana Research and Teaching Centre, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ilker M Arer
- 2 MD, Department of General Surgery, Adana Research and Teaching Centre, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Murat Kus
- 2 MD, Department of General Surgery, Adana Research and Teaching Centre, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yabanoglu
- 2 MD, Department of General Surgery, Adana Research and Teaching Centre, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
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Pan W, Chen DS, Lu YJ, Xu HW, Hao WT, Zhang YW, Qin SP, Zheng KY, Tang RX. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of EG95 sequences of Echinococcus granulosus: Implications for EG95 vaccine application. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017. [PMID: 28647192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the genetic variability of EG95 sequences and provide guidance for EG95 vaccine application against Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). METHODS We analysed EG95 polymorphism by collecting total 97 different E. granulosus isolates from 12 different host species that originated from 10 different countries. Multiple sequence alignments and the homology were performed by Lasergene 1 (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI), and the phylogenetic analysis was performed by using MEGA5.1 (CEMI, Tempe, AZ, USA). In addition, linear and conformational epitopes were analysed, including secondary structure, NXT/S glycosylation, fibronectin type III (FnIII) domain and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor signal (GPI-anchor). The secondary structure was predicted by PSIPRED method. RESULTS Our results indicated that most isolates overall shared 72.6-100% identity in EG95 gene sequence with the published standard EG95 sequence, X90928. However, EG95 gene indeed has polymorphism in different isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that different isolates could be divided into three subgroups. Subgroup 1 contained 87 isolates while Subgroup 2 and Subgroup 3 consisted of 3 and 7 isolates, respectively. Four sequences cloned from oncosphere shared a high identity with the parental sequence of the current vaccine, X90928, and they belonged to Subgroup 1. However, in comparison to X90928, several amino acid mutations occurred in most isolates besides oncosphere, which potentially altered the immunodominant linear epitopes, glycosylation sites and secondary structures in EG95 genes. All these variations might change their previous antigenicity and thereby affecting the efficacy of current EG95 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the genetic variability of EG95 sequences in different E. granulosus isolates, and proposed that more vaccination trials would be needed to test the effectiveness of current EG95 vaccine against distinct isolates in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Yun-Juan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Wen-Ting Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Su-Ping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, PR China.
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Budke CM, Casulli A, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Successes and continuing challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005477. [PMID: 28426657 PMCID: PMC5398475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the epidemiology, detection and control of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (in humans and animals); European Reference Laboratory for Parasites; Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, and French National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté and University Hospital; Besançon, France
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Rojas-Caraballo J, López-Abán J, Moreno-Pérez DA, Vicente B, Fernández-Soto P, Del Olmo E, Patarroyo MA, Muro A. Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial against Fasciola hepatica: identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:94. [PMID: 28114888 PMCID: PMC5259852 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis remains a significant food-borne trematode disease causing high morbidity around the world and affecting grazing animals and humans. A deeper understanding concerning the molecular mechanisms by which Fasciola hepatica infection occurs, as well as the molecular basis involved in acquiring protection is extremely important when designing and selecting new vaccine candidates. The present study provides a first report of microarray-based technology for describing changes in the splenic gene expression profile for mice immunised with a highly effective, protection-inducing, multi-epitope, subunit-based, chemically-synthesised vaccine candidate against F. hepatica. METHODS The mice were immunised with synthetic peptides containing B- and T-cell epitopes, which are derived from F. hepatica cathepsin B and amoebapore proteins, as novel vaccine candidates against F. hepatica formulated in an adjuvant adaptation vaccination system; they were experimentally challenged with F. hepatica metacercariae. Spleen RNA from mice immunised with the highest protection-inducing synthetic peptides was isolated, amplified and labelled using Affymetrix standardised protocols. Data was then background corrected, normalised and the expression signal was calculated. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool was then used for analysing differentially expressed gene identifiers for annotating bio-functions and constructing and visualising molecular interaction networks. RESULTS Mice immunised with a combination of three peptides containing T-cell epitopes induced high protection against experimental challenge according to survival rates and hepatic damage scores. It also induced differential expression of 820 genes, 168 genes being up-regulated and 652 genes being down-regulated, p value <0.05, fold change ranging from -2.944 to 7.632. A functional study of these genes revealed changes in the pathways related to nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production, Interleukin-12 signalling and production in macrophages and Interleukin-8 signalling with up-regulation of S100 calcium-binding protein A8, Matrix metallopeptidase 9 and CXC chemokine receptor 2 genes. CONCLUSION The data obtained in the present study provided us with a more comprehensive overview concerning the possible molecular pathways implied in inducing protection against F. hepatica in a murine model, which could be useful for evaluating future vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Present address: Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico (CIST), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Belén Vicente
