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Huang S, Riley AL. Drug discrimination learning: Interoceptive stimulus control of behavior and its implications for regulated and dysregulated drug intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 244:173848. [PMID: 39137873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug discrimination research has generated rich evidence for the capacity of interoceptive drug stimuli to control behavior by serving as discriminative cues. Owing to its neuropharmacological specificity, drug discrimination learning has been widely used to characterize the stimulus effects and neuropharmacological underpinning of drugs. Apart from such utility, discriminative drug stimuli may help regulate drug use by disambiguating conditioned associations and post-intake outcomes. First, this review summarizes the evidence supporting interoceptive regulation of drug intake from the literature of exteroceptive discriminative control of drug-related behavior, effects of drug priming, and self-titration of drug intake. Second, an overview of interoceptive control of reward-seeking and the animal model of discriminated goal-tracking is provided to illustrate interoceptive stimulus control of the initiation and patterning of drug intake. Third, we highlight the importance of interoceptive control of aversion-avoidance in the termination of drug-use episodes and describe the animal model of discriminated taste avoidance that supports such a position. In bridging these discriminative functions of drug stimuli, we propose that interoceptive drug stimuli help regulate intake by disambiguating whether intake will be rewarding, nonrewarding, or aversive. The reflection and discussion on current theoretical formulations of interoceptive control of drug intake may further scientific advances to improve animal models to study the mechanisms by which interoceptive stimuli regulate drug intake, as well as how alterations of interoceptive processes may contribute to the transition to dysregulated drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Huang
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Lenoir M, Engeln M, Navailles S, Girardeau P, Ahmed SH. A large-scale c-Fos brain mapping study on extinction of cocaine-primed reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1459-1467. [PMID: 38664549 PMCID: PMC11251268 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with cocaine addiction can experience many craving episodes and subsequent relapses, which represents the main obstacle to recovery. Craving is often favored when abstinent individuals ingest a small dose of cocaine, encounter cues associated with drug use or are exposed to stressors. Using a cocaine-primed reinstatement model in rat, we recently showed that cocaine-conditioned interoceptive cues can be extinguished with repeated cocaine priming in the absence of drug reinforcement, a phenomenon we called extinction of cocaine priming. Here, we applied a large-scale c-Fos brain mapping approach following extinction of cocaine priming in male rats to identify brain regions implicated in processing the conditioned interoceptive stimuli of cocaine priming. We found that cocaine-primed reinstatement is associated with increased c-Fos expression in key brain regions (e.g., dorsal and ventral striatum, several prefrontal areas and insular cortex), while its extinction mostly disengages them. Moreover, while reinstatement behavior was correlated with insular and accumbal activation, extinction of cocaine priming implicated parts of the ventral pallidum, the mediodorsal thalamus and the median raphe. These brain patterns of activation and inhibition suggest that after repeated priming, interoceptive signals lose their conditioned discriminative properties and that action-outcome associations systems are mobilized in search for new contingencies, a brain state that may predispose to rapid relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Lenoir
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Paul Girardeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Peart DR, Nolan CJ, Stone AP, Williams MA, Karlovcec JM, Murray JE. Disruption of positive- and negative-feature morphine interoceptive occasion setters by dopamine receptor agonism and antagonism in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1597-1615. [PMID: 38580732 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Internally perceived stimuli evoked by morphine administration can form Pavlovian associations such that they can function as occasion setters (OSs) for externally perceived reward cues in rats, coming to modulate reward-seeking behaviour. Though much research has investigated mechanisms underlying opioid-related reinforcement and analgesia, neurotransmitter systems involved in the functioning of opioids as Pavlovian interoceptive discriminative stimuli remain to be disentangled despite documented differences in the development of tolerance to analgesic versus discriminative stimulus effects. OBJECTIVES Dopamine has been implicated in many opioid-related behaviours, so we aimed to investigate the role of this neurotransmitter in expression of morphine occasion setting. METHODS Male and female rats were assigned to positive- (FP) or negative-feature (FN) groups and received an injection of morphine or saline before each training session. A 15-s white noise conditioned stimulus (CS) was presented 8 times during every training session; offset of this stimulus was followed by 4-s access to liquid sucrose on morphine, but not saline, sessions for FP rats. FN rats learned the reverse contingency. Following stable discrimination, rats began generalization testing for expression of morphine-guided sucrose seeking after systemic pretreatment with different doses of the non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist, flupenthixol, and the non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, combined with training doses of morphine or saline in a Latin-square design. RESULTS The morphine discrimination was acquired under both FP and FN contingencies by males and females. Neither flupenthixol nor apomorphine at any dose substituted for morphine, but both apomorphine and flupenthixol disrupted expression of the morphine OS. This inhibition was specific to sucrose seeking during CS presentations rather than during the period before CS onset and, in the case of apomorphine more so than flupenthixol, to trials on which access to sucrose was anticipated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings lend support to a mechanism of occasion setting involving gating of CS-induced dopamine release rather than by direct dopaminergic modulation by the morphine stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin R Peart
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caitlin J Nolan
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adiia P Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mckenna A Williams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M Karlovcec
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Peart DR, Claridge EV, Karlovcec JM, El Azali R, LaDouceur KE, Sikic A, Thomas A, Stone AP, Murray JE. Generalization of a positive-feature interoceptive morphine occasion setter across the rat estrous cycle. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105541. [PMID: 38583235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interoceptive stimuli elicited by drug administration acquire conditioned modulatory properties of the induction of conditioned appetitive behaviours by exteroceptive cues. This effect may be modeled using a drug discrimination task in which the drug stimulus is trained as a positive-feature (FP) occasion setter (OS) that disambiguates the relation between an exteroceptive light conditioned stimulus (CS) and a sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US). We previously reported that females are less sensitive to generalization of a FP morphine OS than males, so we investigated the role of endogenous ovarian hormones in this difference. METHODS Male and female rats received intermixed injections of 3.2 mg/kg morphine or saline before each daily training session. Training consisted of 8 presentations of the CS, each followed by access to sucrose on morphine, but not saline sessions. Following acquisiton, rats were tested for generalization of the morphine stimulus to 0, 1.0, 3.2, and 5.4 mg/kg morphine. Female rats were monitored for estrous cyclicity using vaginal cytology throughout the study. RESULTS Both sexes acquired stable drug discrimination. A gradient of generalization was measured across morphine doses and this behaviour did not differ by sex, nor did it differ across the estrous cycle in females. CONCLUSIONS Morphine generalization is independent of fluctuations in levels of sex and endogenous gonadal hormones in females under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin R Peart
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ella V Claridge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M Karlovcec
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rita El Azali
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen E LaDouceur
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anita Sikic
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Abina Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adiia P Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Schoeller F, Horowitz AH, Jain A, Maes P, Reggente N, Christov-Moore L, Pezzulo G, Barca L, Allen M, Salomon R, Miller M, Di Lernia D, Riva G, Tsakiris M, Chalah MA, Klein A, Zhang B, Garcia T, Pollack U, Trousselard M, Verdonk C, Dumas G, Adrien V, Friston K. Interoceptive technologies for psychiatric interventions: From diagnosis to clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105478. [PMID: 38007168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Interoception-the perception of internal bodily signals-has emerged as an area of interest due to its implications in emotion and the prevalence of dysfunctional interoceptive processes across psychopathological conditions. Despite the importance of interoception in cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry, its experimental manipulation remains technically challenging. This is due to the invasive nature of existing methods, the limitation of self-report and unimodal measures of interoception, and the absence of standardized approaches across disparate fields. This article integrates diverse research efforts from psychology, physiology, psychiatry, and engineering to address this oversight. Following a general introduction to the neurophysiology of interoception as hierarchical predictive processing, we review the existing paradigms for manipulating interoception (e.g., interoceptive modulation), their underlying mechanisms (e.g., interoceptive conditioning), and clinical applications (e.g., interoceptive exposure). We suggest a classification for interoceptive technologies and discuss their potential for diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. Despite promising results, considerable work is still needed to develop standardized, validated measures of interoceptive function across domains and before these technologies can translate safely and effectively to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schoeller
- Fluid Interfaces Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Department Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Adam Haar Horowitz
- Fluid Interfaces Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Abhinandan Jain
- Fluid Interfaces Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Pattie Maes
- Fluid Interfaces Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Nicco Reggente
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Barca
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Micah Allen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; Cambridge Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Roy Salomon
- Department Cognitive Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Mark Miller
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Daniele Di Lernia
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy; Applied Technology for Neuro- Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy; Applied Technology for Neuro- Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Moussa A Chalah
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Arno Klein
- Child Mind Institute, New York City, USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Garcia
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Pollack
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Charles Verdonk
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place Général Valérie André, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | - Vladimir Adrien
- Infrastructure for Clinical Research in Neurosciences (iCRIN) Psychiatry, Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Karl Friston
- Queen Sq, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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Angoa-Pérez M, Zagorac B, Francescutti DM, Shaffer ZD, Theis KR, Kuhn DM. Cocaine hydrochloride, cocaine methiodide and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) cause distinct alterations in the structure and composition of the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13754. [PMID: 37612353 PMCID: PMC10447462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug of abuse that constitutes an ongoing public health threat. Emerging research is revealing that numerous peripheral effects of this drug may serve as conditioned stimuli for its central reinforcing properties. The gut microbiota is emerging as one of these peripheral sources of input to cocaine reward. The primary objective of the present study was to determine how cocaine HCl and methylenedioxypyrovalerone, both of which powerfully activate central reward pathways, alter the gut microbiota. Cocaine methiodide, a quaternary derivative of cocaine that does not enter the brain, was included to assess peripheral influences on the gut microbiota. Both cocaine congeners caused significant and similar alterations of the gut microbiota after a 10-day course of treatment. Contrary to expectations, the effects of cocaine HCl and MDPV on the gut microbiota were most dissimilar. Functional predictions of metabolic alterations caused by the treatment drugs reaffirmed that the cocaine congeners were similar whereas MDPV was most dissimilar from the other two drugs and controls. It appears that the monoamine transporters in the gut mediate the effects of the treatment drugs. The effects of the cocaine congeners and MDPV on the gut microbiome may form the basis of interoceptive cues that can influence their abuse properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Branislava Zagorac
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dina M Francescutti
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zachary D Shaffer
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Donald M Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Involvement of the ghrelin system in the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-motivated behaviors: a role of adrenergic action at peripheral β1 receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1449-1460. [PMID: 34923576 PMCID: PMC9206024 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a significant medical and public concern. Despite decades of research effort, development of pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder remains largely unsuccessful. This may be partially due to insufficient understanding of the complex biological mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of this disorder. In the present study, we show that: (1) elevation of ghrelin by cocaine plays a critical role in maintenance of cocaine self-administration and cocaine-seeking motivated by cocaine-conditioned stimuli; (2) acquisition of cocaine-taking behavior is associated with the acquisition of stimulatory effects of cocaine by cocaine-conditioned stimuli on ghrelin secretion, and with an upregulation of ghrelin receptor mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); (3) blockade of ghrelin signaling by pretreatment with JMV2959, a selective ghrelin receptor antagonist, dose-dependently inhibits reinstatement of cocaine-seeking triggered by either cocaine or yohimbine in behaviorally extinguished animals with a history of cocaine self-administration; (4) JMV2959 pretreatment also inhibits brain stimulation reward (BSR) and cocaine-potentiated BSR maintained by optogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons in DAT-Cre mice; (5) blockade of peripheral adrenergic β1 receptors by atenolol potently attenuates the elevation in circulating ghrelin induced by cocaine and inhibits cocaine self-administration and cocaine reinstatement triggered by cocaine. These findings demonstrate that the endogenous ghrelin system plays an important role in cocaine-related addictive behaviors and suggest that manipulating and targeting this system may be viable for mitigating cocaine use disorder.
