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Admasie A, Wei X, Johnson B, Burns L, Pawar P, Aurand-Cravens A, Voloshchuk O, Dudley EG, Sisay Tessema T, Zewdu A, Kovac J. Genomic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from the Ethiopian dairy supply chain. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305581. [PMID: 39159178 PMCID: PMC11332940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have previously been linked to dairy foods. While the genetic diversity of Campylobacter is well understood in high-income countries, it is largely unknown in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia. This study therefore aimed to conduct the first genomic characterization of Campylobacter isolates from the Ethiopian dairy supply chain to aid in future epidemiological studies. Fourteen C. jejuni and four C. coli isolates were whole genome sequenced using an Illumina platform. Sequences were analyzed using the bioinformatics tools in the GalaxyTrakr platform to identify MLST types, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and infer phylogenetic relationships among the studied isolates. Assembled genomes were further screened to detect antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene sequences. Among 14 C. jejuni, ST 2084 and ST 51, which belong to the clonal complexes ST-353 and ST-443, respectively, were identified. Among the 4 sequenced C. coli isolates, two isolates belonged to ST 1628 and two to ST 830 from the clonal complex ST-828. The isolates of C. jejuni ST 2084 and ST 51 carried β-lactam resistance gene blaOXA-605, a fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutation T86I in the gryA gene, and a macrolide resistance-associated mutation A103V in 50S L22. Only ST 2084 isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tetO. Conversely, all four C. coli ST 830 and ST 1628 isolates carried tetO, but only ST 1628 isolates also carried blaOXA-605. Lastly, C. jejuni ST 2084 isolates carried a total of 89 virulence genes, and ST 51 isolates carried up to 88 virulence genes. Among C. coli, ST 830 isolates carried 71 genes involved in virulence, whereas two ST 1628 isolates carried up to 82 genes involved in virulence. Isolates from all identified STs have previously been isolated from human clinical cases, demonstrating a potential food safety concern. This finding warrants further monitoring of Campylobacter in dairy foods in Ethiopia to better understand and manage the risks associated with Campylobacter contamination and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abera Admasie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Beth Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Services, Kentucky Department of Public Health, Frankfort, KY, United States of America
| | - Logan Burns
- Division of Laboratory Services, Kentucky Department of Public Health, Frankfort, KY, United States of America
| | - Preeti Pawar
- Division of Laboratory Services, Kentucky Department of Public Health, Frankfort, KY, United States of America
| | - Ashley Aurand-Cravens
- Division of Laboratory Services, Kentucky Department of Public Health, Frankfort, KY, United States of America
| | - Olena Voloshchuk
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Dudley
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Ashagrie Zewdu
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Akase S, Obata H, Okada W, Saiki D, Konishi N, Yokoyama K, Sadamasu K. A Case of Food Poisoning Caused by Campylobacter jejuni due to Ingestion of Undercooked Chicken Meal with Subsequent Development of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024:JJID.2024.108. [PMID: 38945857 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2024.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major bacteria that causes diarrhea in humans. It has been associated with many cases of food poisoning in Japan caused by eating raw or undercooked chicken meat, chicken liver, and grilled chicken (Yakitori). Campylobacter jejuni is also known as the preceding infection pathogen of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which causes considerable health impact on humans. In January 2022, in a case of C. jejuni food poisoning that occurred at a restaurant in Tokyo, one of four patients with diarrhea developed GBS. The poisoning is presumed to have been caused by undercooked chicken dishes. Recently, it was one of the common cases in Japan. Moreover, C. jejuni isolates from three patients, including the patient with GBS, had the same genotype (ST22, HS19, and LOS A). This genotype was frequently detected from patients with GBS in our past surveys. Our findings confirmed that the patient developed GBS via food poisoning after consuming undercooked chicken dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akase
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Hiromi Obata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Wakaba Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Dai Saiki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
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3
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Soto-Beltrá N M, Lee BG, Amézquita-López BA, Quiñones B. Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:307-323. [PMID: 35168460 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2029366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are responsible for human gastroenteritis with diverse clinical spectra, ranging from acute watery or bloody diarrhea to life-threatening autoimmune disorders. Given the importance of Campylobacter in causing human illness, this article has reviewed the transmission and attribution sources as well as methodologies for the detection and virulence characterization of campylobacteria. The recovery and detection of Campylobacter from clinical, food and environmental samples has been achieved by the combinatorial use of selective enrichment and culturing methods. Biochemical, immunological, and nucleic acid-based methodologies have enabled the detection and differentiation of closely related Campylobacter isolates in foodborne outbreak investigations and have assessed the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these bacterial pathogens. Analyses of motility, adherence, and invasiveness in host cells have assessed the pathogenic potential of campylobacteria. Further examination of determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter have supported the growing need to closely monitor antimicrobials use in clinical and agricultural sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Soto-Beltrá N
