1
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Hunter SK, Senefeld JW. Sex differences in human performance. J Physiol 2024; 602:4129-4156. [PMID: 39106346 DOI: 10.1113/jp284198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding of sex differences in human physical performance. Males outperform females in many physical capacities because they are faster, stronger and more powerful, particularly after male puberty. This review highlights key sex differences in physiological and anatomical systems (generally conferred via sex steroids and puberty) that contribute to these sex differences in human physical performance. Specifically, we address the effects of the primary sex steroids that affect human physical development, discuss insight gained from an observational study of 'real-world data' and elite athletes, and highlight the key physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in several aspects of physical performance. Physiological mechanisms discussed include those for the varying magnitude of the sex differences in performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength and power; (2) fatigability of limb muscles as a measure of relative performance; and (3) maximal aerobic power and endurance. The profound sex-based differences in human performance involving strength, power, speed and endurance, and that are largely attributable to the direct and indirect effects of sex-steroid hormones, sex chromosomes and epigenetics, provide a scientific rationale and framework for policy decisions on sex-based categories in sports during puberty and adulthood. Finally, we highlight the sex bias and problem in human performance research of insufficient studies and information on females across many areas of biology and physiology, creating knowledge gaps and opportunities for high-impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Movement Science Program, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Emmert ME, Emmert AS, Goh Q, Cornwall R. Sexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:274-299. [PMID: 38779763 PMCID: PMC11343095 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00529.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex compositional and functional nature of skeletal muscle makes this organ an essential topic of study for biomedical researchers and clinicians. An additional layer of complexity is added with the consideration of sex as a biological variable. Recent research advances have revealed sexual dimorphisms in developmental biology, muscle homeostasis, adaptive responses, and disorders relating to skeletal muscle. Many of the observed sex differences have hormonal and molecular mechanistic underpinnings, whereas others have yet to be elucidated. Future research is needed to investigate the mechanisms dictating sex-based differences in the various aspects of skeletal muscle. As such, it is necessary that skeletal muscle biologists ensure that both female and male subjects are represented in biomedical and clinical studies to facilitate the successful testing and development of therapeutics for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Emmert
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew S Emmert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Qingnian Goh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Roger Cornwall
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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3
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Arhen BB, Renwick JRM, Zedic AK, Menezes ES, Preobrazenski N, Simpson CA, Stokes T, McGlory C, Gurd BJ. AMPK and PGC- α following maximal and supramaximal exercise in men and women: a randomized cross-over study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:526-538. [PMID: 38113478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that AMPK activation and peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression are not augmented as exercise intensity (power output) increases from maximal to supramaximal intensities and conducted an exploratory analysis comparing AMPK activation and PGC-1α expression in males and females. Seventeen (n = 9 males; n = 8 females) recreationally active, healthy, young individuals volunteered to participate in the current study. Participants completed work matched interval exercise at 100% (Max) and 133% (Supra) of peak work rate (WRpeak). Intervals were 1 min in duration and participants were prescribed 6 and 8 intervals of Max and Supra, respectively, to equate external work across protocols. PGC-1α mRNA expression and activation of AMPK (p-ACC) were examined in muscle biopsy samples. Interval WR (watts; W), intensity (%WRpeak) and average HR (bpm), blood lactate (mmol/L) and rating of perceived exertion were all higher (all p < 0.05) in Supra. Fatigue was greater (p < 0.05) in Supra. PGC-1α mRNA expression significantly increased after exercise in Max (p < 0.01) and Supra (p < 0.01), but was not significantly different (p = 0.71) between intensities. A main effect of time (Pre - 0 h) (p < 0.01) was observed for p-ACC; however, no effect of intensity (p = 0.08) or interaction (p = 0.97) was observed. No significant effects of time (p = 0.05) intensity (p = 0.42), or interaction (p = 0.97) were observed for p-AMPK (Thr172). Exploratory sex analysis demonstrated a main effect of sex for p-ACC (greater p-ACC in males; p < 0.05) but not for p-AMPK or PGC-1α expression. Our results confirm that AMPK-PGC-1α signalling is not augmented following supramaximal exercise and provide novel data demonstrating a decrease in AMPK activation (p-ACC) in females compared to men. Trial registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U7PX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J R M Renwick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A K Zedic
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - E S Menezes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - N Preobrazenski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - C A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - T Stokes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - C McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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4
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Chan WS, Ng CF, Pang BPS, Hang M, Tse MCL, Iu ECY, Ooi XC, Yang X, Kim JK, Lee CW, Chan CB. Exercise-induced BDNF promotes PPARδ-dependent reprogramming of lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle during exercise recovery. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh2783. [PMID: 38502732 PMCID: PMC11022078 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is essential to resolve metabolic perturbations and promote long-term cellular remodeling in response to exercise. Here, we report that muscle-generated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) elicits post-exercise recovery and metabolic reprogramming in skeletal muscle. BDNF increased the post-exercise expression of the gene encoding PPARδ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ), a transcription factor that is a master regulator of lipid metabolism. After exercise, mice with muscle-specific Bdnf knockout (MBKO) exhibited impairments in PPARδ-regulated metabolic gene expression, decreased intramuscular lipid content, reduced β-oxidation, and dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics. Moreover, MBKO mice required a longer period to recover from a bout of exercise and did not show increases in exercise-induced endurance capacity. Feeding naïve mice with the bioavailable BDNF mimetic 7,8-dihydroxyflavone resulted in effects that mimicked exercise-induced adaptations, including improved exercise capacity. Together, our findings reveal that BDNF is an essential myokine for exercise-induced metabolic recovery and remodeling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Suen Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Fai Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Pak Shing Pang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miaojia Hang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Margaret Chui Ling Tse
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elsie Chit Yu Iu
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Ci Ooi
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 101399, China
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Chi Wai Lee
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Bun Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, 5N10 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Heo J, Schifino AG, McFaline‐Figueroa J, Miller DL, Hoffman JR, Noble EE, Greising SM, Call JA. Differential effects of Western diet and traumatic muscle injury on skeletal muscle metabolic regulation in male and female mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2835-2850. [PMID: 37879629 PMCID: PMC10751418 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to develop an understanding of the pathophysiology of traumatic muscle injury in the context of Western diet (WD; high fat and high sugar) and obesity. The objective was to interrogate the combination of WD and injury on skeletal muscle mass and contractile and metabolic function. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were randomized into four groups based on a two-factor study design: (1) injury (uninjured vs. volumetric muscle loss [VML]) and (2) diet (WD vs. normal chow [NC]). Electrophysiology was used to test muscle strength and metabolic function in cohorts of uninjured + NC, uninjured + WD, VML + NC and VML + WD at 8 weeks of intervention. RESULTS VML-injured male and female mice both exhibited decrements in muscle mass (-17%, P < 0.001) and muscle strength (-28%, P < 0.001); however, VML + WD females had a 28% greater muscle mass compared to VML + NC females (P = 0.034), a compensatory response not detected in males. VML-injured male and female mice both had lower carbohydrate- and fat-supported muscle mitochondrial respiration (JO2 ) and less electron conductance through the electron transport system (ETS); however, male VML-WD had 48% lower carbohydrate-supported JO2 (P = 0.014) and 47% less carbohydrate-supported electron conductance (P = 0.026) compared to male VML + NC, and this diet-injury phenotype was not present in females. ETS electron conductance starts with complex I and complex II dehydrogenase enzymes at the inner mitochondrial membrane, and male VML + WD had 31% less complex I activity (P = 0.004) and 43% less complex II activity (P = 0.005) compared to male VML + NC. This was a diet-injury phenotype not present in females. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase metabolic enzyme activities were evaluated as potential drivers of impaired JO2 in the context of diet and injury. There were notable male and female differential effects in the enzyme activity and post-translational regulation of PDH. PDH enzyme activity was 24% less in VML-injured males, independent of diet (P < 0.001), but PDH enzyme activity was not influenced by injury in females. PDH enzyme activity is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine-293 by PDH kinase 4 (PDK4). In males, there was greater total PDH, phospho-PDHser293 and phospho-PDH-to-total PDH ratio in WD mice compared to NC, independent of injury (P ≤ 0.041). In females, PDK4 was 51% greater in WD compared to NC, independent of injury (P = 0.025), and was complemented by greater phospho-PDHser293 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Males are more susceptible to muscle metabolic dysfunction in the context of combined WD and traumatic injury compared to females, and this may be due to impaired metabolic enzyme functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Heo
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Albino G. Schifino
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Jennifer McFaline‐Figueroa
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - David L. Miller
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Jessica R. Hoffman
