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Rufino-Moya PJ, Zafra Leva R, Martínez-Moreno Á, Buffoni L, Valderas García E, Pérez Arévalo J, Molina-Hernández V, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Herrera-Torres G, Martínez-Moreno FJ. Advancement in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccines against Fasciola hepatica: A Comprehensive Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:669. [PMID: 39204269 PMCID: PMC11357060 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we aim to provide an overview of fasciolosis in ruminants. Diagnosis through new coprological methods (such as Flukefinder®, FLOTAC®, and Mini-FLOTAC®) remains the most suitable approach for farms. Regarding treatment, there is a scarcity of available drugs, and resistance to them has prompted new approaches (including drug combinations, enhanced metabolism, or the use of natural compounds) to address this issue. Additionally, several researchers have developed vaccines to control the disease, but their efficacy varies, and none are currently sufficient for commercial use. Further studies are needed to better understand all aspects discussed in this manuscript, with the goal of improving diagnosis, treatment, and disease control. It is important to note that this manuscript does not delve into in-depth knowledge of the discussed aspects; rather, it provides an overview of the different methodologies related to these three aspects of parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo José Rufino-Moya
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
| | - Rafael Zafra Leva
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
| | - Elora Valderas García
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24004 León, Spain
| | - José Pérez Arévalo
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María T. Ruiz-Campillo
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guillem Herrera-Torres
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Moreno
- Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (L.B.P.); (E.V.G.); (F.J.M.-M.)
- UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.P.A.); (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (G.H.-T.)
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Ubeira FM, González-Warleta M, Martínez-Sernández V, Castro-Hermida JA, Paniagua E, Romarís F, Mezo M. Increased specificity of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory antigens combining negative selection on hydroxyapatite and salt precipitation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3897. [PMID: 38365880 PMCID: PMC10873304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A single and rapid method to obtain an antigenic fraction of excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) from Fasciola hepatica suitable for serodiagnosis of fascioliasis is reported. The procedure consists in the negative selection of F. hepatica ESAs by hydroxyapatite (HA) chromatography (HAC; fraction HAC-NR) followed by antigen precipitation with 50% ammonium sulphate (AS) and subsequent recovery by means of a Millex-GV or equivalent filter (Fi-SOLE fraction). Tested in indirect ELISA, the Fi-SOLE antigens detected natural infections by F. hepatica with 100% sensitivity and 98.9% specificity in sheep, and 97.7% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity in cattle, as determined by ROC analysis. The SDS-PAGE and proteomic nano-UHPLC-Tims-QTOF MS/MS analysis of fractions showed that the relative abundance of L-cathepsins and fragments thereof was 57% in fraction HAC-NR and 93.8% in fraction Fi-SOLE. The second most abundant proteins in fraction HAC-NR were fatty-acid binding proteins (11.9%). In contrast, free heme, and heme:MF6p/FhHDM-1 complexes remained strongly bond to the HA particles during HAC. Interestingly, phosphorylcholine (PC)-bearing antigens, which are a frequent source of cross-reactivity, were detected with an anti-PC mAb (BH8) in ESAs and fraction HAC-NR but were almost absent in fraction Fi-SOLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencio M Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra (CHUP), 36071, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernanda Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
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Duan J, Zhang N, Liu S, Li J, Gong P, Wang X, Li X, Zhang X, Tang B, Zhang X. The Detection of Circulating Antigen Glutathione S-Transferase in Sheep Infected with Fasciola hepatica with Double-Antibody Sandwich Signal Amplification Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38338149 PMCID: PMC10854876 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by F. hepatica infection that is particularly harmful to cattle and sheep. A biotin-streptavidin signal amplification ELISA (streptavidin-ELISA/SA-ELISA) based on circulating antigens can allow for the early detection of F. hepatica-infected animals and is suitable for batch detection. It is considered to be a better means of detecting F. hepatica infection than traditional detection methods. In this study, using the serum of sheep artificially infected with F. hepatica, the cDNA expression library of F. hepatica was screened, 17 immunodominant antigen genes of F. hepatica were obtained, and glutathione s-transferase (GST) was selected as the candidate detection antigen. Firstly, the GST cDNA sequence was amplified from F. hepatica, followed by the preparation of recombinant protein GST (rFhGST). Then, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against rFhGST were prepared using the GST protein. Afterward, the immunolocalization of the target protein in the worm was observed via confocal microscopy, and it was found that the GST protein was localized in the uterus, intestinal tract, and body surface of F. hepatica. Finally, a double-antibody sandwich SA-ELISA based on the detection of circulating antigens was established. There was no cross-reaction with positive sera infected with Dicrocoelium lanceatum (D. lanceatum), Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), Neospora caninum (N. caninum), or Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Forty serum and fecal samples from the same batch of sheep in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China were analyzed using the established detection method and fecal detection method. The positive rate of the SA-ELISA was 17.5%, and the positive rate of the fecal detection method was 15%. The detection results of this method were 100% consistent with commercial ELISA kits. A total of 152 sheep serum samples were tested in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, and the positive rate was 5.92%. This study laid the foundation for the development of serological detection preparations for F. hepatica infection based on the detection of circulating antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
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Nur Hafizah S, Noor Izani NJ, Ahmad Najib M, Wan-Nor-Amilah WAW. Immunodiagnosis of Fascioliasis in Ruminants by ELISA Method: A Mini-Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:25-32. [PMID: 37655153 PMCID: PMC10467593 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease prevalent in domestic animals and it leads to socioeconomic impact in rural farming communities of the developing world. The gold standard diagnosis of ruminant fascioliasis involves coprological detection of Fasciola spp. eggs or recovery of flukes in infected livers. Coprological analysis is unreliable in the patent period of chronic infection, and even then, its sensitivity is relatively low. Robust diagnostic tools that can promptly and accurately detect an active infection are crucial to avoid complications and further losses in ruminant livestock productivity, as well as to preserve the livelihood of communities at risk. Immunodiagnosis determined by antibody and antigen detection in the sera and faeces of infected ruminants provides a valuable alternative to the parasitological diagnostic approach. This review discusses current developments in immunological techniques by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of ruminant fascioliasis and summarises the performance of various ELISAs in studies conducted to date. Indirect ELISAs demonstrated effective immunodiagnostic performance with high sensitivities and specificities. Cathepsin L ELISA is the most favourable antigen in serodiagnosis, among other recombinant and native proteins evaluated. Sandwich ELISA provides excellent sensitivity and specificity, which correlates well with the fluke burden. Utilising monoclonal antibodies in sandwich ELISA reduces the detection time and performance variations that commonly occur in polyclonal antibody ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Ashoor SJ, Wakid MH. Prevalence and hepatic histopathological findings of fascioliasis in sheep slaughtered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6609. [PMID: 37095133 PMCID: PMC10126202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fascioliasis is an important parasitic disease responsible for morbidity and mortality in many domestic ruminants, especially sheep, goats, and cattle, due to Fasciola (F.) hepatica and F. gigantica. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis in sheep slaughtered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to describe the morphological and histopathological changes in the liver. A total of 109,253 sheep slaughtered between July 2017 and July 2018 were screened to assess the prevalence of fascioliasis. The livers were grossly investigated for Fasciola infection and morphological changes. Tissue samples were collected for proper histopathological examinations. Livers of local and imported sheep represented infection rates of 0.67% and 2.12%, respectively, and the highest infection rate was in the spring season. Macroscopically, the affected liver showed hepatomegaly, thickened capsule and discoloration with necrosis, fibrosis, dilation of the bile duct, engorgement of the gallbladder and enlargement of the portal lymph nodes. Microscopic examination showed fibrotic thickening, calcification and hyperplasia of the bile ducts filled with debris, as well as massive hemorrhagic foci. Histopathological examinations of the infected liver showed a central vein region with disturbed parenchyma cells, focal lymphocytic infiltration, elongated endothelial cells, blood sinusoids that showed enlarged Kupffer cells, patches of lysed or necrotic hepatocytes, eosinophil infiltration, lymphocytes and proliferating fibroblast, thickening of hepatic artery and arteriolar walls. We concluded that fascioliasis among sheep slaughtered in Jeddah is not uncommon. The identified histopathological changes in the liver of infected sheep reflect tissue damage, which can lead to significant economic losses for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safinaz J Ashoor
