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Calò CM, Vona G, Robledo R, Francalacci P. From old markers to next generation: reconstructing the history of the peopling of Sardinia. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:203-212. [PMID: 34459339 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1944312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT For many years the Sardinian population has been the object of numerous studies because of its unique genetic structure. Despite the extreme abundance of papers, various aspects of the peopling and genetic structure of Sardinia still remain uncertain and sometimes controversial. OBJECTIVE We reviewed what has emerged from different studies, focussing on some still open questions, such as the origin of Sardinians, their relationship with the Corsican population, and the intra-regional genetic heterogeneity. METHODS The various issues have been addressed through the analysis of classical markers, molecular markers and, finally, genomic data through next generation sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although the most ancient human remains date back to the end of the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic populations brought founding lineages that left evident traces in the modern population. Then, with the Neolithic, the island underwent an important demographic expansion. Subsequently, isolation and genetic drift contributed to maintain a significant genetic heterogeneity, but preserving the overall homogeneity on a regional scale. At the same time, isolation and genetic drift contributed to differentiate Sardinia from Corsica, which saw an important gene flow from the mainland. However, the isolation did not prevent gene flow from the neighbouring populations whose contribution are still recognisable in the genome of Sardinians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Renato Robledo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:334-345. [PMID: 32094539 PMCID: PMC7080320 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 BC, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 BC. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (~2400 BC) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by ~2200 BC, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium BC, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium BC, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium BC, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium BC and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.
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Hernández CL, Dugoujon JM, Sánchez-Martínez LJ, Cuesta P, Novelletto A, Calderón R. Paternal lineages in southern Iberia provide time frames for gene flow from mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:63-76. [PMID: 30822152 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1587507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geography of southern Iberia and an abundant archaeological record of human occupation are ideal conditions for a full understanding of scenarios of genetic history in the area. Recent advances in the phylogeography of Y-chromosome lineages offer the opportunity to set upper bounds for the appearance of different genetic components. AIM To provide a global knowledge on the Y haplogroups observed in Andalusia with their Y microsatellite variation. Preferential attention is given to the vehement debate about the age, origin and expansion of R1b-M269 clade and sub-lineages. SUBJECT AND METHODS Four hundred and fourteen male DNA samples from western and eastern autochthonous Andalusians were genotyped for a set of Y-SNPs and Y-STRs. Gene diversity, potential population genetic structures and coalescent times were assessed. RESULTS Most of the analysed samples belong to the European haplogroup R1b1a1a2-M269, whereas haplogroups E, J, I, G and T show lower frequencies. A phylogenetic dissection of the R1b-M269 was performed and younger time frames than those previously reported in the literature were obtained for its sub-lineages. CONCLUSION The particular Andalusian R1b-M269 assemblage confirms the shallow topology of the clade. Moreover, the sharing of lineages with the rest of Europe indicates the impact in Iberia of an amount of pre-existing diversity, with the possible exception of R1b-DF27. Lineages such as J2-M172 and G-M201 highlight the importance of maritime travels of early farmers who reached the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela L Hernández
- a Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- b CNRS UMR 5288 Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS) , Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , Toulouse , France
| | - Luis J Sánchez-Martínez
- a Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pedro Cuesta
- c Centro de Proceso de Datos , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Rosario Calderón
- a Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología , Universidad Complutense , Madrid , Spain
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Abstract
The population of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia has made important contributions to genome-wide association studies of complex disease traits and, based on ancient DNA (aDNA) studies of mainland Europe, Sardinia is hypothesized to be a unique refuge for early Neolithic ancestry. To provide new insights on the genetic history of this flagship population, we analyzed 3,514 whole-genome sequenced individuals from Sardinia. We find Sardinian samples show elevated levels of shared ancestry with Basque individuals, especially samples from the more historically isolated regions of Sardinia. Our analysis also uniquely illuminates how levels of genetic similarity with mainland aDNA samples varies subtly across the island. Together, our results indicate within-island sub-structure and sex-biased processes have substantially impacted the genetic history of Sardinia. These results give new insight to the demography of ancestral Sardinians and help further the understanding of sharing of disease risk alleles between Sardinia and mainland populations.