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional ScienceUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Regenerative Bioscience CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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de Jong JCBC, Attema BJ, van der Hoek MD, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Kleemann R, van der Leij FR, van den Hoek AM, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Keijer J. Sex differences in skeletal muscle-aging trajectory: same processes, but with a different ranking. GeroScience 2023; 45:2367-2386. [PMID: 36820956 PMCID: PMC10651666 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in muscle aging are poorly understood, but could be crucial for the optimization of sarcopenia-related interventions. To gain insight into potential sex differences in muscle aging, we recruited young (23 ± 2 years, 13 males and 13 females) and old (80 ± 3.5 years, 28 males and 26 females) participants. Males and females in both groups were highly matched, and vastus lateralis muscle parameters of old versus young participants were compared for each sex separately, focusing on gene expression. The overall gene expression profiles separated the sexes, but similar gene expression patterns separated old from young participants in males and females. Genes were indeed regulated in the same direction in both sexes during aging; however, the magnitude of differential expression was sex specific. In males, oxidative phosphorylation was the top-ranked differentially expressed process, and in females, this was cell growth mediated by AKT signaling. Findings from RNA-seq data were studied in greater detail using alternative approaches. In addition, we confirmed our data using publicly available data from three independent human studies. In conclusion, top-ranked pathways differ between males and females, but were present and altered in the same direction in both sexes. We conclude that the same processes are associated with skeletal muscle aging in males and females, but the differential expression of those processes in old vs. young participants is sex specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle C B C de Jong
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brecht J Attema
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanne D van der Hoek
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- MCL Academy, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Feike R van der Leij
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Research and Innovation Centre Agri, Food & Life Sciences, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Delft and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arie G Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sheptulina AF, Antyukh KY, Kiselev AR, Mitkovskaya NP, Drapkina OM. Possible Mechanisms Linking Obesity, Steroidogenesis, and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1415. [PMID: 37374197 DOI: 10.3390/life13061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that skeletal muscles may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and associated conditions due to their impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Skeletal muscles, as well as adipose tissue, are largely recognized as endocrine organs, producing biologically active substances, such as myokines and adipokines. They may have either beneficial or harmful effects on the organism and its functions, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. Moreover, the collocation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, i.e., the amount of intramuscular, intermuscular, and visceral adipose depots, may be of major importance for metabolic health. Traditionally, the generalized and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength or physical function, named sarcopenia, has been thought to be associated with age. That is why most recently published papers are focused on the investigation of the effect of obesity on skeletal muscle function in older adults. However, accumulated data indicate that sarcopenia may arise in individuals with obesity at any age, so it seems important to clarify the possible mechanisms linking obesity and skeletal muscle dysfunction regardless of age. Since steroids, namely, glucocorticoids (GCs) and sex steroids, have a major impact on the amount and function of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, and are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, in this review, we will also discuss the role of steroids in the interaction of these two metabolically active tissues in the course of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Sheptulina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Therapy and Preventive Medicine, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina Yu Antyukh
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, 220036 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anton R Kiselev
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia P Mitkovskaya
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, 220036 Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Belarusian State Medical University, 220116 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oxana M Drapkina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Therapy and Preventive Medicine, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
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Martínez de Toda I, González-Sánchez M, Díaz-Del Cerro E, Valera G, Carracedo J, Guerra-Pérez N. Sex differences in markers of oxidation and inflammation. Implications for ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111797. [PMID: 36868323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a key factor to consider in the ageing process given the impact that it has on life expectancy. The oxidative-inflammatory theory of ageing states that the ageing process is the result of the establishment of oxidative stress which, due to the interplay of the immune system, translates into inflammatory stress, and that both processes are responsible for the damage and loss of function of an organism. We show that there are relevant gender differences in a number of oxidative and inflammatory markers and propose that they may account for the differential lifespan between sexes, given that males display, in general, higher oxidation and basal inflammation. In addition, we explain the significant role of circulating cell-free DNA as a marker of oxidative damage and an inductor of inflammation, connecting both processes and having the potential to become a useful ageing marker. Finally, we discuss how oxidative and inflammatory changes take place differentially with ageing in each sex, which could also have an impact on the sex-differential lifespan. Further research including sex as an essential variable is needed to understand the grounds of sex differences in ageing and to better comprehend ageing itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez de Toda
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Díaz-Del Cerro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Valera
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Guerra-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Della Peruta C, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Renzini A, Moresi V, Sanchez Riera C, Bouché M, Coletti D. Sex Differences in Inflammation and Muscle Wasting in Aging and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054651. [PMID: 36902081 PMCID: PMC10003083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Only in recent years, thanks to a precision medicine-based approach, have treatments tailored to the sex of each patient emerged in clinical trials. In this regard, both striated muscle tissues present significant differences between the two sexes, which may have important consequences for diagnosis and therapy in aging and chronic illness. In fact, preservation of muscle mass in disease conditions correlates with survival; however, sex should be considered when protocols for the maintenance of muscle mass are designed. One obvious difference is that men have more muscle than women. Moreover, the two sexes differ in inflammation parameters, particularly in response to infection and disease. Therefore, unsurprisingly, men and women respond differently to therapies. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview on what is known about sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology and disfunction, such as disuse atrophy, age-related sarcopenia, and cachexia. In addition, we summarize sex differences in inflammation which may underly the aforementioned conditions because pro-inflammatory cytokines deeply affect muscle homeostasis. The comparison of these three conditions and their sex-related bases is interesting because different forms of muscle atrophy share common mechanisms; for instance, those responsible for protein dismantling are similar although differing in terms of kinetics, severity, and regulatory mechanisms. In pre-clinical research, exploring sexual dimorphism in disease conditions could highlight new efficacious treatments or recommend implementation of an existing one. Any protective factors discovered in one sex could be exploited to achieve lower morbidity, reduce the severity of the disease, or avoid mortality in the opposite sex. Thus, the understanding of sex-dependent responses to different forms of muscle atrophy and inflammation is of pivotal importance to design innovative, tailored, and efficient interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Della Peruta
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Carles Sanchez Riera
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Marina Bouché
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Coletti
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Nuzzo JL. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:494-536. [PMID: 36696264 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 494-536, 2023-Biological sex and its relation with exercise participation and sports performance continue to be discussed. Here, the purpose was to inform such discussions by summarizing the literature on sex differences in numerous strength training-related variables and outcomes-muscle strength and endurance, muscle mass and size, muscle fiber type, muscle twitch forces, and voluntary activation; strength training participation rates, motivations, preferences, and practices; and injuries and changes in muscle size and strength with strength training. Male subjects become notably stronger than female subjects around age 15 years. In adults, sex differences in strength are more pronounced in upper-body than lower-body muscles and in concentric than eccentric contractions. Greater male than female strength is not because of higher voluntary activation but to greater muscle mass and type II fiber areas. Men participate in strength training more frequently than women. Men are motivated more by challenge, competition, social recognition, and a desire to increase muscle size and strength. Men also have greater preference for competitive, high-intensity, and upper-body exercise. Women are motivated more by improved attractiveness, muscle "toning," and body mass management. Women have greater preference for supervised and lower-body exercise. Intrasexual competition, mate selection, and the drive for muscularity are likely fundamental causes of exercise behaviors in men and women. Men and women increase muscle size and strength after weeks of strength training, but women experience greater relative strength improvements depending on age and muscle group. Men exhibit higher strength training injury rates. No sex difference exists in strength loss and muscle soreness after muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Landen S, Hiam D, Voisin S, Jacques M, Lamon S, Eynon N. Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. J Physiol 2023; 601:419-434. [PMID: 34762308 DOI: 10.1113/jp279499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and genetics. Studies investigating exercise physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex differences into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants in exercise research, existing studies have identified sex differences in physiological and molecular responses to exercise training. The observed sex differences in exercise physiology are underpinned by the sex chromosome complement, sex hormones and, on a molecular level, the epigenome and transcriptome. Future research in the field should aim to include both sexes, control for menstrual cycle factors, conduct large-scale and ethnically diverse studies, conduct meta-analyses to consolidate findings from various studies, leverage unique cohorts (such as post-menopausal, transgender, and those with sex chromosome abnormalities), as well as integrate tissue and cell-specific -omics data. This knowledge is essential for developing deeper insight into sex-specific physiological responses to exercise training, thus directing future exercise physiology studies and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Garrabou G, García-García FJ, Presmanes RE, Feu M, Chiva-Blanch G. Relevance of sex-differenced analyses in bioenergetics and nutritional studies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:936929. [PMID: 36245509 PMCID: PMC9562369 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.936929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased analyses still remain as one of the biggest limitations to obtain universal conclusions. In biomedicine, the majority of experimental analyses and a significant amount of patient-derived cohort studies exclusively included males. In nutritional and molecular medicine, sex-influence is also frequently underrated, even considering maternal-inherited organelles such as mitochondria. We herein illustrate with in-house original data examples of how sex influences mitochondrial homeostasis, review these topics and highlight the consequences of biasing scientific analyses excluding females as differentiated entities from males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Glòria Garrabou