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de la Fuente A, Vignaga SS, Prado P, Figueras R, Lizaso L, Manes F, Cetkovich M, Tagliazucchi E, Torralva T. Early onset consumption of coca paste associated with executive-attention vulnerability markers linked to caudate-frontal structural and functional abnormalities. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108926. [PMID: 34364191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coca paste is the most popular form of smoked cocaine (SC) in Latin America and also the most widespread among adolescents in vulnerable sectors of society, thus representing a significant public health concern. Despite evidence suggesting that abnormal executive-attention function is predictive of addiction to stimulant drugs, no study to date has compared clinically relevant neuropsychological (NPS) and physiological variables between individuals with histories of smoked cocaine dependence (SCD) and insufflated cocaine hydrochloride dependence (ICD). In this study we evaluated 25 SCD and 22 ICD subjects matched by poly-consumption profiles, and 25 healthy controls (CTR) matched by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. An exhaustive NPS battery was used to assess cognitive domains (attention, executive functions, fluid intelligence, memory, language and social cognition). We complemented this assessment with structural (MRI) and functional (fMRI) neuroimaging data. We found that executive function and attention impairments could be explained by the administration route of cocaine, with strongest impairments for the SCD group. SCD also presented reduced grey matter density relative to ICD and CTR in the bilateral caudate, a key area for executive and attentional function. Functional connectivity between left caudate and inferior frontal regions mediated the association between brain structure and behavioral performance. Our results highlight the relevance of assessing the route of administration of stimulants, both in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia de la Fuente
- Buenos Aires Physics Institute (IFIBA) and Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Schurmann Vignaga
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Prado
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Figueras
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Lizaso
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Buenos Aires Physics Institute (IFIBA) and Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Prelimbic cortical projections to rostromedial tegmental nucleus play a suppressive role in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1399-1406. [PMID: 33230269 PMCID: PMC8209220 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prelimbic (PL) region of prefrontal cortex has been implicated in both driving and suppressing cocaine seeking in animal models of addiction. We hypothesized that these opposing roles for PL may be supported by distinct efferent projections. While PL projections to nucleus accumbens core have been shown to be involved in driving reinstatement of cocaine seeking, PL projections to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) may instead suppress reinstatement of cocaine seeking, due to the role of RMTg in behavioral inhibition. Here, we used a functional disconnection approach to temporarily disrupt the PL-RMTg pathway during cue- or cocaine-induced reinstatement. Male Sprague Dawley rats self-administered cocaine during daily 2-h sessions for ≥10 days and then underwent extinction training. Reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking was elicited by cocaine-associated cues or cocaine prime. Prior to reinstatement, rats received microinjections of the GABA agonists baclofen/muscimol (1/0.1 mM) into unilateral PL and the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 mM) into contralateral or ipsilateral RMTg. Functional disconnection of PL-RMTg via contralateral inactivation markedly increased cue-induced reinstatement, but did not increase cocaine-induced reinstatement or drive reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in the absence of cues or cocaine. Enhanced cue-induced reinstatement was also observed with ipsilateral inactivation of PL and RMTg, but not with unilateral inactivation of PL or RMTg alone, indicating that both ipsilateral and contralateral projections from PL to RMTg have an inhibitory influence on behavior. These data further support a suppressive role for PL in cocaine seeking by implicating PL efferent projections to RMTg in inhibiting cue-induced reinstatement.
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10
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Angoa-Pérez M, Kuhn DM. Evidence for Modulation of Substance Use Disorders by the Gut Microbiome: Hidden in Plain Sight. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:571-596. [PMID: 33597276 PMCID: PMC7896134 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a serious threat to the public well-being, yet gut microbiome involvement in drug abuse has received very little attention. Studies of the mechanisms underlying SUDs have naturally focused on CNS reward circuits. However, a significant body of research has accumulated over the past decade that has unwittingly provided strong support for gut microbiome participation in drug reward. β-Lactam antibiotics have been employed to increase glutamate transporter expression to reverse relapse-induced release of glutamate. Sodium butyrate has been used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor to prevent drug-induced epigenetic alterations. High-fat diets have been used to alter drug reward because of the extensive overlap of the circuitry mediating them. This review article casts these approaches in a different light and makes a compelling case for gut microbiome modulation of SUDs. Few factors alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiome more than antibiotics and a high-fat diet, and butyrate is an endogenous product of bacterial fermentation. Drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants also modify the gut microbiome. Therefore, their effects must be viewed on a complex background of cotreatment-induced dysbiosis. Consideration of the gut microbiome in SUDs should have the beneficial effects of expanding the understanding of SUDs and aiding in the design of new therapies based on opposing the effects of abused drugs on the host's commensal bacterial community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proposed mechanisms underlying substance use disorders fail to acknowledge the impact of drugs of abuse on the gut microbiome. β-Lactam antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and high-fat diets are used to modify drug seeking and reward, overlooking the notable capacity of these treatments to alter the gut microbiome. This review aims to stimulate research on substance abuse-gut microbiome interactions by illustrating how drugs of abuse share with antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and fat-laden diets the ability to modify the host microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald M Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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11
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Assis MA, Díaz D, Ferrado R, Ávila-Zarza CA, Weruaga E, Ambrosio E. Transplantation with Lewis bone marrow induces the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in male F344 resistant rats. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:23-34. [PMID: 33278561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges to understand drug addiction is defining the biological mechanisms that underlie individual differences in recidivism. Studies of these mechanisms have mainly focused on the brain, yet we demonstrate here a significant influence of the peripheral immune system on this phenomenon. Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344) rats have different immunological profiles and they display a distinct vulnerability to the reinforcing effects of cocaine, with F344 more resistant to reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior. Bone marrow from male LEW and F344 rats was transferred to male F344 rats (F344/LEW-BM and F344/F344-BM, respectively), and these rats were trained to self-administer cocaine over 21 days. Following extinction, these animals received a sub-threshold primer dose of cocaine to evaluate reinstatement. F344/LEW-BM but not F344/F344-BM rats reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior, in conjunction with changes in their peripheral immune cell populations to a profile that corresponded to that of the LEW donors. After cocaine exposure, higher CD4+ T-cells and lower CD4+CD25+ T-cells levels were observed in F344/LEW-BM rats referred to control, and the splenic expression of Il-17a, Tgf-β, Tlr-2, Tlr-4 and Il-1β was altered in both groups. We propose that peripheral T-cells respond to cocaine, with CD4+ T-cells in particular undergoing Th17 polarization and generating long-term memory, these cells releasing mediators that trigger central mechanisms to induce reinstatement after a second encounter. This immune response may explain the high rates of recidivism observed despite long periods of detoxification, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the vulnerability and resilience of specific individuals, and opening new perspectives for personalized medicine in the treatment of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Assis
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD), CONICET-UNSE, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
| | - David Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Ferrado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Antonio Ávila-Zarza
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Grupo de Estadística Aplicada, Departamento de Estadísticas, USAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Canchy L, Girardeau P, Durand A, Vouillac-Mendoza C, Ahmed SH. Pharmacokinetics trumps pharmacodynamics during cocaine choice: a reconciliation with the dopamine hypothesis of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:288-296. [PMID: 32731253 PMCID: PMC7853096 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is known to increase brain dopamine at supranormal levels in comparison to alternative nondrug rewards. According to the dopamine hypothesis of addiction, this abnormally large dopamine response would explain why cocaine use is initially highly rewarding and addictive. Though resting on solid neuroscientific foundations, this hypothesis has nevertheless proven difficult to reconcile with research on cocaine choice in experimental animals. When facing a choice between an intravenous bolus of cocaine and a nondrug alternative (e.g., sweet water), both delivered immediately after choice, rats do not choose the drug, as would be predicted, but instead develop a strong preference for the nondrug alternative. Here we report evidence that reconciles this finding with the dopamine hypothesis of addiction. First, a systematic literature analysis revealed that the delays of effects of intravenous cocaine on nucleus accumbens dopamine are of the order of tens of seconds and are considerably longer than those of nondrug reward. Second, this was confirmed by measuring response times to cocaine omission during self-administration as a behavioral proxy of these delays. Finally, when the influence of the drug delays was reduced during choice by adding an increasing delay to both the drug and nondrug rewards, rats shifted their choice to cocaine. Overall, this study suggests that cocaine is indeed supranormal in reward magnitude, as postulated by the dopamine hypothesis of addiction, but is less preferred during choice because its pharmacokinetics makes it an inherently more delayed reward than the alternative. Reframing previous drug choice studies in rats as intertemporal choice studies reveals that the discounting effects of delays spare no rewards, including supranormal ones, and that during choice, pharmacokinetics trumps pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Canchy
