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Holcomb KM, Nguyen C, Komar N, Foy BD, Panella NA, Baskett ML, Barker CM. Predicted reduction in transmission from deployment of ivermectin-treated birdfeeders for local control of West Nile virus. Epidemics 2023; 44:100697. [PMID: 37348378 PMCID: PMC10529638 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM)-treated birds provide the potential for targeted control of Culex mosquitoes to reduce West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. Ingestion of IVM increases mosquito mortality, which could reduce WNV transmission from birds to humans and in enzootic maintenance cycles affecting predominantly bird-feeding mosquitoes and from birds to humans. This strategy might also provide an alternative method for WNV control that is less hampered by insecticide resistance and the logistics of large-scale pesticide applications. Through a combination of field studies and modeling, we assessed the feasibility and impact of deploying IVM-treated birdfeed in residential neighborhoods to reduce WNV transmission. We first tracked 105 birds using radio telemetry and radio frequency identification to monitor their feeder usage and locations of nocturnal roosts in relation to five feeder sites in a neighborhood in Fort Collins, Colorado. Using these results, we then modified a compartmental model of WNV transmission to account for the impact of IVM on mosquito mortality and spatial movement of birds and mosquitoes on the neighborhood level. We found that, while the number of treated lots in a neighborhood strongly influenced the total transmission potential, the arrangement of treated lots in a neighborhood had little effect. Increasing the proportion of treated birds, regardless of the WNV competency status, resulted in a larger reduction in infection dynamics than only treating competent birds. Taken together, model results indicate that deployment of IVM-treated feeders could reduce local transmission throughout the WNV season, including reducing the enzootic transmission prior to the onset of human infections, with high spatial coverage and rates of IVM-induced mortality in mosquitoes. To improve predictions, more work is needed to refine estimates of daily mosquito movement in urban areas and rates of IVM-induced mortality. Our results can guide future field trials of this control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Holcomb
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Chilinh Nguyen
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brian D Foy
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas A Panella
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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Durden C, Tian Y, Knape K, Klemashevich C, Norman KN, Carey JB, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Fluralaner systemic treatment of chickens results in mortality in Triatoma gerstaeckeri, vector of the agent of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:178. [PMID: 37268980 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease remains a persistent vector-borne neglected tropical disease throughout the Americas and threatens both human and animal health. Diverse control methods have been used to target triatomine vector populations, with household insecticides being the most common. As an alternative to environmental sprays, host-targeted systemic insecticides (or endectocides) allow for application of chemicals to vertebrate hosts, resulting in toxic blood meals for arthropods (xenointoxication). In this study, we evaluated three systemic insecticide products for their ability to kill triatomines. METHODS Chickens were fed the insecticides orally, following which triatomines were allowed to feed on the treated chickens. The insecticide products tested included: Safe-Guard® Aquasol (fenbendazole), Ivomec® Pour-On (ivermectin) and Bravecto® (fluralaner). Triatoma gerstaeckeri nymphs were allowed to feed on insecticide-live birds at 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days post-treatment. The survival and feeding status of the T. gerstaeckeri insects were recorded and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and logistic regression. RESULTS Feeding on fluralaner-treated chickens resulted 50-100% mortality in T. gerstaeckeri over the first 14 days post-treatment but not later; in contrast, all insects that fed on fenbendazole- and ivermectin-treated chickens survived. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ) analysis, used to detect the concentration of fluralaner and fenbendazole in chicken plasma, revealed the presence of fluralaner in plasma at 3, 7, and 14 days post-treatment but not later, with the highest concentrations found at 3 and 7 days post-treatment. However, fenbendazole concentration was below the limit of detection at all time points. CONCLUSIONS Xenointoxication using fluralaner in poultry is a potential new tool for integrated vector control to reduce risk of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Durden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Yuexun Tian
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Koyle Knape
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Integrated Metabolomics Analysis Core, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - John B Carey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
