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Szmolka A, Lancz ZS, Rapcsák F, Egyed L. Emergence and Comparative Genome Analysis of Salmonella Ohio Strains from Brown Rats, Poultry, and Swine in Hungary. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8820. [PMID: 39201506 PMCID: PMC11354295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Rats are particularly important from an epidemiological point of view, because they are regarded as reservoirs for diverse zoonotic pathogens including enteric bacteria. This study is the first to report the emergence of Salmonella serovar Ohio in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and food-producing animals in Hungary. We first reveal the genomic diversity of the strains and their phylogenomic relationships in the context of the international collection of S. Ohio genomes. This pathogen was detected in 4.3% (4/92) of rats, captured from multiple sites in Hungary. A whole-genome-based genotype comparison of S. Ohio, Infantis, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium strains showed that 76.4% (117/153) of the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were conserved among these serovars, and none of the genes were specific to S. Ohio. All S. Ohio strains lacked virulence and resistance plasmids. The cgMLST phylogenomic comparison highlighted a close genetic relationship between rat and poultry strains of S. Ohio from Hungary. These strains clustered together with the international S. Ohio genomes from aquatic environments. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella spp. in brown rats and highlights the importance of monitoring to minimize the public health risk of rodent populations. However, further research is needed to understand the route of infection and evolution of this serovar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Szmolka
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary (L.E.)
| | | | - Fanni Rapcsák
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary (L.E.)
| | - László Egyed
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary (L.E.)
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Azimi T, Nasrollahian S, Sabour S, Hadi N, Azimi L, Fallah F, Pourmand MR. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. in Rattus norvegicus captured from Tehran, Iran. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:377-384. [PMID: 38305237 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aims to determine the presence of Yersinia spp., Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Francisella tularensis and Borrelia spp. in brown rats of Tehran, Iran. Methods: PCR was used to detect various bacteria in 100 brown rats, Also, ELISA was used to detect antibodies against the F. tularensis and Borrelia spp. Results: A total of 16% and 13% of fecal samples were positive for Yersinia spp. and Y. enterocolitica pathogen. ELISA results were negative for F. tularensis and Borrelia. No specific antibodies (IgG) were against these bacteria. Conclusion: According to the results of our analysis, rats are significant transmitters and carriers of a variety of illnesses that can spread to both people and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sina Nasrollahian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 6135715794, Iran
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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Falay D, Hardy L, Bonebe E, Mattheus W, Ngbonda D, Lunguya O, Jacobs J. Intestinal carriage of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella among household members of children with Salmonella bloodstream infection, Kisangani, DR Congo. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241961. [PMID: 37901802 PMCID: PMC10602682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), mainly Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, causes a severe burden in sub-Saharan Africa; however, its reservoir (animal or environmental) is unclear. The present study assessed healthy household members of index patients for intestinal carriage of Salmonella. Methods Index patients were admitted to the University Hospital of Kisangani (DR Congo), and Salmonella was grown from blood cultures. Household members were asked to provide three stool samples for culture for Salmonella. Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates from index patients, and household members were assessed for genetic relatedness using the multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and the multilocus sequence type (ST) was determined by whole genome sequencing. Results Between May 2016 and January 2020, 22 households were visited. The index patient serotypes were Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi, and Paratyphi C; II:42:r:-; and I:7:y:- (n = 8, 7, 5, and each 1, respectively). The median (range) delay between the index patient and household sampling was 25 days (2 days to 7.3 months); 203 household members provided at least one stool sample. In all, 15 (7.3%) Salmonella carriers were found in nine of 22 households. For one index patient, the household comprised S. Typhimurium in four household members, including the index patient, sampled 27 days after bloodstream infection; the MLVA types of these five isolates were similar. They belonged to ST313 lineage 2 and were closely related [0-1 allelic distance (AD) among the stool isolates and eight AD with the blood culture isolate]. In another household, the stool culture of the index patient (obtained 67 days after bloodstream infection) grew S. Enteritidis of the same MLVA type; both isolates belonged to the ST11 Central/Eastern African clade and were closely related (three AD). Discussion The present study provides evidence of household clustering of S. Typhimurium ST313 and intestinal carriage of iNTS several weeks after bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Division of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pedersen L, Houe H, Rattenborg E, Nielsen LR. Semi-Quantitative Biosecurity Assessment Framework Targeting Prevention of the Introduction and Establishment of Salmonella Dublin in Dairy Cattle Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2649. [PMID: 37627440 PMCID: PMC10451256 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing average herd size and complexity in farm structures call for a higher level of biosecurity. It can reduce the risk of introducing and establishing pathogens with multiple-pathway and indirect spread mechanisms, such as Salmonella Dublin, a pathogen with an increasing occurrence in dairy cattle farms across different countries and continents. Therefore, this study aimed to use existing knowledge to develop a framework with a supporting tool allowing for a time-efficient, yet comprehensive, assessment of biosecurity measures that can help prevent the introduction and establishment of S. Dublin in dairy herds. Based on the literature review, a seven-step biosecurity assessment framework was developed and evaluated in collaboration with biosecurity experts. The resulting framework includes a weighted semi-quantitative assessment method with a scoring guide in an electronic supporting tool for 12 biosecurity sections assessed through on-farm observations and farmer interviews. The framework and tool provide a novel approach to comprehensively assess the overall (mainly external) on-farm biosecurity level by a trained biosecurity assessor. They can be used for systematic data collection in epidemiological studies on risk factors for the introduction and establishment of S. Dublin in dairy farms. Preliminary interrater reliability testing indicated moderate reliability between assessors with varying biosecurity skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
- SEGES Innovation P/S, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Hans Houe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
| | | | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
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Chirwa EB, Dale H, Gordon MA, Ashton PM. What is the Source of Infections Causing Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease? Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad086. [PMID: 36910696 PMCID: PMC10004642 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a clinical condition distinct from Salmonella gastroenteritis. With an overall case-fatality rate of 14.5%, iNTS remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the sources of infections that lead to cases of iNTS remain unclear. Broadly, there are 2 hypotheses as to the source of infections: (i) transmission from a zoonotic reservoir, similar to other nontyphoidal salmonelloses; or (ii) person-to-person transmission. Here we review several recent studies that have asked, "What is the source of infections causing invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease?" Two studies reported isolates in the stool of household members of iNTS cases that were very closely related (<3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) to the iNTS case isolates; this is consistent with the hypothesis of person-to-person transmission, but infection from a common source (eg, a foodstuff) cannot be excluded. On the other hand, thorough investigations of the domestic environment of iNTS cases and the food pathway found only a single iNTS-associated Salmonella Enteritidis isolate. Therefore, we recommend that future studies test the hypothesis that iNTS is transmitted between people within the domestic environment. Further studies of food and water pathways are also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeda B Chirwa
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Helen Dale
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Philip M Ashton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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