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul Girardeau
- Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Durand
- Imetronic®, 156 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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13
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Mayer FP, Iwamoto H, Hahn MK, Grumbar GJ, Stewart A, Li Y, Blakely RD. There's no place like home? Return to the home cage triggers dopamine release in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Neurochem Int 2021; 142:104894. [PMID: 33161093 PMCID: PMC7779706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various stimuli have been employed as reinforcers in preclinical rodent models to elucidate the underpinnings of reward at a molecular and circuit level, with the release of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) as a well-replicated, physiological correlate. Many factors, however, including strain differences, sex, prior stress, and reinforcer administration protocols can influence reward responding and DA release. Although previous evidence indicates that access to the home cage can be an effective reinforcer in behavioral tasks, whether this simple environmental manipulation can trigger DA release in the NAc has not been demonstrated. Here, using fiber photometric recordings of in vivo NAc dopamine release from a genetically-encoded DA sensor, we show that the movement of animals from the home cage to a clear, polycarbonate recording chamber evokes little to no DA release following initial exposure whereas returning animals from the recording chamber to a clean, home-like cage or to the home cage robustly triggers the release of DA, comparable in size to that observed with a 10 mg/kg i.p. Cocaine injection in the recording chamber. Although DA release can be evoked in moving mice to a clean cage, this release was significantly augmented when moving animals from the clean cage to the home cage. Our data provide direct evidence that home cage return from a foreign environment results in a biochemical change consistent with that of a rewarding stimulus. This simple environmental manipulation provides a minimally invasive approach to study the reward circuitry underlying an ethologically relevant reinforcer, return to the safe confines of "home". The home cage - DA release paradigm may also represent a biomarker-driven paradigm for the evaluation of genetic and experiential events that underlie anhedonic states, characteristic of major mood disorders, and to present new opportunities to identify their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix P Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J Grumbar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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14
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Kiyatkin EA. The Critical Role of Peripheral Targets in Triggering Rapid Neural Effects of Intravenous Cocaine. Neuroscience 2020; 451:240-254. [PMID: 33010343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct interaction of cocaine with centrally located monoamine transporters is the primary mechanism underlying its reinforcing properties. It is also often assumed that this drug action is responsible for all the physiological and behavioral effects of this drug. The goal of this review is to challenge this basic mechanism and demonstrate the importance of peripheral actions of cocaine in inducing its initial, rapid neural effects. The use of high-resolution electrophysiological, neurochemical and physiological techniques revealed that the effects of intravenous cocaine at behaviorally relevant doses are exceptionally rapid and transient correlating with strong, quick, and transient increases in blood cocaine levels. Some of these effects are mimicked by cocaine-methiodide, a cocaine analog that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and they are resistant to dopamine (DA) receptor blockade. Therefore, it appears that rapid neural effects of cocaine result from its direct interaction with receptive sites on afferents of sensory nerves densely innervating blood vessels. This interaction creates a rapid neural signal to the CNS that results in generalized neural activation and subsequent changes in different physiological parameters. This drug's action appears to be independent from cocaine's action on central neurons, which requires a definite time to occur and induce neural and physiological effects with longer latencies and durations. The co-existence in the same drug on two timely distinct actions with their subsequent interaction in the CNS could explain consistent changes in physiological and behavioral effects of cocaine following their repeated use, playing a role in the development of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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15
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Joshi DD, Puaud M, Fouyssac M, Belin‐Rauscent A, Everitt B, Belin D. The anterior insular cortex in the rat exerts an inhibitory influence over the loss of control of heroin intake and subsequent propensity to relapse. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4115-4126. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval D. Joshi
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Mickaël Puaud
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Maxime Fouyssac
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Barry Everitt
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - David Belin
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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16
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Relapse to cocaine use persists following extinction of drug-primed craving. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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de la Fuente A, Sedeño L, Vignaga SS, Ellmann C, Sonzogni S, Belluscio L, García-Cordero I, Castagnaro E, Boano M, Cetkovich M, Torralva T, Cánepa ET, Tagliazucchi E, Garcia AM, Ibañez A. Multimodal neurocognitive markers of interoceptive tuning in smoked cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1425-1434. [PMID: 30867552 PMCID: PMC6784987 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary neurocognitive models of drug addiction have associated this condition with changes in interoception -namely, the sensing and processing of body signals that fulfill homeostatic functions relevant for the onset and maintenance of addictive behavior. However, most previous evidence is inconsistent, behaviorally unspecific, and virtually null in terms of direct electrophysiological and multimodal markers. To circumvent these limitations, we conducted the first assessment of the relation between cardiac interoception and smoked cocaine dependence (SCD) in a sample of (a) 25 participants who fulfilled criteria for dependence on such a drug, (b) 22 participants addicted to insufflated clorhidrate cocaine (only for behavioral assessment), and (c) 25 healthy controls matched by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. We use a validated heartbeat-detection (HBD) task and measured modulations of the heart-evoked potential (HEP) during interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive learning conditions. We complemented this behavioral and electrophysiological data with offline structural (MRI) and functional connectivity (fMRI) analysis of the main interoceptive hubs. HBD and HEP results convergently showed that SCD subjects presented ongoing psychophysiological measures of enhanced interoceptive accuracy. This pattern was associated with a structural and functional tuning of interoceptive networks (reduced volume and specialized network segregation). Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of an association between cardiac interoception and smoked cocaine, partially supporting models that propose hyper-interoception as a key aspect of addiction. More generally, our study shows that multimodal assessments of interoception could substantially inform the clinical and neurocognitive characterization of psychophysiological and neurocognitive adaptations triggered by addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia de la Fuente
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia Schurmann Vignaga
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Ellmann
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Sonzogni
- 0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Belluscio
- 0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Indira García-Cordero
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Castagnaro
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Boano
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teresa Torralva
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo T. Cánepa
- 0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires e IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- 0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 0056 1981grid.7345.5Buenos Aires Physics Institute (IFIBA) and Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M. Garcia
