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Zhuang Z, Zhang C, Tan Y, Zhang J, Zhong C. ELF4 was a prognostic biomarker and related to immune infiltrates in glioma. J Cancer 2024; 15:5101-5117. [PMID: 39132148 PMCID: PMC11310870 DOI: 10.7150/jca.96886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ELF4 (E74-like factor 4) is a transcription factor, dysregulation of which has been associated with carcinogenesis and cancer development. Nevertheless, the precise role of ELF4 in glioma pathology and its impact on clinical outcomes remains to be investigated. In the present research, comprehensive analyses demonstrated that elevated expression of ELF4 in glioma tissues correlates with malignant phenotypes and adverse clinical outcomes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis determined that ELF4 expression could serve as a reliable predictor of glioma outcomes. (CGGA, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.34, p<0.001; TCGA, HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.01-1.41, p=0.043; and Gravendeel, HR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.15-1.80, p=0.002). Knockdown of ELF4 reduced the cell viability and migration capacity of glioma cells in vitro. In addition to the tumor invasive role, enrichment analysis revealed the overexpressed ELF4 was involved in the immune regulation, characterized by the elevated activity of Il6/Jak/Stat3 signaling, interferon alpha (IFN-α) response, and IL2/Stat5 signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA)-seq and spatial transcriptome (ST)-seq analyses revealed that ELF4 could induce reprogramming of tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages (TAMMs). Molecular docking analysis revealed ELF4 might be targeted by drugs/compounds, including Veliparib (ABT-888), Motesanib (AMG 706), and EHT 1864. Genomic analysis revealed that, in LGG, in the low ELF4 expression subgroup, IDH1 demonstrated a higher mutation rate, and TP53 and ATRX Chromatin Remodeler (ATRX) displayed the lower mutation rates, than the high ELF4 expression group. Conclusion: Our research suggests that ELF4 may contribute to the prognostic assessment of glioma and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinqiu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Yu H, Li X, Shu J, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Li Z. Evaluation of salivary glycopatterns based diagnostic models for prediction of diabetic vascular complications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:129763. [PMID: 38281526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications (DVC) are the main cause of death in diabetic patients. However, there is a lack of effective biomarkers or convenient methods for early diagnosis of DVC. In this study, the salivary glycopatterns from 130 of healthy volunteers (HV), 139 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 167 patients with DVC were case-by-case analyzed by using lectin microarrays. Subsequently, diagnostic models were developed using logistic regression and machine learning algorithms based on the data of lectin microarrays in training set. The performance of diagnostic models was evaluated in an independent blind cohort. The results of lectin microarrays indicated that the glycopatterns identified by 16 lectins (e.g. BS-I, PWM and EEL) were significantly altered in DVC patients compared with patients with T2DM, which suggested the alterations in salivary glycopatterns could reflect onset of DVC. Notably, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) model exhibited better performance for distinguishing DVC (accuracy: 0.939) than other models in blind cohort. The integrated classifier, which combined three machine learning models, exhibited a higher overall accuracy (≥ 0.933) than other models in blind cohort. Our study provided a cost-effective and non-invasive method for auxiliary diagnosis DVC based on the combination of salivary glycopatterns and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzi Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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3
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Kumar P, Gupta S, Das BC. Saliva as a potential non-invasive liquid biopsy for early and easy diagnosis/prognosis of head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 40:101827. [PMID: 38042138 PMCID: PMC10701368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the most devastating diseases in India and southeast Asia. It is a preventable and curable disease if detected early. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two major risk-factors but infection of high-risk HPVs are also associated with development of predominantly oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Interestingly, unlike cervical cancer, HPV-induced HNSCCs show good prognosis and better survival in contrast, majority of tobacco-associated HPV-ve HNSCCs are highly aggressive with poor clinical outcome. Biomarker analysis in circulatory body-fluids for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring are becoming important in clinical practice. Early diagnosis using non-invasive saliva for oral or other diseases plays an important role in successful treatment and better prognosis. Saliva mirrors the body's state of health as it comes into direct contact with oral lesions and needs no trained manpower to collect, making it a suitable bio-fluid of choice for screening. Saliva can be used to detect not only virus, bacteria and other biomarkers but variety of molecular and genetic markers for an early detection, treatment and monitoring cancer and other diseases. The performance of saliva-based diagnostics are reported to be highly (≥95 %) sensitive and specific indicating the test's ability to correctly identify true positive or negative cases. This review focuses on the potentials of saliva in the early detection of not only HPV or other pathogens but also identification of highly reliable gene mutations, oral-microbiomes, metabolites, salivary cytokines, non-coding RNAs and exosomal miRNAs. It also discusses the importance of saliva as a reliable, cost-effective and an easy alternative to invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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4
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LaCasse Z, Chivte P, Kress K, Seethi VDR, Bland J, Alhoori H, Kadkol SS, Gaillard ER. Enhancing saliva diagnostics: The impact of amylase depletion on MALDI-ToF MS profiles as applied to COVID-19. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 31:59-71. [PMID: 38323116 PMCID: PMC10846328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human saliva contains a wealth of proteins that can be monitored for disease diagnosis and progression. Saliva, which is easy to collect, has been extensively studied for the diagnosis of numerous systemic and infectious diseases. However, the presence of amylase, the most abundant protein in saliva, can obscure the detection of low-abundance proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), thus reducing its diagnostic utility. Objectives In this study, we used a device to deplete salivary amylase from water-gargle samples by affinity adsorption. Following depletion, saliva proteome profiling was performed using MALDI-ToF MS on gargle samples from individuals confirmed to have COVID-19 based on nasopharyngeal (NP) swab reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results The depletion of amylase led to increased signal intensities of various peaks and the detection of previously unobserved peaks in the MALDI-ToF MS spectra. The overall specificity and sensitivity after amylase depletion were 100% and 85.17%, respectively, for detecting COVID-19. Conclusion This simple, rapid, and inexpensive technique for depleting salivary amylase can reveal spectral diversity in saliva using MALDI-ToF MS, expose low-abundance proteins, and assist in establishing novel biomarkers for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane LaCasse
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Prajkta Chivte
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Kari Kress
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL 61101, USA
| | | | - Joshua Bland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hamed Alhoori
- Departments of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Shrihari S. Kadkol
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Gaillard
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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Updates and Original Case Studies Focused on the NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Human Oral Fluids Part II: Applications to the Diagnosis and Prognostic Monitoring of Oral and Systemic Cancers. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090778. [PMID: 36144183 PMCID: PMC9505390 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva offers many advantages over other biofluids regarding its use and value as a bioanalytical medium for the identification and prognostic monitoring of human diseases, mainly because its collection is largely non-invasive, is relatively cheap, and does not require any major clinical supervision, nor supervisory input. Indeed, participants donating this biofluid for such purposes, including the identification, validation and quantification of surrogate biomarkers, may easily self-collect such samples in their homes following the provision of full collection details to them by researchers. In this report, the authors have focused on the applications of metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and progressive severity monitoring of human cancer conditions, firstly oral cancers (e.g., oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma), and secondly extra-oral (systemic) cancers such as lung, breast and prostate cancers. For each publication reviewed, the authors provide a detailed evaluation and critical appraisal of the experimental design, sample size, ease of sample collection (usually but not exclusively as whole mouth saliva (WMS)), their transport, length of storage and preparation for analysis. Moreover, recommended protocols for the optimisation of NMR pulse sequences for analysis, along with the application of methods and techniques for verifying and resonance assignments and validating the quantification of biomolecules responsible, are critically considered. In view of the authors’ specialisms and research interests, the majority of these investigations were conducted using NMR-based metabolomics techniques. The extension of these studies to determinations of metabolic pathways which have been pathologically disturbed in these diseases is also assessed here and reviewed. Where available, data for the monitoring of patients’ responses to chemotherapeutic treatments, and in one case, radiotherapy, are also evaluated herein. Additionally, a novel case study featured evaluates the molecular nature, levels and diagnostic potential of 1H NMR-detectable salivary ‘acute-phase’ glycoprotein carbohydrate side chains, and/or their monomeric saccharide derivatives, as biomarkers for cancer and inflammatory conditions.