| | - Francesc Josep García-García
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Elvira Presmanes
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Feu
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute–IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Gemma Chiva-Blanch
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14
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Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Physical Exercise Explained: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073909. [PMID: 35409591 PMCID: PMC8997532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the origin and implications of fatigue in exercise has been widely investigated, but not completely understood given the complex multifactorial mechanisms involved. Then, it is essential to understand the fatigue mechanism to help trainers and physicians to prescribe an adequate training load. The present narrative review aims to analyze the multifactorial factors of fatigue in physical exercise. To reach this aim, a consensus and critical review were performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Central and peripheral fatigue are two unison constructs part of the Integrative Governor theory, in which both psychological and physiological drives and requirements are underpinned by homeostatic principles. The relative activity of each one is regulated by dynamic negative feedback activity, as the fundamental general operational controller. Fatigue is conditioned by factors such as gender, affecting men and women differently. Sleep deprivation or psychological disturbances caused, for example, by stress, can affect neural activation patterns, realigning them and slowing down simple mental operations in the context of fatigue. Then, fatigue can have different origins not only related with physiological factors. Therefore, all these prisms must be considered for future approaches from sport and clinical perspectives.
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15
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Salamone IM, Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Page PG, Tahtah I, Hadhazy M, Tomar G, McNally EM. Intermittent glucocorticoid treatment enhances skeletal muscle performance through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149828. [PMID: 35143417 PMCID: PMC8920338 DOI: 10.1172/jci149828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are commonly prescribed for many inflammatory conditions, but chronic daily use produces adverse effects, including muscle wasting and weakness. In contrast, shorter glucocorticoid pulses may improve athletic performance, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Muscle is sexually dimorphic and comparatively little is known about how male and female muscles respond to glucocorticoids. We investigated the impact of once-weekly glucocorticoid exposure on skeletal muscle performance comparing male and female mice. One month of once-weekly glucocorticoid dosing improved muscle specific force in both males and females. Transcriptomic profiling of isolated myofibers identified a striking sexually dimorphic response to weekly glucocorticoids. Male myofibers had increased expression of genes in the IGF1/PI3K pathway and calcium handling, while female myofibers had profound upregulation of lipid metabolism genes. Muscles from weekly prednisone–treated males had improved calcium handling, while comparably treated female muscles had reduced intramuscular triglycerides. Consistent with altered lipid metabolism, weekly prednisone–treated female mice had greater endurance relative to controls. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we defined a sexually dimorphic chromatin landscape after weekly prednisone. These results demonstrate that weekly glucocorticoid exposure elicits distinct pathways in males versus females, resulting in enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Salamone
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cinicinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - David Y Barefield
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Patrick G Page
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Tahtah
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Garima Tomar
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
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16
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Emmert ME, Aggarwal P, Shay-Winkler K, Lee SJ, Goh Q, Cornwall R. Sex-specific role of myostatin signaling in neonatal muscle growth, denervation atrophy, and neuromuscular contractures. eLife 2022; 11:81121. [PMID: 36314781 PMCID: PMC9873256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) causes disabling and incurable muscle contractures that result from impaired longitudinal growth of denervated muscles. This deficit in muscle growth is driven by increased proteasome-mediated protein degradation, suggesting a dysregulation of muscle proteostasis. The myostatin (MSTN) pathway, a prominent muscle-specific regulator of proteostasis, is a putative signaling mechanism by which neonatal denervation could impair longitudinal muscle growth, and thus a potential target to prevent NBPI-induced contractures. Through a mouse model of NBPI, our present study revealed that pharmacologic inhibition of MSTN signaling induces hypertrophy, restores longitudinal growth, and prevents contractures in denervated muscles of female but not male mice, despite inducing hypertrophy of normally innervated muscles in both sexes. Additionally, the MSTN-dependent impairment of longitudinal muscle growth after NBPI in female mice is associated with perturbation of 20S proteasome activity, but not through alterations in canonical MSTN signaling pathways. These findings reveal a sex dimorphism in the regulation of neonatal longitudinal muscle growth and contractures, thereby providing insights into contracture pathophysiology, identifying a potential muscle-specific therapeutic target for contracture prevention, and underscoring the importance of sex as a biological variable in the pathophysiology of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Emmert
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Parul Aggarwal
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Kritton Shay-Winkler
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson LaboratoryFarmingtonUnited States,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Qingnian Goh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Roger Cornwall
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
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17
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Landen S, Jacques M, Hiam D, Alvarez-Romero J, Harvey NR, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Lamon S, Voisin S, Eynon N. Skeletal muscle methylome and transcriptome integration reveals profound sex differences related to muscle function and substrate metabolism. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:202. [PMID: 34732242 PMCID: PMC8567658 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all human complex traits and diseases exhibit some degree of sex differences, with epigenetics being one of the main contributing factors. Various tissues display sex differences in DNA methylation; however, this has not yet been explored in skeletal muscle, despite skeletal muscle being among the tissues with the most transcriptomic sex differences. For the first time, we investigated the effect of sex on autosomal DNA methylation in human skeletal muscle across three independent cohorts (Gene SMART, FUSION, and GSE38291) using a meta-analysis approach, totalling 369 human muscle samples (222 males and 147 females), and integrated this with known sex-biased transcriptomics. We found 10,240 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at FDR < 0.005, 94% of which were hypomethylated in males, and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated genes were involved in muscle contraction and substrate metabolism. We then investigated biological factors underlying DNA methylation sex differences and found that circulating hormones were not associated with differential methylation at sex-biased DNA methylation loci; however, these sex-specific loci were enriched for binding sites of hormone-related transcription factors (with top TFs including androgen (AR), estrogen (ESR1), and glucocorticoid (NR3C1) receptors). Fibre type proportions were associated with differential methylation across the genome, as well as across 16% of sex-biased DNA methylation loci (FDR < 0.005). Integration of DNA methylomic results with transcriptomic data from the GTEx database and the FUSION cohort revealed 326 autosomal genes that display sex differences at both the epigenome and transcriptome levels. Importantly, transcriptional sex-biased genes were overrepresented among epigenetic sex-biased genes (p value = 4.6e−13), suggesting differential DNA methylation and gene expression between male and female muscle are functionally linked. Finally, we validated expression of three genes with large effect sizes (FOXO3A, ALDH1A1, and GGT7) in the Gene SMART cohort with qPCR. GGT7, involved in antioxidant metabolism, displays male-biased expression as well as lower methylation in males across the three cohorts. In conclusion, we uncovered 8420 genes that exhibit DNA methylation differences between males and females in human skeletal muscle that may modulate mechanisms controlling muscle metabolism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
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18
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Wu Z, Wang Y, Ye Z, Guan Y, Ye X, Chen Z, Li C, Chen G, Zhu Y, Du J, Chen G, Liu W, Xu X. Effects of Age and Sex on Properties of Lumbar Erector Spinae in Healthy People: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718068. [PMID: 34616306 PMCID: PMC8488426 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The influences of age and sex on properties of lumbar erector spinae have not been previously studied. Changes in the performance of lumbar erector spinae properties associated with age represent a valuable indicator of risk for lower-back-related disease. Objective: To investigate the lumbar erector spinae properties with regard to age and sex to provide a reference dataset. Methods: We measured muscle tone and stiffness of the lumbar erector spinae (at the L3–4 level) in healthy men and women (50 young people, aged 20–30 years; 50 middle-aged people, aged 40–50 years; and 50 elderly people, aged 65–75 years) using a MyotonPRO device. Results: In general, there are significant differences in muscle tone and stiffness among young, middle-aged, and elderly participants, and there were significant differences in muscle tone and stiffness between men and women, and there was no interaction between age and sex. The muscle tone and stiffness of the elderly participants were significantly higher than those of the middle-aged and young participants (P < 0.01), and the muscle tone and stiffness of the middle-aged participants were significantly higher than those of the young participants (P < 0.01). In addition, the muscle tone and stiffness of men participants were significantly higher than that of women participants (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Our results indicate that muscle tone and stiffness of the lumbar erector spinae increase with age. The muscle tone and stiffness of the lumbar erector spinae in men are significantly higher than in women. The present study highlights the importance of considering age and sex differences when assessing muscle characteristics of healthy people or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Wu