- 0000 0004 0608 3193grid.411168.bInstitute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 1945 2152grid.423606.5National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,0000 0001 2185 5065grid.412108.eFaculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, M5502JMA Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia. .,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Zamberlan F, Sanz C, Martínez Vivot R, Pallavicini C, Erowid F, Erowid E, Tagliazucchi E. The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: A Preliminary Study of the Association Between the Reported Subjective Effects and the Binding Affinity Profiles of Substituted Phenethylamines and Tryptamines. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:54. [PMID: 30467466 PMCID: PMC6235949 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic psychedelics are substances of paramount cultural and neuroscientific importance. A distinctive feature of psychedelic drugs is the wide range of potential subjective effects they can elicit, known to be deeply influenced by the internal state of the user ("set") and the surroundings ("setting"). The observation of cross-tolerance and a series of empirical studies in humans and animal models support agonism at the serotonin (5-HT)2A receptor as a common mechanism for the action of psychedelics. The diversity of subjective effects elicited by different compounds has been attributed to the variables of "set" and "setting," to the binding affinities for other 5-HT receptor subtypes, and to the heterogeneity of transduction pathways initiated by conformational receptor states as they interact with different ligands ("functional selectivity"). Here we investigate the complementary (i.e., not mutually exclusive) possibility that such variety is also related to the binding affinity for a range of neurotransmitters and monoamine transporters including (but not limited to) 5-HT receptors. Building on two independent binding affinity datasets (compared to "in silico" estimates) in combination with natural language processing tools applied to a large repository of reports of psychedelic experiences (Erowid's Experience Vaults), we obtained preliminary evidence supporting that the similarity between the binding affinity profiles of psychoactive substituted phenethylamines and tryptamines is correlated with the semantic similarity of the associated reports. We also showed that the highest correlation was achieved by considering the combined binding affinity for the 5-HT, dopamine (DA), glutamate, muscarinic and opioid receptors and for the Ca+ channel. Applying dimensionality reduction techniques to the reports, we linked the compounds, receptors, transporters and the Ca+ channel to distinct fingerprints of the reported subjective effects. To the extent that the existing binding affinity data is based on a low number of displacement curves that requires further replication, our analysis produced preliminary evidence consistent with the involvement of different binding sites in the reported subjective effects elicited by psychedelics. Beyond the study of this particular class of drugs, we provide a methodological framework to explore the relationship between the binding affinity profiles and the reported subjective effects of other psychoactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zamberlan
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Sanz
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Martínez Vivot
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED) and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Pallavicini
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fire Erowid
- Erowid Center, Grass Valley, CA, United States
| | | | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UMR7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
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19
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Calipari ES, Godino A, Peck EG, Salery M, Mervosh NL, Landry JA, Russo SJ, Hurd YL, Nestler EJ, Kiraly DD. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor controls neural and behavioral plasticity in response to cocaine. Nat Commun 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29339724 PMCID: PMC5770429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by dysfunction in reward-related brain circuits, leading to maladaptive motivation to seek and take the drug. There are currently no clinically available pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction. Through a broad screen of innate immune mediators, we identify granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a potent mediator of cocaine-induced adaptations. Here we report that G-CSF potentiates cocaine-induced increases in neural activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex. In addition, G-CSF injections potentiate cocaine place preference and enhance motivation to self-administer cocaine, while not affecting responses to natural rewards. Infusion of G-CSF neutralizing antibody into NAc blocks the ability of G-CSF to modulate cocaine's behavioral effects, providing a direct link between central G-CSF action in NAc and cocaine reward. These results demonstrate that manipulating G-CSF is sufficient to alter the motivation for cocaine, but not natural rewards, providing a pharmacotherapeutic avenue to manipulate addictive behaviors without abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Calipari
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Arthur Godino
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emily G Peck
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marine Salery
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas L Mervosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Landry
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Attenuating Nicotine Reinforcement and Relapse by Enhancing Endogenous Brain Levels of Kynurenic Acid in Rats and Squirrel Monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1619-1629. [PMID: 28139681 PMCID: PMC5518900 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The currently available antismoking medications have limited efficacy and often fail to prevent relapse. Thus, there is a pressing need for newer, more effective treatment strategies. Recently, we demonstrated that enhancing endogenous levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA, a neuroinhibitory product of tryptophan metabolism) counteracts the rewarding effects of cannabinoids by acting as a negative allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChRs). As the effects of KYNA on cannabinoid reward involve nicotinic receptors, in the present study we used rat and squirrel monkey models of reward and relapse to examine the possibility that enhancing KYNA can counteract the effects of nicotine. To assess specificity, we also examined models of cocaine reward and relapse in monkeys. KYNA levels were enhanced by administering the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibitor, Ro 61-8048. Treatment with Ro 61-8048 decreased nicotine self-administration in rats and monkeys, but did not affect cocaine self-administration. In rats, Ro 61-8048 reduced the ability of nicotine to induce dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell, a brain area believed to underlie nicotine reward. Perhaps most importantly, Ro 61-8048 prevented relapse-like behavior when abstinent rats or monkeys were reexposed to nicotine and/or cues that had previously been associated with nicotine. Ro 61-8048 was also effective in monkey models of cocaine relapse. All of these effects of Ro 61-8048 in monkeys, but not in rats, were reversed by pretreatment with a positive allosteric modulator of α7nAChRs. These findings suggest that KMO inhibition may be a promising new approach for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
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21
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Singer BF, Bryan MA, Popov P, Robinson TE, Aragona BJ. Rapid induction of dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens shell induced by a single injection of cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2017; 324:66-70. [PMID: 28223145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Repeated intermittent exposure to cocaine results in the neurochemical sensitization of dopamine (DA) transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Indeed, the excitability of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is enhanced within hours of initial psychostimulant exposure. However, it is not known if this is accompanied by a comparably rapid change in the ability of cocaine to increase extracellular DA concentrations in the ventral striatum. To address this question we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in awake-behaving rats to measure DA responses in the NAc shell following an initial intravenous cocaine injection, and then again 2-h later. Both injections quickly elevated DA levels in the NAc shell, but the second cocaine infusion produced a greater effect than the first, indicating sensitization. This suggests that a single injection of cocaine induces sensitization-related plasticity very rapidly within the mesolimbic DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan F Singer
- Biopsychology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Myranda A Bryan
- Biopsychology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pavlo Popov
- Biopsychology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Terry E Robinson
- Biopsychology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brandon J Aragona
- Biopsychology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Bidirectional regulation over the development and expression of loss of control over cocaine intake by the anterior insula. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1623-1631. [PMID: 28378203 PMCID: PMC5420385 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence suggests that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) plays a major role in cocaine addiction, being implicated in both impaired insight and associated decision-making and also craving and relapse. However, the nature of the involvement of the insula in the development and maintenance of cocaine addiction remains unknown, thereby limiting our understanding of its causal role in addiction. We therefore investigated whether pre- and post-training bilateral lesions of the AIC differentially influenced the development and the expression of the escalation of cocaine self-administration during extended access to the drug. METHODS In a series of experiments, Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the AIC either prior to, or after 3 weeks of training under 12-h extended self-administration conditions, which are known to promote a robust escalation of intake. We also investigated the influence of AIC lesions on anxiety, as measured in an elevated plus maze and sensitivity to conditioned stimuli (CS)- or drug-induced reinstatement of an extinguished instrumental response. RESULTS Whereas, post-escalation lesions of the AIC, as anticipated, restored control over cocaine intake and prevented drug-induced reinstatement, pre-training lesions resulted in a facilitation of the development of loss of control with no influence over the acquisition of cocaine self-administration or anxiety. CONCLUSIONS AIC lesions differentially affect the development and maintenance of the loss of control over cocaine intake, suggesting that the nature of the contribution of cocaine-associated interoceptive mechanisms changes over the course of escalation and may represent an important component of addiction.
