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Bruce-Tagoe TA, Bhaskar S, Kavle RR, Jeevanandam J, Acquah C, Ohemeng-Boahen G, Agyei D, Danquah MK. Advances in aptamer-based biosensors for monitoring foodborne pathogens. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1252-1271. [PMID: 38910921 PMCID: PMC11190136 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors are analytical devices for detecting a wide range of targets, including cells, proteins, DNA, enzymes, and chemical and biological compounds. They mostly rely on using bioprobes with a high binding affinity to the target for specific detection. However, low specificity and effectiveness of the conventional biosensors has led to the search for novel materials, that can specifically detect biomolecules. Aptamers are a group of single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, that can bind to their targets with high specificity and serve as effective bioprobes for developing aptamer-based biosensors. Aptamers have a shorter production time, high stability, compared to traditional bioprobes, and possess ability to develop them for specific target molecules for tailored applications. Thus, various aptasensing approaches, including electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance and chip-dependent approaches, have been investigated in recent times for various biological targets, including foodborne pathogens. Hence, this article is an overview of various conventional foodborne pathogen detection methods, their limitations and the ability of aptamer-based biosensors to overcome those limitations and replace them. In addition, the current status and advances in aptamer-based biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogens to ensure food safety were also discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05889-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyju Bhaskar
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9056 New Zealand
| | - Ruchita Rao Kavle
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9056 New Zealand
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Caleb Acquah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Godfred Ohemeng-Boahen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Dominic Agyei
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9056 New Zealand
| | - Michael K. Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN 37403 USA
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2
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Withatanung P, Janesomboon S, Vanaporn M, Muangsombut V, Charoensudjai S, Baker DJ, Wuthiekanun V, Galyov EE, Clokie MRJ, Gundogdu O, Korbsrisate S. Induced Burkholderia prophages detected from the hemoculture: a biomarker for Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361121. [PMID: 38633694 PMCID: PMC11022660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, are found in abundance not only in the environment but also in the human body. The use of phages for the diagnosis of melioidosis, a tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is emerging as a promising novel approach, but our understanding of conditions under which Burkholderia prophages can be induced remains limited. Here, we first demonstrated the isolation of Burkholderia phages from the hemocultures of melioidosis patients. The B. pseudomallei-positive hemoculture bottles were filtered to remove bacteria, and then phages were isolated and purified by spot and double agar overlay plaque assays. Forty blood samples (hemoculture-confirmed melioidosis) were tested, and phages were found in 30% of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy and genome analysis of the isolated phages, vB_HM387 and vB_HM795, showed that both phages are Myoviruses. These two phages were stable at a pH of 5-7 and temperatures of 25-37°C, suggesting their ability to survive in human blood. The genome sizes of vB_HM387 and vB_HM795 are 36.3 and 44.0 kb, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that vB_HM387 has homologs, but vB_HM795 is a novel Myovirus, suggesting the heterogeneity of Burkholderia phages in melioidosis patients. The key finding that Burkholderia phages could be isolated from the blood of melioidosis patients highlights the potential application of phage-based assays by detecting phages in blood as a pathogen-derived biomarker of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patoo Withatanung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujintana Janesomboon
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Muthita Vanaporn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veerachat Muangsombut
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Dave J. Baker
- Science Operations, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R. J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhuang L, Gong J, Shen Q, Yang J, Song C, Liu Q, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhu M. Advances in detection methods for viable Salmonella spp.: current applications and challenges. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1643-1660. [PMID: 37378821 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common intestinal pathogen that can cause food poisoning and intestinal disease. The high prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and sensitive methods for its identification, detection, and monitoring, especially of viable Salmonella. Conventional culture methods need to be more laborious and time-consuming. And they are relatively limited in their ability to detect Salmonella in the viable but non-culturable status if present in the sample to be tested. As a result, there is an increasing need for rapid and accurate techniques to detect viable Salmonella spp. This paper reviewed the status and progress of various methods reported in recent years that can be used to detect viable Salmonella, such as culture-based methods, molecular methods targeting RNAs and DNAs, phage-based methods, biosensors, and some techniques that have the potential for future application. This review can provide researchers with a reference for additional method options and help facilitate the development of rapid and accurate assays. In the future, viable Salmonella detection approaches will become more stable, sensitive, and fast and are expected to play a more significant role in food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengling Zhu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China.