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Wells C, Collins CMT. A rapid evidence assessment of the potential risk to the environment presented by active ingredients in the UK's most commonly sold companion animal parasiticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45070-45088. [PMID: 35461423 PMCID: PMC9209362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A number of parasiticides are commercially available as companion animal treatments to protect against parasite infestation and are sold in large volumes. These treatments are not intended to enter the wider environment but may be washed off or excreted by treated animals and have ecotoxic impacts. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the existing evidence for the toxicity of the six most used parasiticides in the UK: imidacloprid, fipronil, fluralaner, afoxolaner, selamectin, and flumethrin. A total of 17,207 published articles were screened, with 690 included in the final evidence synthesis. All parasiticides displayed higher toxicity towards invertebrates than vertebrates, enabling their use as companion animal treatments. Extensive evidence exists of ecotoxicity for imidacloprid and fipronil, but this focuses on exposure via agricultural use and is not representative of environmental exposure that results from use in companion animal treatments, especially in urban greenspace. Little to no evidence exists for the ecotoxicity of the remaining parasiticides. Despite heavy usage, there is currently insufficient evidence to understand the environmental risk posed by these veterinary treatments and further studies are urgently needed to quantify the levels and characterise the routes of environmental exposure, as well as identifying any resulting environmental harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Wells
- The Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, The Weeks Building, Princes Gardens, London, SW7 1NE UK
| | - C. M. Tilly Collins
- The Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, The Weeks Building, Princes Gardens, London, SW7 1NE UK
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4
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Holcomb KM, Nguyen C, Foy BD, Ahn M, Cramer K, Lonstrup ET, Mete A, Tell LA, Barker CM. Effects of ivermectin treatment of backyard chickens on mosquito dynamics and West Nile virus transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010260. [PMID: 35333866 PMCID: PMC9012369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control strategies typically rely on pesticides to target mosquitoes involved in enzootic and zoonotic transmission of West Nile virus (WNV). Nevertheless, increasing insecticide resistance and a desire to reduce pesticide usage provide the impetus for developing alternative strategies. Ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug which is widely used in human and veterinary medicine, is a potential alternative for targeted control because Culex mosquitoes experience increased mortality following ingestion of IVM in bloodmeals. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a randomized field trial to investigate the impact of treating backyard chicken flocks with IVM in urban neighborhoods across Davis, California on mosquito populations and WNV transmission dynamics. We observed a significant reduction in WNV seroconversions in treated vs. untreated chickens, suggesting a reduction in WNV transmission intensity around treated flocks. We also detected a reduction in parity rates of Cx. tarsalis near treated vs. untreated flocks and increased mortality in wild mosquitoes following a bloodmeal on treated chickens (IVM serum concentration > 5ng/mL) vs. chickens with IVM serum concentrations < 5 ng/mL. However, we did not find a significant difference in abundance or infection prevalence in mosquitoes between treatment groups associated with the reductions in seroconversions. Mosquito immigration from surrounding larval habitat, relatively low WNV activity in the study area, and variable IVM serum concentrations likely contributed to uncertainty about the impact. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results point to a reduction in WNV transmission due to the impact of IVM on Culex mosquito populations and support the ongoing investigation of oral administration of IVM to wild birds for local control of WNV transmission, although further work is needed to optimize dosing and understand effects on entomological endpoints. Current mosquito control strategies aimed to prevent pathogen transmission to humans have limited ability to target mosquitoes involved in amplification and spillover transmission of pathogens like West Nile virus (WNV). Additionally, growing prevalence of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations limit the efficacy of these insecticide-based control strategies. Ivermectin (IVM) provides an alternative avenue for control by increasing the mortality of mosquitoes that ingest this drug in bloodmeals. Therefore, IVM treatment of avian species that account for the majority of mosquito bloodmeals during the WNV transmission season could be an effective control strategy. Building on pilot studies indicating the efficacy and feasibility of IVM-deployment for WNV control, we performed a randomized field trial to investigate the impact of IVM-treatment of backyard chickens on local population dynamics of Culex mosquitoes and WNV transmission. We were able to link changes in mosquito populations to reduction in WNV transmission, as measured by chicken seroconversions, through IVM-induced mortality in mosquitoes. However, further work is needed to identify the impact of treatment on mosquito abundance and infection prevalence to fully attribute observed changes to IVM administration. Overall, our results support IVM treatment as a potentially effective alternative to insecticide-based vector control strategies and one that can be used to target WNV transmission on the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Holcomb
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chilinh Nguyen
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michelle Ahn
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt Cramer
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Emma T. Lonstrup