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Prehistoric migrations through the Mediterranean basin shaped Corsican Y-chromosome diversity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200641. [PMID: 30067762 PMCID: PMC6070208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rarity of human remains makes it difficult to apprehend the first settlements in Corsica. It is admitted that initial colonization could have occurred during the Mesolithic period when glaciations would have shortened the open water travel distance from the continent. Mesolithic sites in Corsica show relatively short and irregular occupation, and suggest discontinuous settling of very mobile groups probably traveling by boat. Previous genetic studies on Corsican populations showed internal differentiation and a relatively poor genetic relationship with continental populations, despite intense historical contacts, however local Mesolithic-based genetic inheritance has never been properly estimated. The aim of this study was to explore the Corsican genetic profile of Y-chromosomes in order to trace the genetic signatures back to the first migrations to Corsica. This study included 321 samples from men throughout Corsica; samples from Provence and Tuscany were added to the cohort. All samples were typed for 92 Y-SNPs, and Y-STRs were also analyzed. Results revealed highly differentiated haplogroup patterns among Corsican populations. Haplogroup G had the highest frequency in Corsica, mostly displaying a unique Y-STR profile. When compared with Provence and Tuscany, Corsican populations displayed limited genetic proximity. Corsican populations present a remarkable Y-chromosome genetic mixture. Although the Corsican Y-chromosome profile shows similarities with both Provence and to a lesser extent Tuscany, it mainly displays its own specificity. This study confirms the high level of genetic diversity in Corsican populations and backs genetic contributions from prehistoric migrations associated with the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Metal Age eras, rather than from historical movements to Corsica, respectively attested by frequencies and TMRCA of haplogroups G2a-L91 and G2a-P15, J2a-M241 and J2-DYS445 = 6, R1b-U152 and R1b-U106. These results suggest that marine routes to reach the Corsican coast in many different points may have led to such a genetic heterogeneity.
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D’Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M, Romano R, Russo G, Paganotti GM, Watson E, Coppa A, Anagnostou P, Dugoujon JM, Moral P, Sellitto D, Novelletto A, Cruciani F. The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. Genome Biol 2018; 19:20. [PMID: 29433568 PMCID: PMC5809971 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the peopling of the Sahara during the Holocene climatic optimum, when the desert was replaced by a fertile environment. RESULTS In order to investigate the role of the last Green Sahara in the peopling of Africa, we deep-sequence the whole non-repetitive portion of the Y chromosome in 104 males selected as representative of haplogroups which are currently found to the north and to the south of the Sahara. We identify 5,966 mutations, from which we extract 142 informative markers then genotyped in about 8,000 subjects from 145 African, Eurasian and African American populations. We find that the coalescence age of the trans-Saharan haplogroups dates back to the last Green Sahara, while most northern African or sub-Saharan clades expanded locally in the subsequent arid phase. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the Green Sahara promoted human movements and demographic expansions, possibly linked to the adoption of pastoralism. Comparing our results with previously reported genome-wide data, we also find evidence for a sex-biased sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africans, suggesting that historical events such as the trans-Saharan slave trade mainly contributed to the mtDNA and autosomal gene pool, whereas the northern African paternal gene pool was mainly shaped by more ancient events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia D’Atanasio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bonito
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Genny Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Seghizzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Romano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Alfredo Coppa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Anagnostou
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse-3–Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pedro Moral
- Department of Animal Biology-Anthropology, Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Novelletto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Cruciani
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, CNR, Rome, Italy
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Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: A story of settlement, integration, and female mobility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190169. [PMID: 29320542 PMCID: PMC5761892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phoenicians emerged in the Northern Levant around 1800 BCE and by the 9th century BCE had spread their culture across the Mediterranean Basin, establishing trading posts, and settlements in various European Mediterranean and North African locations. Despite their widespread influence, what is known of the Phoenicians comes from what was written about them by the Greeks and Egyptians. In this study, we investigate the extent of Phoenician integration with the Sardinian communities they settled. We present 14 new ancient mitogenome sequences from pre-Phoenician (~1800 BCE) and Phoenician (~700–400 BCE) samples from Lebanon (n = 4) and Sardinia (n = 10) and compare these with 87 new complete mitogenomes from modern Lebanese and 21 recently published pre-Phoenician ancient mitogenomes from Sardinia to investigate the population dynamics of the Phoenician (Punic) site of Monte Sirai, in southern Sardinia. Our results indicate evidence of continuity of some lineages from pre-Phoenician populations suggesting integration of indigenous Sardinians in the Monte Sirai Phoenician community. We also find evidence of the arrival of new, unique mitochondrial lineages, indicating the movement of women from sites in the Near East or North Africa to Sardinia, but also possibly from non-Mediterranean populations and the likely movement of women from Europe to Phoenician sites in Lebanon. Combined, this evidence suggests female mobility and genetic diversity in Phoenician communities, reflecting the inclusive and multicultural nature of Phoenician society.