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6
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Yan X, Liu C. Application of Non-Blood-Derived Fluid Biopsy in Monitoring Minimal Residual Diseases of Lung Cancer. Front Surg 2022; 9:865040. [PMID: 35651679 PMCID: PMC9149287 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.865040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most fatal malignant tumors in the world. Overcoming this disease is difficult due to its late diagnosis and relapse after treatment. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is described as the presence of free circulating tumor cells or other tumor cell derivatives in the biological fluid of patients without any clinical symptoms of cancer and negative imaging examination after the treatment of primary tumors. It has been widely discussed in the medical community as a bridge to solid tumor recurrence. Radiology, serology (carcinoembryonic antigen), and other clinical diagnosis and treatment methods widely used to monitor the progression of disease recurrence have obvious time-limited and -specific defects. Furthermore, as most samples of traditional liquid biopsies come from patients’ blood (including plasma and serum), the low concentration of tumor markers in blood samples limits the ability of these liquid biopsies in the early detection of cancer recurrence. The use of non-blood-derived fluid biopsy in monitoring the status of MRD and further improving the postoperative individualized treatment of patients with lung cancer is gradually ushering in the dawn of hope. This paper reviews the progress of several non-blood-derived fluid samples (urine, saliva, sputum, and pleural effusion) in detecting MRD in lung cancer as well as selecting the accurate treatment for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Thoracic surgery, DaLian, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Thoracic surgery, DaLian, China
- Correspondence: Changhong Liu
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7
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Santos V, Freitas C, Fernandes MGO, Sousa C, Reboredo C, Cruz-Martins N, Mosquera J, Hespanhol V, Campelo R. Liquid biopsy: the value of different bodily fluids. Biomark Med 2022; 16:127-145. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies have gained an increasing interest in the last years among medical and scientific communities. Indeed, the value of liquid effusions, while less invasive and more accurate techniques, has been markedly highlighted. Peripheral blood comprises the most often analyzed sample, but recent evidences have pointed out the huge importance of other bodily fluids, including pleural and peritoneal fluids, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid in the detection and monitoring of different tumor types. In face to these advances, this review aims to provide an overview of the value of tumor-associated mutations, detectable in different effusions, and how they can be used in clinical practice, namely in prognosis assessment and early disease and minimal disease recurrence detection, and in predicting the treatment response or acquired-resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santos
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Freitas
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
| | - Maria GO Fernandes
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Institute for Research & Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200135, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200135, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sousa
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
| | - Cristina Reboredo
- Department of Lung Cancer & Thoracic Tumours, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Institute for Research & Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200135, Portugal
| | - Joaquín Mosquera
- Department of Lung Cancer & Thoracic Tumours, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Venceslau Hespanhol
- Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200319, Portugal
- Institute for Research & Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200135, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200135, Portugal
| | - Rosário Campelo
- Department of Lung Cancer & Thoracic Tumours, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
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8
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Skallevold HE, Vallenari EM, Sapkota D. Salivary Biomarkers in Lung Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6019791. [PMID: 34690552 PMCID: PMC8528626 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6019791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A very low percentage of lung cancer (LC) cases are discovered at an early and treatable stage of the disease, leading to an abysmally low 5-year survival rate. This underscores the immediate necessity for improved diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for LC. Biopsied lung tissue, blood, and plasma are common sources used for LC diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. A growing number of studies have reported saliva to be a useful biological sample for early and noninvasive detection of oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, salivary biomarker discovery remains underresearched. Here, we have compiled the available literature to provide an overview of the current understanding of salivary markers for LC detection and provided perspectives for future clinical significance. Valuable markers with diagnostic and prognostic potentials in LC have been discovered in saliva, including metabolic (catalase activity, triene conjugates, and Schiff bases), inflammatory (interleukin 10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), proteomic (haptoglobin, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, and calprotectin), genomic (epidermal growth factor receptor), and microbial candidates (Veillonella and Streptococcus). In combination, with each other and with other established screening methods, these salivary markers could be useful for improving early detection of the disease and ultimately improve the survival odds of LC patients. The existing literature suggests that saliva is a promising biological sample for identification and validation of biomarkers in LC, but how saliva can be utilized most effectively in a clinical setting for LC management is still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E. Skallevold
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Evan M. Vallenari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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9
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Malapelle U, Pisapia P, Addeo A, Arrieta O, Bellosillo B, Cardona AF, Cristofanilli M, De Miguel-Perez D, Denninghoff V, Durán I, Jantus-Lewintre E, Nuzzo PV, O'Byrne K, Pauwels P, Pickering EM, Raez LE, Russo A, Serrano MJ, Gandara DR, Troncone G, Rolfo C. Liquid biopsy from research to clinical practice: focus on non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1165-1178. [PMID: 34570988 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1985468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the current era of personalized medicine, liquid biopsy has acquired a relevant importance in patient management of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As a matter of fact, liquid biopsy may supplant the problem of inadequate tissue for molecular testing. The term 'liquid biopsy' refers to a number of different biological fluids, but is most clearly associated with plasma-related platforms. It must be taken into account that pre-analytical processing and the selection of the appropriate technology according to the clinical context may condition the results obtained. In addition, novel clinical applications beyond the evaluation of the molecular status of predictive biomarkers are currently under investigation. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the available evidence on pre-analytical issues and different clinical applications of liquid biopsies in NSCLC patients. EXPERT OPINION Liquid biopsy should be considered not only as a valid alternative but as complementary to tissue-based molecular approaches. Careful attention should be paid to the optimization and standardization of all phases of liquid biopsy samples management in order to determine a significant improvement in either sensitivity or specificity, while significant reducing the number of 'false negative' or 'false positive' molecular results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pisapia
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Addeo
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City, México
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres F Cardona
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica Del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Oncology, Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (Ficmac), Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-g/oncolgroup), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diego De Miguel-Perez
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, Granada, Spain.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valeria Denninghoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Buenos Aires - National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (Conicet), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Durán
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Eloísa Jantus-Lewintre
- Department of Pathology, Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación Del Hospital General Universitario De Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Mixed Unit TRIAL, (Príncipe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación Para La Investigación Del Hospital General Universitario De Valencia), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica De València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pier Vitale Nuzzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken O'Byrne
- Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp (Core), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp (Uantwerp), Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Edward M Pickering
- Divison of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Section of Interventional Pulmonology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luis E Raez
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Unit, A.O. Papardo, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria José Serrano
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, Granada, Spain
| | - David R Gandara
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico Ii, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Medical System & Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Russo A, Incorvaia L, Del Re M, Malapelle U, Capoluongo E, Gristina V, Castiglia M, Danesi R, Fassan M, Giuffrè G, Gori S, Marchetti A, Normanno N, Pinto C, Rossi G, Santini D, Sartore-Bianchi A, Silvestris N, Tagliaferri P, Troncone G, Cinieri S, Beretta GD. The molecular profiling of solid tumors by liquid biopsy: a position paper of the AIOM-SIAPEC-IAP-SIBioC-SIC-SIF Italian Scientific Societies. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100164. [PMID: 34091263 PMCID: PMC8182269 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The term liquid biopsy (LB) refers to the use of various biological fluids as a surrogate for neoplastic tissue to achieve information for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive purposes. In the current clinical practice, LB is used for the identification of driver mutations in circulating tumor DNA derived from both tumor tissue and circulating neoplastic cells. As suggested by a growing body of evidence, however, there are several clinical settings where biological samples other than tissue could be used in the routine practice to identify potentially predictive biomarkers of either response or resistance to targeted treatments. New applications are emerging as useful clinical tools, and other blood derivatives, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor RNA, microRNAs, platelets, extracellular vesicles, as well as other biofluids such as urine and cerebrospinal fluid, may be adopted in the near future. Despite the evident advantages compared with tissue biopsy, LB still presents some limitations due to both biological and technological issues. In this context, the absence of harmonized procedures corresponds to an unmet clinical need, ultimately affecting the rapid implementation of LB in clinical practice. In this position paper, based on experts’ opinions, the AIOM–SIAPEC-IAP–SIBIOC–SIF Italian Scientific Societies critically discuss the most relevant technical issues of LB, the current and emerging evidences, with the aim to optimizing the applications of LB in the clinical setting. In the current clinical practice LB is used for the identification of driver mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). New applications in tumors other than non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are emerging as useful clinical tools. Other blood derivatives, together with other biofluids, are an active field of research and may be adopted in the near future. Despite the evident advantages, liquid biopsy still presents limitations due to both biological and technological issues. Standardization of the procedures needs to be addressed to ensure widespread implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - L Incorvaia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - U Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Capoluongo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - V Gristina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Castiglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Padua, Italy