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Suladze T, Jaiani E, Darsavelidze M, Elizbarashvili M, Gorge O, Kusradze I, Kokashvili T, Lashkhi N, Tsertsvadze G, Janelidze N, Chubinidze S, Grdzelidze M, Tsanava S, Valade E, Tediashvili M. New Bacteriophages with Podoviridal Morphotypes Active against Yersinia pestis: Characterization and Application Potential. Viruses 2023; 15:1484. [PMID: 37515171 PMCID: PMC10385128 DOI: 10.3390/v15071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages of highly pathogenic bacteria represent an area of growing interest for bacterial detection and identification and subspecies typing, as well as for phage therapy and environmental decontamination. Eight new phages-YpEc56, YpEc56D, YpEc57, YpEe58, YpEc1, YpEc2, YpEc11, and YpYeO9-expressing lytic activity towards Yersinia pestis revealed a virion morphology consistent with the Podoviridae morphotype. These phages lyse all 68 strains from 2 different sets of Y. pestis isolates, thus limiting their potential application for subtyping of Y. pestis strains but making them rather promising in terms of infection control. Two phages-YpYeO9 and YpEc11-were selected for detailed studies based on their source of isolation and lytic cross activity towards other Enterobacteriaceae. The full genome sequencing demonstrated the virulent nature of new phages. Phage YpYeO9 was identified as a member of the Teseptimavirus genus and YpEc11 was identified as a member of the Helsettvirus genus, thereby representing new species. A bacterial challenge assay in liquid microcosm with a YpYeO9/YpEc11 phage mixture showed elimination of Y. pestis EV76 during 4 h at a P/B ratio of 1000:1. These results, in combination with high lysis stability results of phages in liquid culture, the low frequency of formation of phage resistant mutants, and their viability under different physical-chemical factors indicate their potential for their practical use as an antibacterial mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Suladze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Jaiani
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Darsavelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Elizbarashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Olivier Gorge
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 1, Place du Général Valérie André-BP 73, 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Ia Kusradze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Kokashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Lashkhi
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - George Tsertsvadze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Janelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Svetlana Chubinidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Grdzelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shota Tsanava
- National Center for Disease Control and Pubic Health (NCDC), 99, Kakheti Highway, 0109 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eric Valade
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), 1, Place du Général Valérie André-BP 73, 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marina Tediashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology (Eliava IBMV), 3, Gotua Str., 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
- School of Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 77a, Kostava Str., 0171 Tbilisi, Georgia
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5
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Kumari S, Singh K, Singh N, Khan S, Kumar A. Phage display and human disease detection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:151-172. [PMID: 37770169 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Phage display is a significant and active molecular method and has continued crucial for investigative sector meanwhile its unearthing in 1985. This practice has numerous benefits: the association among physiology and genome, the massive variety of variant proteins showed in sole collection and the elasticity of collection that can be achieved. It suggests a diversity of stages for manipulating antigen attachment; yet, variety and steadiness of exhibited library are an alarm. Additional improvements, like accumulation of non-canonical amino acids, resulting in extension of ligands that can be recognized through collection, will support in expansion of the probable uses and possibilities of technology. Epidemic of COVID-19 had taken countless lives, and while indicative prescriptions were provided to diseased individuals, still no prevention was observed for the contamination. Phage demonstration has presented an in-depth understanding into protein connections included in pathogenesis. Phage display knowledge is developing as an influential, inexpensive, quick, and effectual method to grow novel mediators for the molecular imaging and analysis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krati Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suphiya Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Khambhati K, Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Maurya R, Singh V. Exploring the potential of phage and their applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:1-12. [PMID: 37739550 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant microorganisms are significantly increasing due to horizontal gene transfer, mutation and overdose of antibiotics leading to serious health conditions globally. Several multidrug resistant microorganisms have shown resistance to even the last line of antibiotics making it very difficult to treat them. Besides using antibiotics, an alternative approach to treat such resistant bacterial pathogens through the use of bacteriophage (phage) was used in the early 1900s which however declined and vanished after the discovery of antibiotics. In recent times, phage has emerged and gained interest as an alternative approach to antibiotics to treat MDR pathogens. Phage can self-replicate by utilizing cellular machinery of bacterial host by following lytic and lysogenic life cycles and therefore suitable for rapid regeneration. Application of phage for detection of bacterial pathogens, elimination of bacteria, agents for controlling food spoilage, treating human disease and several others entitles phage as a futuristic antibacterial armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Yu H, Jin M. Applications of polymerase chain reaction‑based methods for the diagnosis of plague (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:511. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- General Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease‑Related Biomarkers, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, P.R. China
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8
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Mencke JL, He Y, Filippov AA, Nikolich MP, Belew AT, Fouts DE, McGann PT, Swierczewski BE, Getnet D, Ellison DW, Margulieux KR. Identification and Characterization of vB_PreP_EPr2, a Lytic Bacteriophage of Pan-Drug Resistant Providencia rettgeri. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040708. [PMID: 35458437 PMCID: PMC9026810 DOI: 10.3390/v14040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Providencia rettgeri is an emerging opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen with reports of increasing antibiotic resistance. Pan-drug resistant (PDR) P. rettgeri infections are a growing concern, demonstrating a need for the development of alternative treatment options which is fueling a renewed interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Here, we identify and characterize phage vB_PreP_EPr2 (EPr2) with lytic activity against PDR P. rettgeri MRSN 845308, a clinical isolate that carries multiple antibiotic resistance genes. EPr2 was isolated from an environmental water sample and belongs to the family Autographiviridae, subfamily Studiervirinae and genus Kayfunavirus, with a genome size of 41,261 base pairs. Additional phenotypic characterization showed an optimal MOI of 1 and a burst size of 12.3 ± 3.4 PFU per bacterium. EPr2 was determined to have a narrow host range against a panel of clinical P. rettgeri strains. Despite this fact, EPr2 is a promising lytic phage with potential for use as an alternative therapeutic for treatment of PDR P. rettgeri infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Mencke
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yunxiu He
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Filippov
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Mikeljon P. Nikolich
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Ashton T. Belew
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Patrick T. McGann
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Brett E. Swierczewski
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Derese Getnet
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Damon W. Ellison
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.E.); (K.R.M.)
| | - Katie R. Margulieux
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (J.L.M.); (Y.H.); (A.A.F.); (M.P.N.); (A.T.B.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.E.); (K.R.M.)