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, Fakieh Poultry Farm, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80324, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Rosas-Hostos Infantes LR, Paredes Yataco GA, Ortiz-Martínez Y, Mayer T, Terashima A, Franco-Paredes C, Gonzalez-Diaz E, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Vargas Barahona L, Grimshaw AA, Chastain DB, Sillau S, Marcos LA, Henao-Martínez AF. The global prevalence of human fascioliasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231185413. [PMID: 37434654 PMCID: PMC10331341 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a parasitic zoonosis that can infect humans and be a source of significant morbidity. The World Health Organization lists human fascioliasis as a neglected tropical disease, but the worldwide prevalence of fascioliasis data is unknown. Objective We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of human fascioliasis. Data sources and methods We performed a systematic review and prevalence meta-analysis. We used the following inclusion criteria: articles published in the English, Portuguese, or Spanish languages from December 1985 to October 2022 and studies assessing the prevalence of Fasciola in the general population with an appropriate diagnostic methodology, including longitudinal studies, prospective and retrospective cohorts, case series, and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We excluded animal studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed the selected studies for methodological quality, performing critical standard measures from JBI SUMARI. A random-effects model was conducted of the summary extracted data on the prevalence proportions. We reported the estimates according to the GATHER statement. Results In all, 5617 studies were screened for eligibility. Fifty-five studies from 15 countries were selected, including 154,697 patients and 3987 cases. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of 4.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-6.1; I2 = 99.4%; T2 = 0.07]. The prevalence in South America, Africa, and Asia was 9.0%, 4.8%, and 2.0%, respectively. The highest prevalence was found in Bolivia (21%), Peru (11%), and Egypt (6%). Subgroup analysis showed higher prevalence estimates in children, in studies from South America, and when Fas2-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a diagnostic method. A larger study sample size (p = 0.027) and an increase in female percentage (p = 0.043) correlated with a decrease in prevalence. Multiple meta-regression showed a higher prevalence for hyperendemic than hypoendemic (p = 0.002) or mesoendemic (p = 0.013) regions. Conclusion The estimated prevalence and projected disease burden of human fascioliasis are high. Study findings support that fascioliasis continues to be a globally neglected tropical disease. Strengthening epidemiological surveillance and implementing measures to control and treat fascioliasis is imperative in the most affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yeimer Ortiz-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander and Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Treana Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angelica Terashima
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Tropicales y Dermatológicas, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México City, México
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá
| | - Esteban Gonzalez-Diaz
- Epidemiological Surveillance and Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institucion Universitaria Vision de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Lilian Vargas Barahona
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Daniel B. Chastain
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Sillau
- Department of Neurology and Biostatistics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Luis A. Marcos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Olaogun SC, Byaruhanga C, Ochai SO, Fosgate GT, Marufu MC. Comparison of Three Diagnostic Methods to Detect the Occurrence of Fasciola Species in Communally Grazed Cattle in the North West Province, South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:1398. [PMID: 36558731 PMCID: PMC9787907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis causes significant economic losses in commercial cattle herds in South Africa, but its prevalence is unknown in most communal areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of determining the occurrence of bovine fasciolosis using three different diagnostic methods in Moretele Local Municipality in Bojanala District, North West Province. Faecal samples were collected from 277 cattle of different breeds, ages, sex and faecal condition scores and examined using the sedimentation technique, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and faecal antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (coproELISA). All samples were negative for bovine fasciolosis using coproELISA. A total of 73 (26.4%) samples were positive using the qPCR, while 36 were positive using the sedimentation technique, with low faecal egg counts (1 to 20 eggs per gram). The qPCR detected the highest positivity (26.4%, 95% CI 21.3, 32.0) followed by the sedimentation test (13.0%; 95% CI 9.3, 17.5). Location, breed, sex, age and faecal consistency score were not associated with positive qPCR results (p > 0.05). There was also no significant agreement (kappa = −0.011, p = 0.843) between qPCR and the sedimentation technique for the detection of Fasciola spp. The qPCR appeared to be the most sensitive method for detection of Fasciola spp. Further studies are required on the characterisation of Fasciola spp. in communal cattle in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday C. Olaogun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Sunday O. Ochai
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T. Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi C. Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Oladosu OJ, Hennies M, Gauly M, Daş G. A copro-antigen ELISA for the detection of ascarid infections in chickens. Vet Parasitol 2022; 311:109795. [PMID: 36108471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A reliable method of diagnosing the most prevalent helminth infections in chickens is vital for developing effective control strategies. Ascaridia galli and Heterakisgallinarum are phylogenetically close nematode species that can elicit the development of cross-reactive antibodies in chickens. Therefore, an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) based on Ascaridia galli antigens in faeces of chickens to detect and quantify infections with both A. galli and H. gallinarum was developed. The ELISA utilised polyclonal antibodies that were obtained from rabbits immunised with soluble antigens isolated from A. galli. In two separate experiments, chickens were kept as uninfected controls or were orally infected with either 100 or 1000 of embryonated eggs of A. galli or H.gallinarum. Faecal samples were collected after 28-30 weeks post-infection. The ELISA was then used to quantify the concentration of soluble worm antigens in faecal samples, i.e., the amount of antigen per gram faeces, APG. The APG from infected chickens was significantly higher than non-infected groups in both experiments (P 0.001). Both 100 and 1000 infection dose groups were not significantly different (P = 0.999) in the experiment with H. gallinarum, whereas in the experiment with A. galli, APG was significantly higher in the 1000 infection group (P 0.001). A receiver operation characteristics (ROC) analysis that evaluates the qualitative performance of diagnostics tests was used to calculate the assay parameters within each mono-infection experiment. The result showed that the assay had a high diagnostics accuracy with an area-under-curve (AUC) of 0.99 in detecting infection in A. galli infected chickens and a moderate-high accuracy (AUC = 0.89) in birds infected with H. gallinarum. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay at the optimal cut-off point equivalent to Youden index were 93% and 100% for detecting infections in A. galli experiment and 85% and 92% in H. gallinarum experiment, respectively. The correlation between faecal antigen concentration and all worm burden parameters was positive but generally low (r < 0.33), which provided less information about infection intensities. Nonetheless, these results indicate that a reliable and accurate qualitative diagnosis of the two most prevalent intestinal nematodes in chickens can be achieved using a non-invasive copro-antigen ELISA assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle John Oladosu
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Mark Hennies
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bozen - Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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9
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Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM. Field evaluation of the enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA test for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265569. [PMID: 35324959 PMCID: PMC8947386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a severe zoonosis responsible for major economic losses in livestock. The enhanced MM3-COPRO test (eMM3-COPRO) and the commercial version BIO K 201 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium) are widely used as immunodiagnostic tools for the specific detection of coproantigens released by Fasciola during the late prepatent and patent stages of infection. However, performance of the eMM3-COPRO has never been evaluated under field conditions. To address this gap, a large number of ovine faecal samples, collected in a region where fasciolosis is endemic (Galicia, NW Spain), were analyzed. Two groups of sheep flocks were selected according to the Fasciola infection status: ‘Fasciola-free’ and ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks. ‘Fasciola-free’ flocks were seronegative flocks with no history of fasciolosis detected by either coproscopy or necropsy in the last 5 years. Faecal samples from these sheep were used to calculate a cut-off value for infection (OD = 0.021). The cut-off was calculated using a bootstrap resampling method that enables estimation of the sampling distribution of the statistical parameters without making assumptions about the underlying data distribution. ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks were characterized by high seroprevalence, a history of fasciolosis and periodical treatment with flukicides. Samples from these flocks were used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the eMM3-COPRO relative to coproscopy, which although limited by poor sensitivity is the only reference test available for diagnosing fasciolosis in vivo. To overcome this limitation, all animals classified positive by eMM3-COPRO were treated with triclabendazole and then retested. The eMM3-COPRO displayed higher sensitivity than coproscopy, as it detected coproantigens in all samples with positive coproscopy and in 12% of samples with negative coproscopy. The test also proved highly specific as coproantigens disappeared after the treatment. The eMM3-COPRO was less time consuming than coproscopy, particularly when the procedure involved numerous samples, and showed promise as a tool for monitoring flukicide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
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10