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | - Bertram G Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
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Yoshida-Takashima Y, Takaki Y, Yoshida M, Zhang Y, Nunoura T, Takai K. Genomic insights into phage-host interaction in the deep-sea chemolithoautotrophic Campylobacterota, Nitratiruptor. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:108. [PMID: 37938718 PMCID: PMC9723563 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nitratiruptor represents one of the most numerically abundant chemolithoautotrophic Campylobacterota populations in the mixing zones of habitats between hydrothermal fluids and ambient seawater in deep-sea hydrothermal environments. We isolated and characterized four novel temperate phages (NrS-2, NrS-3, NrS-4, and NrS-5) having a siphoviral morphology, infecting Nitratiruptor strains from the Hatoma Knoll hydrothermal field in the southern-Okinawa Trough, Japan, and conducted comparative genomic analyses among Nitratiruptor strains and their phages. The Nitratiruptor temperate phages shared many potential core genes (e.g., integrase, Cro, two structural proteins, lysozyme, and MazG) with each other despite their diverse morphological and genetic features. Some homologs of coding sequences (CDSs) of the temperate phages were dispersed throughout the non-prophage regions of the Nitratiruptor genomes. In addition, several regions of the phage genome sequences matched to spacer sequences within clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in Nitratiruptor genomes. Moreover, a restriction-modification system found in a temperate phage affected an epigenetic feature of its host. These results strongly suggested a coevolution of temperate phages and their host genomes via the acquisition of temperate phages, the CRISPR systems, the nucleotide substitution, and the epigenetic regulation during multiple phage infections in the deep-sea environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yoshida-Takashima
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshida
- Deep-Sea Bioresource Research Group, Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yi Zhang
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Deep-Sea Bioresource Research Group, Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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Akase S, Yokoyama K, Obata H, Monma C, Konishi N, Hatakeyama K, Saiki D, Maeda M, Asayama C, Suzuki J, Sadamasu K. Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and Lipooligosaccharide Class Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni HS:19 Isolated in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:199-201. [PMID: 34470968 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen causing enteritis in humans and is also known as an antecedent infectious factor for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The onset of GBS after C. jejuni infection results from molecular mimicry between human neuronal ganglioside and C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS). C. jejuni HS:19 has been previously reported to be isolated from GBS cases more frequently than other serotypes in Japan. Therefore, in this study, we performed molecular analysis of 88 HS:19 isolates from GBS cases, sporadic diarrheal patients, and poultry meats using multi-locus sequence typing and LOS class analysis. As a result, 87 of the 88 HS:19 isolates were typed as ST22 / CC22 and LOS class A1, while one was typed as ST1947 / CC22 and LOS class A1. Furthermore, the analysis of other 331 isolates from sporadic enteritis cases shows that only 34 (10.3%) were typed as LOS class A, including HS:19 (25 isolates), HS:2 (8 isolates), and HS:4c (1 isolate). In conclusion, C. jejuni HS:19 had high clonality, regardless of its origin, over other capsule types in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akase
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Hiromi Obata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Chie Monma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Dai Saiki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Masako Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Chikako Asayama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan
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6
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Accessory genetic content in Campylobacter jejuni ST21CC isolates from feces and blood. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:233-240. [PMID: 28408091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen and the most commonly reported bacterial cause of gastroenteritis. C. jejuni is occasionally found in blood, although mechanisms important for invasiveness have remained unclear. C. jejuni is divided into many different lineages, of which the ST21 clonal complex (CC) is widely distributed. Here, we performed comparative genomic and in vitro analyses on 17C. jejuni ST21CC strains derived from human blood and feces in order to identify features associated with isolation site. The ST21CC lineage is divided into two large groups; centered around ST-21 and ST-50. Our clinical strains, typed as ST-50, showed further microevolution into two distinct clusters. These clusters were distinguished by major differences in their capsule loci and the distribution of accessory genetic content, including C. jejuni integrated elements (CJIEs) and plasmids. Accessory genetic content was more common among fecal than blood strains, whereas blood strains contained a hybrid capsule locus which partially consisted of C. jejuni subsp. doylei-like content. In vitro infection assays with human colon cell lines did not show significant differences in adherence and invasion between the blood and fecal strains. Our results showed that CJIEs and plasmid derived genetic material were less common among blood isolates than fecal isolates; in contrast, hybrid capsule loci, especially those containing C. jejuni subsp. doylei-like gene content, were found among many isolates derived from blood. The role of these findings requires more detailed investigation.