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Pes GM, Tognotti E, Poulain M, Chambre D, Dore MP. Why were Sardinians the shortest Europeans? A journey through genes, infections, nutrition, and sex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:3-13. [PMID: 28138956 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times the Mediterranean island of Sardinia has been known for harboring a population with an average body height shorter than almost every other ethnic group in Europe. After over a century of investigations, the cause(s) at the origin of this uniqueness are not yet clear. The shorter stature of Sardinians appears to have been documented since prehistoric times, as revealed by the analysis of skeletal remains discovered in archaeological sites on the island. Recently, a number of genetic, hormonal, environmental, infective and nutritional factors have been put forward to explain this unique anthropometric feature, which persisted for a long time, even when environmental and living conditions improved around 1960. Although some of the putative factors are supported by sound empirical evidence, weaker support is available for others. The recent advent of whole genome analysis techniques shed new light on specific variants at the origin of this short stature. However, the marked geographical variability of stature across time and space within the island, and the well-known presence of pockets of short height in the population of the southern districts, are still puzzling findings that have attracted the interest of anthropologists and geneticists. The purpose of this review is to focus on the state-of-the-art research on stature, as well as the factors that made Sardinians the shortest among Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mario Pes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eugenia Tognotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Michel Poulain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Dany Chambre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
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9
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Szécsényi-Nagy A, Brandt G, Haak W, Keerl V, Jakucs J, Möller-Rieker S, Köhler K, Mende BG, Oross K, Marton T, Osztás A, Kiss V, Fecher M, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Sebők K, Czene A, Paluch T, Šlaus M, Novak M, Pećina-Šlaus N, Ősz B, Voicsek V, Somogyi K, Tóth G, Kromer B, Bánffy E, Alt KW. Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2015.0339. [PMID: 25808890 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today's Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis is yet unclear. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (seventh/sixth millennia BC) from the Carpathian Basin and southeastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early southeastern European and Carpathian Basin farming cultures on Central European populations of the sixth-fourth millennia BC. Comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through southeastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. However, our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting a system of patrilineal descent and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Guido Brandt
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Victoria Keerl
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - János Jakucs
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Sabine Möller-Rieker
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Kitti Köhler
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Oross
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Tibor Marton
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Anett Osztás
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary
| | - Marc Fecher
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sebők
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - András Czene
- Salisbury Archaeological Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary
| | | | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Center, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Novak
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigitta Ősz
- Department Pécs, National Heritage Protection Centre of the Hungarian National Museum, Pécs 7621, Hungary
| | - Vanda Voicsek
- Department Pécs, National Heritage Protection Centre of the Hungarian National Museum, Pécs 7621, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Somogyi
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Biology Department, University of West Hungary, Szombathely 9700, Hungary
| | - Bernd Kromer
- Curt-Engelhorn-Centre for Archaeometry, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary German Archaeological Institute, Roman-Germanic Commission, Frankfurt am Main 0325, Germany
| | - Kurt W Alt
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany Institute for Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland Center of Natural and Cultural History of Teeth, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria
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10