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Lalor R, Cwiklinski K, Calvani NED, Dorey A, Hamon S, Corrales JL, Dalton JP, De Marco Verissimo C. Pathogenicity and virulence of the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola Gigantica that cause the zoonosis Fasciolosis. Virulence 2021; 12:2839-2867. [PMID: 34696693 PMCID: PMC8632118 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is one of the most important neglected parasitic diseases of humans and animals. The ability of the parasites to infect and multiply in their intermediate snail hosts, and their adaptation to a wide variety of mammalian definitive hosts contribute to their high transmissibility and distribution. Within the mammalian host, the trauma caused by the immature flukes burrowing through the liver parenchyma is associated with most of the pathogenesis. Similarly, the feeding activity and the physical presence of large flukes in the bile ducts can lead to anemia, inflammation, obstruction and cholangitis. The high frequency of non-synonymous polymorphisms found in Fasciola spp. genes allows for adaptation and invasion of a broad range of hosts. This is also facilitated by parasite’s excretory-secretory (ES) molecules that mediate physiological changes that allows their establishment within the host. ES contains cathepsin peptidases that aid parasite invasion by degrading collagen and fibronectin. In the bile ducts, cathepsin-L is critical to hemoglobin digestion during feeding activities. Other molecules (peroxiredoxin, cathepsin-L and Kunitz-type inhibitor) stimulate a strong immune response polarized toward a Treg/Th2 phenotype that favors fluke’s survival. Helminth defense molecule, fatty acid binding proteins, Fasciola-specific glycans and miRNAs modulate host pro-inflammatory responses, while antioxidant scavenger enzymes work in an orchestrated way to deter host oxidant-mediated damage. Combining these strategies Fasciola spp. survive for decades within their mammalian host, where they reproduce and spread to become one of the most widespread zoonotic worm parasites in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Hamon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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11
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López Corrales J, Cwiklinski K, De Marco Verissimo C, Dorey A, Lalor R, Jewhurst H, McEvoy A, Diskin M, Duffy C, Cosby SL, Keane OM, Dalton JP. Diagnosis of sheep fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica using cathepsin L enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109517. [PMID: 34271318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, a global parasitic disease of agricultural livestock, is caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Management and strategic control of fasciolosis on farms depends on early assessment of the extent of disease so that control measures can be implemented quickly. Traditionally, this has relied on the detection of eggs in the faeces of animals, a laborious method that lacks sensitivity, especially for sub-clinical infections, and identifies chronic infections only. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) offer a quicker and more sensitive serological means of diagnosis that could detect early acute infection before significant liver damage occurs. The performance of three functionally-active recombinant forms of the major F. hepatica secreted cathepsins L, rFhCL1, rFhCL2, rFhCL3, and a cathepsin B, rFhCB3, were evaluated as antigens in an indirect ELISA to serologically diagnose liver fluke infection in experimentally and naturally infected sheep. rFhCL1 and rFhCL3 were the most effective of the four antigens detecting fasciolosis in sheep as early as three weeks after experimental infection, at least five weeks earlier than both coproantigen and faecal egg tests. In addition, the rFhCL1 and rFhCL3 ELISAs had a very low detection limit for liver fluke in lambs exposed to natural infection on pastures and thus could play a major role in the surveillance of farms and a 'test and treat' approach to disease management. Finally, antibodies to all three cathepsin L proteases remain high throughout chronic infection but decline rapidly after drug treatment with the flukicide, triclabendazole, implying that the test may be adapted to trace the effectiveness of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amanda McEvoy
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Diskin
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - S Louise Cosby
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Kelley JM, Stevenson MA, Rathinasamy V, Rawlin G, Beddoe T, Spithill TW. Analysis of daily variation in the release of faecal eggs and coproantigen of Fasciola hepatica in naturally infected dairy cattle and the impact on diagnostic test sensitivity. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109504. [PMID: 34271316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) is a widespread parasite infection in dairy cattle in Victoria, South-eastern Australia. Robust diagnosis of fluke infection is needed in dairy cattle to identify sub-clinical infections which often go unnoticed, causing significant production losses. We tested the coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and the FlukeFinder faecal egg count kit® on naturally infected cows in a fluke endemic region of Victoria. The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in the release of coproantigens and eggs into faeces over a 5-day period, at the morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) milkings, and to assess the impact of the timing of faecal sample collection on diagnostic test sensitivity. Ten cows were enrolled into the study based on positive F. hepatica faecal egg counts (LFEC) and faecal samples from the ten cows were collected twice daily, at the 7-9 AM and 4-6 PM milking, for five consecutive days. At the conclusion of the sampling period, the cows were euthanized and F. hepatica burden determined at necropsy. A moderate negative correlation between cow age and cELISA optical density (OD) was observed using data from all samples (R -0.63; 95 % CI -0.68 to -0.57). Over the 5-day sampling period, we observed within-animal variation between days for both the cELISA OD (2.6-8.9 fold) and LFEC (5-16 fold), with more variation in values observed in the PM samples for both tests. The correlation with total fluke burden was higher in the AM sampling using both the cELISA and LFEC (R 0.64 and 0.78, respectively). The sensitivity was 100 % for the cELISA using various cut offs from the literature (0.014 OD, 0.030 OD, and 1.3 % or 1.6 % of the positive control). The sensitivity of the FlukeFinder kit® (based on 588 faecal samples and not accounting for lack of independence in the data) was 88 % (95 % CI 85 %-90 %). Seventy one false negatives were recorded from the 588 LFEC tests all of which were observed in the cows with fluke burdens <14 flukes; 42 of the 71 false negative LFECs occurred in one individual cow which had the lowest burden of nine flukes. In dairy cows, the cut-off for production losses due to fasciolosis is estimated at> 10 fluke. Both the cELISA and the LFEC identified all cows that had burdens equal to or greater than this cut-off. Five of the ten cows also exhibited relatively high paramphistome egg counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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13
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Saad MF, Attia MM. Milk As a New Diagnostic Tool for Rapid Detection of Fascioliasis in Dairy Goats Using Excretory/Secretory Antigen. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:336-345. [PMID: 32990897 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is a serious livestock illness of particular importance for dairy goats; the objectives of this study were to describe effects of F. gigantica on milk composition and to use this information to estimate economic damages linked with Fasciola spp. infections. Furthermore, the study sought to standardize the use of milk instead of serum for early diagnosis of fascioliasis in dairy goats. METHODS One-hundred samples of goat milk along with corresponding blood samples were obtained at random from flocks in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The ELISA and DOT-ELISA were performed in both serum and milk of dairy goats. RESULTS Total mesophilic count (mean value) was 2.12 × 106 ± 1.63 × 105 CFU/ml in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) positive samples and 1.46 × 104 ± 8.58 × 102 CFU/ml in ELISA-negative samples. The mean values were significantly different (P < 0.05). The mean values of percentages of fat, SNF, protein, salts, lactose, pH, and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive samples were 2.3 ± 0.17, 8.21 ± 0.63, 3.08 ± 0.18, 0.90 ± 0.06, 3.64 ± 0.28, 6.93 + 0.53, and 1.18 × 106 ± 9.07 × 104 cells/ml, respectively. A significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mean values of two composition parameters, i.e., percent of fat and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive and -negative samples, for Fasciola gigantica was observed. The antigen used for the diagnosis of F. gigantica was excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen. The dilutions of (E/S) concentrations after checkerboard titration for indirect ELISA were 20 μg/ml protein and for dot-ELISA, 300 ng/μl. Sera dilution was 1:100 in the two tests, and milk dilution was 1:50 for indirect ELISA, and 1:25 for dot-ELISA. The two tests were performed using known F. gigantica positive and negative goat sera and known rat hyper immunized negative and positive sera against E/S antigen of F. gigantica as well as known sera for paramphistomes without F. gigantica infection. The cutoff values in indirect ELISA were 0.45 for sera and 0.35 for milk. CONCLUSION The application of different serological technique in goat farms reveals a good test in rapid diagnosis of fascioliasis especially the uses of dot ELISA when using the milk instead of the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena F Saad
- Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Attia
- Parasitology Departments, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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14
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Uddin MJ, Bhuiyan NH, Hong JH, Shim JS. Smartphone-Based Fully Automated Optofluidic Device with Laser Irradiation-Induced Image Whitening. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6394-6402. [PMID: 33830748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed a fully automated optofluidic device to execute enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an active 96-well hybrid lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device. To automate the solution loading into the reaction zone of the device and the post-assayed signal analysis, laser irradiation-induced image whitening was utilized with a smartphone-based optical platform. Two optical phenomena were utilized in our platform to detect the liquid in the reaction chamber using a smartphone. First, by Fresnel's equation, the refraction difference between air and water resulted in the intensity change of the reflected light from the reaction chamber. Therefore, when the liquid was entering into the reaction chamber, the intensity of the reflected light was changed. Second, when the light intensity increases, the smartphone-captured image whitens out due to saturation, even when the red color light was incident. Therefore, by measuring the RGB value of the smartphone image, the intensity changes by the liquid movement in the reaction chamber were successfully monitored. Our platform showed a low detection limit of 7.81 pg/mL for the detection of the NT-proBNP human cardiac biomarker with almost a half standard deviation, compared to the manually operated LOC-based ELISA. As a fully automated LOC adopting a conventional 96-well ELISA platform, we thus concluded that the developed platform can be widely applied for point-of-care clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalal Uddin