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7
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Complete Genome Sequence of UV-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni RM3194, Including an 81.08-Kilobase Plasmid. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00305-16. [PMID: 27125483 PMCID: PMC4850854 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00305-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni strain RM3194 was originally isolated from a human with enteritis and contains a novel 81,079-bp plasmid. RM3194 has exhibited superior survival compared to other Campylobacter jejuni strains when challenged with UV light. The chromosome of RM3194 was determined to be 1,651,183 bp, with a G+C content of 30.5%.
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8
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Complete Genome Sequences of Campylobacter jejuni Strains RM3196 (233.94) and RM3197 (308.95) Isolated from Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/6/e01312-15. [PMID: 26543130 PMCID: PMC4645215 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01312-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni are a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and the most prevalent infection preceding Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). This study describes the genomes of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni HS:41 strains RM3196 (233.94) and RM3197 (308.95) that were isolated from patients with GBS in Cape Town, South Africa.
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Heikema AP, Islam Z, Horst-Kreft D, Huizinga R, Jacobs BC, Wagenaar JA, Poly F, Guerry P, van Belkum A, Parker CT, Endtz HP. Campylobacter jejuni capsular genotypes are related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:852.e1-9. [PMID: 26070960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In about one in a thousand cases, a Campylobacter jejuni infection results in the severe polyneuropathy Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). It is established that sialylated lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) of C. jejuni are a crucial virulence factor in GBS development. Frequent detection of C. jejuni with sialylated LOS in stools derived from patients with uncomplicated enteritis implies that additional bacterial factors should be involved. To assess whether the polysaccharide capsule is a marker for GBS, the capsular genotypes of two geographically distinct GBS-associated C. jejuni strain collections and an uncomplicated enteritis control collection were determined. Capsular genotyping of C. jejuni strains from the Netherlands revealed that three capsular genotypes, HS1/44c, HS2 and HS4c, were dominant in GBS-associated strains and capsular types HS1/44c and HS4c were significantly associated with GBS (p 0.05 and p 0.01, respectively) when compared with uncomplicated enteritis. In a GBS-associated strain collection from Bangladesh, capsular types HS23/36c, HS19 and HS41 were most prevalent and the capsular types HS19 and HS41 were associated with GBS (p 0.008 and p 0.02, respectively). Next, specific combinations of the LOS class and capsular genotypes were identified that were related to the occurrence of GBS. Multilocus sequence typing revealed restricted genetic diversity for strain populations with the capsular types HS2, HS19 and HS41. We conclude that capsular types HS1/44c, HS2, HS4c, HS19, HS23/36c and HS41 are markers for GBS. Besides a crucial role for sialylated LOS of C. jejuni in GBS pathogenesis, the identified capsules may contribute to GBS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Heikema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Z Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D Horst-Kreft
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Huizinga
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - F Poly
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P Guerry
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A van Belkum
- bioMérieux, R&D Microbiology, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - C T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - H P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
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10
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Revez J, Llarena AK, Schott T, Kuusi M, Hakkinen M, Kivistö R, Hänninen ML, Rossi M. Genome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from a waterborne outbreak. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:768. [PMID: 25196593 PMCID: PMC4168118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterborne Campylobacter jejuni outbreaks are common in the Nordic countries, and PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) remains the genotyping method of choice in outbreak investigations. However, PFGE cannot assess the clonal relationship between isolates, leading to difficulties in molecular epidemiological investigations. Here, we explored the applicability of whole genome sequencing to outbreak investigation by re-analysing three C. jejuni strains (one isolated from water and two from patients) from an earlier resolved Finnish waterborne outbreak from the year 2000. RESULTS One of the patient strains had the same PFGE profile, as well as an identical overall gene synteny and three polymorphisms in comparison