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Asli Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vythilingam I, Chua TH, Liew JWK, Manin BO, Ferguson HM. The vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi and other simian malarias Southeast Asia: challenges in malaria elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:131-189. [PMID: 34620382 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite of great public health concern has been reported from most countries in Southeast Asia and exported to various countries around the world. Currently P. knowlesi is the predominant species infecting humans in Malaysia. Besides this species, other simian malaria parasites such as P. cynomolgi and P. inui are also infecting humans in the region. The vectors of P. knowlesi and other Asian simian malarias belong to the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes which are generally forest dwelling species. Continual deforestation has resulted in these species moving into forest fringes, farms, plantations and human settlements along with their macaque hosts. Limited studies have shown that mosquito vectors are attracted to both humans and macaque hosts, preferring to bite outdoors and in the early part of the night. We here review the current status of simian malaria vectors and their parasites, knowledge of vector competence from experimental infections and discuss possible vector control measures. The challenges encountered in simian malaria elimination are also discussed. We highlight key knowledge gaps on vector distribution and ecology that may impede effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tock Hing Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benny O Manin
- Department of Pathobiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kinobe RT, Owens L. A systematic review of experimental evidence for antiviral effects of ivermectin and an in silico analysis of ivermectin's possible mode of action against SARS-CoV-2. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:260-276. [PMID: 33427370 PMCID: PMC8013482 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections remain a major cause of economic loss with an unmet need for novel therapeutic agents. Ivermectin is a putative antiviral compound; the proposed mechanism is the inhibition of nuclear translocation of viral proteins, facilitated by mammalian host importins, a necessary process for propagation of infections. We systematically reviewed the evidence for the applicability of ivermectin against viral infections including SARS‐CoV‐2 regarding efficacy, mechanisms and selective toxicity. The SARS‐CoV‐2 genome was mined to determine potential nuclear location signals for ivermectin and meta‐analyses for in vivo studies included all comparators over time, dose range and viral replication in multiple organs. Ivermectin inhibited the replication of many viruses including those in Flaviviridae, Circoviridae and Coronaviridae families in vitro. Real and mock nuclear location signals were identified in SARS‐CoV‐2, a potential target for ivermectin and predicting a sequestration bait for importin β, stopping infected cells from reaching a virus‐resistant state. While pharmacokinetic evaluations indicate that ivermectin could be toxic if applied based on in vitro studies, inhibition of viral replication in vivo was shown for Porcine circovirus in piglets and Suid herpesvirus in mice. Overall standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for ivermectin versus controls were −4.43 (−5.81, −3.04), p < 0.00001. Based on current results, the potential for repurposing ivermectin as an antiviral agent is promising. However, further work is needed to reconcile in vitro studies with clinical efficacy. Developing ivermectin as an additional antiviral agent should be pursued with an emphasis on pre‐clinical trials in validated models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Leigh Owens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Chaccour C. Veterinary endectocides for malaria control and elimination: prospects and challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190810. [PMID: 33357062 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual transmission is the persistence of malaria transmission after scale-up of appropriate vector control tools and is one of the key challenges for malaria elimination today. Although long associated with outdoor biting, other mosquito behaviours such as partly feeding upon animals contribute greatly to sustaining transmission. Peri-domestic livestock can be used as decoy to protect humans from blood-seeking vectors but this approach often leads to an increased malaria risk in a phenomenon known as zoopotentiation. Treating the said livestock with drugs capable of killing intestinal parasites as well as mosquitoes that feed upon them has the potential to tackle malaria through a previously unexplored mechanism. The advantages and challenges associated with this approach are briefly discussed here. Numerous references are purposely provided. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 5ª 2ª, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, Calle de Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Bosch J, Carrascal LM, Manica A, Garner TWJ. Significant reductions of host abundance weakly impact infection intensity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242913. [PMID: 33253322 PMCID: PMC7703926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are considered major threats to biodiversity, however strategies to mitigate their impacts in the natural world are scarce and largely unsuccessful. Chytridiomycosis is responsible for the decline of hundreds of amphibian species worldwide, but an effective disease management strategy that could be applied across natural habitats is still lacking. In general amphibian larvae can be easily captured, offering opportunities to ascertain the impact of altering the abundance of hosts, considered to be a key parameter affecting the severity of the disease. Here, we report the results of two experiments to investigate how altering host abundance affects infection intensity in amphibian populations of a montane area of Central Spain suffering from lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis. Our laboratory-based experiment supported the conclusion that varying density had a significant effect on infection intensity when salamander larvae were housed at low densities. Our field experiment showed that reducing the abundance of salamander larvae in the field also had a significant, but weak, impact on infection the following year, but only when removals were extreme. While this suggests adjusting host abundance as a mitigation strategy to reduce infection intensity could be useful, our evidence suggests only heavy culling efforts will succeed, which may run contrary to objectives for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bosch