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Nabil H Bhuiyan
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun H Hong
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon S Shim
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,BioGeneSys Inc., 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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15
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Huson KM, Atcheson E, Oliver NAM, Best P, Barley JP, Hanna REB, McNeilly TN, Fang Y, Haldenby S, Paterson S, Robinson MW. Transcriptome and Secretome Analysis of Intra-Mammalian Life-Stages of Calicophoron daubneyi Reveals Adaptation to a Unique Host Environment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100055. [PMID: 33581320 PMCID: PMC7973311 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramphistomosis, caused by the rumen fluke, Calicophoron daubneyi, is a parasitic infection of ruminant livestock, which has seen a rapid rise in prevalence throughout Western Europe in recent years. After ingestion of metacercariae (parasite cysts) by the mammalian host, newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) emerge and invade the duodenal submucosa, which causes significant pathology in heavy infections. The immature flukes then migrate upward, along the gastrointestinal tract, and enter the rumen where they mature and begin to produce eggs. Despite their emergence, and sporadic outbreaks of acute disease, we know little about the molecular mechanisms used by C. daubneyi to establish infection, acquire nutrients, and avoid the host immune response. Here, transcriptome analysis of four intramammalian life-cycle stages, integrated with secretome analysis of the NEJ and adult parasites (responsible for acute and chronic diseases, respectively), revealed how the expression and secretion of selected families of virulence factors and immunomodulators are regulated in accordance with fluke development and migration. Our data show that while a family of cathepsins B with varying S2 subsite residues (indicating distinct substrate specificities) is differentially secreted by NEJs and adult flukes, cathepsins L and F are secreted in low abundance by NEJs only. We found that C. daubneyi has an expanded family of aspartic peptidases, which is upregulated in adult worms, although they are under-represented in the secretome. The most abundant proteins in adult fluke secretions were helminth defense molecules that likely establish an immune environment permissive to fluke survival and/or neutralize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the microbiome-rich rumen. The distinct collection of molecules secreted by C. daubneyi allowed the development of the first coproantigen-based ELISA for paramphistomosis which, importantly, did not recognize antigens from other helminths commonly found as coinfections with rumen fluke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Huson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Erwan Atcheson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Nicola A M Oliver
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Best
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jason P Barley
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Robert E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control Department, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Mark W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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16
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Uddin MJ, Bhuiyan NH, Shim JS. Fully integrated rapid microfluidic device translated from conventional 96-well ELISA kit. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1986. [PMID: 33479284 PMCID: PMC7820004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a fully integrated active microfluidic device transforming a conventional 96-well kit into point-of-care testing (POCT) device was implemented to improve the performance of traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA test by the conventional method often requires the collection of 96 samples for its operation as well as longer incubation time from hours to overnight, whereas our proposed device conducts ELISA immediately individualizing a 96-well for individual patients. To do that, a programmable and disposable on-chip pump and valve were integrated on the device for precise control and actuation of microfluidic reagents, which regulated a reaction time and reagent volume to support the optimized protocols of ELISA. Due to the on-chip pump and valve, ELISA could be executed with reduced consumption of reagents and shortening the assay time, which are crucial for conventional ELISA using 96-well microplate. To demonstrate highly sensitive detection and easy-to-use operation, this unconventional device was successfully applied for the quantification of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) of 4.88 pg/mL using a minimum sample volume of 30 µL with a shorter assay time of 15 min for each ELISA step. The limit of detection (LOD) thus obtained was significantly improved than the conventional 96-well platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalal Uddin
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Nabil H Bhuiyan
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon S Shim
- Bio-IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- BioGeneSys Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM, Mezo M. Current Challenges for Fasciolicide Treatment in Ruminant Livestock. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:430-444. [PMID: 33461901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment remains essential to control fasciolosis in areas where infection is endemic. However, there are major constraints to treating food-producing animals. Of particular concern is the lack of flukicides for treating early Fasciola infections in ruminant livestock in some countries. In addition, the information provided in package leaflets, particularly regarding withdrawal periods, is often incomplete, confusing, and/or contradictory. International regulatory bodies should harmonize the use of flukicides in livestock in favor of fairer, safer international trade. In addition, monitoring the efficacy of fasciolicides on farms is also essential to minimize the spread of drug-resistant populations of Fasciola. The current situation regarding flukicide formulations in the European Union and other, non-European countries is analyzed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Florencio M Ubeira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain.
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18
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Caravedo MA, Cabada MM. Human Fascioliasis: Current Epidemiological Status and Strategies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:149-158. [PMID: 33273878 PMCID: PMC7705270 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s237461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Review This review aims to critically assess current knowledge about the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Fasciola infection in humans. Recent Findings Fascioliasis is an emerging neglected zoonotic infection affecting the health and wellbeing of human populations. The burden of infection is unclear, and studies have shown the geographic expansion of fascioliasis in human and livestock likely related to climate change. The infection can be asymptomatic or present in acute or chronic forms. Regardless of the presentation, fascioliasis can be associated with long-term complications such as anemia and malnutrition. Early in the infection, antibody testing is the only tool available for diagnosis confirmation. In the chronic forms serology and stool microscopy are helpful. Other tests such as antigen detection and PCR-based methods including isothermal tests have shown promising results. Triclabendazole is the only drug available to treat Fasciola infection. However, reports of resistant infections in livestock and human threaten the clinical care and control of the infection in endemic areas. Summary Fascioliasis is an emerging infection around the world with an uncertain burden. Lack of standardization of diagnostic testing and treatment alternatives hinder treatment and control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Caravedo
- Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel Mauricio Cabada
- Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Cusco Branch - Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco, Peru
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19
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Fasciola Species Introgression: Just a Fluke or Something More? Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:25-34. [PMID: 33097425 PMCID: PMC7575431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The threats posed by a range of viral and bacterial zoonotic diseases inevitably receive renewed attention in the wake of global pandemic events due to their overt and devastating impacts on human health and the economy. Parasitic zoonoses, however, many of which affect millions of people each day, are frequently ignored. In the case of fasciolosis, caused by infection with Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, this oversight has allowed for the expansion of areas of parasite sympatry and thus increased the incidence of hybridization and possible introgression between the two species. Here we highlight how an increased demand for animal-derived protein, combined with a lack of appropriate tools for detection of these events, is changing the status quo of these zoonotic parasites. Increased demand for animal-derived protein from Fasciola hepatica-endemic countries has led to a growing number of reports of hybridization between F. hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in Southeast Asia. Hybridization and eventual introgression have been reported in a range of protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites and act as important drivers of evolutionary change and adaptation. Introgression between Fasciola spp. remains unproven but has potentially serious human and animal health consequences as seen in other parasites. New tools for the characterization of hybridization and introgression events between Fasciola spp. are needed.