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23
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Gerth AI, Alhadeff AL, Grill HJ, Roitman MF. Regional influence of cocaine on evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core: A role for the caudal brainstem. Brain Res 2016; 1655:252-260. [PMID: 27789280 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine increases dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens through competitive binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT). However, it also increases the frequency of dopamine release events, a finding that cannot be explained by action at the DAT alone. Rather, this effect may be mediated by cocaine-induced modulation of brain regions that project to dopamine neurons. To explore regional contributions of cocaine to dopamine signaling, we administered cocaine to the lateral or fourth ventricles and compared the effects on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area to that of systemically-delivered cocaine. Stimulation trains caused a sharp rise in dopamine followed by a slower return to baseline. The magnitude of dopamine release ([DA]max) as well as the latency to decay to fifty percent of the maximum (t(1/2); index of DAT activity) by each stimulation train were recorded. All routes of cocaine delivery caused an increase in [DA]max; only systemic cocaine caused an increase in t(1/2). Importantly, these data are the first to show that hindbrain (fourth ventricle)-delivered cocaine modulates phasic dopamine signaling. Fourth ventricular cocaine robustly increased cFos immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), suggesting a neural substrate for hindbrain cocaine-mediated effects on [DA]max. Together, the data demonstrate that cocaine-induced effects on phasic dopamine signaling are mediated via actions throughout the brain including the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn I Gerth
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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24
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Ceunen E, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Diest I. On the Origin of Interoception. Front Psychol 2016; 7:743. [PMID: 27242642 PMCID: PMC4876111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of a century, the meaning of interoception has changed from the restrictive to the inclusive. In its inclusive sense, it bears relevance to every individual via its link to emotion, decision making, time-perception, health, pain, and various other areas of life. While the label for the perception of the body state changes over time, the need for an overarching concept remains. Many aspects can make any particular interoceptive sensation unique and distinct from any other interoceptive sensation. This can range from the sense of agency, to the physical cause of a sensation, the ontogenetic origin, the efferent innervation, and afferent pathways of the tissue involved amongst others. In its overarching meaning, interoception primarily is a product of the central nervous system, a construct based on an integration of various sources, not per se including afferent information. This paper proposes a definition of interoception as based on subjective experience, and pleas for the use of specific vocabulary in addressing the many aspects that contribute to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ceunen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
- Research Group on Self Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, FLSHASE, University of Luxembourg, WalferdangeLuxembourg
| | - Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
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25
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You ZB, Wang B, Liu QR, Wu Y, Otvos L, Wise RA. Reciprocal Inhibitory Interactions Between the Reward-Related Effects of Leptin and Cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1024-33. [PMID: 26243270 PMCID: PMC4748427 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is habit-forming because of its ability to enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission in the forebrain. In addition to neuronal inputs, forebrain dopamine circuits are modulated by hormonal influences; one of these is leptin, an adipose-derived hormone that attenuates the rewarding effects of food- and hunger-associated brain stimulation reward. Here we report reciprocal inhibition between the reward-related effects of leptin and the reward-related effects of cocaine in rats. First, we report that cocaine and the expectancy of cocaine each depresses plasma leptin levels. Second, we report that exogenous leptin, given systemically or directly into the ventral tegmental area, attenuates the ability of cocaine to elevate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, the ability of cocaine to establish a conditioned place preference, and the ability of cocaine-predictive stimuli to prolong responding in extinction of cocaine-seeking. Thus, whereas leptin represents an endogenous antagonist of the habit-forming and habit-sustaining effects of cocaine, this antagonism is attenuated by cocaine and comes to be attenuated by the expectancy of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bing You
- Department of Health and Human Services, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Health and Human Services, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Department of Health and Human Services, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy A Wise
- Department of Health and Human Services, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Besheer J, Frisbee S, Randall PA, Jaramillo AA, Masciello M. Gabapentin potentiates sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol and increases alcohol self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:216-24. [PMID: 26415538 PMCID: PMC4857596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gabapentin, a drug used in the treatment of epileptic seizures and neuropathic pain, has shown efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Moreover, given that gabapentin is used in the general population (e.g., non-dependent individuals, social drinkers), we sought to utilize preclinical assessments to examine the effects of gabapentin on sensitivity to moderate alcohol doses and alcohol self-administration in rats with a history of moderate drinking. To this end, we assessed whether gabapentin (0, 10, 30, 120 mg/kg, IG) pretreatment alters sensitivity to experimenter- and self-administered alcohol, and whether gabapentin alone has alcohol-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats trained to discriminate alcohol dose (1 g/kg, IG) vs. water. Second, we assessed whether gabapentin (0, 10, 30, 60 mg/kg, IG) would alter alcohol self-administration. Gabapentin pretreatment potentiated the interoceptive effects of both experimenter-administered and self-administered alcohol in discrimination-trained rats. Additionally, the highest gabapentin doses tested (30 and 120 mg/kg) were found to have partial alcohol-like discriminative stimulus effects when administered alone (e.g., without alcohol). In the self-administration trained rats, gabapentin pretreatment (60 mg/kg) resulted in an escalation in alcohol self-administration. Given the importance of interoceptive drug cues in priming and maintaining self-administration, these data define a specific behavioral mechanism (i.e., potentiation of alcohol effects) by which gabapentin may increase alcohol self-administration in non-dependent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | | - Anel A Jaramillo
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, USA; Curriculum in Neurobiology, USA
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27
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D'Souza MS. Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26594139 PMCID: PMC4633516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University Ada, OH, USA
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28
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Wakabayashi KT, Ren SE, Kiyatkin EA. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) mimics cocaine in its physiological and behavioral effects but induces distinct changes in NAc glucose. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:324. [PMID: 26441499 PMCID: PMC4584974 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is generally considered to be a more potent cocaine-like psychostimulant, as it shares a similar pharmacological profile with cocaine and induces similar physiological and locomotor responses. Recently, we showed that intravenous cocaine induces rapid rise in nucleus accumbens (NAc) glucose and established its relation to neural activation triggered by the peripheral drug actions. This study was conducted to find out whether MDPV, at a behaviorally equivalent dose, shares a similar pattern of NAc glucose dynamics. Using enzyme-based glucose sensors coupled with amperometery in freely moving rats, we found that MDPV tonically decreases NAc glucose levels, a response that is opposite to what we previously observed with cocaine. By analyzing Skin-Muscle temperature differentials, a valid measure of skin vascular tone, we found that MDPV induces vasoconstriction; a similar effect at the level of cerebral vessels could be responsible for the MDPV-induced decrease in NAc glucose. While cocaine also induced comparable, if not slightly stronger peripheral vasoconstriction, this effect was overpowered by local neural activity-induced vasodilation, resulting in rapid surge in NAc glucose. These results imply that cocaine-users may be more susceptible to addiction than MDPV-users due to the presence of an interoceptive signal (i.e., sensory cue), which may result in earlier and more direct reward detection. Additionally, while health complications arising from acute cocaine use are typically cardiovascular related, MDPV may be more dangerous to the brain due to uncompensated cerebral vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Wakabayashi
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suelynn E Ren
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eugene A Kiyatkin
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Jaramillo AA, Randall PA, Frisbee S, Fisher KR, Besheer J. Activation of mGluR2/3 following stress hormone exposure restores sensitivity to alcohol in rats. Alcohol 2015; 49:525-32. [PMID: 26142564 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol is blunted following a period of exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), an effect that is suggested to be related, in part, to glutamatergic neuroadaptations. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (subtypes 2 and 3; mGluR2/3) modulate several drug- and alcohol-related behaviors, including the interoceptive (discriminative stimulus) effects of alcohol. Therefore, we sought to determine if manipulation of mGluR2/3 would restore sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol following CORT exposure. Using a two-lever drug discrimination task, male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, intragastric [IG]) vs. water. First, the effect of mGluR2/3 antagonism on the discriminative stimulus effects of alcohol was determined using LY341495 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg; intraperitoneal [IP]). Next, the effects of mGluR2/3 antagonism and activation were assessed in discrimination-trained animals exposed to CORT (300 μg/mL) in the home cage drinking water or water only, for 7 days. Following CORT exposure, decreased sensitivity to alcohol (1 g/kg) was observed. Pretreatment with the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 (1.0-3.0 mg/kg; IP), but not the mGluR2/3 antagonist (0.3-1.0 mg/kg; IP), restored sensitivity to alcohol. Additionally, in water controls, mGluR2/3 antagonism and mGluR2/3 activation disrupted expression of the discriminative stimulus effects of alcohol. Together, these findings suggest that blunted sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol following an episode of heightened stress hormone levels may be due to adaptations in mGluR2/3-related systems. The ability of mGluR2/3 activation to restore sensitivity to alcohol under these conditions lends further support for the importance of these receptors under stress-related conditions.
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30
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Steidl S, Cardiff KM, Wise RA. Increased latencies to initiate cocaine self-administration following laterodorsal tegmental nucleus lesions. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:82-8. [PMID: 25746513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic input to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system that is critical for cocaine reward, is important for both cocaine seeking and cocaine taking. The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) provides one of the two major sources of excitatory cholinergic input to the VTA, but little is known of the role of the LDTg in cocaine reward. LDTg cholinergic cells express urotensin-II receptors and here we used local microinjections of a conjugate of the endogenous ligand for these receptors with diphtheria toxin (Dtx::UII) to lesion the cholinergic cells of the LDTg in rats previously trained to self-administer cocaine (1mg/kg/infusion, i.v.). Lesioned rats showed long latencies to initiate cocaine self-administration after treatment with the toxin, which resulted in a reduction in cocaine intake per session. Priming injections reduced latencies to initiate responding for cocaine in lesioned rats, and once they began to respond the rats regulated their moment-to-moment cocaine intake within normal limits. Thus we conclude that while LDTg cholinergic cell loss does not significantly alter the rewarding effects of cocaine, LDTg lesions can reduce the rat's responsiveness to cocaine-predictive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Steidl
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Katherine M Cardiff
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Roy A Wise
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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31
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Wakabayashi KT, Kiyatkin EA. Central and peripheral contributions to dynamic changes in nucleus accumbens glucose induced by intravenous cocaine. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:42. [PMID: 25729349 PMCID: PMC4325903 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern of neural, physiological and behavioral effects induced by cocaine is consistent with metabolic neural activation, yet direct attempts to evaluate central metabolic effects of this drug have produced controversial results. Here, we used enzyme-based glucose sensors coupled with high-speed amperometry in freely moving rats to examine how intravenous cocaine at a behaviorally active dose affects extracellular glucose levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical structure within the motivation-reinforcement circuit. In drug-naive rats, cocaine induced a bimodal increase in glucose, with the first, ultra-fast phasic rise appearing during the injection (latency 6–8 s; ~50 μM or ~5% of baseline) followed by a larger, more prolonged tonic elevation (~100 μM or 10% of baseline, peak ~15 min). While the rapid, phasic component of the glucose response remained stable following subsequent cocaine injections, the tonic component progressively decreased. Cocaine-methiodide, cocaine's peripherally acting analog, induced an equally rapid and strong initial glucose rise, indicating cocaine's action on peripheral neural substrates as its cause. However, this analog did not induce increases in either locomotion or tonic glucose, suggesting direct central mediation of these cocaine effects. Under systemic pharmacological blockade of dopamine transmission, both phasic and tonic components of the cocaine-induced glucose response were only slightly reduced, suggesting a significant role of non-dopamine mechanisms in cocaine-induced accumbal glucose influx. Hence, intravenous cocaine induces rapid, strong inflow of glucose into NAc extracellular space by involving both peripheral and central, non-dopamine drug actions, thus preventing a possible deficit resulting from enhanced glucose use by brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Wakabayashi
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Prince CD, Rau AR, Yorgason JT, España RA. Hypocretin/Orexin regulation of dopamine signaling and cocaine self-administration is mediated predominantly by hypocretin receptor 1. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:138-46. [PMID: 25496218 PMCID: PMC4304483 DOI: 10.1021/cn500246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Extensive
evidence suggests that the hypocretins/orexins influence
cocaine reinforcement and dopamine signaling via actions at hypocretin
receptor 1. By comparison, the involvement of hypocretin receptor
2 in reward and reinforcement processes has received relatively little
attention. Thus, although there is some evidence that hypocretin receptor
2 regulates intake of some drugs of abuse, it is currently unclear
to what extent hypocretin receptor 2 participates in the regulation
of dopamine signaling or cocaine self-administration, particularly
under high effort conditions. To address this, we examined the effects
of hypocretin receptor 1, and/or hypocretin receptor 2 blockade on
dopamine signaling and cocaine reinforcement. We used in vivo fast
scan cyclic voltammetry to test the effects of hypocretin antagonists
on dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens core and a progressive
ratio schedule to examine the effects of these antagonists on cocaine
self-administration. Results demonstrate that blockade of either hypocretin
receptor 1 or both hypocretin receptor 1 and 2 significantly reduces
the effects of cocaine on dopamine signaling and decreases the motivation
to take cocaine. In contrast, blockade of hypocretin receptor 2 alone
had no significant effects on dopamine signaling or self-administration.