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio Muro
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Fredes F, Torres M, Acosta-Jamett G, Alvarez JF, Pavletic C, Paredes R, Cortés S. First meeting "Cystic echinococcosis in Chile, update in alternatives for control and diagnostics in animals and humans". Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:502. [PMID: 27624561 PMCID: PMC5022197 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report summarizes the outcomes of a meeting on cystic echinococcosis (CE) in animals and humans in Chile held in Santiago, Chile, between the 21st and 22nd of January 2016. The meeting participants included representatives of the Departamento de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud (Zoonotic Diseases Department, Ministry of Health), representatives of the Secretarias Regionales del Ministerio de Salud (Regional Department of Health, Ministry of Health), Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Agropecuario (National Institute for the Development of Agriculture and Livestock, INDAP), Instituto de Salud Pública (National Institute for Public Health, ISP) and the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (Animal Health Department, SAG), academics from various universities, veterinarians and physicians. Current and future CE control activities were discussed. It was noted that the EG95 vaccine was being implemented for the first time in pilot control programmes, with the vaccine scheduled during 2016 in two different regions in the South of Chile. In relation to use of the vaccine, the need was highlighted for acquiring good quality data, based on CE findings at slaughterhouse, previous to initiation of vaccination so as to enable correct assessment of the efficacy of the vaccine in the following years. The current world’s-best-practice concerning the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for the screening population in highly endemic remote and poor areas was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisa Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sandra Cortés
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Poggio TV, Jensen O, Mossello M, Iriarte J, Avila HG, Gertiser ML, Serafino JJ, Romero S, Echenique MA, Dominguez DE, Barrios JR, Heath D. Serology and longevity of immunity against Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and llama induced by an oil-based EG95 vaccine. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:496-502. [PMID: 27104482 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An oil-based formulation of the EG95 vaccine to protect grazing animals against infection with Echinococcus granulosus was formulated in Argentina. The efficacy of the vaccine was monitored by serology in sheep and llama (Lama glama) and was compared to the serology in sheep previously published using a QuilA-adjuvanted vaccine. Long-term efficacy was also tested in sheep by challenging with E. granulosus eggs of the G1 strain 4 years after the beginning of the trial. The serological results for both sheep and llama were similar to those described previously, except that there was a more rapid response after the first vaccination. A third vaccination given after 1 year resulted in a transient boost in serology that lasted for about 12 months, which was similar to results previously described. Sheep challenged after 4 years with three vaccinations presented 84·2% reduction of live cysts counts compared with control group, and after a fourth vaccination prior to challenge, this reduction was 94·7%. The oil-based vaccine appeared to be bio-equivalent to the QuilA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Poggio
- Centro de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein" - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O Jensen
- Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis, Chubut, Argentina
| | - M Mossello
- Departamento Zooantroponosis, Ministerio de Salud, Chubut, Argentina
| | - J Iriarte
- Departamento Zooantroponosis, Ministerio de Salud, Chubut, Argentina
| | - H G Avila
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IMPAM-CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Gertiser
- Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis, Chubut, Argentina
| | - J J Serafino
- Centro de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein" - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Romero
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, INTA, Abra Pampa, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - M A Echenique
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, INTA, Abra Pampa, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - D E Dominguez
- Dirección de Sanidad Animal, Subsecretaría de Ganadería y Agricultura, Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos, Chubut, Argentina
| | - J R Barrios
- Oficina Local Puerto Madryn, Dirección de Sanidad Animal, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal (SENASA), Argentina
| | - D Heath
- AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
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