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9
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Phage Amplification Assay for Detection of Mycobacterial Infection: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020237. [PMID: 33498792 PMCID: PMC7912421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An important prerequisite for the effective control, timely diagnosis, and successful treatment of mycobacterial infections in both humans and animals is a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection technique. Culture is still considered the gold standard in the detection of viable mycobacteria; however, mycobacteria are extremely fastidious and slow-growing microorganisms, and therefore cultivation requires a very long incubation period to obtain results. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods are also frequently used in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, providing faster and more accurate results, but are unable to distinguish between a viable and non-viable microorganism, which results in an inability to determine the success of tuberculosis patient treatment or to differentiate between an active and passive infection of animals. One suitable technique that overcomes these shortcomings mentioned is the phage amplification assay (PA). PA specifically detects viable mycobacteria present in a sample within 48 h using a lytic bacteriophage isolated from the environment. Nowadays, an alternative approach to PA, a commercial kit called Actiphage™, is also employed, providing the result within 6–8 h. In this approach, the bacteriophage is used to lyse mycobacterial cells present in the sample, and the released DNA is subsequently detected by PCR. The objective of this review is to summarize information based on the PA used for detection of mycobacteria significant in both human and veterinary medicine from various kinds of matrices.
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10
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Barbieri R, Signoli M, Chevé D, Costedoat C, Tzortzis S, Aboudharam G, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Yersinia pestis: the Natural History of Plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00044-19. [PMID: 33298527 PMCID: PMC7920731 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00044-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is responsible for deadly plague, a zoonotic disease established in stable foci in the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. Its persistence in the environment relies on the subtle balance between Y. pestis-contaminated soils, burrowing and nonburrowing mammals exhibiting variable degrees of plague susceptibility, and their associated fleas. Transmission from one host to another relies mainly on infected flea bites, inducing typical painful, enlarged lymph nodes referred to as buboes, followed by septicemic dissemination of the pathogen. In contrast, droplet inhalation after close contact with infected mammals induces primary pneumonic plague. Finally, the rarely reported consumption of contaminated raw meat causes pharyngeal and gastrointestinal plague. Point-of-care diagnosis, early antibiotic treatment, and confinement measures contribute to outbreak control despite residual mortality. Mandatory primary prevention relies on the active surveillance of established plague foci and ectoparasite control. Plague is acknowledged to have infected human populations for at least 5,000 years in Eurasia. Y. pestis genomes recovered from affected archaeological sites have suggested clonal evolution from a common ancestor shared with the closely related enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and have indicated that ymt gene acquisition during the Bronze Age conferred Y. pestis with ectoparasite transmissibility while maintaining its enteric transmissibility. Three historic pandemics, starting in 541 AD and continuing until today, have been described. At present, the third pandemic has become largely quiescent, with hundreds of human cases being reported mainly in a few impoverished African countries, where zoonotic plague is mostly transmitted to people by rodent-associated flea bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barbieri
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
- Fondation Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M Signoli
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - D Chevé
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - C Costedoat
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - S Tzortzis
- Ministère de la Culture, Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles de Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Service Régional de l'Archéologie, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - G Aboudharam
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Faculty of Odontology, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Fondation Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Fondation Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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11
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Sozhamannan S, Hofmann ER. The State of the Art in Biodefense Related Bacterial Pathogen Detection Using Bacteriophages: How It Started and How It's Going. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121393. [PMID: 33291831 PMCID: PMC7762055 DOI: 10.3390/v12121393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate pathogen detection and diagnosis is paramount in clinical success of treating patients. There are two general paradigms in pathogen detection: molecular and immuno-based, and phage-based detection is a third emerging paradigm due to its sensitivity and selectivity. Molecular detection methods look for genetic material specific for a given pathogen in a sample usually by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immuno-methods look at the pathogen components (antigens) by antibodies raised against that pathogen specific antigens. There are different variations and products based on these two paradigms with advantages and disadvantages. The third paradigm at least for bacterial pathogen detection entails bacteriophages specific for a given bacterium. Sensitivity and specificity are the two key parameters in any pathogen detection system. By their very nature, bacteriophages afford the best sensitivity for bacterial detection. Bacteria and bacteriophages form the predator-prey pair in the evolutionary arms race and has coevolved over time to acquire the exquisite specificity of the pair, in some instances at the strain level. This specificity has been exploited for diagnostic purposes of various pathogens of concern in clinical and other settings. Many recent reviews focus on phage-based detection and sensor technologies. In this review, we focus on a very special group of pathogens that are of concern in biodefense because of their potential misuse in bioterrorism and their extremely virulent nature and as such fall under the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) Category A pathogen list. We describe the currently available phage methods that are based on the usual modalities of detection from culture, to molecular and immuno- and fluorescent methods. We further highlight the gaps and the needs for more modern technologies and sensors drawing from technologies existing for detection and surveillance of other pathogens of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- National Security Science & Technology, Management Advisory Services, Logistics Management Institute, 7940 Jones Branch Drive, Tysons, VA 22102, USA;