These findings suggest a differential involvement of the two hypocretin
receptors, with hypocretin receptor 1 appearing to be more involved
than hypocretin receptor 2 in the regulation of dopamine signaling
and cocaine self-administration. When considered with the existing
literature, these data support the hypothesis that hypocretins exert
a permissive influence on dopamine signaling and motivated behavior
via preferential actions on hypocretin receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Prince
- Department
of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Andrew R. Rau
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Jordan T. Yorgason
- Vollum
Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Rodrigo A. España
- Department
of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
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33
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Stress hormone exposure reduces mGluR5 expression in the nucleus accumbens: functional implications for interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2376-86. [PMID: 24713611 PMCID: PMC4138747 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Escalations in alcohol drinking associated with experiencing stressful life events and chronic life stressors may be related to altered sensitivity to the interoceptive/subjective effects of alcohol. Indeed, through the use of drug discrimination methods, rats show decreased sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus (interoceptive) effects of alcohol following exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT). This exposure produces heightened elevations in plasma CORT levels (eg, as may be experienced by an individual during stressful episodes). We hypothesized that decreased sensitivity to alcohol may be related, in part, to changes in metabotropic glutamate receptors-subtype 5 (mGluR5) in the nucleus accumbens, as these receptors in this brain region are known to regulate the discriminative stimulus effects of alcohol. In the accumbens, we found reduced mGluR5 expression (immunohistochemistry and Western blot) and decreased neural activation (as measured by c-Fos immunohistochemistry) in response to a moderate alcohol dose (1 g/kg) following CORT exposure (7 days). The functional role of these CORT-induced adaptations in relation to the discriminative stimulus effects of alcohol was confirmed, as both the systemic administration of 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) an mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator and the intra-accumbens administration of (R,S)-2-Amino-2-(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid sodium salt (CHPG) an mGluR5 agonist restored sensitivity to alcohol in discrimination-trained rats. These results suggest that activation of mGluR5 may alleviate the functional impact of the CORT-induced downregulation of mGluR5 in relation to sensitivity to alcohol. Understanding the contribution of such neuroadaptations to the interoceptive effects of alcohol may enrich our understanding of potential changes in subjective sensitivity to alcohol during stressful episodes.
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Bevins RA, Besheer J. Interoception and learning: import to understanding and treating diseases and psychopathologies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:624-31. [PMID: 25010473 PMCID: PMC4140586 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents nauseate cancer patients. Some individuals with schizophrenia hear voices. Chronic pain can be reduced by analgesics. Nausea, voices, and pain are examples of internal (interoceptive) stimuli closely linked with a disease and/or its treatment. There is evidence that the perception and, hence, role of these internal stimuli can be modified by one's learning history. There is also increased awareness by researchers and practitioners of the potential import of learning involving internal states to some diseases and psychopathologies. Unfortunately, the science, theory, and practice appear to be trailing behind awareness. In this mini-review, we describe two examples: smoking and panic disorder. While doing so, we discuss the need to develop translationally relevant animal models that will allow investigators to better understand the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying interoception and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Bevins
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0308, United States
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Rose EJ, Salmeron BJ, Ross TJ, Waltz J, Schweitzer JB, McClure SM, Stein EA. Temporal difference error prediction signal dysregulation in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1732-42. [PMID: 24569319 PMCID: PMC4023147 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence impacts drug-related, dopamine-dependent reward processing, yet its influence on non-drug reward processing is unclear. Here, we investigated cocaine-mediated effects on reward learning using a natural food reinforcer. Cocaine-dependent subjects (N = 14) and healthy controls (N = 14) learned to associate a visual cue with a juice reward. In subsequent functional imaging sessions they were exposed to trials where juice was received as learned, withheld (negative temporal difference error (NTDE)), or received unexpectedly (positive temporal difference error (PTDE)). Subjects were scanned twice in sessions that were identical, except that cocaine-dependent participants received cocaine or saline 10 min before task onset. In the insula, precentral and postcentral gyri NTDE signals were greater, and PTDE-related function was reduced in cocaine-dependent subjects. Compared with healthy controls, in the cocaine-dependent group PTDE signals were also reduced in medial frontal gyrus and reward-related function, irrespective of predictability, was reduced in the putamen. Group differences in error-related activity were predicted by the time as last self-administered cocaine use, but TDE function was not influenced by acute cocaine. Thus, cocaine dependence seems to engender increased responsiveness to unexpected negative outcomes and reduced sensitivity to positive events in dopaminergic reward regions. Although it remains to be established if these effects are a consequence of or antecedent to cocaine dependence, they likely have implications for the high-cocaine use recidivism rates by contributing to the drive to consume cocaine, perhaps via influence on dopamine-related reward computations. The fact that these effects do not acquiesce to acute cocaine administration might factor in binge-related escalated consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Translational Research on Adversity, Neurodevelopment and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 4th Floor, 110 S.Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel: +410 328 6803, Fax: +410 328 3693, E-mail:
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Samuel M McClure
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Naqvi NH, Gaznick N, Tranel D, Bechara A. The insula: a critical neural substrate for craving and drug seeking under conflict and risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1316:53-70. [PMID: 24690001 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is characterized by the inability to control drug use when it results in negative consequences or conflicts with more adaptive goals. Our previous work showed that damage to the insula disrupted addiction to cigarette smoking-the first time that the insula was shown to be a critical neural substrate for addiction. Here, we review those findings, as well as more recent studies that corroborate and extend them, demonstrating the role of the insula in (1) incentive motivational processes that drive addictive behavior, (2) control processes that moderate or inhibit addictive behavior, and (3) interoceptive processes that represent bodily states associated with drug use. We then describe a theoretical framework that attempts to integrate these seemingly disparate findings. In this framework, the insula functions in the recall of interoceptive drug effects during craving and drug seeking under specific conditions where drug taking is perceived as risky and/or where there is conflict between drug taking and more adaptive goals. We describe this framework in an evolutionary context and discuss its implications for understanding the mechanisms of behavior change in addiction treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir H Naqvi
- Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Wise RA, Koob GF. The development and maintenance of drug addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:254-62. [PMID: 24121188 PMCID: PMC3870778 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively linked to drug-induced euphoria, and negative reinforcement, subjectively linked to the alleviation of pain—both of which figure importantly in addiction theory; each of these forms has dominated addiction theory in its time. We agree that addiction begins with the formation of habits through positive reinforcement and that drug-opposite physiological responses often establish the conditions for negative reinforcement to come into play at a time when tolerance, in the form of increasing reward thresholds, appears to develop into positive reinforcement. Wise’s work has tended to focus on positive-reinforcement mechanisms that are important for establishing drug-seeking habits and reinstating them quickly after periods of abstinence, whereas Koob’s work has tended to focus on the negative-reinforcement mechanisms that become most obvious in the late stages of sustained addiction. While we tend to agree with each other about the early and late stages of addiction, we hold different views as to (i) the point between early and late at which the diagnosis of ‘addiction’ should be invoked, (ii) the relative importance of positive and negative reinforcement leading up to this transition, and (iii) the degree to which the specifics of negative reinforcement can be generalized across the range of addictive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Wise
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Suite 2000, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +443 740 2460, Fax: +443 740 2728, E-mail:
| | - George F Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Pittenger ST, Bevins RA. Interoceptive conditioning in rats: effects of using a single training dose or a set of 5 different doses of nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 114-115:82-9. [PMID: 24201046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interoceptive conditioning contributes to the tenacity of nicotine dependence. Previous research investigating nicotine as an interoceptive stimulus has typically employed administration of a single training dose of nicotine over an extended time. This approach has allowed for careful study of the nicotine stimulus. In humans, the nicotine stimulus is unlikely to be fixed across learning episodes. Thus, from a translational perspective, systematic variation of nicotine dose in training might better approximate interoceptive conditioning in humans. Notably, training with a class or set of discrete exteroceptive stimuli (e.g., different pictures of cars) produces interesting behavioral differences relative to training with a single stimulus. The present study sought to determine whether similar differences would occur if a set of nicotine stimuli were used in place of a single dose. To investigate this question, one group of male Sprague-Dawley rats was trained on a discriminated goal-tracking task with a set of nicotine doses (0.05, 0.125, 0.2, 0.275, and 0.35mg/kg). A second group received the standard protocol of training with a single nicotine dose (0.2mg/kg). On each nicotine session, there was intermittent access to liquid sucrose (26%) in a conditioning chamber. On intermixed saline sessions, sucrose was withheld. We examined acquisition, subsequent extinction, transfer of extinction, nicotine generalization, and mecamylamine blockade. Both groups reliably discriminated between nicotine and saline sessions, were sensitive to non-reinforcement, displayed transfer of extinction, demonstrated dose-dependent nicotine generalization, and responding was blocked by mecamylamine. There were no significant differences between the two groups. The unique nature of an interoceptive pharmacological stimulus and the challenges posed for studying the impact of training with a set of interoceptive stimuli are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Pittenger
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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Bidirectional modulation of cocaine expectancy by phasic glutamate fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9050-5. [PMID: 23699516 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0503-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NAS) contributes to the promotion of drug-seeking by drug-predictive cues, it also appears to play a role in the inhibition of drug-seeking following extinction procedures. Thus we measured extracellular fluctuations of NAS glutamate in response to discriminative stimuli that signaled either cocaine availability or cocaine omission. We trained rats to self-administer intravenous cocaine and then to recognize discriminative odor cues that predicted either sessions where cocaine was available or alternating sessions where it was not (saline substituted for cocaine). Whereas responding in cocaine availability sessions remained stable, responding in cocaine omission sessions progressively declined to chance levels. We then determined the effects of each odor cue on extracellular glutamate in the core and shell subregions of NAS preceding and accompanying lever pressing under an extinction condition. Glutamate levels were elevated in both core and shell by the availability odor and depressed in the core but not the shell by the omission odor. Infusion of kynurenic acid (an antagonist for ionotropic glutamate receptors) into core but not shell suppressed responding associated with the availability odor, but had no effect on the suppression associated with the omission odor. Thus cocaine-predictive cues appear to promote cocaine seeking in part by elevating glutamatergic neurotransmission in the core of NAS, whereas cocaine-omission cues appear to suppress cocaine seeking in part by depressing glutamatergic receptor activation in the same region.