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Valverde L, Illescas MJ, Villaescusa P, Gotor AM, García A, Cardoso S, Algorta J, Catarino S, Rouault K, Férec C, Hardiman O, Zarrabeitia M, Jiménez S, Pinheiro MF, Jarreta BM, Olofsson J, Morling N, de Pancorbo MM. New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:437-41. [PMID: 26081640 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissection of S116 in more than 1500 individuals from Atlantic Europe and the Iberian Peninsula has provided important clues about the controversial evolutionary history of M269. First, the results do not point to an origin of M269 in the Franco-Cantabrian refuge, owing to the lack of sublineage diversity within M269, which supports the new theories proposing its origin in Eastern Europe. Second, S116 shows frequency peaks and spatial distribution that differ from those previously proposed, indicating an origin farther west, and it also shows a high frequency in the Atlantic coastline. Third, an outstanding frequency of the DF27 sublineage has been found in Iberia, with a restricted distribution pattern inside this peninsula and a frequency maximum in the area of the Franco-Cantabrian refuge. This entire panorama indicates an old arrival of M269 into Western Europe, because it has generated at least two episodes of expansion in the Franco-Cantabrian area. This study demonstrates the importance of continuing the dissection of the M269 lineage in different European populations because the discovery and study of new sublineages can adjust or even completely revise the theories about European peopling, as has been the case for the place of origin of M269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valverde
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maria José Illescas
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Patricia Villaescusa
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Amparo M Gotor
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ainara García
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Cardoso
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jaime Algorta
- Progenika Biopharma SA (a Grifols company), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Susana Catarino
- Progenika Biopharma SA (a Grifols company), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Karen Rouault
- Inserm UMR1078, Génétique, Génomique fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies, Brest, France
| | - Claude Férec
- Inserm UMR1078, Génétique, Génomique fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies, Brest, France
| | - Orla Hardiman
- National Neuroscience Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maite Zarrabeitia
- Forensic and Legal Medicine Area, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology and Surgery, University Miguel Hernandez Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Fátima Pinheiro
- Forensic Genetics Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña M Jarreta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genetic Identification, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jill Olofsson
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Morling
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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11
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Francalacci P, Sanna D, Useli A, Berutti R, Barbato M, Whalen MB, Angius A, Sidore C, Alonso S, Tofanelli S, Cucca F. Detection of phylogenetically informative polymorphisms in the entire euchromatic portion of human Y chromosome from a Sardinian sample. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:174. [PMID: 25926048 PMCID: PMC4423141 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next-Generation Sequencing methods have led to a great increase in phylogenetically useful markers within the male specific portion of the Y chromosome, but previous studies have limited themselves to the study of the X-degenerate regions. Methods DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of adult males whose paternal grandfathers were born in Sardinia. The DNA samples were sequenced, genotyped and subsequently analysed for variant calling for approximately 23.1 Mbp of the Y chromosome. A phylogenetic tree was built using Network 4.6 software. Results From low coverage whole genome sequencing of 1,194 Sardinian males, we extracted 20,155 phylogenetically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms from the whole euchromatic region, including the X-degenerate, X-transposed, and Ampliconic regions, along with variants in other unclassified chromosome intervals and in the readable sequences of the heterochromatic region. Conclusions The non X-degenerate classes contain a significant portion of the phylogenetic variation of the whole chromosome and their inclusion in the analysis, almost doubling the number of informative polymorphisms, refining the known molecular phylogeny of the human Y chromosome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1130-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Useli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia, Sassari, Italy. .,Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mario Barbato
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Santos Alonso
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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12
