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Payant MA, Spencer CD, Ly NKK, Chee MJ. Inhibitory actions of melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral septum. J Physiol 2024; 602:3545-3574. [PMID: 38874572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons can co-express several neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and send widespread projections throughout the brain. Notably, there is a dense cluster of nerve terminals from MCH neurons in the lateral septum (LS) that innervate LS cells by glutamate release. The LS is also a key region integrating stress- and anxiety-like behaviours, which are also emerging roles of MCH neurons. However, it is not known if or where the MCH peptide acts within the LS. We analysed the projections from MCH neurons in male and female mice anteroposteriorly throughout the LS and found spatial overlap between the distribution pattern of MCH-immunoreactive (MCH-ir) fibres with MCH receptor Mchr1 mRNA hybridization or MCHR1-ir cells. This overlap was most prominent along the ventral and lateral border of the rostral part of the LS (LSr). Most MCHR1-labelled LS neurons lay adjacent to passing MCH-ir fibres, but some MCH-ir varicosities directly contacted the soma or cilium of MCHR1-labelled LS neurons. We thus performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from MCHR1-rich LSr regions to determine if and how LS cells respond to MCH. Bath application of MCH to acute brain slices activated a bicuculline-sensitive chloride current that directly hyperpolarized LS cells. This MCH-mediated hyperpolarization was blocked by calphostin C, which suggested that the inhibitory actions of MCH were mediated by protein kinase C-dependent activation of GABAA receptors. Taken together, these findings define potential hotspots within the LS that may elucidate the contributions of MCH to stress- or anxiety-related feeding behaviours. KEY POINTS: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons have dense nerve terminals within the lateral septum (LS), a key region underlying stress- and anxiety-like behaviours that are emerging roles of the MCH system, but the function of MCH in the LS is not known. We found spatial overlap between MCH-immunoreactive fibres, Mchr1 mRNA, and MCHR1 protein expression along the lateral border of the LS. Within MCHR1-rich regions, MCH directly inhibited LS cells by increasing chloride conductance via GABAA receptor activation in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Electrophysiological MCH effects in brain slices have been elusive, and few studies have described the mechanisms of MCH action. Our findings demonstrated, to our knowledge, the first description of MCHR1 Gq-coupling in brain slices, which was previously predicted in cell or primary culture models only. Together, these findings defined hotspots and mechanistic underpinnings for MCH effects such as in feeding and anxiety-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla A Payant
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Duncan Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikita K Koziel Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Hiraki-Kajiyama T, Miyasaka N, Ando R, Wakisaka N, Itoga H, Onami S, Yoshihara Y. An atlas and database of neuropeptide gene expression in the adult zebrafish forebrain. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25619. [PMID: 38831653 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a useful model organism in neuroscience; however, its gene expression atlas in the adult brain is not well developed. In the present study, we examined the expression of 38 neuropeptides, comparing with GABAergic and glutamatergic neuron marker genes in the adult zebrafish brain by comprehensive in situ hybridization. The results are summarized as an expression atlas in 19 coronal planes of the forebrain. Furthermore, the scanned data of all brain sections were made publicly available in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Gene Expression Database (https://ssbd.riken.jp/azebex/). Based on these data, we performed detailed comparative neuroanatomical analyses of the hypothalamus and found that several regions previously described as one nucleus in the reference zebrafish brain atlas contain two or more subregions with significantly different neuropeptide/neurotransmitter expression profiles. Subsequently, we compared the expression data in zebrafish telencephalon and hypothalamus obtained in this study with those in mice, by performing a cluster analysis. As a result, several nuclei in zebrafish and mice were clustered in close vicinity. The present expression atlas, database, and anatomical findings will contribute to future neuroscience research using zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towako Hiraki-Kajiyama
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Ethology, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miyasaka
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiko Ando
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Wakisaka
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroya Itoga
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Life Science Data Sharing Unit, RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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3
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Miller PA, Williams-Ikhenoba JG, Sankhe AS, Hoffe BH, Chee MJ. Neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and morphological characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone cells coexpressing cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25588. [PMID: 38335050 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) cells in the hypothalamus regulate fundamental physiological functions like energy balance, sleep, and reproduction. This diversity may be ascribed to the neurochemical heterogeneity among MCH cells. One prominent subpopulation of MCH cells coexpresses cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and as MCH and CART can have opposing actions, MCH/CART+ and MCH/CART- cells may differentially modulate behavioral outcomes. However, it is not known if there are differences in the cellular properties underlying their functional differences; thus, we compared the neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and morphological properties of MCH cells in male and female Mch-cre;L10-Egfp reporter mice. Half of MCH cells expressed CART and were most prominent in the medial hypothalamus. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed differences in their passive and active membrane properties in a sex-dependent manner. Female MCH/CART+ cells had lower input resistances, but male cells largely differed in their firing properties. All MCH cells increased firing when stimulated, but their firing frequency decreases with sustained stimulation. MCH/CART+ cells showed stronger spike rate adaptation than MCH/CART- cells. The kinetics of excitatory events at MCH cells also differed by cell type, as the rising rate of excitatory events was slower at MCH/CART+ cells. By reconstructing the dendritic arborization of our recorded cells, we found no sex differences, but male MCH/CART+ cells had less dendritic length and fewer branch points. Overall, distinctions in topographical division and cellular properties between MCH cells add to their heterogeneity and help elucidate their response to stimuli or effect on modulating their respective neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aditi S Sankhe