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Ye
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxing Guan
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Ye
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Chen
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Li
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Baishui Health Center, Qujing, China
| | - Jianping Du
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guocai Chen
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wengang Liu
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemeng Xu
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Soriano‐Arroquia A, Gostage J, Xia Q, Bardell D, McCormick R, McCloskey E, Bellantuono I, Clegg P, McDonagh B, Goljanek‐Whysall K. miR-24 and its target gene Prdx6 regulate viability and senescence of myogenic progenitors during aging. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13475. [PMID: 34560818 PMCID: PMC8520721 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cell-dependent skeletal muscle regeneration declines during aging. Disruptions within the satellite cells and their niche, together with alterations in the myofibrillar environment, contribute to age-related dysfunction and defective muscle regeneration. In this study, we demonstrated an age-related decline in satellite cell viability and myogenic potential and an increase in ROS and cellular senescence. We detected a transient upregulation of miR-24 in regenerating muscle from adult mice and downregulation of miR-24 during muscle regeneration in old mice. FACS-sorted satellite cells were characterized by decreased levels of miR-24 and a concomitant increase in expression of its target: Prdx6. Using GFP reporter constructs, we demonstrated that miR-24 directly binds to its predicted site within Prdx6 mRNA. Subtle changes in Prdx6 levels following changes in miR-24 expression indicate miR-24 plays a role in fine-tuning Prdx6 expression. Changes in miR-24 and Prdx6 levels were associated with altered mitochondrial ROS generation, increase in the DNA damage marker: phosphorylated-H2Ax and changes in viability, senescence, and myogenic potential of myogenic progenitors from mice and humans. The effects of miR-24 were more pronounced in myogenic progenitors from old mice, suggesting a context-dependent role of miR-24 in these cells, with miR-24 downregulation likely a part of a compensatory response to declining satellite cell function during aging. We propose that downregulation of miR-24 and subsequent upregulation of Prdx6 in muscle of old mice following injury are an adaptive response to aging, to maintain satellite cell viability and myogenic potential through regulation of mitochondrial ROS and DNA damage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soriano‐Arroquia
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - John Gostage
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Healthy Lifespan Institute and the Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Aging University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Qin Xia
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
| | - David Bardell
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Rachel McCormick
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Eugene McCloskey
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Healthy Lifespan Institute and the Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Aging University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism Healthy Lifespan Institute and the Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Aging University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Peter Clegg
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek‐Whysall
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- The Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging CIMA University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
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20
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O’Reilly J, Ono‐Moore KD, Chintapalli SV, Rutkowsky JM, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Olfert IM, Adams SH. Sex differences in skeletal muscle revealed through fiber type, capillarity, and transcriptomics profiling in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15031. [PMID: 34545692 PMCID: PMC8453262 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology are sexually dimorphic but molecular underpinnings and muscle-specificity are not well-established. Variances in metabolic health, fitness level, sedentary behavior, genetics, and age make it difficult to discern inherent sex effects in humans. Therefore, mice under well-controlled conditions were used to determine female and male (n = 19/sex) skeletal muscle fiber type/size and capillarity in superficial and deep gastrocnemius (GA-s, GA-d), soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and plantaris (PLT), and transcriptome patterns were also determined (GA, SOL). Summed muscle weight strongly correlated with lean body mass (r2 = 0.67, p < 0.0001, both sexes). Other phenotypes were muscle-specific: e.g., capillarity (higher density, male GA-s), myofiber size (higher, male EDL), and fiber type (higher, lower type I and type II prevalences, respectively, in female SOL). There were broad differences in transcriptomics, with >6000 (GA) and >4000 (SOL) mRNAs differentially-expressed by sex; only a minority of these were shared across GA and SOL. Pathway analyses revealed differences in ribosome biology, transcription, and RNA processing. Curation of sexually dimorphic muscle transcripts shared in GA and SOL, and literature datasets from mice and humans, identified 11 genes that we propose are canonical to innate sex differences in muscle: Xist, Kdm6a, Grb10, Oas2, Rps4x (higher, females) and Ddx3y, Kdm5d, Irx3, Wwp1, Aldh1a1, Cd24a (higher, males). These genes and those with the highest "sex-biased" expression in our study do not contain estrogen-response elements (exception, Greb1), but a subset are proposed to be regulated through androgen response elements. We hypothesize that innate muscle sexual dimorphism in mice and humans is triggered and then maintained by classic X inactivation (Xist, females) and Y activation (Ddx3y, males), with coincident engagement of X encoded (Kdm6a) and Y encoded (Kdm5d) demethylase epigenetic regulators that are complemented by modulation at some regions of the genome that respond to androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana O’Reilly
- Division of Exercise PhysiologyWest Virginia University School of MedicineMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | | | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition CenterLittle RockArkansasUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Todd Tolentino
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Mouse Biology ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - K. C. Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Mouse Biology ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Division of Exercise PhysiologyWest Virginia University School of MedicineMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic ScienceUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Wolf A, Kutsche HS, Atmanspacher F, Karadedeli MS, Schreckenberg R, Schlüter KD. Untypical Metabolic Adaptations in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats to Free Running Wheel Activity Includes Uncoupling Protein-3 (UCP-3) and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Expression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:598723. [PMID: 33833685 PMCID: PMC8021776 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.598723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension are common risk factors for cardiovascular disease whereas an active lifestyle is considered as protective. However, the interaction between high physical activity and hypertension is less clear. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of high physical activity on the muscular and hepatic expression of glucose transporters (Glut), uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Twenty-four female rats (12 normotensive rats and 12 SHRs) were divided into a sedentary control and an exercising group that had free access to running wheels at night for 10 months. Blood samples were taken and blood pressure was determined. The amount of visceral fat was semi-quantitatively analyzed and Musculus gastrocnemius, Musculus soleus, and the liver were excised. Acute effects of free running wheel activity were analyzed in 15 female SHRs that were sacrificed after 2 days of free running wheel activity. M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus differed in their mRNA expression of UCP-2, UCP-3, GLUT-4, and PCSK9. Hypertension was associated with lower levels of UCP-2 and PCSK9 mRNA in the M. gastrocnemius, but increased expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in the M. soleus. Exercise down-regulated UCP-3 in the M. soleus in both strains, in the M. gastrocnemius only in normotensives. In SHRs exercise downregulated the expression of UCP-2 in the M. soleus. Exercise increased the expression of GLUT-1 in the M. gastrocnemius in both strains, and that of GLUT-4 protein in the M. soleus, whereas it increased the muscle-specific expression of PCSK9 only in normotensive rats. Effects of exercise on the hepatic expression of cholesterol transporters were seen only in SHRs. As an acute response to exercise increased expressions of the myokine IL-6 and that of GLUT-1 were found in the muscles. This study, based on transcriptional adaptations in striated muscles and livers, shows that rats perform long-term metabolic adaptations when kept with increased physical activity. These adaptations are at least in part required to stabilize normal protein expression as protein turnover seems to be modified by exercise. However, normotensive and hypertensive rats differed in their responsiveness. Based on these results, a direct translation from normotensive to hypertensive rats is not possible. As genetic differences between normotensive humans and patients with essential hypertension are likely to be present as well, we would expect similar differences in humans that may impact recommendations for non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hanna Sarah Kutsche
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Atmanspacher
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Meryem Sevval Karadedeli
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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22
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Gadelha AB, Sousa CV, Sales MM, dos Santos Rosa T, Flothmann M, Barbosa LP, da Silva Aguiar S, Olher RR, Villiger E, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Hill L, Knechtle B. Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249491. [PMID: 33352924 PMCID: PMC7766989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women's cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bonadias Gadelha
- Seção de Educação Física (SEF), Colégio Militar de Brasília (CMB), Brasília, DF 70790-020, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- College of Arts, Media & Design, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Marcelo Magalhaes Sales
- Physical Education Department, Goiás State University, Quirinópolis, GO 75860-000, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of the University Center of Anápolis—UniEvangélica, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
| | - Thiago dos Santos Rosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Marti Flothmann
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Lucas Pinheiro Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 71966-700, Brazil; (T.d.S.R.); (L.P.B.); (S.d.S.A.)