| | - G Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Gori
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - A Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, University-Foundation, CeSI Biotech Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - N Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - C Pinto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre, IRCCS-AUSL di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | - D Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - N Silvestris
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II' of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - P Tagliaferri
- Medical and Translational Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Division and Breast Unit, Senatore Antonio Perrino Hospital, ASL Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - G D Beretta
- Department of Oncology, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Bergamo, Italy
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11
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Zhang XL, Wu ZZ, Xu Y, Wang JG, Wang YQ, Cao MQ, Wang CH. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEarly diagnosis is a key to improve the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, reliable RCC biomarkers are lacking in clinical practice. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based mass spectrometry to identify salivary proteins as biomarkers for the diagnosis of RCC. The objective of this study is to discover biomarkers from saliva by utilizing high-throughput quantitative proteomics approaches. Saliva proteins from 124 RCC patients and healthy individuals were identified and quantified. RCC putative biomarkers were verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a prevalidation sample set. Seventy-one differentially expressed salivary proteins were identified. Serotransferrin, haptoglobin, KRT9, and S100A9, which in previous studies were found to be most closely related to cancers, were selected as putative RCC biomarkers. Haptoglobin and S100A9 were significantly elevated in RCC compared with healthy control samples, although the expression of serotransferrin and KRT9 did not differ between the groups. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curves with a cut-off value of 75.49 ng/mL for S100A9 revealed a sensitivity of 87.10% and a specificity of 91.94% for discriminating RCC patients from healthy individuals. Salivary haptoglobin differentiated RCC patients from healthy controls with a sensitivity of 85.48% and specificity of 80.65% (cut-off value 43.02 µg/mL). These results provide experimental evidence to support S100A9 and haptoglobin as potential novel, noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The ShenZhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhi Wu
- Geriatrics Department, The ShenZhen Second People's Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Central Laboratory, The ShenZhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
| | - Ji Guo Wang
- Oncology Department, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen 518113, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, The ShenZhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
| | - Mei Qun Cao
- Central Laboratory, The ShenZhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
| | - Chang Hao Wang
- Central Laboratory, The ShenZhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sunggang W Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, P. R. China
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12
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Yang Y, Ma L, Qiao X, Zhang X, Dong SF, Wu MT, Zhai K, Shi HZ. Salivary microRNAs show potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1247-1257. [PMID: 32953502 PMCID: PMC7481620 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common medical problem caused by multiple malignancies, especially lung cancers, and always comes along with a poor outcome. Early detection and diagnosis are important for improving the prognosis in patients with MPE. Salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) may represent a relatively convenient way for diagnosing MPE. We investigated the characteristics of salivary miRNAs of MPE patients, benign pleural effusion (BPE) patients, patients with a malignant tumor but without pleural effusion (MT), and healthy controls (HCs). We believe that they may show potential as a non-invasive and convenient biomarker for diagnosing MPE. Methods From January 1, 2019, to July 1, 2019, 57 MPE patients, 33 BPE patients, 50 MT patients, and 49 HCs were enrolled. To select candidate biomarkers, in the discovery phase, the salivary miRNA profiles were detected in three MPE patients and three HCs. Then, qPCR was used in the validation phase with 54 MPE patients, 33 BPE patients, 50 MT patients, and 46 HCs to assay the selected miRNAs. Results hsa-miR-4484 and hsa-miR-3663-3p were identified as potential biomarkers to diagnose MPE patients, with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.768 and 0.666, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy was higher when the combination of both miRNAs was used, with an AUC of 0.802. No correlation was found between the volume of MPE and the expression of salivary miRNAs. Conclusions This study reports the characterization of salivary miRNAs collected from MPE patients. A combination of hsa-miR-4484 and hsa-miR-3663-3p showed potential discriminatory power for MPE detection, and it may be helpful for the early diagnosis of MPE, i.e., before the pleural effusion volume is too large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Feng Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Ting Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Xu F, Jiang M. Evaluation of predictive role of carcinoembryonic antigen and salivary mRNA biomarkers in gastric cancer detection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20419. [PMID: 32481437 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential of combining carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and salivary mRNAs for gastric cancer (GC) detection.This study included 2 phases of study: a biomarker discovery phase and an independent validation phase. In the discovery phase, we measured CEA levels in blood samples and expression level of messenger RNAs (SPINK7, PPL, SEMA4B, SMAD4) in saliva samples of 140 GC patients and 140 healthy controls. We evaluated the clinical performance of each biomarker and developed a predictive model using machine-learning algorithm to differentiate GC patients and healthy controls.Our biomarker panel successfully discriminated GC patients from healthy controls with both high sensitivity (0.94) and high specificity (0.91). We next applied our biomarker panel in the independent validation phase, in which we recruited a new patient cohort of 60 GC patients and 60 healthy controls. Using our biomarker panel, the GC patients were discriminated from healthy controls in the validation phase, with sensitivity of 0.92 and specificity of 0.87.A combination of blood CEA and salivary messenger RNA could be a promising approach to detect GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Digestive Medicine
| | - Meiquan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
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14
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Bel’skaya LV, Sarf EA, Kosenok VK, Gundyrev IA. Biochemical Markers of Saliva in Lung Cancer: Diagnostic and Prognostic Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E186. [PMID: 32230883 PMCID: PMC7235830 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work is to study the metabolic characteristics of saliva in lung cancer for use in early diagnosis and determining the prognosis of the disease. The patient group included 425 lung cancer patients, 168 patients with non-cancerous lung diseases, and 550 healthy volunteers. Saliva samples were collected from all participants in the experiment before treatment and 34 biochemical saliva parameters were determined. Participants were monitored for six years to assess survival rates. The statistical analysis was performed by means of Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft) program and R package (version 3.2.3). To construct the classifier, the Random Forest method was used; the classification quality was assessed using the cross-validation method. Prognostic factors were analyzed by multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model in a backward step-wise fashion to adjust for potential confounding factors. A complex of metabolic changes occurring in saliva in lung cancer is described. Seven biochemical parameters were identified (catalase, triene conjugates, Schiff bases, pH, sialic acids, alkaline phosphatase, chlorides), which were used to construct the classifier. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were 69.5% and 87.5%, which is practically not inferior to the diagnostic characteristics of markers routinely used in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Significant independent factors in the poor prognosis of lung cancer are imidazole compounds (ICs) above 0.478 mmol/L and salivary lactate dehydrogenase activity below 545 U/L. Saliva has been shown to have great potential for the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya
- Laboratory of biochemistry, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14, Tukhachevsky str, 644043 Omsk, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Sarf
- Laboratory of biochemistry, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14, Tukhachevsky str, 644043 Omsk, Russia;
| | - Victor K. Kosenok
- Department of Oncology, Omsk State Medical University, 12, Lenina str, 644099 Omsk, Russia;
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15
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Temilola DO, Bezuidenhout K, Erasmus RT, Stephen L, Davids MR, Holmes H. Salivary creatinine as a diagnostic tool for evaluating patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:387. [PMID: 31660882 PMCID: PMC6819387 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary studies have shown the potential use of salivary creatinine concentration in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). For saliva to replace serum as a diagnostic tool, studies must be done to determine its effectiveness in the diagnosis and staging of CKD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of salivary creatinine as a safe and non-invasive alternative for identifying patients with CKD. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, on 230 patients, across all stages of CKD. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the University of the Western Cape Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was provided by each participant. Saliva and serum samples were collected for creatinine analysis and the correlation determined using Spearman's correlation. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to determine the diagnostic ability of salivary creatinine. A cut-off value for optimal sensitivity and specificity of salivary creatinine to diagnose CKD with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was obtained. RESULTS Serum creatinine values ranged from 46 μmol/L to 1581 μmol/L, with a median value of 134 μmol/L. Salivary creatinine values ranged from 3 μmol/L to 400 μmol/L, with a median of 11 μmol/L. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.82) between serum and salivary creatinine values. Linear regression analysis of serum and salivary creatinine for CKD patients was significant in all CKD stages, except for stage 1. Area under the curve for salivary creatinine was 0.839. A cut-off value of 8.5 μmol/L yielded a sensitivity of 78.3% and specificity of 74.0% for classifying patients as having CKD based on estimated GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSIONS The results support the potential of salivary creatinine as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for estimating GFR and identifying patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dada Oluwaseyi Temilola