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20
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Siles-Lucas M, Becerro-Recio D, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis: Current knowledge and future trends. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:27-35. [PMID: 33278757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne zoonotic trematodiases are classified as neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. Among them, fascioliasis is caused worldwide by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, and represent a huge problem in livestock production and human health in endemic areas. Fasciolopsis buski, restricted to specific regions of Asia, causes fasciolopsiasis. The incidence of these trematodiases is underestimated due to under-reporting and to the lack of sensitive and widely accepted tool for their diagnosis. This, together with a rising trend in reporting of drug resistance and the need for an effective vaccine against these parasites, pose a challenge in the effective control of these diseases. Here, the latest reports on fascioliasis outbreaks between 2000 and 2020 and the most recent advances in their epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control are revised. Finally, future needs in the field of fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis are presented, which could be addressed based on current knowledge and by means of new emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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21
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Lagatie O, Verheyen A, Van Hoof K, Lauwers D, Odiere MR, Vlaminck J, Levecke B, Stuyver LJ. Detection of Ascaris lumbricoides infection by ABA-1 coproantigen ELISA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008807. [PMID: 33057357 PMCID: PMC7591086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal worms, or soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), affect hundreds of millions of people in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The most prevalent STH is Ascaris lumbricoides. Through large-scale deworming programs, World Health Organization aims to reduce morbidity, caused by moderate-to-heavy intensity infections, below 2%. In order to monitor these control programs, stool samples are examined microscopically for the presence of worm eggs. This procedure requires well-trained personnel and is known to show variability between different operators interpreting the slides. We have investigated whether ABA-1, one of the excretory-secretory products of A. lumbricoides can be used as a coproantigen marker for infection with this parasite. Polyclonal antibodies were generated and a coproantigen ELISA was developed. Using this ELISA, it was found that ABA-1 in stool detected Ascaris infection with a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 95.3%. Our results also demonstrate that there is a correlation between ABA-1 levels in stool and A. lumbricoides DNA detected in stool. Using a threshold of 18.2 ng/g stool the ABA-1 ELISA correctly assigned 68.4% of infected individuals to the moderate-to-heavy intensity infection group, with a specificity of 97.1%. Furthermore, the levels of ABA-1 in stool were shown to rapidly and strongly decrease upon administration of a standard anthelminthic treatment (single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole). In an Ascaris suum infection model in pigs, it was found that ABA-1 remained undetectable until day 28 and was detected at day 42 or 56, concurrent with the appearance of worm eggs in the stool. This report demonstrates that ABA-1 can be considered an Ascaris -specific coproantigen marker that can be used to monitor infection intensity. It also opens the path for development of point-of-care immunoassay-based tests to determine A. lumbricoides infection in stool at the sample collection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dax Lauwers
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maurice R. Odiere
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Novobilský A, Rustas BO, Grandi G, Högberg N, Höglund J. Selective flukicide treatment of non-lactating cows and the corresponding production impact of Fasciola hepatica in dairy herds in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109180. [PMID: 32682280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A control strategy against Fasciola hepatica infection based on selective treatment of non-lactating animals was evaluated in four Swedish dairy herds. The study was conducted over the course of two consecutive seasons in moderately to highly F. hepatica infected herds with robotic milking, where heifers and dry cows received an oral drench with albendazole (10 mg/kg) during three visits in January, February and March in both 2017 and 2018. This resulted in an anthelmintic coverage between 38 % and 58 % of the animals. Furthermore, on each visit, the infection status of all dewormed animals along with 15 randomly selected milking cows were monitored by detection of F. hepatica coproantigens. Individual milk samples were also collected quarterly from the whole herds for measurements of individual antibody levels against the parasite using milk ELISA. In addition, individual data on milk yield and quality were collected on a monthly basis between 2016 and 2018. To further study the impact of the infection on milk production, truly F. hepatica positive and negative cows in the first lactation were identified based on the results from coproantigen and milk ELISA assays. Total F. hepatica coproantigen prevalence in the herds varied between 28 % and 85 % in the first year, and between 27 % and 68 % in the second year of the study. We found that two years of treatments resulted in a significant decrease of coproantigen-positivity especially on the two most heavily infected farms. These results were confirmed by a similar drop in within-herd prevalences obtained by milk ELISA results. The infection had a significant negative impact on milk yields in untreated F. hepatica positive cows. No consistent long-term effect was observed at the herd level probably due to the influx of animals infected before puberty and/or adult animals that were re-infected at dry-off. This is the first study of the effects of F. hepatica infection on milk yield and quality in dairy herds in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bengt-Ove Rustas
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Högberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Abstract
Internal parasites are a major concern in livestock production because they can impact the health and well-being of animals clinically and subclinically, and ultimately cause significant production loss. Among these internal parasites are nematodes, tapeworms, flukes, and coccidian protozoans. This review focuses on the diagnostic tests that are routinely performed by veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories, but also highlights recently developed tools that may improve diagnostic capabilities, including molecular and immunodiagnostic tests. Overall, diagnostic tests for parasites of livestock are an integral part of health management practices, and for assessing individual animal and herd health.
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24
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Fairweather I, Brennan GP, Hanna REB, Robinson MW, Skuce PJ. Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 12:39-59. [PMID: 32179499 PMCID: PMC7078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver flukes include Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., Fascioloides magna, Gigantocotyle explanatum and Dicrocoelium spp. The two main species, F. hepatica and F. gigantica, are major parasites of livestock and infections result in huge economic losses. As with C. sinensis, Opisthorchis spp. and Dicrocoelium spp., they affect millions of people worldwide, causing severe health problems. Collectively, the group is referred to as the Food-Borne Trematodes and their true significance is now being more widely recognised. However, reports of resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ), the most widely used anti-Fasciola drug, and to other current drugs are increasing. This is a worrying scenario. In this review, progress in understanding the mechanism(s) of resistance to TCBZ is discussed, focusing on tubulin mutations, altered drug uptake and changes in drug metabolism. There is much interest in the development of new drugs and drug combinations, the re-purposing of non-flukicidal drugs, and the development of new drug formulations and delivery systems; all this work will be reviewed. Sound farm management practices also need to be put in place, with effective treatment programmes, so that drugs can be used wisely and their efficacy conserved as much as is possible. This depends on reliable advice being given by veterinarians and other advisors. Accurate diagnosis and identification of drug-resistant fluke populations is central to effective control: to determine the actual extent of the problem and to determine how well or otherwise a treatment has worked; for research on establishing the mechanism of resistance (and identifying molecular markers of resistance); for informing treatment options; and for testing the efficacy of new drug candidates. Several diagnostic methods are available, but there are no recommended guidelines or standardised protocols in place and this is an issue that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fairweather
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - G P Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - M W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - P J Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
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25
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Kelley JM, Rathinasamy V, Elliott TP, Rawlin G, Beddoe T, Stevenson MA, Spithill TW. Determination of the prevalence and intensity of Fasciola hepatica infection in dairy cattle from six irrigation regions of Victoria, South-eastern Australia, further identifying significant triclabendazole resistance on three properties. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109019. [PMID: 31918044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a widespread parasite infection of livestock in Victoria, South-eastern Australia, where high rainfall and a mild climate is suitable for the main intermediate host Austropeplea tomentosa. The aims of this study were to quantify the prevalence and intensity of F. hepatica in dairy cattle in the irrigated dairy regions of Victoria and determine if triclabendazole resistance was present in infected herds. Cattle in 83 herds from the following six irrigation regions were tested for F. hepatica: Macalister Irrigation District (MID), Upper Murray (UM), Murray Valley (MV), Central Goulburn (CG), Torrumbarry (TIA) and Loddon Valley (LV). Twenty cattle from each herd were tested using the F. hepatica faecal egg count (FEC) as well as the coproantigen ELISA (cELISA). The mean individual animal true prevalence of F. hepatica across all regions was 39 % (95 % credible interval [CrI] 27%-51%) by FEC and 39 % (95 % CrI 27%-50%) by cELISA with the highest true prevalence (75-80 %) found in the MID. Our results show that 46 % of the herds that took part in this study were likely to experience fluke-associated production losses, based on observations that herd productivity is impaired when the true within-herd prevalence is > 25 %. Using the FEC and cELISA reduction tests, triclabendazole resistance was assessed on 3 herds in total (2 from the 83 in the study; and 1 separate herd that did not take part in the prevalence study) and resistance was confirmed in all 3 herds. This study has confirmed that F. hepatica is endemic in several dairy regions in Victoria: triclabendazole resistance may be contributing to the high prevalence in some herds. From our analysis, we estimate that the state-wide economic loss associated with fasciolosis is in the order of AUD 129 million (range AUD 38-193 million) per year or about AUD 50,000 (range AUD 15,000-75,000) per herd per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3083, Australia
| | | | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3083, Australia.