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan H Hoffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Beekly BG, Rupp A, Burgess CR, Elias CF. Fast neurotransmitter identity of MCH neurons: Do contents depend on context? Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101069. [PMID: 37149229 PMCID: PMC11190671 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons participate in many fundamental neuroendocrine processes. While some of their effects can be attributed to MCH itself, others appear to depend on co-released neurotransmitters. Historically, the subject of fast neurotransmitter co-release from MCH neurons has been contentious, with data to support MCH neurons releasing GABA, glutamate, both, and neither. Rather than assuming a position in that debate, this review considers the evidence for all sides and presents an alternative explanation: neurochemical identity, including classical neurotransmitter content, is subject to change. With an emphasis on the variability of experimental details, we posit that MCH neurons may release GABA and/or glutamate at different points according to environmental and contextual factors. Through the lens of the MCH system, we offer evidence that the field of neuroendocrinology would benefit from a more nuanced and dynamic interpretation of neurotransmitter identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Beekly
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - A Rupp
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - C R Burgess
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - C F Elias
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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5
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Rohrbach A, Lanzillo M, Gervais M, Croizier S, Langlet F. Ontogeny of ependymoglial cells lining the third ventricle in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073759. [PMID: 36686420 PMCID: PMC9849764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During hypothalamic development, the germinative neuroepithelium gives birth to diverse neural cells that regulate numerous physiological functions in adulthood. Methods Here, we studied the ontogeny of ependymal cells in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus using the BrdU approach and publicly available single-cell RNAseq datasets. Results We observed that while typical ependymal cells are mainly produced at E13, tanycyte birth depends on time and subtypes and lasts up to P8. Typical ependymocytes and β tanycytes are the first to arise at the top and bottom of the dorsoventral axis around E13, whereas α tanycytes emerge later in development, generating an outside-in dorsoventral gradient along the third ventricle. Additionally, α tanycyte generation displayed a rostral-to-caudal pattern. Finally, tanycytes mature progressively until they reach transcriptional maturity between P4 and P14. Discussion Altogether, this data shows that ependyma generation differs in time and distribution, highlighting the heterogeneity of the third ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lanzillo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Gervais
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sankhe AS, Bordeleau D, Alfonso DIM, Wittman G, Chee MJ. Loss of glutamatergic signalling from MCH neurons reduced anxiety-like behaviours in novel environments. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13222. [PMID: 36529144 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons within the hypothalamus are heterogeneous and can coexpress additional neuropeptides and transmitters. The majority of MCH neurons express vesicular transporters to package glutamate for synaptic release, and MCH neurons can directly innervate downstream neurons via glutamate release. Although glutamatergic signalling from MCH neurons may support physiological and behavioural roles that are independent of MCH (e.g., in glucose homeostasis and nutrient-sensing), it can also mediate similar roles to MCH in the regulation of energy balance. In addition to energy balance, the MCH system has also been implicated in mood disorders, as MCH receptor antagonists have anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects. However, the contribution of glutamatergic signalling from MCH neurons to mood-related functions have not been investigated. We crossed Mch-cre mice with floxed-Vglut2 mice to delete the expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) and disable glutamatergic signalling specifically from MCH neurons. The resulting Mch-Vglut2-KO mice showed Vglut2 deletion from over 75% of MCH neurons, and although we did not observe changes in depressive-like behaviours, we found that Mch-Vglut2-KO mice displayed anxiety-like behaviours. Mch-Vglut2-KO mice showed reduced exploratory activity when placed in a new cage and were quicker to consume food placed in the centre of a novel open arena. These findings showed that Vglut2 deletion from MCH neurons resulted in anxiolytic actions and suggested that the anxiogenic effects of glutamate are similar to those of the MCH peptide. Taken together, these findings suggest that glutamate and MCH may synergize to regulate and promote anxiety-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi S Sankhe
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dillon Bordeleau
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gábor Wittman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Croizier S, Bouret SG. Molecular Control of the Development of Hypothalamic Neurons Involved in Metabolic Regulation. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 123:102117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Characterization of Hypothalamic MCH Neuron Development in a 3D Differentiation System of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0442-21.2022. [PMID: 35437265 PMCID: PMC9047030 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0442-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are important regulators of multiple physiological processes, such as sleep, feeding, and memory. Despite the increasing interest in their neuronal functions, the molecular mechanism underlying MCH neuron development remains poorly understood. We report that a three-dimensional culture of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can generate hypothalamic-like tissues containing MCH-positive neurons, which reproduce morphologic maturation, neuronal connectivity, and neuropeptide/neurotransmitter phenotype of native MCH neurons. Using this in vitro system, we demonstrate that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling serves to produce major neurochemical subtypes of MCH neurons characterized by the presence or absence of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Without exogenous Hh signals, mESCs initially differentiated into dorsal hypothalamic/prethalamic progenitors and finally into MCH+CART+ neurons through a specific intermediate progenitor state. Conversely, activation of the Hh pathway specified ventral hypothalamic progenitors that generate both MCH+CART− and MCH+CART+ neurons. These results suggest that in vivo MCH neurons may originate from multiple cell lineages that arise through early dorsoventral patterning of the hypothalamus. Additionally, we found that Hh signaling supports the differentiation of mESCs into orexin/hypocretin neurons, a well-defined cell group intermingled with MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The present study highlights and improves the utility of mESC culture in the analysis of the developmental programs of specific hypothalamic cell types.