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Hovhannisyan A, Khachatryan Z, Haber M, Hrechdakian P, Karafet T, Zalloua P, Yepiskoposyan L. Different waves and directions of Neolithic migrations in the Armenian Highland. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2014; 5:15. [PMID: 25452838 PMCID: PMC4249771 DOI: 10.1186/s13323-014-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The peopling of Europe and the nature of the Neolithic agricultural migration as a primary issue in the modern human colonization of the globe is still widely debated. At present, much uncertainty is associated with the reconstruction of the routes of migration for the first farmers from the Near East. In this context, hospitable climatic conditions and the key geographic position of the Armenian Highland suggest that it may have served as a conduit for several waves of expansion of the first agriculturalists from the Near East to Europe and the North Caucasus. Results Here, we assess Y-chromosomal distribution in six geographically distinct populations of Armenians that roughly represent the extent of historical Armenia. Using the general haplogroup structure and the specific lineages representing putative genetic markers of the Neolithic Revolution, haplogroups R1b1a2, J2, and G, we identify distinct patterns of genetic affinity between the populations of the Armenian Highland and the neighboring ones north and west from this area. Conclusions Based on the results obtained, we suggest a new insight on the different routes and waves of Neolithic expansion of the first farmers through the Armenian Highland. We detected at least two principle migratory directions: (1) westward alongside the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and (2) northward to the North Caucasus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13323-014-0015-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Hovhannisyan
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, 7 Hasratyan Str., Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaruhi Khachatryan
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, 7 Hasratyan Str., Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Marc Haber
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tatiana Karafet
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Pierre Zalloua
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, PO Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801 Lebanon ; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, 7 Hasratyan Str., Yerevan, Armenia
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13
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Larmuseau MHD, Vanderheyden N, Van Geystelen A, Oven M, Knijff P, Decorte R. Recent Radiation within Y‐chromosomal Haplogroup R‐M269 Resulted in High Y‐STR Haplotype Resemblance. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:92-103. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten H. D. Larmuseau
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular ArchaeologyUZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Imaging & PathologyBiomedical Forensic SciencesKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsDepartment of BiologyKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Nancy Vanderheyden
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular ArchaeologyUZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anneleen Van Geystelen
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social EvolutionDepartment of BiologyKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Mannis Oven
- Department of Forensic Molecular BiologyErasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Peter Knijff
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ronny Decorte
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular ArchaeologyUZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Imaging & PathologyBiomedical Forensic SciencesKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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14
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Vankan P. Prevalence gradients of Friedreich's Ataxia and R1b haplotype in Europe co-localize, suggesting a common Palaeolithic origin in the Franco-Cantabrian ice age refuge. J Neurochem 2013; 126 Suppl 1:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vankan
- Independent Scientific Consultant; Riehen Switzerland
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15
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An overview of the genetic structure within the Italian population from genome-wide data. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43759. [PMID: 22984441 PMCID: PMC3440425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the common belief of Europe as reasonably homogeneous at genetic level, advances in high-throughput genotyping technology have resolved several gradients which define different geographical areas with good precision. When Northern and Southern European groups were considered separately, there were clear genetic distinctions. Intra-country genetic differences were also evident, especially in Finland and, to a lesser extent, within other European populations. Here, we present the first analysis using the 125,799 genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) data of 1,014 Italians with wide geographical coverage. We showed by using Principal Component analysis and model-based individual ancestry analysis, that the current population of Sardinia can be clearly differentiated genetically from mainland Italy and Sicily, and that a certain degree of genetic differentiation is detectable within the current Italian peninsula population. Pair-wise F(ST) statistics Northern and Southern Italy amounts approximately to 0.001 between, and around 0.002 between Northern Italy and Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU). The Italian population also revealed a fine genetic substructure underscoring by the genomic inflation (Sardinia vs. Northern Italy = 3.040 and Northern Italy vs. CEU = 1.427), warning against confounding effects of hidden relatedness and population substructure in association studies.