| | - Rafael Reis Olher
- Physical Education Department, Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Gama, DF 72445-020, Brazil;
| | - Elias Villiger
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Lee Hill
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.V.); (T.R.)
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00 or +41-(0)-71-226-93-01
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23
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Tan X, van Egmond LT, Cedernaes J, Benedict C. The role of exercise-induced peripheral factors in sleep regulation. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101096. [PMID: 33045432 PMCID: PMC7585947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrently disrupted sleep is a widespread phenomenon in our society. This is worrisome as chronically impaired sleep increases the risk of numerous diseases that place a heavy burden on health services worldwide, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, depression, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. Therefore, strategies mitigating the current societal sleep crisis are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW Observational and interventional studies have found that regular moderate to intensive exercise is associated with better subjective and objective sleep in humans, with and without pre-existing sleep disturbances. Here, we summarize recent findings from clinical studies in humans and animal experiments suggesting that molecules that are expressed, produced, and released by the skeletal muscle in response to exercise may contribute to the sleep-improving effects of exercise. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced skeletal muscle recruitment increases blood concentrations of signaling molecules, such as the myokine brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been shown to increase the depth of sleep in animals. As reviewed herein, BDNF and other muscle-induced factors are likely to contribute to the sleep-promoting effects of exercise. Despite progress in the field, however, several fundamental questions remain. For example, one central question concerns the optimal time window for exercise to promote sleep. It is also unknown whether the production of muscle-induced peripheral factors promoting sleep is altered by acute and chronic sleep disturbances, which has become increasingly common in the modern 24/7 lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Exercise as a therapy for cancer-induced muscle wasting. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:186-194. [PMID: 35782998 PMCID: PMC9219331 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a progressive disorder characterized by body weight, fat, and muscle loss. Cachexia induces metabolic disruptions that can be analogous and distinct from those observed in cancer, obscuring both diagnosis and treatment options. Inflammation, hypogonadism, and physical inactivity are widely investigated as systemic mediators of cancer-induced muscle wasting. At the cellular level, dysregulation of protein turnover and energy metabolism can negatively impact muscle mass and function. Exercise is well known for its anti-inflammatory effects and potent stimulation of anabolic signaling. Emerging evidence suggests the potential for exercise to rescue muscle's sensitivity to anabolic stimuli, reduce wasting through protein synthesis modulation, myokine release, and subsequent downregulation of proteolytic factors. To date, there is no recommendation for exercise in the management of cachexia. Given its complex nature, a multimodal approach incorporating exercise offers promising potential for cancer cachexia treatment. This review's primary objective is to summarize the growing body of research examining exercise regulation of cancer cachexia. Furthermore, we will provide evidence for exercise interactions with established systemic and cellular regulators of cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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25
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Horwath O, Moberg M, Larsen FJ, Philp A, Apró W, Ekblom B. Influence of sex and fiber type on the satellite cell pool in human skeletal muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:303-312. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Horwath
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Åstrand Laboratory Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Åstrand Laboratory Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Filip J. Larsen
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Åstrand Laboratory Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrew Philp
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst, Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent’s Medical School UNSW Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - William Apró
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Åstrand Laboratory Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Åstrand Laboratory Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
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26
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de Macedo TA, Aguiar SDS, Sousa CV, Barbosa LP, Deus LA, Santos PA, Maciel LA, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Simões HG. Performance trends in Paralympic athletes in sprint, middle-distance and endurance events. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00630-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Associating Gait Phase and Physical Fitness with Global Cognitive Function in the Aged. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134786. [PMID: 32635202 PMCID: PMC7369886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify classifier variables by considering both gait and physical fitness for identifying adults aged over 75 years and global cognitive function declines in older adults. The participants included 735 adults aged 65–89 years who were asked to walk at three different speeds (slower, preferred, and faster) while wearing inertial measurement units embedded in shoe-type data loggers and to perform nine physical fitness tests. The variability in the stance phase as well as the strength, balance, and functional endurance showed a strong dependence on the age being over 75 years. The cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination; a longer stance phase at a slower walking speed and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand were associated with cognitive function. These findings may be useful for determining the decline in physical performance of older adults. A longer stance phase and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand may be factors that help distinguish declines in cognitive function from normal age-related declines.
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28
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Ryu J, Lee C. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Two Nucleotide Variants Associated with Educational Attainment in Koreans. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419090138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Constitutive PGC-1α overexpression in skeletal muscle does not protect from age-dependent decline in neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12320. [PMID: 31444397 PMCID: PMC6707251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise prevents age-dependent decline in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mediates many of the exercise-induced benefits in skeletal muscle, including the release of factors into the circulation with neurotrophic effects. We use a transgenic mouse model with muscle-specific overexpression of PGC-1α to study the contribution of chronic muscle activation on exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis in aging. Young and old transgenic and wild type animals of both sexes displayed a robust age-related reduction in newborn BrdU+-cells, immature neurons (DCX+-cells) and new mature BrdU+/NeuN+-neurons in the dentate gyrus. No differences were detected between genotypes or sexes. Analysis of serum proteins showed a tendency towards increased levels of myokines and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines for transgenic animals, but only musclin was found to be significantly up-regulated in transgenic animals. We conclude that constitutive muscular overexpression of PGC-1α, despite potent systemic changes, is insufficient for mimicking exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis in aging. Continued studies are required to investigate the complex molecular mechanisms by which circulating signals could mediate exercise-induced effects on the central nervous system in disease and aging, with the aim of discovering new therapeutic possibilities for patients.