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office (DBPAO), Joint Program Executive Office (JPEO) for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (CBRND) Joint Project Lead (JPL) CBRND Enabling Biotechnologies (EB), 110 Thomas Johnson Drive, Suite 250, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Edward R. Hofmann
- EXCET, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave #360, Springfield, VA 22150, USA
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Chemical Biological Center, 8908 Guard St, E3831, Edgewood, MD 21010, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Singh R, Pal V, Tripathi N, Goel A. Development of a pair of real-time loop mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Specific Detection of Yersinia pestis Based on Receptor Binding Proteins of Phages. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080611. [PMID: 32727041 PMCID: PMC7460101 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a notorious infectious zoonotic disease. When transmitted from person to person as pneumonic plague via droplets, Y. pestis is highly contagious and in most cases is fatal if left untreated. Thus, when plague is suspected, rapid diagnosis is crucial, as a serious course of the infection is only averted by early antibiotic therapy. The bacterium is easy to cultivate, accessible and has a high potential for nefarious use such as bioterrorism. Highly specific, rapid and easy-to-use confirmatory diagnostic methods are required to reliably identify the pathogen independently from PCR-based methods or F1 antigen-based immunological detection. Yersinia pestis specific phages such as L-413C and ΦA1122 are already used for detection of Y. pestis in bacterial plaque or biosensor assays. Here, we made use of the host specificities conferred by phage receptor binding (or tail fiber/spike) proteins (RBP) for developing a specific, fast and simple fluorescence-microscopy-based detection method for Y. pestis. Genes of putative RBP of phages L-413C (gpH) and ΦA1122 (gp17) were fused with those of fluorescent proteins and recombinant receptor-reporter fusion proteins were produced heterologously in Escherichia coli. When first tested on attenuated Y. pestis strain EV76, RBP-reporters bound to the bacterial cell surface. This assay could be completed within a few minutes using live or formaldehyde-inactivated cells. Specificity tests using cultures of closely related Yersinia species and several inactivated fully virulent Y. pestis strains exhibited high specificities of the RBP-reporters against Y. pestis. The L-413C RBP proved to be especially specific, as it only detected Y. pestis at all temperatures tested, whereas the RBP of ΦA1122 also bound to Y. pseudotuberculosis strains at 37 °C (but not at 28, 20 or 6 °C). Finally, the Y. pestis-specific capsule, produced when grown at 37 °C, significantly reduced binding of phage ΦA1122 RBP, whereas the capsule only slightly diminished binding of L-413C RBP.
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14
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Foddai ACG, Grant IR. Methods for detection of viable foodborne pathogens: current state-of-art and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4281-4288. [PMID: 32215710 PMCID: PMC7190587 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly detect viable pathogens in food is important for public health and food safety reasons. Culture-based detection methods, the traditional means of demonstrating microbial viability, tend to be laborious, time consuming and slow to provide results. Several culture-independent methods to detect viable pathogens have been reported in recent years, including both nucleic acid-based (PCR combined with use of cell viability dyes or reverse-transcriptase PCR to detect messenger RNA) and phage-based (plaque assay or phage amplification and lysis plus PCR/qPCR, immunoassay or enzymatic assay to detect host DNA, progeny phages or intracellular components) methods. Some of these newer methods, particularly phage-based methods, show promise in terms of speed, sensitivity of detection and cost compared with culture for food testing. This review provides an overview of these new approaches and their food testing applications, and discusses their current limitations and future prospects in relation to detection of viable pathogens in food. KEY POINTS: • Cultural methods may be 'gold standard' for assessing viability of pathogens, but they are too slow. • Nucleic acid-based methods offer speed of detection but not consistently proof of cell viability. • Phage-based methods appear to offer best alternative to culture for detecting viable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C G Foddai
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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15
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Phage-Mediated Molecular Detection (PMMD): A Novel Rapid Method for Phage-Specific Bacterial Detection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040435. [PMID: 32290520 PMCID: PMC7232155 DOI: 10.3390/v12040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose a challenge to human health and burden the health care system, especially with the spread of antibiotic-resistant populations. To provide effective treatment and improved prognosis, effective diagnostic methods are of great importance. Here we present phage-mediated molecular detection (PMMD) as a novel molecular method for the detection and assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance. This technique consists of a brief incubation, of approximately ten minutes, of the biological sample with a natural bacteriophage (phage) targeting the bacteria of interest. This is followed by total RNA extraction and RT-PCR. We applied this approach to Staphylococcus aureus (SA), a major causative agent of human bacterial infections. PMMD demonstrated a high sensitivity, rapid implementation, and specificity dependent on the phage host range. Moreover, due to the dependence of the signal on the physiological state of the bacteria, PMMD can discriminate methicillin-sensitive from methicillin-resistant SA (MSSA vs. MRSA). Finally, we extended this method to the detection and antibiotic sensitivity determination of other bacteria by proving PMMD efficacy for Bacillus anthracis.