with the water strain. However, the other patient isolate, which showed only minor differences in the PFGE pattern relative to the water strain, harboured several polymorphisms as well as rearrangements in the integrated element CJIE2. We reconstructed the genealogy of these strains with ClonalFrame including in the analysis four C. jejuni isolated from chicken in 2012 having the same PFGE profile and sequence type as the outbreak strains. The three outbreak strains exhibited a paraphyletic relationship, implying that the drinking water from 2000 was probably contaminated with at least two different, but related, C. jejuni strains. CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasize the capability of whole genome sequencing to unambiguously resolve the clonal relationship between isolates of C. jejuni in an outbreak situation and evaluate the diversity of the C. jejuni population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Revez
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Thomas Schott
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- />Biology Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Markku Kuusi
- />National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- />Research Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Mirko Rossi
- />Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
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11
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Zhou Y, Bu L, Guo M, Zhou C, Wang Y, Chen L, Liu J. Comprehensive genomic characterization of campylobacter genus reveals some underlying mechanisms for its genomic diversification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70241. [PMID: 23940551 PMCID: PMC3734277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species.are phenotypically diverse in many aspects including host habitats and pathogenicities, which demands comprehensive characterization of the entire Campylobacter genus to study their underlying genetic diversification. Up to now, 34 Campylobacter strains have been sequenced and published in public databases, providing good opportunity to systemically analyze their genomic diversities. In this study, we first conducted genomic characterization, which includes genome-wide alignments, pan-genome analysis, and phylogenetic identification, to depict the genetic diversity of Campylobacter genus. Afterward, we improved the tetranucleotide usage pattern-based naïve Bayesian classifier to identify the abnormal composition fragments (ACFs, fragments with significantly different tetranucleotide frequency profiles from its genomic tetranucleotide frequency profiles) including horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) to explore the mechanisms for the genetic diversity of this organism. Finally, we analyzed the HGTs transferred via bacteriophage transductions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use single nucleotide polymorphism information to construct liable microevolution phylogeny of 21 Campylobacter jejuni strains. Combined with the phylogeny of all the collected Campylobacter species based on genome-wide core gene information, comprehensive phylogenetic inference of all 34 Campylobacter organisms was determined. It was found that C. jejuni harbors a high fraction of ACFs possibly through intraspecies recombination, whereas other Campylobacter members possess numerous ACFs possibly via intragenus recombination. Furthermore, some Campylobacter strains have undergone significant ancient viral integration during their evolution process. The improved method is a powerful tool for bacterial genomic analysis. Moreover, the findings would provide useful information for future research on Campylobacter genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijing Bu
- Biology Department of University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Min Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengran Zhou
- Department of Biology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (JL)
| | - Jie Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (JL)
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12
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Pittenger LG, Frye JG, McNerney V, Reeves J, Haro J, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA, Englen MD. Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni whole-genome DNA microarrays: significance of prophage and hypervariable regions for discriminating isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:473-9. [PMID: 22506962 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in humans, and improving our understanding of the epidemiology of this organism is essential. The objective of this study was to identify the genes that discriminate isolates of C. jejuni by analysis with whole-genome DNA microarrays. Statistical analyses of whole-genome data from 95 geographically diverse cattle, chicken, and human C. jejuni isolates identified 142 most significant variable genes. Of this total, 125 (88%) belonged to genomic prophage and hypervariable regions. The significance of genomic prophage and hypervariable regions in determining C. jejuni isolate genomic diversity is emphasized by these results. These genes will be useful as biomarkers and components of genotyping systems for C. jejuni to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics of this major foodborne pathogen.