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Wang B, You ZB, Oleson EB, Cheer JF, Myal S, Wise RA. Conditioned contribution of peripheral cocaine actions to cocaine reward and cocaine-seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1763-9. [PMID: 23535778 PMCID: PMC3717534 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine has actions in the peripheral nervous system that reliably precede--and thus predict--its soon-to-follow central rewarding effects. In cocaine-experienced animals, the peripheral cocaine signal is relayed to the central nervous system, triggering excitatory input to the ventral tegmental origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, the system that mediates the rewarding effects of the drug. We used cocaine methiodide, a cocaine analog that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, to isolate the peripheral actions of cocaine and determine their central and behavioral effects in animals first trained to lever-press for cocaine hydrochloride (the centrally acting and abused form of the drug). We first confirmed with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry that cocaine methiodide causes rapid dopamine release from dopamine terminals in cocaine hydrochloride-trained rats. We then compared the ability of cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine methiodide to establish conditioned place preferences in rats with self-administration experience. While cocaine hydrochloride established stronger place preferences, cocaine methiodide was also effective and its effectiveness increased (incubated) over weeks of cocaine abstinence. Cocaine self-administration was extinguished when cocaine methiodide or saline was substituted for cocaine hydrochloride in the intravenous self-administration paradigm, but cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine methiodide each reinstated non-rewarded lever-pressing after extinction. Rats extinguished by cocaine methiodide substitution showed weaker cocaine-induced reinstatement than rats extinguished by saline substitution. These findings suggest that the conditioned peripheral effects of cocaine can contribute significantly to cocaine-induced (but not stress-induced) cocaine craving, and also suggest the cocaine cue as an important target for cue-exposure therapies for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erik B Oleson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Myal
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roy A Wise
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA,Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2460, Fax: +1 443 740 2827, E-mail:
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Besheer J, Fisher KR, Lindsay TG, Cannady R. Transient increase in alcohol self-administration following a period of chronic exposure to corticosterone. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:139-47. [PMID: 23643750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events and chronic stressors have been associated with escalations in alcohol drinking. Stress exposure leads to the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol in the human; corticosterone (CORT) in the rodent). To model a period of heightened elevations in CORT, the present work assessed the effects of chronic exposure to the stress hormone CORT on alcohol self-administration. Male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer a sweetened alcohol solution (2% sucrose/15% alcohol) resulting in moderate levels of daily alcohol intake (0.5-0.7 g/kg). Following stable baseline operant self-administration, rats received CORT in the drinking water for 7 days. A transient increase in alcohol self-administration was observed on the first self-administration session following CORT exposure, and behavior returned to control levels by the second session. Control experiments determined that this increase in alcohol self-administration was specific to alcohol, unrelated to general motor activation, and functionally dissociated from decreased CORT levels at the time of testing. These results indicate that repeated exposure to heightened levels of stress hormone (e.g., as may be experienced during stressful episodes) has the potential to lead to exacerbated alcohol intake in low to moderate drinkers. Given that maladaptive drinking patterns, such as escalated alcohol drinking following stressful episodes, have the potential to put an individual at risk for future drinking disorders, utilization of this model will be important for examination of neuroadaptations that occur as a consequence of CORT exposure in order to better understand escalated drinking following stressful episodes in nondependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 2759, USA.
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Wise RA. Dual roles of dopamine in food and drug seeking: the drive-reward paradox. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:819-26. [PMID: 23044182 PMCID: PMC3548035 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether (or to what degree) obesity reflects addiction to high-energy foods often narrows to the question of whether the overeating of these foods causes the same long-term neuroadaptations as are identified with the late stages of addiction. Of equal or perhaps greater interest is the question of whether common brain mechanisms mediate the acquisition and development of eating and drug-taking habits. The earliest evidence on this question is rooted in early studies of brain stimulation reward. Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation can be reinforcing in some conditions and can motivate feeding in others. That stimulation of the same brain region should be both reinforcing and drive inducing is paradoxical; why should an animal work to induce a drive-like state such as hunger? This is known as the drive-reward paradox. Insights into the substrates of the drive-reward paradox suggest an answer to the controversial question of whether the dopamine system--a system downstream from the stimulated fibers of the lateral hypothalamus--is more critically involved in wanting or in liking of various rewards including food and addictive drugs. That the same brain circuitry is implicated in the motivation for and the reinforcement by both food and addictive drugs extends the argument for a common mechanism underlying compulsive overeating and compulsive drug taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. Wise
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, tel: 443-740-2468, fax: 443-740-2827
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Interactions between VTA orexin and glutamate in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:687-98. [PMID: 22411428 PMCID: PMC3649073 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glutamate and orexin/hypocretin systems are involved in Pavlovian cue-triggered drug seeking. OBJECTIVES Here, we asked whether orexin and glutamate interact within ventral tegmental area (VTA) to promote reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in a rat self-administration paradigm. METHODS/RESULTS We first found that bilateral VTA microinjections of the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867 (SB) or a cocktail of the AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX/AP-5 reduced reinstatement of cocaine seeking elicited by cues. In contrast, neither of these microinjections nor systemic SB reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement. Additionally, unilateral VTA OX1R blockade combined with contralateral VTA glutamate blockade attenuated cue-induced reinstatement, indicating that VTA orexin and glutamate are simultaneously necessary for cue-induced reinstatement. We further probed the receptor specificity of glutamate actions in VTA, finding that CNQX, but not AP-5, dose-dependently attenuated cue-induced reinstatement, indicating that AMPA but not NMDA receptor transmission is required for this type of cocaine seeking. Given the necessary roles of both OX1 and AMPA receptors in VTA for cue-induced cocaine seeking, we hypothesized that these signaling pathways interact during this behavior. We found that PEPA, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, completely reversed the SB-induced attenuation of reinstatement behavior. Intra-VTA PEPA alone did not alter cue-induced reinstatement, indicating that potentiating AMPA activity with this drug specifically compensates for OX1R blockade, rather than simply inducing or enhancing reinstatement itself. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that cue-induced, but not cocaine-primed, reinstatement of cocaine seeking is dependent upon orexin and AMPA receptor interactions in VTA.