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16
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Costa SP, Dias NM, Melo LDR, Azeredo J, Santos SB, Carvalho CM. A novel flow cytometry assay based on bacteriophage-derived proteins for Staphylococcus detection in blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6260. [PMID: 32277078 PMCID: PMC7148305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are considered a major cause of death worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are one of the most BSIs prevalent bacteria, classified as high priority due to the increasing multidrug resistant strains. Thus, a fast, specific and sensitive method for detection of these pathogens is of extreme importance. In this study, we have designed a novel assay for detection of Staphylococcus in blood culture samples, which combines the advantages of a phage endolysin cell wall binding domain (CBD) as a specific probe with the accuracy and high-throughput of flow cytometry techniques. In order to select the biorecognition molecule, three different truncations of the C-terminus of Staphylococcus phage endolysin E-LM12, namely the amidase (AMI), SH3 and amidase+SH3 (AMI_SH3) were cloned fused with a green fluorescent protein. From these, a higher binding efficiency to Staphylococcus cells was observed for AMI_SH3, indicating that the amidase domain possibly contributes to a more efficient binding of the SH3 domain. The novel phage endolysin-based flow cytometry assay provided highly reliable and specific detection of 1-5 CFU of Staphylococcus in 10 mL of spiked blood, after 16 hours of enrichment culture. Overall, the method developed herein presents advantages over the standard BSIs diagnostic methods, potentially contributing to an early and effective treatment of BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nicolina M Dias
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla M Carvalho
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
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17
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Huh H, Wong S, St Jean J, Slavcev R. Bacteriophage interactions with mammalian tissue: Therapeutic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:4-17. [PMID: 30659855 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human body is a large reservoir for bacterial viruses known as bacteriophages (phages), which participate in dynamic interactions with their bacterial and human hosts that ultimately affect human health. The current growing interest in human resident phages is paralleled by new uses of phages, including the design of engineered phages for therapeutic applications. Despite the increasing number of clinical trials being conducted, the understanding of the interaction of phages and mammalian cells and tissues is still largely unknown. The presence of phages in compartments within the body previously considered purely sterile, suggests that phages possess a unique capability of bypassing anatomical and physiological barriers characterized by varying degrees of selectivity and permeability. This review will discuss the direct evidence of the accumulation of bacteriophages in various tissues, focusing on the unique capability of phages to traverse relatively impermeable barriers in mammals and its relevance to its current applications in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Huh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Shirley Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Jesse St Jean
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Roderick Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener N2G 1C5, Canada.
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18
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Garrido-Maestu A, Fuciños P, Azinheiro S, Carvalho C, Carvalho J, Prado M. Specific detection of viable Salmonella Enteritidis by phage amplification combined with qPCR (PAA-qPCR) in spiked chicken meat samples. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Feng N, Zhou Y, Fan Y, Bi Y, Yang R, Zhou Y, Wang X. Yersinia pestis detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with magnetic bead capture of DNA. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:128-137. [PMID: 28887007 PMCID: PMC5790586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Y. pestis by targeting the 3a sequence on chromosome. All 11 species of the genus Yersinia were used to evaluate the specificity of LAMP and PCR, demonstrating that the primers had a high level of specificity. The sensitivity of LAMP or PCR was 2.3 or 23CFU for pure culture, whereas 2.3×104 or 2.3×106CFU for simulated spleen and lung samples. For simulated liver samples, the sensitivity of LAMP was 2.3×106CFU, but PCR was negative at the level of 2.3×107CFU. After simulated spleen and lung samples were treated with magnetic beads, the sensitivity of LAMP or PCR was 2.3×103 or 2.3×106CFU, whereas 2.3×105 or 2.3×107CFU for magnetic bead-treated liver samples. These results indicated that some components in the tissues could inhibit LAMP and PCR, and liver tissue samples had a stronger inhibition to LAMP and PCR than spleen and lung tissue samples. LAMP has a higher sensitivity than PCR, and magnetic bead capture of DNAs could remarkably increase the sensitivity of LAMP. LAMP is a simple, rapid and sensitive assay suitable for application in the field or poverty areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Feng
- Anhui Medical University, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhou Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxiao Fan
- Anhui Medical University, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Anhui Medical University, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Anhui Medical University, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, Beijing, China.