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Regueiro M, Rivera L, Damnjanovic T, Lukovic L, Milasin J, Herrera RJ. High levels of Paleolithic Y-chromosome lineages characterize Serbia. Gene 2012; 498:59-67. [PMID: 22310393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Whether present-day European genetic variation and its distribution patterns can be attributed primarily to the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans during the Paleolithic, or to latter Near Eastern Neolithic input is still the subject of debate. Southeastern Europe has been a crossroads for several cultures since Paleolithic times and the Balkans, specifically, would have been part of the route used by Neolithic farmers to enter Europe. Given its geographic location in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe, Serbia represents a key geographical location that may provide insight to elucidate the interactions between indigenous Paleolithic people and agricultural colonists from the Fertile Crescent. In this study, we examine, for the first time, the Y-chromosome constitution of the general Serbian population. A total of 103 individuals were sampled and their DNA analyzed for 104 Y-chromosome bi-allelic markers and 17 associated STR loci. Our results indicate that approximately 58% of Serbian Y-chromosomes (I1-M253, I2a-P37.2 and R1a1a-M198) belong to lineages believed to be pre-Neolithic. On the other hand, the signature of putative Near Eastern Neolithic lineages, including E1b1b1a1-M78, G2a-P15, J1-M267, J2-M172 and R1b1a2-M269 accounts for 39% of the Y-chromosome. Haplogroup frequency distributions in Western and Eastern Europe reveal a spotted landscape of paleolithic Y chromosomes, undermining continental-wide generalizations. Furthermore, an examination of the distribution of Y-chromosome filiations in Europe indicates extreme levels of Paleolithic lineages in a region encompassing Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, possibly the result of Neolithic migrations encroaching on Paleolithic populations against the Adriatic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regueiro
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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17
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Galeta P, Sládek V, Sosna D, Bruzek J. Modeling neolithic dispersal in central Europe: demographic implications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 146:104-15. [PMID: 21732320 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of new examination of ancient DNA and craniometric analyses, Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe has been recently explained as reflecting colonization or at least a major influx of near eastern farmers. Given the fact that Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe was very rapid and extended into a large area, colonization would have to be associated with high population growth and fertility rates of an expanding Neolithic population. We built three demographic models to test whether the growth and fertility rates of Neolithic farmers were high enough to allow them to colonize Central Europe without admixture with foragers. The principle of the models is based on stochastic population projections. Our results demonstrate that colonization is an unlikely explanation for the Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe, as the majority of fertility and growth rate estimates obtained in all three models are higher than levels expected in the early Neolithic population. On the basis of our models, we derived that colonization would be possible only if (1) more than 37% of women survived to mean age at childbearing, (2) Neolithic expansion in Central Europe lasted more than 150 years, and (3) the population of farmers grew in the entire settled area. These settings, however, represent very favorable demographic conditions that seem unlikely given current archaeological and demographic evidence. Therefore, our results support the view that Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe involved admixture of expanding farmers with local foragers. We estimate that the admixture contribution from foragers may have been between 55% and 72%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Galeta
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Young KL, Sun G, Deka R, Crawford MH. Paternal genetic history of the Basque population of Spain. Hum Biol 2012; 83:455-75. [PMID: 21846204 DOI: 10.3378/027.083.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the genetic variation in Basque Y chromosome lineages using data on 12 Y-short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a sample of 158 males from four Basque provinces of Spain (Alava, Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, and Navarre). As reported in previous studies, the Basques are characterized by high frequencies of haplogroup R1b (83%). AMOVA analysis demonstrates genetic homogeneity, with a small but significant amount of genetic structure between provinces (Y-short tandem repeat loci STRs: 1.71%, p = 0.0369). Gene and haplotype diversity levels in the Basque population are on the low end of the European distribution (gene diversity: 0.4268; haplotype diversity: 0.9421). Post-Neolithic contribution to the paternal Basque gene pool was estimated by measuring the proportion of those haplogroups with a Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) previously dated either prior (R1b, I2a2) or subsequent to (E1b1b, G2a, J2a) the Neolithic. Based on these estimates, the Basque provinces show varying degrees of post-Neolithic contribution in the paternal lineages (10.9% in the combined sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Young
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Busby GBJ, Brisighelli F, Sánchez-Diz P, Ramos-Luis E, Martinez-Cadenas C, Thomas MG, Bradley DG, Gusmão L, Winney B, Bodmer W, Vennemann M, Coia V, Scarnicci F, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Ploski R, Vecchiotti C, Zemunik T, Rudan I, Karachanak S, Toncheva D, Anagnostou P, Ferri G, Rapone C, Hervig T, Moen T, Wilson JF, Capelli C. The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:884-92. [PMID: 21865258 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the debate on the origins of the major European Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2-M269 has reignited, and opinion has moved away from Palaeolithic origins to the notion of a younger Neolithic spread of these chromosomes from the Near East. Here, we address this debate by investigating frequency patterns and diversity in the largest collection of R1b1b2-M269 chromosomes yet assembled. Our analysis reveals no geographical trends in diversity, in contradiction to expectation under the Neolithic hypothesis, and suggests an alternative explanation for the apparent cline in diversity recently described. We further investigate the young, STR-based time to the most recent common ancestor estimates proposed so far for R-M269-related lineages and find evidence for an appreciable effect of microsatellite choice on age estimates. As a consequence, the existing data and tools are insufficient to make credible estimates for the age of this haplogroup, and conclusions about the timing of its origin and dispersal should be viewed with a large degree of caution.