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Besheer J, Fisher KR, Durant B. Assessment of the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats using short-term training procedures. Alcohol 2012; 46:747-55. [PMID: 22944614 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we sought to determine whether the interoceptive effects of alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) could be assessed using a Pavlovian discrimination method, in which the alcohol drug state sets the occasion for which an environmental stimulus (e.g., light) will be followed by a sucrose reward. This procedure takes advantage of a naturally occurring behavior (i.e., food-seeking) which can be trained rapidly prior to the initiation of discrimination training. Given that the interoceptive effects of alcohol are routinely assessed using operant drug discrimination methods, another group of rats was trained using standard two-lever operant drug discrimination procedures in an effort to compare the Pavlovian procedure to a known behavioral benchmark. The results from this work show that, in addition to operant discrimination procedures, a Pavlovian discrimination task can be used to evaluate the interoceptive effects of alcohol. In addition to the brief behavioral sucrose access training (3 days) required prior to the initiation of the Pavlovian discrimination, the alcohol discrimination was acquired relatively rapidly (i.e., 8 training sessions), shortening the overall duration of the experiment. These features of the Pavlovian procedure make it a valuable method by which to assess the interoceptive effects of alcohol if a short experimental time frame is required, such as assessing the interoceptive effects of alcohol during a brief developmental window (e.g., adolescence) or determining the effects of a pretreatment (i.e., chronic stress, chronic drug pretreatment) on the acquisition of the alcohol discrimination. As such, this initial characterization confirms the feasibility of using this Pavlovian discrimination training method as an additional tool by which to assess the interoceptive effects of alcohol, as there may be experimental situations that necessitate short term discrimination training.
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Wang B, You ZB, Wise RA. Heroin self-administration experience establishes control of ventral tegmental glutamate release by stress and environmental stimuli. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2863-9. [PMID: 22948979 PMCID: PMC3499717 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heroin and cocaine have very different unconditioned receptor-mediated actions; however, in the brain circuitry of drug-reward and motivation, the two drugs establish common conditioned consequences. A single experience with either drug can change the sensitivity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons to glutamatergic input. In the case of cocaine, repeated intravenous self-administration establishes de novo VTA glutamate release and dopaminergic activation in response to conditioned stimuli and mild footshock stress. Here we determined whether repeated self-administration of heroin would establish similar glutamate release and dopaminergic activation. Although self-administration of heroin itself did not cause VTA glutamate release, conditioned glutamate release was seen when rats expecting rewarding heroin were given nonrewarding saline in its place. Mild footshock stress also caused glutamate release in heroin-trained animals. In each case, the VTA glutamate release was accompanied by elevations in VTA dopamine levels, indicative of dopaminergic activation. In each case, infusion of the ionotropic glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid blocked the VTA dopamine release associated with VTA glutamate elevation. Although glutamate levels in the extinction and reinstatement tests were similar to those reported in cocaine studies, the effects of heroin self-administration itself were quite different from what has been seen during cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roy A Wise
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA,Intramural Research Program, National Institute for Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2460, Fax: +1 443 740 2827, E-mail:
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Individual differences in amygdala reactivity following nicotinic receptor stimulation in abstinent smokers. Neuroimage 2012; 66:585-93. [PMID: 23110878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactive amygdala functioning may underlie emotional dysregulation during smoking abstinence and represents one neurobiological target for pharmacological cessation aids. Available pharmacotherapies (e.g., nicotine replacement and varenicline) aid only a subset of individuals with smoking cessation and therefore elucidating the neurobiological impact of these medications is critical to expedite improved interventions. In a fMRI study employing a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we assessed task performance and amygdala functioning during an emotional face matching paradigm following administration of nicotine and varenicline to 24 abstinent smokers and 20 nonsmokers. All participants underwent ~17days of varenicline and placebo pill administration and were scanned, on different days under each condition, wearing a transdermal nicotine or placebo patch. During the amygdala reactivity paradigm, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) stimulation by nicotine and varenicline decreased reaction time (RT) in abstinent smokers but not in nonsmokers. When considering all smokers as a single homogenous group, no drug-induced effects on amygdala reactivity were detected. However, in an exploratory analysis we parsed participants into subgroups according to individual differences in the propensity to demonstrate stable performance augmentation following nAChR stimulation (stable RT-improvers [SI] vs. variable RT-improvers [VI]). Using this exploratory approach, drugs appeared to modulate amygdala reactivity in only one smoker subgroup but not in either nonsmoker subgroup. Specifically, in the SI-smoker cohort abstinence-induced elevated amygdala reactivity was down-regulated by nAChR stimulation. In contrast, varenicline and nicotine did not modulate amygdala functioning in the VI-smoker cohort who displayed moderate levels of amygdala reactivity in the absence of drug administration. These results suggest that pharmacotherapies most robustly dampened amygdala functioning in smokers appearing susceptible to abstinence-induced effects. Such findings provide a step towards fractionating the smoker phenotype by discrete neurobiological characteristics.
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Lu H, Chefer S, Kurup PK, Guillem K, Vaupel DB, Ross TJ, Moore A, Yang Y, Peoples LL, Stein EA. fMRI response in the medial prefrontal cortex predicts cocaine but not sucrose self-administration history. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1857-66. [PMID: 22664568 PMCID: PMC3875563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated cocaine exposure induces long-lasting neuroadaptations that alter subsequent responsiveness to the drug. However, systems-level investigation of these neuroplastic consequences is limited. We employed a rodent model of drug addiction to investigate neuroadaptations associated with prolonged forced abstinence after long-term cocaine self-administration (SA). Since natural rewards also activate the mesolimbic reward system in a partially overlapping fashion as cocaine, our design also included a sucrose SA group. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine or sucrose using a fixed-ratio one, long-access schedule (6 h/day for 20 days). A third group of naïve, sedentary rats served as a negative control. After 30 days of abstinence, the reactivity of the reward system was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following an intravenous cocaine injection challenge. A strong positive fMRI response, as measured by fractional cerebral blood volume changes relative to baseline (CBV%), was seen in the sedentary control group in such cortico-limbic regions as medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, both the cocaine and sucrose SA groups demonstrated a very similar initial negative fMRI response followed by an attenuated positive response. The magnitude of the mPFC response was significantly correlated with the total amount of reinforcer intake during the training sessions for the cocaine SA but not for the sucrose SA group. Given that the two SA groups had identical histories of operant training and handling, this region-specific group difference revealed by regression analysis may reflect the development of neuroadaptive mechanisms specifically related to the emergence of addiction-like behavior that occurs only in cocaine SA animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Svetlana Chefer
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Kurup
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karine Guillem
- Department of Psychiatry, TRL, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D. Bruce Vaupel
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Laura L. Peoples
- Department of Psychiatry, TRL, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia PA 19102, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Verdejo-Garcia A, Clark L, Dunn BD. The role of interoception in addiction: A critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1857-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Calipari ES, España RA. Hypocretin/orexin regulation of dopamine signaling: implications for reward and reinforcement mechanisms. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:54. [PMID: 22933994 PMCID: PMC3423791 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretins/orexins are comprised of two neuroexcitatory peptides that are synthesized exclusively within a circumscribed region of the lateral hypothalamus. These peptides project widely throughout the brain and interact with a variety of regions involved in the regulation of arousal-related processes including those associated with motivated behavior. The current review focuses on emerging evidence indicating that the hypocretins influence reward and reinforcement processing via actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system. We discuss contemporary perspectives of hypocretin regulation of mesolimbic dopamine signaling in both drug free and drug states, as well as hypocretin regulation of behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, particularly as it relates to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Calipari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Mejías-Aponte CA, Kiyatkin EA. Ventral tegmental area neurons are either excited or inhibited by cocaine's actions in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 2012; 207:182-97. [PMID: 22300980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine's multiple pharmacological substrates are ubiquitously present in the peripheral and central nervous system. Thus, upon its administration, cocaine acts in the periphery before directly acting in the brain. We determined whether cocaine alters ventral tegmental area (VTA) neuronal activity via its peripheral actions. In urethane-anesthetized rats, we recorded VTA neuron's responses to intravenous injections of two cocaine analogs: cocaine-hydrochloride (HCl, 0.25 mg/kg), which readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and cocaine-methiodide (MI, 0.33 mg/kg), which does not cross the BBB. Both cocaine analogs produced sustained changes in discharge rates that began 5 s after the initiation of a 10-s drug infusion. Within the first 90 s post-injection, the magnitudes of neuronal responsiveness of both cocaine analogs were comparable, but later the effects of cocaine-HCl were stronger and persisted longer than those of cocaine-MI. The proportion of neurons responsive to cocaine-HCl was twice that of cocaine-MI (74% and 35%, respectively). Both analogs also differed in their response onsets. Cocaine-MI rarely evoked responses after 1 min, whereas cocaine-HCl continued to evoke responses within 3 min post-injection. VTA neurons were either excited or inhibited by both cocaine analogs. Most units responsive to cocaine-MI, regardless of whether they were excited or inhibited, had electrophysiological characteristics of putative dopamine (DA) neurons. Units inhibited by cocaine-HCl also had characteristics of DA neurons, whereas excited neurons had widely varying action potential durations and discharge rates. Cocaine-MI and cocaine-HCl each produced changes in VTA neuron activity under full DA receptor blockade. However, the duration of inhibition was shortened and the number of excitations increased, and they occurred with an earlier onset during DA receptor blockade. These findings indicate that cocaine acts peripherally with a short latency and alters the activity of VTA neurons before its well-known direct actions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mejías-Aponte
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Triad Technology Center Suite 2200, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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