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Sheppard SK, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ. A Gene-By-Gene Approach to Bacterial Population Genomics: Whole Genome MLST of Campylobacter. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:261-77. [PMID: 24704917 PMCID: PMC3902793 DOI: 10.3390/genes3020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis remains a major human public health problem world-wide. Genetic analyses of Campylobacter isolates, and particularly molecular epidemiology, have been central to the study of this disease, particularly the characterization of Campylobacter genotypes isolated from human infection, farm animals, and retail food. These studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter populations are highly structured, with distinct genotypes associated with particular wild or domestic animal sources, and that chicken meat is the most likely source of most human infection in countries such as the UK. The availability of multiple whole genome sequences from Campylobacter isolates presents the prospect of identifying those genes or allelic variants responsible for host-association and increased human disease risk, but the diversity of Campylobacter genomes present challenges for such analyses. We present a gene-by-gene approach for investigating the genetic basis of phenotypes in diverse bacteria such as Campylobacter, implemented with the BIGSDB software on the pubMLST.org/campylobacter website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Zoology, The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
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14
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Development and validation of a comparative genomic fingerprinting method for high-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:788-97. [PMID: 22170908 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00669-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The need for molecular subtyping methods with enhanced discrimination in the context of surveillance- and outbreak-based epidemiologic investigations of Campylobacter spp. is critical to our understanding of sources and routes of transmission and the development of mitigation strategies to reduce the incidence of campylobacteriosis. We describe the development and validation of a rapid and high-resolution comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF) method for C. jejuni. A total of 412 isolates from agricultural, environmental, retail, and human clinical sources obtained from the Canadian national integrated enteric pathogen surveillance program (C-EnterNet) were analyzed using a 40-gene assay (CGF40) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The significantly higher Simpson's index of diversity (ID) obtained with CGF40 (ID = 0.994) suggests that it has a higher discriminatory power than MLST at both the level of clonal complex (ID = 0.873) and sequence type (ID = 0.935). High Wallace coefficients obtained when CGF40 was used as the primary typing method suggest that CGF and MLST are highly concordant, and we show that isolates with identical MLST profiles are comprised of isolates with distinct but highly similar CGF profiles. The high concordance with MLST coupled with the ability to discriminate between closely related isolates suggests that CFG40 is useful in differentiating highly prevalent sequence types, such as ST21 and ST45. CGF40 is a high-resolution comparative genomics-based method for C. jejuni subtyping with high discriminatory power that is also rapid, low cost, and easily deployable for routine epidemiologic surveillance and outbreak investigations.
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15
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Clark CG. Sequencing of CJIE1 prophages from Campylobacter jejuni isolates reveals the presence of inserted and (or) deleted genes. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:795-808. [PMID: 21939376 DOI: 10.1139/w11-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages capable of integrating into host bacterial genomes as prophages affect the biology and virulence of their bacterial hosts. Previously, partial sequencing of 12 prophages similar to CJIE1 from Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 did not show the presence of inserted nonphage genes. Therefore, four of these prophages were sequenced completely, and indels were found in at least two different regions of the prophage genome. Putative proteins from one indel appeared to be members of two new families of proteins, with proteins within each family related to each other by a common domain. Further heterogeneity was found adjacent to the CJE0270 homolog, creating difficulty locating the end of the prophage on this side and in determining the composition of the core prophage. These prophages appear to comprise a family that has heterogeneity in gene content resulting from insertion or deletion of additional genes at three locations in their genomes. In addition, members of the CJIE1 phage family may differ somewhat in their biology from phage Mu. Further investigations of these Campylobacter prophages can be expected to provide interesting insights into the biology of the phages themselves and into the role of these phages in the biology of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G Clark
- Enterics Research Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Canada.