- Division of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karla Bezuidenhout
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv Timothy Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Stephen
- Division of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mogamat Razeen Davids
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Haly Holmes
- Division of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Yang J, Mu X, Wang Y, Zhu D, Zhang J, Liang C, Chen B, Wang J, Zhao C, Zuo Z, Heng X, Zhang C, Zhang L. Dysbiosis of the Salivary Microbiome Is Associated With Non-smoking Female Lung Cancer and Correlated With Immunocytochemistry Markers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:520. [PMID: 30524957 PMCID: PMC6256243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Association between oral bacteria and increased risk of lung cancer have been reported in several previous studies, however, the potential association between salivary microbiome and lung cancer in non-smoking women have not been evaluated. There is also no report on the relationship between immunocytochemistry markers and salivary microbiota. Method: In this study, we assessed the salivary microbiome of 75 non-smoking female lung cancer patients and 172 matched healthy individuals using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We also calculated the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between salivary microbiota and three immunohistochemical markers (TTF-1, Napsin A and CK7). Result: We analyzed the salivary microbiota of 247 subjects and found that non-smoking female lung cancer patients exhibited oral microbial dysbiosis. There was significantly lower microbial diversity and richness in lung cancer patients when compared to the control group (Shannon index, P < 0.01; Ace index, P < 0.0001). Based on the analysis of similarities, the composition of the microbiota in lung cancer patients also differed from that of the control group (r = 0.454, P < 0.001, unweighted UniFrac; r = 0.113, P < 0.01, weighted UniFrac). The bacterial genera Sphingomonas (P < 0.05) and Blastomonas (P < 0.0001) were relatively higher in non-smoking female lung cancer patients, whereas Acinetobacter (P < 0.001) and Streptococcus (P < 0.01) were higher in controls. Based on Spearman's correlation analysis, a significantly positive correlation can be observed between CK7 and Enterobacteriaceae (r = 0.223, P < 0.05). At the same time, Napsin A was positively associated with genera Blastomonas (r = 0.251, P < 0.05). TTF-1 exhibited a significantly positive correlation with Enterobacteriaceae (r = 0.262, P < 0.05). Functional analysis from inferred metagenomes indicated that oral microbiome in non-smoking female lung cancer patients were related to cancer pathways, p53 signaling pathway, apoptosis and tuberculosis. Conclusions: The study identified distinct salivary microbiome profiles in non-smoking female lung cancer patients, revealed potential correlations between salivary microbiome and immunocytochemistry markers used in clinical diagnostics, and provided proof that salivary microbiota can be an informative source for discovering non-invasive lung cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,College of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Clinical Laboratory and Core Research Laboratory, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Human Microbiome Center, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Clinical Laboratory and Core Research Laboratory, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Human Microbiome Center, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dequan Zhu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Infection Management, Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Changying Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwen Zuo
- Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Infection Management, Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Infection Management, Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Qingdao Human Microbiome Center, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Qingdao Human Microbiome Center, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Infection Management, Department of Neurosurgery, Lin Yi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Shandong Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
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17
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戴 余, 颜 禄, 樊 洁, 邹 齐. [Urinary long non-coding RNA H19 may serve as a biomarker for early diagnosis of acute intestinal necrosis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:867-872. [PMID: 33168515 PMCID: PMC6765542 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.07.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the value of urinary long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) H19 in the differential diagnosis of acute intestinal necrosis against other abdominal emergencies. METHODS Surgical specimens of necrotic intestinal tissues, adjacent normal intestinal tissues, and serum and urine samples were collected from 51 patients with acute intestinal necrosis, and analyzed along with the serum and urine samples from 51 healthy controls, patients with 10 different acute abdominal conditions(35 cases for each condition), and patients with breast cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and lung cancer(10 cases for each malignancy). The expression levels of H19 were measured with quantitative PCR in the collected samples. Receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to determine the diagnostic value of serum and urine H19 levels for acute intestinal necrosis. RESULTS The 51 patients with acute intestinal necrosis included 35 women and 26 men(mean age of 74.4 years) with arterial thrombosis as the dominant etiology(26 cases). Compared with that in normal intestinal tissues, H19 was significantly overexpressed by 11.2 times in necrotic intestinal tissues(P < 0.001). Serum and urine H19 expression levels did not differ significantly among the healthy controls, patients with other acute abdominal conditions and malignancies(P > 0.05). Serum and urine H19 levels were significantly up-regulated in patients with acute intestinal necrosis as compared with those in the other subjects included in the analysis(P < 0.001). In patients with acute intestinal necrosis, H19 levels in the necrotic intestinal tissue, serum and urine samples were significantly correlated with correlation coefficients of 0.974(tissue vs serum), 0.967(serum vs urine), and 0.917(tissue vs urine). In ROC curve analysis, the areas under curves(AUCs)of serum and urine H19 for diagnosis of acute intestinal necrosis were 0.951 and 0.915, respectively; their diagnostic sensitivities were 94% and 79.6%, respectively, and they both had a diagnostic specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute intestinal necrosis, H19 is overexpressed in necrotic intestinal tissues, from which it is released into the blood circulation and urine. Urinary H19 may serve as a novel and non-invasive biomarker that assists in early diagnosis of acute intestinal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 余雷 戴
- 香港大学深圳医院急诊科,广东 深圳 518053Department of Emergency, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 510053, China
| | - 禄斌 颜
- 中山大学附属第六医院普外科,广东 广州 510655Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - 洁玲 樊
- 香港大学深圳医院急诊科,广东 深圳 518053Department of Emergency, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 510053, China
| | - 齐 邹
- 中山大学附属第六医院普外科,广东 广州 510655Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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18
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Han Y, Jia L, Zheng Y, Li W. Salivary Exosomes: Emerging Roles in Systemic Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:633-643. [PMID: 29904278 PMCID: PMC6001649 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva, which contains biological information, is considered a valuable diagnostic tool for local and systemic diseases and conditions because, similar to blood, it contains important molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins. Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles 30-100 nm in diameter with substantial biological functions, including intracellular communication and signalling. These vesicles, which are present in bodily fluids, including saliva, are released upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Salivary diagnosis has notable advantages, which include noninvasiveness, ease of collection, absence of coagulation, and a similar content as plasma, as well as increased patient compliance compared to other diagnostic approaches. However, investigation of the roles of salivary exosomes is still in its early years. In this review, we first describe the characteristics of endocytosis and secretion of salivary exosomes, as well as database and bioinformatics analysis of exosomes. Then, we describe strategies for the isolation of exosomes from human saliva and the emerging role of salivary exosomes as potential biomarkers of oral and other systemic diseases. Given the ever-growing role of salivary exosomes, defining their functions and understanding their specific mechanisms will provide novel insights into possible applications of salivary exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineng Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing,100081, China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing,100081, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing,100081, China
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Li Y, Tan C, Liu L, Han L. Significance of blood and salivary IEX-1 expression in diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:764-771. [PMID: 29431239 PMCID: PMC5900728 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study assesses a clinical potential of immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1), also named IER3, in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma using blood and salivary specimens. METHODS Immediate early responsive gene X-1 was quantified in blood and saliva by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 26 cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, 37 cases of benign ovarian tumor and 55 cases of healthy women. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of IEX-1. RESULTS Immediate early responsive gene X-1 was expressed in blood and saliva of the benign ovarian tumor group and the healthy women group, both at a level significantly higher than that of the ovarian carcinoma group (P < 0.017). There were no significant differences in IEX-1 expression in blood and saliva (P = 0.376 or 0.621, respectively) between the benign ovarian tumor and the healthy women group. Comparison of IEX-1 expression in blood between the ovarian carcinoma group and the benign ovarian tumor group or the healthy women group demonstrated the ROC-area under curves (AUC) of 0.947 or 0.929, respectively. In discriminating the ovarian carcinoma group from the benign ovarian tumor group, IEX-1 expression in blood demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 94.6%, respectively. Similarly, blood IEX-1 expression conferred a sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 90.9% in distinguishing the ovarian carcinoma group from the healthy women group. Moreover, salivary IEX-1 expression had ROC-AUC of 0.851 when compared between the ovarian carcinoma group and the benign ovarian tumor group or 0.896 when compared between the ovarian cancer group and the healthy women group. IEX-1 expression was able to discriminate the ovarian carcinoma group from the benign ovarian tumor group with a sensitivity and specificity of 65.4% and 94.6%, respectively, or the ovarian carcinoma from the healthy women with 92.3% sensitivity and 72.5% specificity. CONCLUSION These results suggest the clinical potential of IEX-1 expression in blood and saliva as a sensitive and specific diagnosis for epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoyue Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Rapado-González Ó, Majem B, Muinelo-Romay L, Álvarez-Castro A, Santamaría A, Gil-Moreno A, López-López R, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Human salivary microRNAs in Cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:638-649. [PMID: 29556321 PMCID: PMC5858485 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as excellent candidates for cancer biomarkers. Several recent studies have highlighted the potential use of saliva for the identification of miRNAs as novel biomarkers, which represents a great opportunity to improve diagnosis and monitor general health and disease. This review summarises the mechanisms of miRNAs deregulation in cancer, the value of targeting them with a therapeutic intention and the evidence of the potential clinical use of miRNAs expressed in saliva for the detection of different cancer types. We also provide a comprehensive review of the different methods for normalising the levels of specific miRNAs present in saliva, as this is a critical step in their analysis, and the challenge to validate salivary miRNAs as a reality to manage cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Rapado-González
- Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Blanca Majem
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez-Castro
- Medical Digestive Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna Santamaría
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Moreno
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab, Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Gynecology Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael López-López
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERONC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Suárez-Cunqueiro
- Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS); Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Xie Z, Chen X, Li J, Guo Y, Li H, Pan X, Jiang J, Liu H, Wu B. Salivary HOTAIR and PVT1 as novel biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25408-19. [PMID: 27028998 PMCID: PMC5041913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and non-invasive biomarkers for pancreatic cancer (PC) are lacking. We aimed to identify salivary long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers in diagnosis of resectable PC. Five well-documented lncRNAs: H19, HOTAIR, HOTTIP, MALAT1, PVT1, which are most closely associated with pancreatic cancer from previous studies were selected as putative lncRNA biomarkers. Their expression in pancreatic tissues and saliva of cancer patients and healthy controls was measured by quantification polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Compared with benign pancreatic tumour (BPT) and normal pancreatic tissues (NPT), HOTAIR, HOTTIP and PVT1 were significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissues (PCT). As compared to BPT or healthy groups, the salivary levels of HOTAIR and PVT1 were significantly higher in PC group. They were significantly reduced after the curative pancreatectomy. Both salivary lncRNAs distinguished PC patients from healthy controls and BPT patients with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 60-97%. The expression of salivary HOTAIR and PVT1 did not differ significantly between healthy controls and any one of eight leading cancers worldwide. Collectively, our findings indicate that salivary HOTAIR and PVT1 show potential as novel non-invasive biomarkers for detecting PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunwei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Menke JM, Ahsan MS, Khoo SP. More Accurate Oral Cancer Screening with Fewer Salivary Biomarkers. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2017; 9:1179299X17732007. [PMID: 29085239 PMCID: PMC5648090 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x17732007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal detection and Bayesian inferential tools were applied to salivary biomarkers to improve screening accuracy and efficiency in detecting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Potential cancer biomarkers are identified by significant differences in assay concentrations, receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve (AUCs), sensitivity, and specificity. However, the end goal is to report to individual patients their risk of having disease given positive or negative test results. Likelihood ratios (LRs) and Bayes factors (BFs) estimate evidential support and compile biomarker information to optimize screening accuracy. In total, 26 of 77 biomarkers were mentioned as having been tested at least twice in 137 studies and published in 16 summary papers through 2014. Studies represented 10 212 OSCC and 25 645 healthy patients. The measure of biomarker and panel information value was number of biomarkers needed to approximate 100% positive predictive value (PPV). As few as 5 biomarkers could achieve nearly 100% PPV for a disease prevalence of 0.2% when biomarkers were ordered from highest to lowest LR. When sequentially interpreting biomarker tests, high specificity was more important than test sensitivity in achieving rapid convergence toward a high PPV. Biomarkers ranked from highest to lowest LR were more informative and easier to interpret than AUC or Youden index. The proposed method should be applied to more recently published biomarker data to test its screening value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Shahidul Ahsan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Suan Phaik Khoo
- Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
Although the surfaces of both the skin and oral mucosa are protected by squamous epithelial cells and fall within the scope of dermatologic practice, the oral cavity contains highly specialized structures and functions distinct from other skin biology and pathologic conditions and are also the purview of clinicians who care for patients with skin and mucosal diseases. We describe the distinct features of the tongue, mucosa, and salivary glands. In particular, we examine the composition and function of the saliva, with special focus on salivary biomarkers. Within the oral cavity, saliva shows great promise as a noninvasive and sensitive marker for many systemic diseases. Biomarkers are being used as diagnostic or monitoring tools for a wide variety of diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren disease, Behçet disease, and autoimmune blistering disorders, as well as premalignant and malignant lesions of the mouth.
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24
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin CC, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:38-52. [PMID: 26662481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, coding and noncoding RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota. The changes in the salivary levels of these molecular constituents can be used to develop markers for disease detection and risk assessment. Use of saliva as an early-detection tool is a promising approach because collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics, accomplished using salivaomics approaches, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic technologies. Additionally, we illustrate the mechanisms of how diseases distal from the oral cavity can lead to the appearance of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva, and discuss the relevance of these markers for translational and clinical applications.
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25
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Kim J, Shin H, Park J. RNA in Salivary Extracellular Vesicles as a Possible Tool for Systemic Disease Diagnosis. J Dent Res 2017; 96:938-944. [PMID: 28410004 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517702100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva contains biological information as blood and is recognized as a valuable diagnostic medium for their noninvasiveness. Although "-omics" researches have tried to investigate saliva, the origin and significance of its contents are not clear, and its usage is largely confined to oral disease in the diagnostic and prognostic field. In an attempt to broaden the applicability of saliva and to find systemic disease-derived RNA in saliva, we made mouse models that had human melanoma and isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their saliva by an aqueous 2-phase system (ATPS), then identified and evaluated their expression of human melan-A RNA, which is associated with melanoma on skin. With ATPS, EVs were isolated efficiently and stably while taking less time compared to isolation by ultracentrifugation. When ATPS was used to isolate EVs from saliva, the mean ± SD percentage of EVs recovered from initial EVs was 38.22% ± 18.55% by the number of particles, and the mean ± SD percentage of RNA recovered from the initial amount was 60.33% ± 5.34%. RNAs within isolated EVs were analyzed subsequently by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction from saliva and plasma. In melanoma mice, amplification of human melan-A was identified from saliva and plasma, even though a relative amount of normalized melan-A was lower than that of plasma. These results present a possibility that RNAs derived from systemic disease are transferred into saliva from blood in EVs. Also, they suggest that saliva could be exploited in obtaining information about systemic disease, not only about oral disease, by examining RNAs in EVs from saliva instead of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- 1 School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - H Shin
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - J Park
- 1 School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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26
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Aro K, Wei F, Wong DT, Tu M. Saliva Liquid Biopsy for Point-of-Care Applications. Front Public Health 2017; 5:77. [PMID: 28443278 PMCID: PMC5387045 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid, which is easy to collect, transport, and store. Because of its accessibility and connection to systemic diseases, saliva is one of the best candidates for the advancement of point-of-care medicine, where individuals are able to easily monitor their health status by using portable convenient tools such as smartphones. There are a variety of scenarios with which saliva can be used: studies have been conducted on using saliva to measure stress hormones, enzyme levels, developmental disease biomarkers, and even cancer mutations. If validated biomarkers were combined with high-quality detection tools, saliva would open up a new frontier in high-quality healthcare, allowing physicians and patients to work together for real-time health monitoring and high-impact personalized preventative medicine. One of the most exciting emerging frontiers of saliva is liquid biopsy, which is a non-invasive means to assess the presence and characteristics of cancer in a patient. This article will review current basic knowledge of biomarkers, review their relation to different diseases and conditions, and explore liquid biopsy for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Aro
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David T Wong
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Tu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Oral Biofluid Biomarker Research: Current Status and Emerging Frontiers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:diagnostics6040045. [PMID: 27999326 PMCID: PMC5192520 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is a rapidly advancing field that offers clinicians and patients the potential of rapid, noninvasive diagnostics with excellent accuracy. In order for the complete realization of the potential of saliva, however, extensive profiling of constituents must be conducted and diagnostic biomarkers must be thoroughly validated. This article briefly overviews the process of conducting a study of salivary biomarkers in a patient cohort and highlights the studies that have been conducted on different classes of molecules in the saliva. Emerging frontiers in salivary diagnostics research that may significantly advance the field will also be highlighted.