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26
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Norbury LJ, Basałaj K, Bąska P, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Kalinowska A, Wilkowski P, Wesołowska A, Wędrychowicz H. Generation of a single-chain variable fragment phage display antibody library from naïve mice panned against Fasciola hepatica antigens. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107737. [PMID: 31401060 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of applications in basic and applied research as well as in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Phage display antibody libraries offer an alternative to hybridoma technology for the generation of monoclonal antibodies and can be applied to high-throughput screening and facilitate the generation of novel antibodies. Despite their utility in several fields of research there has been limited application of antibody libraries in the study of trematode parasites. Fasciola hepatica causes considerable loss to the agriculture sector and is also a human pathogen. The parasite's excretory/secretory material contains numerous molecules that facilitate its invasion and survival within the mammalian host, including cathepsin B and L proteases. F. hepatica cathepsin B2 is expressed during the initial weeks of infection and has suspected roles in immune evasion and as a digestive enzyme in the parasite's gut; it is considered a good target for vaccination or therapeutic inhibitors. In this study, we produced a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library from naïve mice. The library was used to identify several scFv that can bind to antigens from adult F. hepatica homogenate, and a scFv that can bind to F. hepatica cathepsin B2. The results highlight the potential applicability of such a library to facilitate the study of F. hepatica and other parasites. This is the first report of the application of a naïve phage display antibody library to the study of F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wilkowski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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George S, George A, Rolfe P, Emery D. Comparative assessment of faecal diagnostics for detection and predictive modelling of endemic Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and cattle on Australian farms. Vet Parasitol 2019; 1:100001. [PMID: 32909553 PMCID: PMC7458369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis, monitoring and flukicide efficacy testing of fasciolosis on-farm is reliant on non-terminal methods. The coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) has been recommended for diagnosis of fasciolosis and associated flukicide efficacy testing as an alternative to fluke egg counts for monitoring parasitism. Recently experimental multi-age infections have suggested that the reliability of efficacy results can be improved by a second cELISA testing at 6 weeks post-treatment (wpt) in addition to the generally accepted 1 wpt. A field study was conducted to determine the suitability of faecal fluke egg counts (FFEC) and cELISA as diagnostic, drug efficacy testing and epidemiological tools on Australian sheep and cattle farms. Faecal samples from sheep and/or cattle on three endemic farms were taken at monthly intervals for 12 months and examined by both methods. Normal farm management was maintained during the study period and opportunistic efficacy testing, in line with each farm's normal flukicide management was undertaken. Additionally, the suitability of the Ollerenshaw Index as a predictive model for fasciolosis under Australian conditions was examined. While both diagnostics demonstrated their value in the farm environment, the current data demonstrate a distinct and significant increase in diagnostic sensitivity for epidemiological studies by using the two tests in parallel. The agreement between the two diagnostics was found to be higher in cattle, despite the poor sensitivity of FFEC in this species. Similar levels of agreement between the two tests were demonstrated at both sheep properties, regardless of the marked difference in the intensity of F. hepatica challenge. Linear regression models demonstrated the results of the two diagnostics utilized in parallel were explained substantially (R2 = 0.91) as were series data (R2 = 0.88) when the respective models were fitted. In contrast, the fitted models for FFEC (R2 = 0.54) and cELISA (R2 = 0.58) were poor explanations for test outcomes. The outcomes of these models support previous findings that suggest that the two diagnostic tests are best utilized together, particularly in parallel. The application of the Ollerenshaw Index to Australian conditions requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. George
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - A.J. George
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - P.F. Rolfe
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - D.L. Emery
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Orbegozo-Medina RA, Martínez-Sernández V, Perteguer MJ, Hernández-González A, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Romarís F, Paniagua E, Gárate T, Ubeira FM. In-plate recapturing of a dual-tagged recombinant Fasciola antigen (FhLAP) by a monoclonal antibody (US9) prevents non-specific binding in ELISA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211035. [PMID: 30707711 PMCID: PMC6358068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli are frequently purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). By means of this technique, tagged proteins containing a polyhistidine sequence can be obtained up to 95% pure in a single step, but some host proteins also bind with great affinity to metal ions and contaminate the sample. A way to overcome this problem is to include a second tag that is recognized by a preexistent monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the gene encoding the target protein, allowing further purification. With this strategy, the recombinant protein can be directly used as target in capture ELISA using plates sensitized with the corresponding mAb. As a proof of concept, in this study we engineered a Trichinella-derived tag (MTFSVPIS, recognized by mAb US9) into a His-tagged recombinant Fasciola antigen (rFhLAP) to make a new chimeric recombinant protein (rUS9-FhLAP), and tested its specificity in capture and indirect ELISAs with sera from sheep and cattle. FhLAP was selected since it was previously reported to be immunogenic in ruminants and is expressed in soluble form in E. coli, which anticipates a higher contamination by host proteins than proteins expressed in inclusion bodies. Our results showed that a large number of sera from non-infected ruminants (mainly cattle) reacted in indirect ELISA with rUS9-FhLAP after single-step purification by IMAC, but that this reactivity disappeared testing the same antigen in capture ELISA with mAb US9. These results demonstrate that the 6XHis and US9 tags can be combined when double purification of recombinant proteins is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María J. Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández-González
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fernanda Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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29
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Graham-Brown J, Williams DJL, Skuce P, Zadoks RN, Dawes S, Swales H, Van Dijk J. Composite Fasciola hepatica faecal egg sedimentation test for cattle. Vet Rec 2019; 184:589. [PMID: 30711919 PMCID: PMC6583716 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Options for diagnosing Fasciola hepatica infection in groups of cattle are limited. Increasing the opportunities for herd-level diagnosis is important for disease monitoring, making informed treatment decisions and for flukicide efficacy testing. The sensitivity of a simple sedimentation method based on composite faecal samples for the detection of fluke eggs in cattle was assessed through a combination of experimental and statistical modelling techniques. Initially, a composite sample method previously developed for sheep was used to investigate the sensitivity of composite sample testing compared with individual counts on the same samples in cattle. Following this, an optimised, validated, qualitative (presence-absence) composite sample field test was developed for cattle. Results showed that fluke egg counts obtained from a composite sample are representative of those expected from individual counts. The optimal sampling strategy was determined to be 10 individual 10 g samples (100 g composite sample) from which a 10 g subsample is taken for sedimentation. This method yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.69 (95 per cent CI 0.5 to 0.85). These results demonstrate the validity and usefulness of a composite faecal egg sedimentation method for use in the diagnosis and control of F. hepatica in groups of cattle, with the caveat that a negative test should be followed up with a second test due to limitations relating to test sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Graham-Brown
- Infection Biology, University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Infection Biology, University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Harry Swales
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Jan Van Dijk
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Takeuchi-Storm N, Denwood M, Petersen HH, Enemark HL, Stensgaard AS, Sengupta ME, Beesley NJ, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Thamsborg SM. Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:674. [PMID: 30594235 PMCID: PMC6310998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important livestock disease in Europe, and represents a particular challenge for organic farms, where cattle are grazed extensively and the use of anthelmintic is limited. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted on two conventional and two organic Danish dairy farms to examine the current temporal trend of F. hepatica infection on-farm, and to gather data of practical relevance for parasite control. Data were collected both at the herd and individual level using currently available diagnostic methods: a commercial serum antibody ELISA, a commercial copro-antigen ELISA, faecal egg counts, and monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) ELISA. The temporal patterns (animal age, farm-level temporal trends and seasonality) in the animal-level test results were analysed by generalised additive mixed models (GAMM). Results Patterns of infection differed substantially between the farms, due to different grazing management and anthelmintic use. However, animals were first infected at the age of 1.5–2 years (heifers), and most at-risk animals sero-converted in autumn, suggesting that summer infections in snails prevail in Denmark. Our results also suggest that the lifespan of the parasite could be over 2 years, as several cows showed signs of low grade infection even after several years of continuous indoor housing without access to freshly-cut grass. The serum antibody ELISA was able to detect infection first, whereas both copro-antigen ELISA and faecal egg counts tended to increase in the same animals at a later point. Decreasing BTM antibody levels were seen on the two farms that started anthelmintic treatment during the study. Conclusions While important differences between farms and over time were seen due to varying grazing management, anthelmintic treatment and climatic conditions, the young stock was consistently seen as the main high-risk group and at least one farm also had suspected transmission (re-infection) within the lactating herd. Careful interpretation of test results is necessary for older cows as they can show persistent infections several years after exposure has stopped. Rigorous treatment regimens can reduce BTM ELISA values, but further research is needed to develop a non-medicinal approach for sustainable management of bovine fasciolosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Research Group for Animal Health, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Sofie Stensgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Mita Eva Sengupta