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20
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Highly Sensitive Bacteriophage-Based Detection of Brucella abortus in Mixed Culture and Spiked Blood. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060144. [PMID: 28604602 PMCID: PMC5490821 DOI: 10.3390/v9060144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, bacteriophages (phages) have been used for Brucella species identification in the diagnosis and epidemiology of brucellosis. Traditional Brucella phage typing is a multi-day procedure including the isolation of a pure culture, a step that can take up to three weeks. In this study, we focused on the use of brucellaphages for sensitive detection of the pathogen in clinical and other complex samples, and developed an indirect method of Brucella detection using real-time quantitative PCR monitoring of brucellaphage DNA amplification via replication on live Brucella cells. This assay allowed the detection of single bacteria (down to 1 colony-forming unit per milliliter) within 72 h without DNA extraction and purification steps. The technique was equally efficient with Brucella abortus pure culture and with mixed cultures of B. abortus and α-proteobacterial near neighbors that can be misidentified as Brucella spp., Ochrobactrum anthropi and Afipia felis. The addition of a simple short sample preparation step enabled the indirect phage-based detection of B. abortus in spiked blood, with the same high sensitivity. This indirect phage-based detection assay enables the rapid and sensitive detection of live B. abortus in mixed cultures and in blood samples, and can potentially be applied for detection in other clinical samples and other complex sample types.
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21
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O'Sullivan L, Buttimer C, McAuliffe O, Bolton D, Coffey A. Bacteriophage-based tools: recent advances and novel applications. F1000Res 2016; 5:2782. [PMID: 27990274 PMCID: PMC5133683 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9705.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacterial hosts, and since their discovery over a century ago they have been primarily exploited to control bacterial populations and to serve as tools in molecular biology. In this commentary, we highlight recent diverse advances in the field of phage research, going beyond bacterial control using whole phage, to areas including biocontrol using phage-derived enzybiotics, diagnostics, drug discovery, novel drug delivery systems and bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Buttimer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Biotechnology Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Division of Food Safety, Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, County Cork, Ireland
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22
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Abstract
Bacteriophage play many varied roles in microbial ecology and evolution. This chapter collates a vast body of knowledge and expertise on Yersinia pestis phages, including the history of their isolation and classical methods for their isolation and identification. The genomic diversity of Y. pestis phage and bacteriophage islands in the Y. pestis genome are also discussed because all phage research represents a branch of genetics. In addition, our knowledge of the receptors that are recognized by Y. pestis phage, advances in phage therapy for Y. pestis infections, the application of phage in the detection of Y. pestis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) sequences of Y. pestis from prophage DNA are all reviewed here.
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23
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Martelet A, L’Hostis G, Nevers MC, Volland H, Junot C, Becher F, Muller BH. Phage Amplification and Immunomagnetic Separation Combined with Targeted Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Detection of Viable Bacteria in Complex Food Matrices. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5553-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Martelet
- bioMérieux S.A., chemin de l’orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA, iBiTec-S,
SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments
(LEMM), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume L’Hostis
- bioMérieux S.A., chemin de l’orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA, iBiTec-S,
SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments
(LEMM), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI,
Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse (LERI), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI,
Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse (LERI), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, iBiTec-S,
SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments
(LEMM), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Becher
- CEA, iBiTec-S,
SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments
(LEMM), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno H. Muller
- bioMérieux S.A., chemin de l’orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA, iBiTec-S,
SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments
(LEMM), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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24
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Tawil N, Sacher E, Mandeville R, Meunier M. Bacteriophages: biosensing tools for multi-drug resistant pathogens. Analyst 2015; 139:1224-36. [PMID: 24434867 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen detection is of utmost importance in many sectors, such as in the food industry, environmental quality control, clinical diagnostics, bio-defence and counter-terrorism. Failure to appropriately, and specifically, detect pathogenic bacteria can lead to serious consequences, and may ultimately be lethal. Public safety, new legislation, recent outbreaks in food contamination, and the ever-increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections have fostered a worldwide research effort targeting novel biosensing strategies. This review concerns phage-based analytical and biosensing methods targeted towards theranostic applications. We discuss and review phage-based assays, notably phage amplification, reporter phage, phage lysis, and bioluminescence assays for the detection of bacterial species, as well as phage-based biosensors, including optical (comprising SPR sensors and fiber optic assays), electrochemical (comprising amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric sensors), acoustic wave and magnetoelastic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tawil
- Regroupement Québécois de Matériaux de Pointe, Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Case Postale 6079, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
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25