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28
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Martin Carreras-Presas C, Aro K, Tu M, Garcia-Godoy F, Wong DT. Saliva diagnostics - Current views and directions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:459-472. [PMID: 27903834 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive. In addition, saliva, as a "mirror of the body," can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body. Therefore, it serves as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in many fields of science such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy. Introduced in 2008, the term "Salivaomics" aimed to highlight the rapid development of knowledge about various "omics" constituents of saliva, including: proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, and microbiome. In the last few years, researchers have developed new technologies and validated a wide range of salivary biomarkers that will soon make the use of saliva a clinical reality. However, a great need still exists for convenient and accurate point-of-care devices that can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In addition, there is an urgent need to decipher the scientific rationale and mechanisms that convey systemic diseases to saliva. Another promising technology called liquid biopsy enables detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA in saliva, thus enabling non-invasive early detection of various cancers. The newly developed technology-electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) provides near perfect detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer patients. These recent advances widened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, and thus point towards a promising future of salivary diagnostics for personalized individual medicine applications including clinical decisions and post-treatment outcome predictions. Impact statement The purpose of this mini-review is to make an update about the present and future applications of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid in many fields of science such as dentistry, medicine and pharmacotherapy. Using saliva as a fluid for diagnostic purposes would be a huge breakthrough for both patients and healthcare providers since saliva collection is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. We will go through the current main diagnostic applications of saliva, and provide a highlight on the emerging, newly developing technologies and tools for cancer screening, detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katri Aro
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Tu
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- 3 College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Bioscience Research Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David Tw Wong
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Validation of Reference Genes for Oral Cancer Detection Panels in a Prospective Blinded Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158462. [PMID: 27411053 PMCID: PMC4943624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reference genes are needed as internal controls to determine relative expression for clinical application of gene expression panels. Candidate constitutively expressed genes must be validated as suitable reference genes in each body fluid and disease entity. Prior studies have predominantly validated oral squamous cell carcinoma associated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) quantification cycle (Cq) values without adjustment for housekeeping genes. Methods One hundred sixty eight patients had saliva collected before clinically driven biopsy of oral lesions suspicious for cancer. Seven potential housekeeping mRNAs and six pre-specified oral cancer associated mRNAs were measured with qPCR by personnel blinded to tissue diagnosis. Housekeeping gene stability was determined with the NormFinder program in a training set of 12 randomly selected cancer and 24 control patients. Genes with stability indices <0.02 were then tested in the validation set consisting of the remaining cancer and control patients and were further validated by the geNorm program. Cancer gene delta Cqs were compared in case and control patients after subtracting the geometric mean of the reference gene raw Cqs. Results B2M and UBC had stability indices >0.02 in the training set and were not further tested. MT-ATP6, RPL30, RPL37A, RPLP0 and RPS17 all had stability indices <0.02 in the training set and in the verification set. The geNorm M values were all ≤1.10. All six pre-specified cancer genes (IL8, IL1, SAT, OAZ1, DUSP1 and S100P) were up-regulated in cancer versus control patients with from nearly twofold to over threefold higher levels (p<0.01 for all based on delta Cq values). Conclusions Five reference genes are validated for use in oral cancer salivary gene expression panels. Six pre-specified oral carcinoma associated genes are demonstrated to be highly significantly up-regulated in cancer patients based on delta Cq values. These cancer and reference genes are suitable for inclusion in gene expression panels for research and clinical applications. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01587573
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Qiu S, Xu Y, Huang L, Zheng W, Huang C, Huang S, Lin J, Lin D, Feng S, Chen R, Pan J. Non-invasive detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using saliva surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:884-890. [PMID: 26870300 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the use of saliva surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of non-invasive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). SERS measurements were taken from 62 saliva samples, of which 32 were from NPC patients and 30 from healthy volunteers. Notable biochemical Raman bands in the SERS spectra were tentatively assigned to various saliva components. The saliva SERS spectra obtained from the NPC patients and the healthy volunteers were also analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques based on principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). Significant differences were observed between the saliva SERS spectral intensities for NPC patients and healthy volunteers, particularly at 447, 496, 635, 729, 1134, 1270 and 1448 cm-1, which primarily contained signals associated with proteins, nucleic acids, fatty acids, glycogen and collagen. The classification results based on the PCA-LDA method provided a relatively high diagnostic sensitivity of 86.7%, specificity of 81.3% and diagnostic accuracy of 83.9% for NPC identification. The results from the present study demonstrate that saliva SERS analysis used in conjunction with PCA-LDA diagnostic algorithms possesses a promising clinical application for the non-invasive detection of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Qiu
- The Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanji Xu
- The Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Huang
- The Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Chaobin Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Jinyong Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Duo Lin
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Shangyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Jianji Pan
- The Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
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Majem B, Rigau M, Reventós J, Wong DT. Non-coding RNAs in saliva: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8676-98. [PMID: 25898412 PMCID: PMC4425103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, which are extensively supplied by blood. Therefore, molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, etc., present in plasma could be also present in saliva. Many studies have reported that saliva body fluid can be useful for discriminating several oral diseases, but also systemic diseases including cancer. Most of these studies revealed messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteomic biomarker signatures rather than specific non-coding RNA (ncRNA) profiles. NcRNAs are emerging as new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing an important role in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the small size of these molecules makes them very stable in different body fluids and not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases). Therefore, the development of a non-invasive salivary test, based on ncRNAs profiles, could have a significant applicability to clinical practice, not only by reducing the cost of the health system, but also by benefitting the patient. Here, we summarize the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva as a source of biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Majem
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBELL-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David T Wong
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wong DTW. Salivary extracellular noncoding RNA: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Clin Ther 2015; 37:540-51. [PMID: 25795433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, nourished by body's vasculature. Although many circulatory molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) can also be present in saliva, saliva harbors unique molecular constituents that can be discriminatory for oral and systemic disease screening and detection. Many studies have reported that salivary constituents can discriminate oral diseases (oral cancer and Sjögren's syndrome) and also systemic diseases (lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing important roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the short size of these molecules makes them stable in different body fluids such as urine, blood, and saliva, being not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by RNases. Here, the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva are reviewed for translational applications and basic biological research. The development of noninvasive salivary test (based on ncRNAs profiles) for disease detection could have effective applications into the clinical context with a translational significance as emerging molecular biomarkers for non-invasively disease detection, not only by reducing the cost to the health care system but also by benefitting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Wong
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Wren ME, Shirtcliff EA, Drury SS. Not all biofluids are created equal: chewing over salivary diagnostics and the epigenome. Clin Ther 2015; 37:529-39. [PMID: 25778408 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes progress to date in the characterization of the salivary epigenome and considers the importance of previous work in the salivary microbiome, proteome, endocrine analytes, genome, and transcriptome. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were used to extensively search the existing literature (original research and reviews) related to salivary diagnostics and biomarker development, of which 125 studies were examined. This article was derived from the most relevant 74 sources highlighting the recent state of the evolving field of salivary epigenomics and contributing significantly to the foundational work in saliva-based research. FINDINGS Validation of any new saliva-based diagnostic or analyte will require comparison to previously accepted standards established in blood. Careful attention to the collection, processing, and analysis of salivary analytes is critical for the development and implementation of newer applications that include genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic markers. All these factors must be integrated into initial study design. IMPLICATIONS This commentary highlights the appeal of the salivary epigenome for translational applications and its utility in future studies of development and the interface among environment, disease, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Wren
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Stacy S Drury
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in the world and continually leads in mortality among cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer has risen only 4% (from 12% to 16%) over the past 4 decades, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle in improving lung cancer prognosis. Survival of patients undergoing lung resection is greater than 80%, suggesting that early detection and diagnosis of cancers before they become inoperable and lethal will greatly improve mortality. Lung cancer biomarkers can be used for screening, detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, therapy response monitoring, and so on. This review focuses on noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. For that purpose, our discussion in this review will focus on biological fluid-based biomarkers. The body fluids include blood (serum or plasma), sputum, saliva, BAL, pleural effusion, and VOC. Since it is rich in different cellular and molecular elements and is one of the most convenient and routine clinical procedures, serum or plasma is the main source for the development and validation of many noninvasive biomarkers. In terms of molecular aspects, the most widely validated ones are proteins, some of which are used in the clinical sector, though in limited accessory purposes. We will also discuss the lung cancer (protein) biomarkers in clinical trials and currently in the validation phase with hundreds of samples. After proteins, we will discuss microRNAs, methylated DNA, and circulating tumor cells, which are being vigorously developed and validated as potential lung cancer biomarkers. The main aim of this review is to provide researchers and clinicians with an understanding of the potential noninvasive lung cancer biomarkers in biological fluids that have recently been discovered.