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Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Martinez-Cruz B, Khodjet-el-khil H, Mendizabal I, Benammar-Elgaaied A, Comas D. Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:271-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Diaz-Lacava A, Walier M, Willuweit S, Wienker TF, Fimmers R, Baur MP, Roewer L. Geostatistical inference of main Y-STR-haplotype groups in Europe. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 5:91-4. [PMID: 20970399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the multifarious genetic heterogeneity of Europe and neighboring regions from a geographical perspective. We created composite maps outlining the estimated geographical distribution of major groups of genetically similar individuals on the basis of forensic Y-chromosomal markers. We analyzed Y-chromosomal haplotypes composed of 7 highly polymorphic STR loci, genotyped for 33,010 samples, collected at 249 sites in Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, deposited in the YHRD database (www.yhrd.org). The data set comprised 4176 different haplotypes, which we grouped into 20 clusters. For each cluster, the frequency per site was calculated. All geostatistical analysis was performed with the geographic information system GRASS-GIS. We interpolated frequency values across the study area separately for each cluster. Juxtaposing all 20 interpolated surfaces, we point-wisely screened for the highest cluster frequencies and stored it in parallel with the respective cluster label. We combined these two types of data in a composite map. We repeated this procedure for the second highest frequencies in Europe. Major groups were assigned to Northern, Western and Eastern Europe. North Africa built a separate region, Southeastern Europe, Turkey and Near East were divided into several regions. The spatial distribution of the groups accounting for the second highest frequencies in Europe overlapped with the territories of the largest countries. The genetic structure presented in the composite maps fits major historical geopolitical regions and is in agreement with previous studies of genetic frequencies, validating our approach. Our genetic geostatistical approach provides, on the basis of two composite maps, detailed evidence of the geographical distribution and relative frequencies of the most predominant groups of the extant male European population, examined on the basis of forensic Y-STR haplotypes. The existence of considerable genetic differences among geographic subgroups in Europe has important consequences for the statistical inference in forensic Y-STR haplotype analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Diaz-Lacava
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Sjödin P, François O. Wave-of-advance models of the diffusion of the Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2 in Europe. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21592. [PMID: 21720564 PMCID: PMC3123369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether or not the spread of agriculture in Europe was accompanied by movements of people is a long-standing question in archeology and anthropology, which has been frequently addressed with the help of population genetic data. Estimates on dates of expansion and geographic origins obtained from genetic data are however sensitive to the calibration of mutation rates and to the mathematical models used to perform inference. For instance, recent data on the Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2 (M269) have either suggested a Neolithic origin for European paternal lineages or a more ancient Paleolithic origin depending on the calibration of Y-STR mutation rates. Here we examine the date of expansion and the geographic origin of hgR1b1b2 considering two current estimates of mutation rates in a total of fourteen realistic wave-of-advance models. We report that a range expansion dating to the Paleolithic is unlikely to explain the observed geographical distribution of microsatellite diversity, and that whether the data is informative with respect to the spread of agriculture in Europe depends on the mutation rate assumption in a critical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Sjödin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden.
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