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16
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Expanded multilocus sequence typing and comparative genomic hybridization of Campylobacter coli isolates from multiple hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1913-25. [PMID: 20097815 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01753-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the evolutionary history of Campylobacter coli isolates derived from multiple host sources and to use microarray comparative genomic hybridization to assess whether there are particular genes comprising the dispensable portion of the genome that are more commonly associated with certain host species. Genotyping and ClonalFrame analyses of an expanded 16-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data set involving 85 isolates from 4 different hosts species tentatively supported the development of C. coli host-preferred groups and suggested that recombination has played various roles in their diversification; however, geography could not be excluded as a contributing factor underlying the history of some of the groups. Population genetic analyses of the C. coli pubMLST database by use of STRUCTURE suggested that isolates from swine form a relatively homogeneous genetic group, that chicken and human isolates show considerable genetic overlap, that isolates from ducks and wild birds have similarity with environmental water samples and that turkey isolates have a connection with human infection similar to that observed for chickens. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed on these same data and suggested that host species was a significant factor in explaining genetic variation and that macrogeography (North America, Europe, and the United Kingdom) was not. The microarray comparative genomic hybridization data suggested that there were combinations of genes more commonly associated with isolates derived from particular hosts and, combined with the results on evolutionary history, suggest that this is due to a combination of common ancestry in some cases and lateral gene transfer in others.
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17
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Healy B, Huynh S, Mullane N, O'Brien S, Iversen C, Lehner A, Stephan R, Parker C, Fanning S. Microarray-based comparative genomic indexing of the Cronobacter genus (Enterobacter sakazakii). Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 136:159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Binary genomotyping using lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes distinguishes between Campylobacter jejuni isolates within poultry-associated multilocus sequence types. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:992-1003. [PMID: 19883521 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809991075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis throughout the industrialized world. We investigated whether or not differences in gene complement at the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus can identify epidemiologically useful binary genomotypes in 87 C. jejuni isolates from poultry-associated multilocus sequence types (STs) collected during the course of a sentinel surveillance study. Using a PCR-based approach, we correlated assignment of both isolate LOS locus class and binary genomotype with ST. We found that isolates within STs 45, 190, 354 and 474 displayed mosaicism in gene complement at the intra-ST level. For example, based upon their binary genomotypes, we assigned individual ST-45 isolates from human clinical cases as probably originating from either a poultry or wild-bird source. However, intra-ST mosaicism in gene complement was observed alongside broader patterns of congruence in LOS locus class and gene complement that distinguished between isolates from different STs.
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19
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Crucial role for insertion sequence elements in Lactobacillus helveticus evolution as revealed by interstrain genomic comparison. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:212-20. [PMID: 19880644 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01845-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus helveticus is a versatile dairy bacterium found to possess heterogeneous genotypes depending on the ecosystem from which it was isolated. The recently published genome sequence showed the remarkable flexibility of its structure, demonstrated by a substantial level of insertion sequence (IS) element expansion in association with massive gene decay. To assess this diversity and examine the level of genome plasticity within the L. helveticus species, an array-based comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) experiment was designed in which 10 strains were analyzed. The aCGH experiment revealed 16 clusters of open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by IS elements. Four of these ORFs are associated with restriction/modification which may have played a role in accelerated evolution of strains in a commercially intensive ecosystem undoubtedly challenged through successive phage attack. Furthermore, analysis of the IS-flanked clusters demonstrated that the most frequently encountered ISs were also those most abundant in the genome (IS1201, ISL2, ISLhe1, ISLhe2, ISLhe65, and ISLhe63). These findings contribute to the overall viewpoint of the versatile character of IS elements and the role they may play in bacterial genome plasticity.