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Xie Z, Yin X, Gong B, Nie W, Wu B, Zhang X, Huang J, Zhang P, Zhou Z, Li Z. Salivary microRNAs show potential as a noninvasive biomarker for detecting resectable pancreatic cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:165-73. [PMID: 25538087 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Early surgery is vital in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which is often fatal. However, there is currently no useful noninvasive biomarker to screen for pancreatic cancer. Studies have documented that many salivary molecules can be used to detect systemic diseases. We investigated whether salivary miRNAs are useful biomarkers for detecting resectable pancreatic cancer. Using an Agilent microarray, salivary miRNAs were profiled from saliva samples of 8 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer and 8 healthy controls. Candidate biomarkers identified in the profiles were subjected to validation using quantitative PCR and an independent sample set of 40 patients with pancreatic cancer, 20 with benign pancreatic tumors (BPT), and 40 healthy controls. The validated salivary miRNA biomarkers were evaluated within three discriminatory categories: pancreatic cancer versus healthy control, pancreatic cancer versus BPT, and pancreatic cancer versus noncancer (healthy control + BPT). miR-3679-5p showed significant downregulation in the pancreatic cancer group within the three categories (P = 0.008, 0.007, and 0.002, respectively), whereas miR-940 showed significant upregulation in pancreatic cancer (P = 0.006, 0.004, and 0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression models combining the two salivary miRNAs were able to distinguish resectable pancreatic cancer within the three categories, showing sensitivities of 72.5%, 62.5%, and 70.0% and specificities of 70.0%, 80.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. Salivary miR-3679-5p and miR-940 possess good discriminatory power to detect resectable pancreatic cancer, with reasonable specificity and sensitivity. This report provides a new method for the early detection of pancreatic cancer and other systemic diseases by assessing salivary miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjing Nie
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- Department of Biochip, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Physical Examination Center of East Ward, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingyou Zhang
- Physical Examination Center of East Ward, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Yang J, Wei F, Schafer C, Wong DTW. Detection of tumor cell-specific mRNA and protein in exosome-like microvesicles from blood and saliva. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110641. [PMID: 25397880 PMCID: PMC4232306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of disease-specific biomarkers in oral fluids has revealed a new dimension in molecular diagnostics. Recent studies have reported the mechanistic involvement of tumor cells derived mediators, such as exosomes, in the development of saliva-based mRNA biomarkers. To further our understanding of the origins of disease-induced salivary biomarkers, we here evaluated the hypothesis that tumor-shed secretory lipidic vesicles called exosome-like microvesicles (ELMs) that serve as protective carriers of tissue-specific information, mRNAs, and proteins, throughout the vasculature and bodily fluids. RNA content was analyzed in cell free-saliva and ELM-enriched fractions of saliva. Our data confirmed that the majority of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in saliva were encapsulated within ELMs. Nude mice implanted with human lung cancer H460 cells expressing hCD63-GFP were used to follow the circulation of tumor cell specific protein and mRNA in the form of ELMs in vivo. We were able to identify human GAPDH mRNA in ELMs of blood and saliva of tumor bearing mice using nested RT-qPCR. ELMs positive for hCD63-GFP were detected in the saliva and blood of tumor bearing mice as well as using electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM). Altogether, our results demonstrate that ELMs carry tumor cell-specific mRNA and protein from blood to saliva in a xenografted mouse model of human lung cancer. These results therefore strengthen the link between distal tumor progression and the biomarker discovery of saliva through the ELMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Yang
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Schafer
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David T. W. Wong
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Jordan R, Visweswaran S, Gopalakrishnan V. Semi-automated literature mining to identify putative biomarkers of disease from multiple biofluids. J Clin Bioinforma 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 25379168 PMCID: PMC4215335 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computational methods for mining of biomedical literature can be useful in augmenting manual searches of the literature using keywords for disease-specific biomarker discovery from biofluids. In this work, we develop and apply a semi-automated literature mining method to mine abstracts obtained from PubMed to discover putative biomarkers of breast and lung cancers in specific biofluids. Methodology A positive set of abstracts was defined by the terms ‘breast cancer’ and ‘lung cancer’ in conjunction with 14 separate ‘biofluids’ (bile, blood, breastmilk, cerebrospinal fluid, mucus, plasma, saliva, semen, serum, synovial fluid, stool, sweat, tears, and urine), while a negative set of abstracts was defined by the terms ‘(biofluid) NOT breast cancer’ or ‘(biofluid) NOT lung cancer.’ More than 5.3 million total abstracts were obtained from PubMed and examined for biomarker-disease-biofluid associations (34,296 positive and 2,653,396 negative for breast cancer; 28,355 positive and 2,595,034 negative for lung cancer). Biological entities such as genes and proteins were tagged using ABNER, and processed using Python scripts to produce a list of putative biomarkers. Z-scores were calculated, ranked, and used to determine significance of putative biomarkers found. Manual verification of relevant abstracts was performed to assess our method’s performance. Results Biofluid-specific markers were identified from the literature, assigned relevance scores based on frequency of occurrence, and validated using known biomarker lists and/or databases for lung and breast cancer [NCBI’s On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Cancer Gene annotation server for cancer genomics (CAGE), NCBI’s Genes & Disease, NCI’s Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), and others]. The specificity of each marker for a given biofluid was calculated, and the performance of our semi-automated literature mining method assessed for breast and lung cancer. Conclusions We developed a semi-automated process for determining a list of putative biomarkers for breast and lung cancer. New knowledge is presented in the form of biomarker lists; ranked, newly discovered biomarker-disease-biofluid relationships; and biomarker specificity across biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shyam Visweswaran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vanathi Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Araujo CL, Quintero IB, Kipar A, Herrala AM, Pulkka AE, Saarinen L, Hautaniemi S, Vihko P. Prostatic acid phosphatase is the main acid phosphatase with 5'-ectonucleotidase activity in the male mouse saliva and regulates salivation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1017-27. [PMID: 24717577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that in addition to the well-known secreted isoform of prostatic acid phosphatase (sPAP), a transmembrane isoform exists (TMPAP) that interacts with snapin (a SNARE-associated protein) and regulates the endo-/exocytic pathways. We have also shown that PAP has 5'-ectonucleotidase and thiamine monophosphatase activity and elicits antinociceptive effects in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Therefore, to determine the physiological role of PAP in a typical exocrine organ, we studied the submandibular salivary gland (SMG) of PAP(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6J mice by microarray analyses, microRNA sequencing, activity tests, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical and physiological analyses of saliva. We show that PAP is the main acid phosphatase in the wild-type male mouse saliva, accounting for 50% of the total acid phosphatase activity, and that it is expressed only in the granular convoluted tubules of the SMGs, where it is the only 5'-ectonucleotidase. The lack of PAP in male PAP(-/-) mice was associated with a significant increase in the salivation volume under secretagogue stimulation, overexpression of genes related to cell proliferation (Mki67, Aurkb, Birc5) and immune response (Irf7, Cxcl9, Ccl3, Fpr2), and upregulation of miR-146a in SMGs. An increased and sustained acinar cell proliferation was detected without signs of glandular hyperplasia. Our results indicate that in PAP(-/-) mice, SMG homeostasis is maintained by an innate immune response. Additionally, we suggest that in male mice, PAP via its 5'-ectonucleotidase activity and production of adenosine can elicit analgesic effects when animals lick their wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- César L Araujo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ileana B Quintero
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Annakaisa M Herrala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anitta E Pulkka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lilli Saarinen
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science and Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Salivary biomarkers for detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma - current state and recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:133-141. [PMID: 24883261 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-014-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Detection of OSCC is currently based on thorough clinical oral examination combined with biopsy for histological analysis. Most cases of OSCC are not detected until the cancer has developed into advanced stages; thus, a reliable early stage diagnostic marker is needed. This literature review presents an overview of the status of current advances in salivary diagnostics for OSCC. Though many protein and mRNA salivary biomarkers have been identified that can detect OSCC with high sensitivity and specificity, the most discernable findings occur with the use of multiple markers. Studies that incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and potentially additional "omics", including methylomics, need to be initiated to bring technology to clinical applications and allow the best use of saliva in diagnosing OSCC.