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicola Jane Beesley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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31
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Sabourin E, Alda P, Vázquez A, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Vittecoq M. Impact of Human Activities on Fasciolosis Transmission. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:891-903. [PMID: 30195634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a worldwide disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola spp. This food- and water-borne disease is a major public health and veterinary issue. It is currently (re)emerging in several regions mainly due to the rapid evolution of human activities. This article reviews the current knowledge of the impact of irrigation-system management, livestock management, and human diet and hygiene habits on the emergence of fasciolosis. We also identify the gaps in this knowledge and the possible solutions for limiting these impacts. Integrated control seems to be the most effective solution for controlling fasciolosis, because it enables monitoring, prevention, and rapid action in case of the (re)emergence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Sabourin
- Institut de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pilar Alda
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Antonio Vázquez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Département de Biologie-Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Vittecoq
- Institut de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Beesley NJ, Caminade C, Charlier J, Flynn RJ, Hodgkinson JE, Martinez‐Moreno A, Martinez‐Valladares M, Perez J, Rinaldi L, Williams DJL. Fasciola and fasciolosis in ruminants in Europe: Identifying research needs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:199-216. [PMID: 28984428 PMCID: PMC6190748 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite with a global distribution, which is responsible for considerable disease and production losses in a range of food producing species. It is also identified by WHO as a re-emerging neglected tropical disease associated with endemic and epidemic outbreaks of disease in human populations. In Europe, F. hepatica is mostly associated with disease in sheep, cattle and goats. This study reviews the most recent advances in our understanding of the transmission, diagnosis, epidemiology and the economic impact of fasciolosis. We also focus on the impact of the spread of resistance to anthelmintics used to control F. hepatica and consider how vaccines might be developed and applied in the context of the immune-modulation driven by the parasite. Several major research gaps are identified which, when addressed, will contribute to providing focussed and where possible, bespoke, advice for farmers on how to integrate stock management and diagnosis with vaccination and/or targeted treatment to more effectively control the parasite in the face of increasing the prevalence of infection and spread of anthelmintic resistance that are likely to be exacerbated by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Beesley
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - C. Caminade
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Health Protection Research Unit in
Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - R. J. Flynn
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. E. Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | | | - J. Perez
- Universidad de CordobaCordobaSpain
| | - L. Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - D. J. L. Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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33
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Orbegozo-Medina RA, Martínez-Sernández V, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Mezo M, Ubeira FM. Vaccination of sheep with Quil-A® adjuvant expands the antibody repertoire to the Fasciola MF6p/FhHDM-1 antigen and administered together impair the growth and antigen release of flukes. Vaccine 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Martínez-Sernández V, Perteguer MJ, Hernández-González A, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Orbegozo-Medina RA, Romarís F, Paniagua E, Gárate T, Ubeira FM. Comparison of recombinant cathepsins L1, L2, and L5 as ELISA targets for serodiagnosis of bovine and ovine fascioliasis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1521-1534. [PMID: 29564626 PMCID: PMC7088297 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Fasciola hepatica are of great importance in the veterinary field, as they cause important economic losses to livestock producers. Serodiagnostic methods, typically ELISA (with either native or recombinant antigens), are often used for early diagnosis. The use of native antigens, as in the MM3-SERO ELISA (commercialized as BIO K 211, BIO-X Diagnostics), continues to be beneficial in terms of sensitivity and specificity; however, there is interest in developing ELISA tests based on recombinant antigens to avoid the need to culture parasites. Of the antigens secreted by adult flukes, recombinant procathepsin L1 (rFhpCL1) is the most commonly tested in ELISA to date. However, although adult flukes produce three different clades of CLs (FhCL1, FhCL2, and FhCL5), to our knowledge, the diagnostic value of recombinant FhCL2 and FhCL5 has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we developed and tested three indirect ELISAs using rFhpCL1, rFhpCL2, and rFhpCL5 and evaluated their recognition by sera from sheep and cattle naturally infected with F. hepatica. Although the overall antibody response to these three rFhpCLs was similar, some animals displayed preferential recognition for particular rFhpCLs. Moreover, for cattle sera, the highest sensitivity was obtained using rFhpCL2 (97%), being equal for both rFhpCL1 and rFhpCL5 (87.9%), after adjusting cut-offs for maximum specificity. By contrast, for sheep sera, the sensitivity was 100% for the three rFhpCLs. Finally, the presence of truncated and/or partially unfolded molecules in antigen preparations is postulated as a possible source of cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández-González
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, 15318, Abegondo, (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, 15318, Abegondo, (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Ricardo A Orbegozo-Medina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernanda Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio M Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Comparison of early detection of Fasciola hepatica in experimentally infected Merino sheep by real-time PCR, coproantigen ELISA and sedimentation. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:85-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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36
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Martínez-Sernández V, Perteguer MJ, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Gárate T, Valero MA, Ubeira FM. Fasciola spp: Mapping of the MF6 epitope and antigenic analysis of the MF6p/HDM family of heme-binding proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188520. [PMID: 29161330 PMCID: PMC5697881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MF6p/FhHDM-1 is a small cationic heme-binding protein which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) MF6, and abundantly present in parenchymal cells and secreted antigens of Fasciola hepatica. Orthologs of this protein (MF6p/HDMs) also exist in other causal agents of important foodborne trematodiasis, such as Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Paragonimus westermani. Considering that MF6p/FhHDM-1 is relevant for heme homeostasis in Fasciola and was reported to have immunomodulatory properties, this protein is expected to be a useful target for vaccination. Thus, in this study we mapped the epitope recognized by mAb MF6 and evaluated its antigenicity in sheep. The sequence of the MF6p/FhHDM-1 ortholog from F. gigantica (MF6p/FgHDM-1) was also reported. By means of ELISA inhibitions with overlapping synthetic peptides, we determined that the epitope recognized by mAb MF6 is located within the C-terminal moiety of MF6p/FhHDM-1, which is the most conserved region of MF6p/HDMs. By immunoblotting analysis of parasite extracts and ELISA inhibitions with synthetic peptides we also determined that mAb MF6 reacted with the same intensity with F. hepatica and F. gigantica, and in decreasing order of intensity with C. sinensis, O.viverrini and P. westermani orthologs. On the contrary, mAb MF6 showed no reactivity against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Schistosoma mansoni. The study of the recognition of peptides covering different regions of MF6p/FhHDM-1 by sera from immunized sheep revealed that the C-terminal moiety is the most antigenic, thus being of potential interest for vaccination. We also demonstrated that the production of antibodies to MF6p/FhHDM-1 in sheep infected by F. hepatica occurs relatively early and follows the same pattern as those produced against L-cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J. Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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37