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20
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Islam Z, van Belkum A, Wagenaar JA, Cody AJ, de Boer AG, Tabor H, Jacobs BC, Talukder KA, Endtz HP. Comparative genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7257. [PMID: 19789649 PMCID: PMC2748714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis and is associated with post-infectious neuropathies such as the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). We here present comparative genotyping of 49 C. jejuni strains from Bangladesh that were recovered from patients with enteritis or GBS. All strains were serotyped and analyzed by lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) genotyping, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C. jejuni HS:23 was a predominant serotype among GBS patients (50%), and no specific serotype was significantly associated with GBS compared to enteritis. PCR screening showed that 38/49 (78%) of strains could be assigned to LOS classes A, B, C, or E. The class A locus (4/7 vs 3/39; p<0.01) was significantly associated in the GBS-related strains as compared to enteritis strains. All GBS/oculomotor related strains contained the class B locus; which was also detected in 46% of control strains. Overlapping clonal groups were defined by MLST, AFLP and PFGE for strains from patients with gastroenteritis and GBS. MLST defined 22 sequence types (STs) and 7 clonal complexes including 7 STs not previously identified (ST-3742, ST-3741, ST-3743, ST-3748, ST-3968, ST-3969 and ST-3970). C. jejuni HS:23 strains from patients with GBS or enteritis were clonal and all strains belonged to ST-403 complex. Concordance between LOS class B and ST-403 complex was revealed. AFLP defined 25 different types at 90% similarity. The predominant AFLP type AF-20 coincided with the C. jejuni HS:23 and ST-403 complex. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE LOS genotyping, MLST, AFLP and PFGE helped to identify the HS:23 strains from GBS or enteritis patients as clonal. Overall, genotypes exclusive for enteritis or for GBS-related strains were not obtained although LOS class A was significantly associated with GBS strains. Particularly, the presence of a clonal and putative neuropathogenic C. jejuni HS:23 serotype may contribute to the high prevalence of C. jejuni related GBS in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhahirul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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21
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Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK, Łaniewski P, Wyszyńska A. Update on Campylobacter jejuni vaccine development for preventing human campylobacteriosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:625-45. [PMID: 19397419 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis constitutes a serious medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. Rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains compels us to develop alternative therapeutic strategies and to search for efficient immunoprophylactic methods. The vast majority of Campylobacter infections in developed countries occur as sporadic cases, mainly caused by eating undercooked Campylobacter-contaminated poultry. The most efficient strategy of decreasing the number of human Campylobacter infections is by implementing protective vaccinations for humans and/or chickens. Despite more than 10 years of research, an effective anti-Campylobacter vaccine has not been developed. This review highlights our increasing knowledge of Campylobacter interaction with host cells and focuses on recently published data describing the efficacy of anti-Campylobacter vaccine prototypes.
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Pittenger LG, Englen MD, Parker CT, Frye JG, Quiñones B, Horn ST, Son I, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA. GenotypingCampylobacter jejuniby Comparative Genome Indexing: An Evaluation with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis andflaASVR Sequencing. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:337-49. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Pittenger
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mark D. Englen
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Sharon T. Horn
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Insook Son
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mark A. Harrison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Thakur S, White DG, McDermott PF, Zhao S, Kroft B, Gebreyes W, Abbott J, Cullen P, English L, Carter P, Harbottle H. Genotyping of Campylobacter coli isolated from humans and retail meats using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1722-33. [PMID: 19226383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antimicrobial resistant profiles and clonality of Campylobacter coli isolated from clinically ill humans and retail meats. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 98 C. coli isolates (20 from humans and 78 from retail meats) were phenotypically characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using agar dilution method for ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin and doxycycline. Seventy C. coli isolates including humans (n = 20) and retail meats (n = 50) were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found in 29% and 15% of isolates from retail meats and humans. We observed 61 PFGE profiles using two enzymes (SmaI, KpnI) with an Index of discrimination of 0.99, whereas MLST generated 37 sequence types. Two clonal complexes were identified with 58 (82%) C. coli isolates clustered in the ST-828 complex. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was identified in C. coli obtained from retail meats and ill humans. PFGE typing of C. coli isolates was more discriminatory than MLST. Grouping of C. coli isolates (82%) by MLST in ST-828 clonal complex indicates a common ancestry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A high frequency of resistance found to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin is concerning from food safety perspective. PFGE using single or double restriction enzymes was found to be more discriminatory than MLST for genotyping C. coli. Overall, the C. coli populations recovered from humans and retail meats were genotypically diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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