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Lau C, Kim Y, Chia D, Spielmann N, Eibl G, Elashoff D, Wei F, Lin YL, Moro A, Grogan T, Chiang S, Feinstein E, Schafer C, Farrell J, Wong DTW. Role of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes in salivary biomarker development. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26888-97. [PMID: 23880764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that discriminatory salivary biomarkers can be readily detected upon the development of systemic diseases such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. However, the utility of salivary biomarkers for the detection of systemic diseases has been undermined due to the absence of the biological and mechanistic rationale as to why distal diseases from the oral cavity would lead to the development of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva. Here, we examine the hypothesis that pancreatic tumor-derived exosomes are mechanistically involved in the development of pancreatic cancer-discriminatory salivary transcriptomic biomarkers. We first developed a pancreatic cancer mouse model that yielded discriminatory salivary biomarkers by implanting the mouse pancreatic cancer cell line Panc02 into the pancreas of the syngeneic host C57BL/6. The role of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes in the development of discriminatory salivary biomarkers was then tested by engineering a Panc02 cell line that is suppressed for exosome biogenesis, implanting into the C56BL/6 mouse, and examining whether the discriminatory salivary biomarker profile was ablated or disrupted. Suppression of exosome biogenesis results in the ablation of discriminatory salivary biomarker development. This study supports that tumor-derived exosomes provide a mechanism in the development of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva and distal systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lau
- From the Dental Research Institute, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Matse JH, Yoshizawa J, Wang X, Elashoff D, Bolscher JGM, Veerman ECI, Bloemena E, Wong DTW. Discovery and prevalidation of salivary extracellular microRNA biomarkers panel for the noninvasive detection of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3032-8. [PMID: 23575476 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to explore the differences in salivary microRNA (miRNA) profiles between patients with malignant or benign parotid gland tumors as a potential preoperative diagnostic tool of tumors in the salivary glands. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Whole saliva samples from patients with malignant (n = 38) or benign (n = 29) parotid gland tumors were obtained from the Salivary Gland Tumor Biorepository (SGTB). After total RNA isolation, human miRNA cards were used for miRNA profiling. The differential miRNA expression was analyzed using two-sided Wilcoxon test. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate selected miRNAs in an independent sample set. Receiver-operating characteristics curve and probability of malignancy was exploited to evaluate the diagnostic power of the validated miRNAs. RESULTS With miRNA profiling, 57 of 750 investigated miRNAs were differently expressed, of which 54 showed higher miRNA expression in samples from patients with malignant tumors than those from patients with benign tumors. Validating the expression in an independent sample set of 9 miRNAs revealed indeed higher expression of miRNAs in malignant samples compared with benign samples. The expression of 6 validated miRNAs was statistically significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). A four miRNA combination was able to discriminate between saliva samples from patients with malignant tumors from those of patients with benign parotid gland tumors (sensitivity 69%, specificity 95%). CONCLUSIONS Salivary miRNA profiles differ in saliva from patients with malignant from saliva from patients with a benign parotid gland tumor. These preliminary results are promising to develop a noninvasive diagnostic tool for diagnosing tumors in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H Matse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Indovina P, Marcelli E, Pentimalli F, Tanganelli P, Tarro G, Giordano A. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: the road to lung cancer biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:129-142. [PMID: 22829143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women in Western nations, and is among the deadliest cancers with a 5-year survival rate of 15%. The high mortality caused by lung cancer is attributable to a late-stage diagnosis and the lack of effective treatments. So, it is crucial to identify new biomarkers that could function not only to detect lung cancer at an early stage but also to shed light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie cancer development and serve as the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Considering that DNA-based biomarkers for lung cancer showed inadequate sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, proteomics could represent a better tool for the identification of useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this cancer type. Among the proteomics technologies, the most powerful tool is mass spectrometry. In this review, we describe studies that use mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies to analyze tumor proteins and peptides, which might represent new diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers for lung cancer. We focus in particular on those findings that hold promise to impact significantly on the clinical management of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Glycosylation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/blood
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/drug therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proteomics/methods
- Saliva/chemistry
- Saliva/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Yen CY, Huang CY, Hou MF, Yang YH, Chang CH, Huang HW, Chen CH, Chang HW. Evaluating the performance of fibronectin 1 (FN1), integrin α4β1 (ITGA4), syndecan-2 (SDC2), and glycoprotein CD44 as the potential biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Biomarkers 2012; 18:63-72. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.737025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bonne NJ, Wong DT. Salivary biomarker development using genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches. Genome Med 2012; 4:82. [PMID: 23114182 PMCID: PMC3580451 DOI: 10.1186/gm383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a diagnostic sample provides a non-invasive, cost-efficient method of sample collection for disease screening without the need for highly trained professionals. Saliva collection is far more practical and safe compared with invasive methods of sample collection, because of the infection risk from contaminated needles during, for example, blood sampling. Furthermore, the use of saliva could increase the availability of accurate diagnostics for remote and impoverished regions. However, the development of salivary diagnostics has required technical innovation to allow stabilization and detection of analytes in the complex molecular mixture that is saliva. The recent development of cost-effective room temperature analyte stabilization methods, nucleic acid pre-amplification techniques and direct saliva transcriptomic analysis have allowed accurate detection and quantification of transcripts found in saliva. Novel protein stabilization methods have also facilitated improved proteomic analyses. Although candidate biomarkers have been discovered using epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches, transcriptomic analyses have so far achieved the most progress in terms of sensitivity and specificity, and progress towards clinical implementation. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics that have been accomplished using genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Bonne
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive, CHS 73-032, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Tw Wong
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive, CHS 73-032, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Houska M, Alles AB, Brynda E. Surfaces Resistant to Fouling from Biological Fluids: Towards Bioactive Surfaces for Real Applications. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1413-22. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bergen AW, Mallick A, Nishita D, Wei X, Michel M, Wacholder A, David SP, Swan GE, Reid MW, Simons A, Andrews JA. Chronic psychosocial stressors and salivary biomarkers in emerging adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1158-70. [PMID: 22172638 PMCID: PMC3774595 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whole saliva as a source of biomarkers to distinguish individuals who have, and who have not, been chronically exposed to severe and threatening life difficulties. We evaluated RNA and DNA metrics, expression of 37 candidate genes, and cortisol release in response to the Trier Social Stress Test, as well as clinical characteristics, from 48 individuals stratified on chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors within the last year as measured by the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Candidate genes were selected based on their differential gene expression ratio in circulating monocytes from a published genome-wide analysis of adults experiencing different levels of exposure to a chronic stressor. In univariate analyses, we observed significantly decreased RNA integrity (RIN) score (P = 0.04), and reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptor-regulated genes (Ps < 0.05) in whole saliva RNA from individuals exposed to chronic stressors, as compared to those with no exposure. In those exposed, we observed significantly decreased BMI (P < 0.001), increased ever-smoking and increased lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence (P ≤ 0.03), and a reduction of cortisol release. In post hoc multivariate analyses including clinical and biospecimen-derived variables, we consistently observed significantly decreased expression of IL8 (Ps<0.05) in individuals exposed, with no significant association to RIN score. Alcohol use disorders, tobacco use, a reduced acute stress response and decreased salivary IL8 gene expression characterize emerging adults chronically exposed to severe and threatening psychosocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Corresponding author at: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. Tel.: +1 650 859 4618; fax: +1 650 859 5099. (A.W. Bergen)
| | - Aditi Mallick
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Denise Nishita
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Xin Wei
- Center for Education and Human Services, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Martha Michel
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Aaron Wacholder
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Sean P. David
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Family & Community Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gary E. Swan
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Mark W. Reid
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| | - Anne Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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López-González A, Ibeas Millán P, Cantos B, Provencio M. Surveillance of resected non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:721-5. [PMID: 22855136 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. 15 % of all patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at an early stage, and surgery is the treatment of choice for them. 40 % of all patients survive more than 5 years after surgery, and most of them die as a result of systemic disease. Half of all recurrences are diagnosed within the first 24 months after curative treatment, and 90 % in the first 5 years. Despite this, it is not standardized who should do the monitoring, what additional tests are needed and how often should they be performed. We present here a review on the various recommendations in clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-González
- Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Insights into Neonatal Oral Feeding through the Salivary Transcriptome. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:195153. [PMID: 22844301 PMCID: PMC3400363 DOI: 10.1155/2012/195153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The development of safe and effective oral feeding skills in the newborn is complex and may be associated with significant morbidities. Our understanding of neonatal oral feeding maturation at the molecular level is limited, providing an opportunity to utilize emerging molecular techniques to accurately assess neonatal oral feeding skills. Objective. To identify key regulatory genes in neonatal saliva involved in successful oral feeding. Methods. Previously, our laboratory identified 9,286 genes in saliva that statistically significantly altered their gene expression as premature newborns gained advanced oral feeding skills. In this report, genes previously identified underwent an updated and targeted pathway analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify potential candidate genes involved in successful oral feeding. Genes were considered if they were in the five most significantly up- and down-regulated physiological pathways and were associated with the keywords “feeding”, “digestion” and “development”. Results. There were 2,186 genes that met criteria. Pathways associated with feeding behavior, cranial nerve development, and the development of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems were highlighted. Discussion. These data provide important insights into the biological processes involved in oral feeding in the newborn at a molecular level and identify novel pathways associated with successful oral feeding.
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Development of transcriptomic biomarker signature in human saliva to detect lung cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3341-3350. [PMID: 22689099 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women worldwide. Since most of the symptoms found for lung cancer are nonspecific, diagnosis is mostly done at late and progressed stage with the consecutive poor therapy outcome. Effective early detection techniques are sorely needed. The emerging field of salivary diagnostics could provide scientifically credible, easy-to-use, non-invasive and cost-effective detection methods. Recent advances have allowed us to develop discriminatory salivary biomarkers for a variety of diseases from oral to systematic diseases. In this study, salivary transcriptomes of lung cancer patients were profiled and led to the discovery and pre-validation of seven highly discriminatory transcriptomic salivary biomarkers (BRAF, CCNI, EGRF, FGF19, FRS2, GREB1, and LZTS1). The logistic regression model combining five of the mRNA biomarkers (CCNI, EGFR, FGF19, FRS2, and GREB1) could differentiate lung cancer patients from normal control subjects, yielding AUC value of 0.925 with 93.75 % sensitivity and 82.81 % specificity in the pre-validation sample set. These salivary mRNA biomarkers possess the discriminatory power for the detection of lung cancer. This report provides the proof of concept of salivary biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of the systematic disease. These results poised the salivary biomarkers for the initiation of a multi-center validation in a definitive clinical context.
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