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Filippov AA, Sergueev KV, Nikolich MP. Can phage effectively treat multidrug-resistant plague? BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 2:186-189. [PMID: 23282533 PMCID: PMC3530528 DOI: 10.4161/bact.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The spread of natural or weaponized drug-resistant plague among humans is a credible high consequence threat to public health that demands the prompt introduction of alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriophage. Early attempts to treat plague with phages in the 1920s–1930s were sometimes promising but mostly failed, purportedly due to insufficient knowledge of phage biology and poor experimental design. We recently reported the striking stability of plague diagnostic bacteriophages, their safety for animal use, propagation in vivo and partial protection of mice from deadly plague after a single injection of phage. In this addendum we reflect on that article, other recent publications and our unpublished data, and discuss the prospects of phage therapy against plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Filippov
- Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring, MD USA
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26
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Cho IH, Radadia AD, Farrokhzad K, Ximenes E, Bae E, Singh AK, Oliver H, Ladisch M, Bhunia A, Applegate B, Mauer L, Bashir R, Irudayaraj J. Nano/micro and spectroscopic approaches to food pathogen detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:65-88. [PMID: 24896312 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite continuing research efforts, timely and simple pathogen detection with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity remains an elusive goal. Given the recent explosion of sensor technologies, significant strides have been made in addressing the various nuances of this important global challenge that affects not only the food industry but also human health. In this review, we provide a summary of the various ongoing efforts in pathogen detection and sample preparation in areas related to Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, light scattering, phage display, micro/nanodevices, and nanoparticle biosensors. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the detection methods and suggest next steps for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hoon Cho
- Bindley Bioscience and Birck Nanotechnology Center; Departments of
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27
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Martelet A, L’Hostis G, Tavares P, Brasilès S, Fenaille F, Rozand C, Theretz A, Gervasi G, Tabet JC, Ezan E, Junot C, Muller BH, Becher F. Bacterial Detection Using Unlabeled Phage Amplification and Mass Spectrometry through Structural and Nonstructural Phage Markers. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1450-65. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400991t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Martelet
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume L’Hostis
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paulo Tavares
- CNRS UPR3296 and
IFR 115, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale
(VMS), Bâtiment 14B, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Brasilès
- CNRS UPR3296 and
IFR 115, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale
(VMS), Bâtiment 14B, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Rozand
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Alain Theretz
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Gaspard Gervasi
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), UMR 7201,
Equipe de Spectrométrie de Masse, Institut Parisien de Chimie
Moléculaire, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Ezan
- CEA, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie Nucléaire (SBTN), BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno H. Muller
- bioMérieux S.A., 376, Chemin de
l’Orme, 69280 Marcy-l’Etoile, France
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Becher
- CEA,
iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des
Médicaments (LEMM), Bâtiment 136, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Schmelcher M, Loessner MJ. Application of bacteriophages for detection of foodborne pathogens. BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 4:e28137. [PMID: 24533229 PMCID: PMC3919822 DOI: 10.4161/bact.28137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of food products presents a challenge for the food industry and poses a high risk for the consumer. Despite increasing awareness and improved hygiene measures, foodborne pathogens remain a threat for public health, and novel methods for detection of these organisms are needed. Bacteriophages represent ideal tools for diagnostic assays because of their high target cell specificity, inherent signal-amplifying properties, easy and inexpensive production, and robustness. Every stage of the phage lytic multiplication cycle, from the initial recognition of the host cell to the final lysis event, may be harnessed in several ways for the purpose of bacterial detection. Besides intact phage particles, phage-derived affinity molecules such as cell wall binding domains and receptor binding proteins can serve for this purpose. This review provides an overview of existing phage-based technologies for detection of foodborne pathogens, and highlights the most recent developments in this field, with particular emphasis on phage-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Anish C, Guo X, Wahlbrink A, Seeberger PH. Detektion des Pesterregers durch Anti-Kohlenhydrat-Antikörper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Anish C, Guo X, Wahlbrink A, Seeberger PH. Plague Detection by Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9524-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Schofield DA, Sharp NJ, Westwater C. Phage-based platforms for the clinical detection of human bacterial pathogens. BACTERIOPHAGE 2012; 2:105-283. [PMID: 23050221 PMCID: PMC3442824 DOI: 10.4161/bact.19274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have been utilized for decades as a means for uniquely identifying their target bacteria. Due to their inherent natural specificity, ease of use, and straightforward production, phage possess a number of desirable attributes which makes them particularly suited as bacterial detectors. As a result, extensive research has been conducted into the development of phage, or phage-derived products to expedite the detection of human pathogens. However, very few phage-based diagnostics have transitioned from the research lab into a clinical diagnostic tool. Herein we review the phage-based platforms that are currently used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus in the clinical field. We briefly describe the disease, the current diagnostic options, and the role phage diagnostics play in identifying the cause of infection, and determining antibiotic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC USA
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32
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Sergueev KV, Nikolich MP, Filippov AA. Field and clinical applications of advanced bacteriophage-based detection of Yersinia pestis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:135-41. [PMID: 22782756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Sergueev
- Department of Emerging Bacterial Infections, Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Filippov AA, Sergueev KV, He Y, Huang XZ, Gnade BT, Mueller AJ, Fernandez-Prada CM, Nikolich MP. Bacteriophage therapy of experimental bubonic plague in mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:337-48. [PMID: 22782780 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Filippov
- Department of Emerging Bacterial Infections, Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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34