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George S, Vanhoff K, Baker K, Lake L, Rolfe P, Seewald W, Emery D. Application of a coproantigen ELISA as an indicator of efficacy against multiple life stages of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Calvani NED, Windsor PA, Bush RD, Šlapeta J. Scrambled eggs: A highly sensitive molecular diagnostic workflow for Fasciola species specific detection from faecal samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005931. [PMID: 28915255 PMCID: PMC5617325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis, due to Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, is a re-emerging zoonotic parasitic disease of worldwide importance. Human and animal infections are commonly diagnosed by the traditional sedimentation and faecal egg-counting technique. However, this technique is time-consuming and prone to sensitivity errors when a large number of samples must be processed or if the operator lacks sufficient experience. Additionally, diagnosis can only be made once the 12-week pre-patent period has passed. Recently, a commercially available coprological antigen ELISA has enabled detection of F. hepatica prior to the completion of the pre-patent period, providing earlier diagnosis and increased throughput, although species differentiation is not possible in areas of parasite sympatry. Real-time PCR offers the combined benefits of highly sensitive species differentiation for medium to large sample sizes. However, no molecular diagnostic workflow currently exists for the identification of Fasciola spp. in faecal samples. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A new molecular diagnostic workflow for the highly-sensitive detection and quantification of Fasciola spp. in faecal samples was developed. The technique involves sedimenting and pelleting the samples prior to DNA isolation in order to concentrate the eggs, followed by disruption by bead-beating in a benchtop homogeniser to ensure access to DNA. Although both the new molecular workflow and the traditional sedimentation technique were sensitive and specific, the new molecular workflow enabled faster sample throughput in medium to large epidemiological studies, and provided the additional benefit of speciation. Further, good correlation (R2 = 0.74-0.76) was observed between the real-time PCR values and the faecal egg count (FEC) using the new molecular workflow for all herds and sampling periods. Finally, no effect of storage in 70% ethanol was detected on sedimentation and DNA isolation outcomes; enabling transport of samples from endemic to non-endemic countries without the requirement of a complete cold chain. The commercially-available ELISA displayed poorer sensitivity, even after adjustment of the positive threshold (65-88%), compared to the sensitivity (91-100%) of the new molecular diagnostic workflow. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Species-specific assays for sensitive detection of Fasciola spp. enable ante-mortem diagnosis in both human and animal settings. This includes Southeast Asia where there are potentially many undocumented human cases and where post-mortem examination of production animals can be difficult. The new molecular workflow provides a sensitive and quantitative diagnostic approach for the rapid testing of medium to large sample sizes, potentially superseding the traditional sedimentation and FEC technique and enabling surveillance programs in locations where animal and human health funding is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Mekong Livestock Research Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Mekong Livestock Research Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell David Bush
- Mekong Livestock Research Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Sarkari B, Khabisi SA. Immunodiagnosis of Human Fascioliasis: An Update of Concepts and Performances of the Serological Assays. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:OE05-OE10. [PMID: 28764235 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26066.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Fascioliasis (HF) is a foodborne neglected parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. New epidemiological data suggest that the endemic areas of the disease are expanding and HF is being reported from areas where it was previously not observed. Diagnosis of HF is challenging. Performances of parasitological approaches, based on the detection of parasite's egg in the stool, are not satisfactory. Currently serological methods for the diagnosis of HF are mainly based on detection of anti-Fasciola antibodies in serum. Although, there have been some improvement in the development of immunological diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of HF, yet these tests suffer from insufficiency in sensitivity or/and specificity. Detection of antigens, rather than antibodies, seems to be a suitable approach in the diagnosis of HF. Antigen can be detected in sera or stool of the fascioliasis patients. Circulating antigen in serum disappears within a short time and most of the circulating antigens are in immune complex forms which are not freely available to be detected. Therefore, antigenemia might not be an appropriate method for the diagnosis of HF. Detection of antigen in stool (coproantigens) seems to be a suitable alternative method for the diagnosis of HF. Recent data provided convincing evidence that detection of coproantigen improved and simplified the diagnosis of HF. The present review highlights the new achievements in designing and improvement of diagnostic approaches for the immunodiagnosis of HF. Moreover, current status of the available immunodiagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of HF, their strengths and weaknesses has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Abdolahi Khabisi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Abdolahi Khabisi S, Sarkari B, Moshfe A, Jalali S. Production of Monoclonal Antibody Against Excretory-Secretory Antigen of Fasciola hepatica and Evaluation of Its Efficacy in the Diagnosis of Fascioliasis. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:8-14. [PMID: 28186433 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitological methods are not helpful for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in acute and invasive periods of the disease. Detection of coproantigens seems to be a suitable alternative approach in the diagnosis of fascioliasis. The present study aimed to develop a reliable antigen detection system, using monoclonal antibodies raised against excretory-secretory (ES) antigen of Fasciola hepatica, for the diagnosis of fascioliasis. Fasciola adult worms were collected from the bile ducts of infected animals. Species of the fluke was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). ES antigen of F. hepatica was prepared. For production of monoclonal antibodies, mice were immunized with ES antigens of F. hepatica. Spleen cells from the immunized mice were fused with NS-1 myeloma cells, using polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma cells secreting specific antibody were expanded and cloned by limiting dilution. Moreover, polyclonal antibody was produced against F. hepatica ES antigen in rabbits. A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, using produced monoclonal antibody, was designed and stool samples of infected animals along with control samples were tested by the system. The capture ELISA detected the coproantigen in 27 of 30 (90%) parasitologically confirmed fascioliasis cases, while 4 of 39 (10.25%) samples infected with other parasitic infections showed a positive reaction in this system. No positive reactivity was found with healthy control samples. Accordingly, sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 94.2% were obtained for the capture ELISA system. The results were compared with those obtained with commercial BIO-X ELISA, and a very good (kappa = 0.9) agreement was found between the commercial kit and the developed capture ELISA. Findings of this study showed that the produced monoclonal antibody has appropriate performance for the detection of Fasciola coproantigen in stool samples and can be appropriately used for the diagnosis of fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Abdolahi Khabisi
- 1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- 1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran .,2 Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolali Moshfe
- 3 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Jalali
- 4 Department of Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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Cabada MM, Malaga JL, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Bagwell KA, Naeger PA, Rogers HK, Maharsi S, Mbaka M, White AC. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Compared to Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for the Detection of Fasciola hepatica in Human Stool. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:341-346. [PMID: 27821691 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the most widely distributed trematode infection in the world. Control efforts may be hindered by the lack of diagnostic capacity especially in remote endemic areas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods offer high sensitivity and specificity but require expensive technology. However, the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an efficient isothermal method that eliminates the need for a thermal cycler and has a high deployment potential to resource-limited settings. We report on the characterization of RPA and PCR tests to detect Fasciola infection in clinical stool samples with low egg burdens. The sensitivity of the RPA and PCR were 87% and 66%, respectively. Both tests were 100% specific showing no cross-reactivity with trematode, cestode, or nematode parasites. In addition, RPA and PCR were able to detect 47% and 26% of infections not detected by microscopy, respectively. The RPA adapted to a lateral flow platform was more sensitive than gel-based detection of the reaction products. In conclusion, the Fasciola RPA is a highly sensitive and specific test to diagnose chronic infection using stool samples. The Fasciola RPA lateral flow has the potential for deployment to endemic areas after further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Cabada
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. .,Department of Medicine, Alexander von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center-Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Jose L Malaga
- Department of Medicine, Alexander von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center-Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Kelli A Bagwell
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Patrick A Naeger
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Hayley K Rogers
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Safa Maharsi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Maryann Mbaka
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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