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30
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Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. American Masters Road Running Records-The Performance Gap Between Female and Male Age Group Runners from 5 Km to 6 Days Running. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132310. [PMID: 31261850 PMCID: PMC6651451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies investigating elite and master athletes in pool- and long-distance open-water swimming showed for elite swimmers that the fastest women were able to outperform the fastest men, and for master athletes that elderly women were able to achieve a similar performance to elderly men. The present study investigating age group records in runners from 5 km to 6 days aimed to test this hypothesis for master runners. Data from the American Master Road Running Records were analyzed, for 5 km, 8 km, 10 km, 10 miles, 20 km, half-marathon, 25 km, 30 km, marathon, 50 km, 50 miles, 100 km, 100 miles, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 144 h, for athletes in age groups ranging from 40 to 99 years old. The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in events lengthening from 5 km to 10 miles (d = 0.617) and lower effects in events lengthening from 12 to 144 h (d = 0.304) running. Both other groups showed similar effects, being 20 km to the marathon (d = 0.607) and 50 km to 100 miles (d = 0.563). The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in the age groups 85 years and above (d = 0.953) followed by 55 to 69 years (d = 0.633), and lower effects for the age groups 40 to 54 years (d = 0.558) and 70 to 84 years (d = 0.508). In summary, men are faster than women in American road running events, however, the sex gap decreases with increasing age but not with increasing event length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Physical Education Department, University Center-UDF, 71966-700 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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31
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Landen S, Voisin S, Craig JM, McGee SL, Lamon S, Eynon N. Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise. Epigenetics 2019; 14:523-535. [PMID: 30957644 PMCID: PMC6557612 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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32
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Wahab F, Khan IU, Polo IR, Zubair H, Drummer C, Shahab M, Behr R. Irisin in the primate hypothalamus and its effect on GnRH in vitro. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:175-187. [PMID: 30913538 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, encoded by the FNDC5 gene, is a recently discovered endocrine factor mainly secreted as a myokine and adipokine. However, irisin/FNDC5 expression has also been reported in different other organs including components of the reproductive axis. Yet, there is the scarcity of data on FNDC5/irisin expression, regulation and its reproductive effects, particularly in primates. Here, we report the expression of FNDC5/irisin, along with PGC1A (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) and ERRA (estrogen-related receptor alpha), in components of the reproductive axis of marmoset monkeys. Hypothalamic FNDC5 and ERRA transcript levels are developmentally regulated in both male and female. We further uncovered sex-specific differences in FNDC5, ERRA and PGC1A expression in muscle and the reproductive axis. Moreover, irisin and ERRα co-localize in the marmoset hypothalamus. Additionally, in the arcuate nucleus of rhesus monkeys, the number of irisin+ cells was significantly increased in short-term fasted monkeys as compared to ad libitum-fed monkeys. More importantly, we observed putative interaction of irisin-immunoreactive fibers and few GnRH-immunoreactive cell bodies in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rhesus monkeys. Functionally, we noted a stimulatory effect of irisin on GnRH synthesis and release in mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1-7 cells. In summary, our findings show that FNDC5 and irisin are developmentally, metabolic-status dependently and sex-specifically expressed in the primate hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and exert a stimulatory effect on GnRH expression and release in mouse hypothalamic cells. Further studies are required to confirm the reproductive effects of irisin in vivo and to illuminate the mechanisms of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez Polo
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hira Zubair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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do Nascimento Salvador PC, Schäfer L, Grassi B, Guglielmo LGA, Denadai BS. Changes in VO 2 Kinetics After Elevated Baseline Do Not Necessarily Reflect Alterations in Muscle Force Production in Both Sexes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:471. [PMID: 31073291 PMCID: PMC6495266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between muscle fatigue, decreased efficiency and the slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2sc) has been suggested. However, a cause-effect relationship remains to be elucidated. Although alterations in VO2 kinetics after elevated baseline work rate have previously been reported, to date no study has observed the effect on muscle force production (MFP) behavior considering physiological differences between male and female subjects. This study investigated the effect of elevated baseline work rate on the VO2 kinetics and MFP in 10 male and 10 female healthy subjects. Subjects performed 4 transitions of very-heavy (VH) intensity cycling in a randomized order after unloaded (U-VH) or moderate (M-VH) exercise. Maximal isokinetic efforts (MIE) were performed before and after each condition at two different cadences (60 or 120 rpm). Whereas baseline VO2 and time constant (τ) were significantly higher in M-VH compared to U-VH, the fundamental amplitude and the VO2 slow component (VO2sc) were significantly lower in M-VH (p < 0.05) in both sexes. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were not influenced by condition or sex (p > 0.05). The MFP post-exercise was not significantly influenced by condition in both sexes and cadences (Δtorque for males: at 60 rpm in U-VH = 13 ± 10 Nm, in M-VH = 13 ± 9 Nm; at 120 rpm in U-VH = 22 ± 14 Nm, in M-VH = 21 ± 12 Nm; for females: at 120 rpm in U-VH = 10 ± 9 Nm, in M-VH = 12 ± 8 Nm; p > 0.05), with the exception that female subjects presented smaller decreases in M-UH at 60 rpm compared to U-VH (11 ± 13 vs. 18 ± 14 Nm, respectively, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the decrease in torque production and VO2 kinetics parameters (p > 0.05). The alterations in VO2 kinetics which have been suggested to be linked to changes in motor unit recruitment after elevated baseline work rate did not reflect alterations in MFP and fatigue in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cesar do Nascimento Salvador
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Leonardo da Vinci University/Uniasselvi, Indaial, Brazil
| | - Lisa Schäfer
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Bishop DJ, Botella J, Genders AJ, Lee MJC, Saner NJ, Kuang J, Yan X, Granata C. High-Intensity Exercise and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Current Controversies and Future Research Directions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:56-70. [PMID: 30540234 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that different types of exercise can provide a powerful stimulus for mitochondrial biogenesis. However, there are conflicting findings in the literature, and a consensus has not been reached regarding the efficacy of high-intensity exercise to promote mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. The purpose of this review is to examine current controversies in the field and to highlight some important methodological issues that need to be addressed to resolve existing conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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35
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Beaudry KM, Devries MC. Sex-based differences in hepatic and skeletal muscle triglyceride storage and metabolism 1. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:805-813. [PMID: 30702924 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women and men store lipid differently within the body with men storing more fat in the android region and women storing more fat in the gynoid region. Fat is predominately stored in adipose tissue as triacylglycerides (TG); however, TG are also stored in other tissues including the liver and skeletal muscle. Excess hepatic TG storage, defined as a TG concentration >5% of liver weight and known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is related to the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, elevated skeletal muscle TG, termed intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), are related to insulin resistance in obesity and type II diabetes. Men store more hepatic TG than women and, unsurprisingly, NAFLD is more prevalent in men than women. Women store more IMCL than men, yet type II diabetes risk is not greater, which is likely due to the manner in which women store TG within muscle. Sex-based differences in TG storage between men and women are underpinned by differences in messenger RNA expression, protein content, and enzyme activities of skeletal muscle and hepatic lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, women have a greater reliance on lipid during exercise because of upregulation of lipid oxidative pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of sex in mediating lipid storage and metabolism within skeletal muscle and the liver at rest and during exercise and its relationship with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michaela C Devries
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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36
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Montalvo RN, Counts BR, Carson JA. Understanding sex differences in the regulation of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2018; 12:394-403. [PMID: 30102621 PMCID: PMC6239206 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We highlight evidence for sexual dimorphism in preclinical and clinical studies investigating the cause and treatment of cancer cachexia. RECENT FINDINGS Cancer cachexia is unintended bodyweight loss occurring with cancer, and skeletal muscle wasting is a critical predictor of negative outcomes in the cancer patient. Skeletal muscle exhibits sexual dimorphism in fiber type, function, and regeneration capacity. Sex differences have been implicated in skeletal muscle metabolism, mitochondrial function, immune response to injury, and myogenic stem cell regulation. All of these processes have the potential to be involved in cancer-induced muscle wasting. Unfortunately, the vast majority of published studies examining cancer cachexia in preclinical models or cancer patients either have not accounted for sex in their design or have exclusively studied males. Preclinical studies have established that ovarian function and estradiol can affect skeletal muscle function, metabolism and mass; ovarian function has also been implicated in the sensitivity of circulating inflammatory cytokines and the progression of cachexia. SUMMARY Females and males have unique characteristics that effect skeletal muscle's microenvironment and intrinsic signaling. These differences provide a strong rationale for distinct causes for cancer cachexia development and treatment in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Montalvo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Public Health Research Center, Columbia, USA
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37