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Bacteriophages capable of lysing Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: efficiency of plating tests and identification of receptors in escherichia coli K-12. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:123-34. [PMID: 22782755 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Brovko LY, Anany H, Griffiths MW. Bacteriophages for detection and control of bacterial pathogens in food and food-processing environment. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:241-288. [PMID: 23034118 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents recent advances in bacteriophage research and their application in the area of food safety. Section 1 describes general facts on phage biology that are relevant to their application for control and detection of bacterial pathogens in food and environmental samples. Section 2 summarizes the recently acquired data on application of bacteriophages to control growth of bacterial pathogens and spoilage organisms in food and food-processing environment. Section 3 deals with application of bacteriophages for detection and identification of bacterial pathogens. Advantages of bacteriophage-based methods are presented and their shortcomings are discussed. The chapter is intended for food scientist and food product developers, and people in food inspection and health agencies with the ultimate goal to attract their attention to the new developing technology that has a tremendous potential in providing means for producing wholesome and safe food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Y Brovko
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Pathogen detection using engineered bacteriophages. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3127-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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Filippov AA, Sergueev KV, He Y, Huang XZ, Gnade BT, Mueller AJ, Fernandez-Prada CM, Nikolich MP. Bacteriophage-resistant mutants in Yersinia pestis: identification of phage receptors and attenuation for mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25486. [PMID: 21980477 PMCID: PMC3182234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteriophages specific for Yersinia pestis are routinely used for plague diagnostics and could be an alternative to antibiotics in case of drug-resistant plague. A major concern of bacteriophage therapy is the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. The use of phage cocktails can overcome this problem but only if the phages exploit different receptors. Some phage-resistant mutants lose virulence and therefore should not complicate bacteriophage therapy. Methodology/Principal Findings The purpose of this work was to identify Y. pestis phage receptors using site-directed mutagenesis and trans-complementation and to determine potential attenuation of phage-resistant mutants for mice. Six receptors for eight phages were found in different parts of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner and outer core. The receptor for R phage was localized beyond the LPS core. Most spontaneous and defined phage-resistant mutants of Y. pestis were attenuated, showing increase in LD50 and time to death. The loss of different LPS core biosynthesis enzymes resulted in the reduction of Y. pestis virulence and there was a correlation between the degree of core truncation and the impact on virulence. The yrbH and waaA mutants completely lost their virulence. Conclusions/Significance We identified Y. pestis receptors for eight bacteriophages. Nine phages together use at least seven different Y. pestis receptors that makes some of them promising for formulation of plague therapeutic cocktails. Most phage-resistant Y. pestis mutants become attenuated and thus should not pose a serious problem for bacteriophage therapy of plague. LPS is a critical virulence factor of Y. pestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Filippov
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Department of Emerging Bacterial Infections, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
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Schofield DA, Molineux IJ, Westwater C. 'Bioluminescent' reporter phage for the detection of Category A bacterial pathogens. J Vis Exp 2011:e2740. [PMID: 21775956 DOI: 10.3791/2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively. Although the natural occurrence of both diseases' is now relatively rare, the possibility of terrorist groups using these pathogens as a bioweapon is real. Because of the disease's inherent communicability, rapid clinical course, and high mortality rate, it is critical that an outbreak be detected quickly. Therefore methodologies that provide rapid detection and diagnosis are essential to ensure immediate implementation of public health measures and activation of crisis management. Recombinant reporter phage may provide a rapid and specific approach for the detection of Y. pestis and B. anthracis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently use the classical phage lysis assays for the confirmed identification of these bacterial pathogens. These assays take advantage of naturally occurring phage which are specific and lytic for their bacterial hosts. After overnight growth of the cultivated bacterium in the presence of the specific phage, the formation of plaques (bacterial lysis) provides a positive identification of the bacterial target. Although these assays are robust, they suffer from three shortcomings: 1) they are laboratory based; 2) they require bacterial isolation and cultivation from the suspected sample, and 3) they take 24-36 h to complete. To address these issues, recombinant "light-tagged" reporter phage were genetically engineered by integrating the Vibrio harveyi luxAB genes into the genome of Y. pestis and B. anthracis specific phage. The resulting luxAB reporter phage were able to detect their specific target by rapidly (within minutes) and sensitively conferring a bioluminescent phenotype to recipient cells. Importantly, detection was obtained either with cultivated recipient cells or with mock-infected clinical specimens. For demonstration purposes, here we describe the method for the phage-mediated detection of a known Y. pestis isolate using a luxAB reporter phage constructed from the CDC plague diagnostic phage ΦA1122 (Figure 1). A similar method, with minor modifications (e.g. change in growth temperature and media), may be used for the detection of B. anthracis isolates using the B. anthracis reporter phage Wβ::luxAB. The method describes the phage-mediated transduction of a biolumescent phenotype to cultivated Y. pestis cells which are subsequently measured using a microplate luminometer. The major advantages of this method over the traditional phage lysis assays is the ease of use, the rapid results, and the ability to test multiple samples simultaneously in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Figure 1. Detection schematic. The phage are mixed with the sample, the phage infects the cell, luxAB are expressed, and the cell bioluminesces. Sample processing is not necessary; the phage and cells are mixed and subsequently measured for light.
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39
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Bacteriophage reporter technology for sensing and detecting microbial targets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 400:991-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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