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, Edificio de Investigación, Mieres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Rascafría, Spain
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Harrington LC, Foy BD, Bangs MJ. Considerations for Human Blood-Feeding and Arthropod Exposure in Vector Biology Research: An Essential Tool for Investigations and Disease Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:807-816. [PMID: 32905735 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eventually there may be a broadly acceptable, even perfected, substitute for the human host requirement for direct feeding experiments by arthropods, most notably mosquitoes. However, for now, direct and indirect feeding on human volunteers is an important, if not essential, tool in vector biology research (VBR). This article builds on the foundational publication by Achee et al. (2015) covering considerations for the use of human participants in VBR pursuits. The authors introduced methods involving human participation in VBR, while detailing human-landing collections (catches) as a prime example. Benedict et al. (2018) continued this theme with an overview of human participation and considerations for research that involves release of mosquito vectors into the environment. In this study, we discuss another important aspect of human use in VBR activities: considerations addressing studies that require an arthropod to feed on a live human host. Using mosquito studies as our principal example, in this study, we discuss the tremendous importance and value of this approach to support and allow study of a wide variety of factors and interactions related to our understanding of vector-borne diseases and their control. This includes establishment of laboratory colonies for test populations, characterization of essential nutrients that contribute to mosquito fitness, characterization of blood-feeding (biting) behavior and pathogen transmission, parameterization for modeling transmission dynamics, evaluation of human host attraction and/or agents that repel, and the effectiveness of antivector or parasite therapeutic drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory Fort Collins, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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de Sousa FA, de Morais CR, Vieira JS, Maranho LS, Machado FL, Pereira S, Barbosa LC, Coelho HE, Campos CF, Bonetti AM. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of ivermectin and amoxicillin in vivo systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103196. [PMID: 31152944 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiparasitic substances are chemicals used to control or kill endoparasites and ectoparasites. Based on the premise that Ivermectin (IVM) and Amoxicillin (AMX) are commonly considered in parasitic control in mammals, the present study aimed to evaluate the carcinogenic and genotoxic potential of different concentrations of IVM and AMX through the detection of epithelial tumor test in Drosophila melanogaster. Third-instar larvae descending from the cross between wts/TM3, Sb1 females and mwh/mwh males were treated with different concentrations of IVM (2.9, 5.8, 11.6 and 23.2 x 10-17 mM) or AMX (1.37, 2.74, 5.48 and 10.9 x 10-16mM). The results revealed that IVM increased the frequency of epithelial tumor in D. melanogaster considering all evaluated concentrations, while AMX showed no carcinogenic effect. Furthermore, the Micronucleus (MN) test in Tradescantia pallida was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of IVM and AMX. T. pallida individuals were exposed for 8 hours at different concentrations of IVM (5.71, 11.42, 22.84 and 45.68 x 10-5mM) or AMX (5.13, 10.26, 20.52 and 41.05 x 10-3mM). Findings showed an increase in the frequency of micronuclei in T. pallida treated with 11.42, 22.84 and 45.68 x 10-5mM of IVM. We conclude that chronic exposure to IVM is directly associated with events resulting from genetic instability (genotoxicity and carcinogenicity). On the other hand, AMX was neither carcinogenic nor genotoxic for D. melanogaster and T. pallida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Aparecida de Sousa
- Department of Genetics, University Center of Cerrado Patrocínio, Avenida Líria Terezinha Lassi Capuano, 466, 38747-792, Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cássio Resende de Morais
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, 38900-402, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Soares Vieira
- Department of Cell Biology, Carmelitana Foundation Mário Palmério, 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Sales Maranho
- Department of Genetics, University Center of Cerrado Patrocínio, Avenida Líria Terezinha Lassi Capuano, 466, 38747-792, Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francielli Lara Machado
- Department of Genetics, University Center of Cerrado Patrocínio, Avenida Líria Terezinha Lassi Capuano, 466, 38747-792, Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samanta Pereira
- Department of Genetics, University Center of Cerrado Patrocínio, Avenida Líria Terezinha Lassi Capuano, 466, 38747-792, Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Barbosa
- Department of Genetics, University Center of Cerrado Patrocínio, Avenida Líria Terezinha Lassi Capuano, 466, 38747-792, Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto Eustáquio Coelho
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Uberaba, Avenida Nenê Sabino, 1801 - Bairro Universitário, 38055-500, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Campos
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, 38900-402, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bonetti
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, 38900-402, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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