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Miotto PM, McGlory C, Holloway TM, Phillips SM, Holloway GP. Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29513564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic contributions to sex differences in human skeletal muscle metabolism remain poorly defined. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial respiratory kinetics differed between healthy young men and women in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers. While men and women displayed similar ( P > 0.05) maximal respiration rates and abundance of mitochondrial/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transport proteins, women had lower ( P < 0.05) mitochondrial ADP sensitivity (+30% apparent Km) and absolute respiration rates at a physiologically relevant ADP concentration (100 μM). Moreover, although men and women exhibited similar carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I protein content- and palmitoyl-CoA-supported respiration, women displayed greater sensitivity to malonyl-CoA-mediated respiratory inhibition. These data establish baseline sex differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics and provide the foundation for studying mitochondrial function within the context of metabolic perturbations and diseases that affect men and women differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Miotto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Tanya M Holloway
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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Abstract
Performance fatigability differs between men and women for a range of fatiguing tasks. Women are usually less fatigable than men, and this is most widely described for isometric fatiguing contractions and some dynamic tasks. The sex difference in fatigability is specific to the task demands so that one mechanism is not universal, including any sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology, muscle perfusion, and voluntary activation. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the task dependency of the sex differences in fatigability, the involved mechanisms, and the relevance to clinical populations and with advanced age. The knowledge gaps are in part due to the significant deficits in the number of women included in performance fatigability studies despite a gradual increase in the inclusion of women for the last 20 yr. Therefore, this review 1) provides a rationale for the limited knowledge about sex differences in performance fatigability, 2) summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in fatigability and the potential mechanisms across a range of tasks, 3) highlights emerging areas of opportunity in clinical populations, and 4) suggests strategies to close the knowledge gap and understanding the relevance of sex differences in performance fatigability. The limited understanding about sex differences in fatigability in healthy and clinical populations presents as a field ripe with opportunity for high-impact studies. Such studies will inform on the limitations of men and women during athletic endeavors, ergonomic tasks, and daily activities. Because fatigability is required for effective neuromuscular adaptation, sex differences in fatigability studies will also inform on optimal strategies for training and rehabilitation in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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39
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Park HJ, Choi JM. Sex-specific regulation of immune responses by PPARs. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e364. [PMID: 28775365 PMCID: PMC5579504 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases is different for men and women owing to the respective ability of their immune systems to respond to self and foreign antigens. Although several factors, including hormones and the X-chromosome, have been suggested to contribute to such sex-specific immune responses, the underlying factors remain poorly defined. Recent studies using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands and knockout mice have identified sex-dimorphic expression of PPARs, and have shown that the inhibitory functions of PPAR in T cells are substantially affected by the sex hormones. In this review, we consider the sex-specific differences in PPARs and summarize the diverse PPAR-mediated, sex-specific properties of effector T-cell responses, such as T-cell activation, survival and differentiation, as well as their involvement in T-cell-related autoimmune diseases, including colitis, graft-versus-host disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Understanding PPAR-mediated sex differences in immune responses will provide more precise insights into the roles of PPARs in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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40
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Skelly LE, Gillen JB, MacInnis MJ, Martin BJ, Safdar A, Akhtar M, MacDonald MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Effect of sex on the acute skeletal muscle response to sprint interval exercise. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:354-365. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Mahmood Akhtar
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Maureen J. MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, Room 210; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada L8S 4K1
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41
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Sarafian D, Schutz Y, Montani JP, Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan JL. Sex difference in substrate oxidation during low-intensity isometric exercise in young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:977-84. [PMID: 27540628 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-intensity physical activity is increasingly promoted as an alternative to sedentary behavior. However, much research to date has focused on moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, and in particular dynamic work, with the effect of low-intensity isometric exercise (<4 METs) on substrate utilization yet to be explored. Here we investigate the effects of such exercise on respiratory quotient (RQ) and determine the extent of intra- and inter-individual variability in response. Energy expenditure, RQ, and substrate oxidation were measured by ventilated-hood indirect calorimetry at rest and in response to standardized, intermittent, low-level isometric leg-press exercises at 5 loads (+5, +10, +15, +20, +25 kg) in 26 healthy, young adults. Nine participants repeated the experiment on 3 separate days to assess within-subject, between-day variability. There was no significant difference in energy cost and heart rate responses to low-intensity isometric exercise (<2 METs) between men and women. However, a sex difference was apparent in terms of substrate oxidation - with men increasing both fat and carbohydrate oxidation, and women only increasing fat oxidation while maintaining carbohydrate oxidation at baseline, resting levels. This sex difference was repeatable and persisted when substrate oxidation was adjusted for differences in body weight or body composition. Individual variability in RQ was relatively low, with both intra- and inter-individual coefficients of variation in the range of 3%-6% in both sexes. These results suggest that women preferentially increase fat oxidation during low-level isometric exercise. Whether such physical activity could be incorporated into treatment/prevention strategies aimed at optimizing fat oxidation in women warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sarafian
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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42
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Nimbarte AD, Zreiqat MM, Chowdhury SK. Cervical flexion–relaxation response to neck muscle fatigue in males and females. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:965-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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43
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Bishop-Bailey D. Mechanisms governing the health and performance benefits of exercise. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1153-66. [PMID: 24033098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are considered among the greatest if not the greatest endurance land animals. Over the last 50 years, as the population has become more sedentary, rates of cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension have all increased. Aerobic fitness is considered protective for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, a variety of cancers, joint disease and depression. Here, I will review the emerging mechanisms that underlie the response to exercise, focusing on the major target organ the skeletal muscle system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of exercise will allow us to develop new therapies that mimic the protective actions of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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44
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Lindholm ME, Huss M, Solnestam BW, Kjellqvist S, Lundeberg J, Sundberg CJ. The human skeletal muscle transcriptome: sex differences, alternative splicing, and tissue homogeneity assessed with RNA sequencing. FASEB J 2014; 28:4571-81. [PMID: 25016029 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle health is important for quality of life and several chronic diseases, including type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Skeletal muscle is a tissue widely used to study mechanisms behind different diseases and adaptive effects of controlled interventions. For such mechanistic studies, knowledge about the gene expression profiles in different states is essential. Since the baseline transcriptome has not been analyzed systematically, the purpose of this study was to provide a deep reference profile of female and male skeletal muscle. RNA sequencing data were analyzed from a large set of 45 resting human muscle biopsies. We provide extensive information on the skeletal muscle transcriptome, including 5 previously unannotated protein-coding transcripts. Global transcriptional tissue homogeneity was strikingly high, within both a specific muscle and the contralateral leg. We identified >23,000 known isoforms and found >5000 isoforms that differ between the sexes. The female and male transcriptome was enriched for genes associated with oxidative metabolism and protein catabolic processes, respectively. The data demonstrate remarkably high tissue homogeneity and provide a deep and extensive baseline reference for the human skeletal muscle transcriptome, with regard to alternative splicing, novel transcripts, and sex differences in functional ontology.transcriptome: sex differences, alternative splicing, and tissue homogeneity assessed with RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene E Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden;
| | - Mikael Huss
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Beata W Solnestam
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Carl J Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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45
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Hunter SK. Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:768-89. [PMID: 24433272 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in physiology and anatomy are responsible for profound differences in neuromuscular performance and fatigability between men and women. Women are usually less fatigable than men for similar intensity isometric fatiguing contractions. This sex difference in fatigability, however, is task specific because different neuromuscular sites will be stressed when the requirements of the task are altered, and the stress on these sites can differ for men and women. Task variables that can alter the sex difference in fatigability include the type, intensity and speed of contraction, the muscle group assessed and the environmental conditions. Physiological mechanisms that are responsible for sex-based differences in fatigability may include activation of the motor neurone pool from cortical and subcortical regions, synaptic inputs to the motor neurone pool via activation of metabolically sensitive small afferent fibres in the muscle, muscle perfusion and skeletal muscle metabolism and fibre type properties. Non-physiological factors such as the sex bias of studying more males than females in human and animal experiments can also mask a true understanding of the magnitude and mechanisms of sex-based differences in physiology and fatigability. Despite recent developments, there is a tremendous lack of understanding of sex differences in neuromuscular function and fatigability, the prevailing mechanisms and the functional consequences. This review emphasizes the need to understand sex-based differences in fatigability to shed light on the benefits and limitations that fatigability can exert for men and women during daily tasks, exercise performance, training and rehabilitation in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Hunter
- Exercise Science Program; Department of Physical Therapy; Marquette University; Milwaukee WI USA
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46
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Denies MS, Johnson J, Maliphol AB, Bruno M, Kim A, Rizvi A, Rustici K, Medler S. Diet-induced obesity alters skeletal muscle fiber types of male but not female mice. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00204. [PMID: 24744883 PMCID: PMC3967687 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are highly plastic tissues capable dramatic remodeling in response to use, disuse, disease, and other factors. Growing evidence suggests that adipose tissues exert significant effects on the basic fiber‐type composition of skeletal muscles. In the current study, we investigated the long‐term effects of a high‐fat diet and subsequent obesity on the muscle fiber types in C57 BLK/6J mice. Litters of mice were randomly assigned to either a high‐fat diet or a control group at the time of weaning, and were maintained on this diet for approximately 1 year. Single fibers were harvested from the soleus and plantaris muscles, and fiber types were determined using SDS‐PAGE. The high‐fat diet mice were significantly heavier than the control mice (39.17 ± 2.7 g vs. 56.87 ± 3.4 g; P < 0.0003), but muscle masses were not different. In male mice, the high‐fat diet was associated with a significantly lower proportion of slow, type I fibers in the soleus muscle (40.4 ± 3.5% vs. 29.33 ± 2.6%; P < 0.0165). Moreover, the proportion of type I fibers in the soleus of male mice was inversely proportional to the relative fatness of the male mice (P < 0.003; r2 = 0.65), but no association was observed in female mice. In male mice, the decline in type I fibers was correlated with an increase in type I/IIA hybrid fibers, suggesting that the type I fibers were transformed primarily into these hybrids. The reported trends indicate that type I fibers are most susceptible to the effects of obesity, and that these fiber‐type changes can be sex specific. Mice were fed a high‐fat diet and subsequently became obese. Obese male mice exhibited a significant decline in slow type I fibers in the soleus muscles, compared with controls. The loss of type I fibers was directly proportional to measures of body fat, suggesting a “dose”‐dependent effect on muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell S Denies
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Jordan Johnson
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Amanda B Maliphol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, New York
| | - Michael Bruno
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Annabelle Kim
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Abbas Rizvi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Kevyn Rustici
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
| | - Scott Medler
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, 14063, New York
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Lundsgaard AM, Kiens B. Gender differences in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism - molecular mechanisms and insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:195. [PMID: 25431568 PMCID: PMC4230199 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that substrate metabolism is subject to gender-specific regulation, and the aim of this review is to outline the available evidence of molecular gender differences in glucose and lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle. Female sex has been suggested to have a favorable effect on glucose homeostasis, and the available evidence from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies is summarized to delineate whether there is a gender difference in whole-body insulin sensitivity and in particular insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle. Whether an eventual higher insulin sensitivity of female skeletal muscle can be related to gender-specific regulation of molecular metabolism will be topic for discussion. Gender differences in muscle fiber type distribution and substrate availability to and in skeletal muscle are highly relevant for substrate metabolism in men and women. In particular, the molecular machinery for glucose and fatty acid oxidative and storage capacities in skeletal muscle and its implications for substrate utilization during metabolic situations of daily living are discussed, emphasizing their relevance for substrate choice in the fed and fasted state, and during periods of physical activity and recovery. Together, handling of carbohydrate and lipids and regulation of their utilization in skeletal muscle have implications for whole-body glucose homeostasis in men and women. 17-β estradiol is the most important female sex hormone, and the identification of estradiol receptors in skeletal muscle has opened for a role in regulation of substrate metabolism. Also, higher levels of circulating adipokines as adiponectin and leptin in women and their implications for muscle metabolism will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bente Kiens, Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark e-mail:
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Peterson MP, Rosvall KA, Taylor CA, Lopez JA, Choi JH, Ziegenfus C, Tang H, Colbourne JK, Ketterson ED. Potential for sexual conflict assessed via testosterone-mediated transcriptional changes in liver and muscle of a songbird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:507-17. [PMID: 24198265 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Males and females can be highly dimorphic in metabolism and physiology despite sharing nearly identical genomes, and both sexes respond phenotypically to elevated testosterone, a steroid hormone that alters gene expression. Only recently has it become possible to learn how a hormone such as testosterone affects global gene expression in non-model systems, and whether it affects the same genes in males and females. To investigate the transcriptional mechanisms by which testosterone exerts its metabolic and physiological effects on the periphery, we compared gene expression by sex and in response to experimentally elevated testosterone in a well-studied bird species, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We identified 291 genes in the liver and 658 in the pectoralis muscle that were differentially expressed between males and females. In addition, we identified 1727 genes that were differentially expressed between testosterone-treated and control individuals in at least one tissue and sex. Testosterone treatment altered the expression of only 128 genes in both males and females in the same tissue, and 847 genes were affected significantly differently by testosterone treatment in the two sexes. These substantial differences in transcriptional response to testosterone suggest that males and females may employ different pathways when responding to elevated testosterone, despite the fact that many phenotypic effects of experimentally elevated testosterone are similar in both sexes. In contrast, of the 121 genes that were affected by testosterone treatment in both sexes, 78% were regulated in the same direction (e.g. either higher or lower in testosterone-treated than control individuals) in both males and females. Thus, it appears that testosterone acts through both unique and shared transcriptional pathways in males and females, suggesting multiple mechanisms by which sexual conflict can be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Peterson
- Department of Biology, Center for Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Stretch C, Khan S, Asgarian N, Eisner R, Vaisipour S, Damaraju S, Graham K, Bathe OF, Steed H, Greiner R, Baracos VE. Effects of sample size on differential gene expression, rank order and prediction accuracy of a gene signature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65380. [PMID: 23755224 PMCID: PMC3670871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Top differentially expressed gene lists are often inconsistent between studies and it has been suggested that small sample sizes contribute to lack of reproducibility and poor prediction accuracy in discriminative models. We considered sex differences (69♂, 65♀) in 134 human skeletal muscle biopsies using DNA microarray. The full dataset and subsamples (n = 10 (5♂, 5♀) to n = 120 (60♂, 60♀)) thereof were used to assess the effect of sample size on the differential expression of single genes, gene rank order and prediction accuracy. Using our full dataset (n = 134), we identified 717 differentially expressed transcripts (p<0.0001) and we were able predict sex with ∼90% accuracy, both within our dataset and on external datasets. Both p-values and rank order of top differentially expressed genes became more variable using smaller subsamples. For example, at n = 10 (5♂, 5♀), no gene was considered differentially expressed at p<0.0001 and prediction accuracy was ∼50% (no better than chance). We found that sample size clearly affects microarray analysis results; small sample sizes result in unstable gene lists and poor prediction accuracy. We anticipate this will apply to other phenotypes, in addition to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Stretch
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sheehan Khan
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nasimeh Asgarian
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Innovates Centre for Machine Learning, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Eisner
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Innovates Centre for Machine Learning, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Saman Vaisipour
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Innovates Centre for Machine Learning, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sambasivarao Damaraju
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn Graham
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oliver F. Bathe
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Helen Steed
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Greiner
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Innovates Centre for Machine Learning, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vickie E. Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Liu D, Sartor MA, Nader GA, Pistilli EE, Tanton L, Lilly C, Gutmann L, IglayReger HB, Visich PS, Hoffman EP, Gordon PM. Microarray analysis reveals novel features of the muscle aging process in men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1035-44. [PMID: 23418191 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a global view of muscle transcriptional differences between older men and women and sex-specific aging, we obtained muscle biopsies from the biceps brachii of young and older men and women and profiled the whole-genome gene expression using microarray. A logistic regression-based method in combination with an intensity-based Bayesian moderated t test was used to identify significant sex- and aging-related gene functional groups. Our analysis revealed extensive sex differences in the muscle transcriptome of older individuals and different patterns of transcriptional changes with aging in men and women. In older women, we observed a coordinated transcriptional upregulation of immune activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and lipids storage; and a downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function and muscle regeneration. The effect of aging results in sexual dimorphic alterations in the skeletal muscle transcriptome, which may modify the risk for developing musculoskeletal and metabolic diseases in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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