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9
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Barbier M, Croizier S, Alvarez-Bolado G, Risold PY. The distribution of Dlx1-2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the embryonic and adult hypothalamus reveals three differentiated LHA subdivisions in rodents. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 121:102089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Cocaine-induced neural adaptations in the lateral hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons and the role in regulating rapid eye movement sleep after withdrawal. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3152-3168. [PMID: 33093653 PMCID: PMC8060355 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep abnormalities are often a prominent contributor to withdrawal symptoms following chronic drug use. Notably, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulates emotional memory, and persistent REM sleep impairment after cocaine withdrawal negatively impacts relapse-like behaviors in rats. However, it is not understood how cocaine experience may alter REM sleep regulatory machinery, and what may serve to improve REM sleep after withdrawal. Here, we focus on the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which regulate REM sleep initiation and maintenance. Using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine, we did transcriptome profiling of LH MCH neurons after long-term withdrawal using RNA-sequencing, and performed functional assessment using slice electrophysiology. We found that 3 weeks after withdrawal from cocaine, LH MCH neurons exhibit a wide range of gene expression changes tapping into cell membrane signaling, intracellular signaling, and transcriptional regulations. Functionally, they show reduced membrane excitability and decreased glutamatergic receptor activity, consistent with increased expression of voltage-gated potassium channel gene Kcna1 and decreased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor gene Grm5. Finally, chemogenetic or optogenetic stimulations of LH MCH neural activity increase REM sleep after long-term withdrawal with important differences. Whereas chemogenetic stimulation promotes both wakefulness and REM sleep, optogenetic stimulation of these neurons in sleep selectively promotes REM sleep. In summary, cocaine exposure persistently alters gene expression profiles and electrophysiological properties of LH MCH neurons. Counteracting cocaine-induced hypoactivity of these neurons selectively in sleep enhances REM sleep quality and quantity after long-term withdrawal.
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11
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Barbier M, González JA, Houdayer C, Burdakov D, Risold P, Croizier S. Projections from the dorsomedial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to hypothalamic nuclei in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:929-956. [PMID: 32678476 PMCID: PMC7891577 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As stressful environment is a potent modulator of feeding, we seek in the present work to decipher the neuroanatomical basis for an interplay between stress and feeding behaviors. For this, we combined anterograde and retrograde tracing with immunohistochemical approaches to investigate the patterns of projections between the dorsomedial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), well connected to the amygdala, and hypothalamic structures such as the paraventricular (PVH) and dorsomedial (DMH), the arcuate (ARH) nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic areas (LHA) known to control feeding and motivated behaviors. We particularly focused our study on afferences to proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin (ORX) neurons characteristics of the ARH and the LHA, respectively. We found light to intense innervation of all these hypothalamic nuclei. We particularly showed an innervation of POMC, AgRP, MCH and ORX neurons by the dorsomedial and dorsolateral divisions of the BNST. Therefore, these results lay the foundation for a better understanding of the neuroanatomical basis of the stress-related feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barbier
- EA481, Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, UFR SantéUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
- Department of PsychiatrySeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - J. Antonio González
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- The Rowett Institute, School of MedicineMedical Sciences and Nutrition, University of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Christophe Houdayer
- EA481, Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, UFR SantéUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
| | - Denis Burdakov
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Lab, Institute for Neuroscience, D‐HESTSwiss Federal Institute of Technology / ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Pierre‐Yves Risold
- EA481, Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, UFR SantéUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
| | - Sophie Croizier
- University of LausanneCenter for Integrative GenomicsLausanneSwitzerland
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12
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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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13
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Morganstern I, Gulati G, Leibowitz SF. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in drug use disorders. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146872. [PMID: 32360868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide primarily transcribed in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), with vast projections to many areas throughout the central nervous system that play an important role in motivated behaviors and drug use. Anatomical, pharmacological and genetic studies implicate MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused substances, acting by influencing several systems including the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, glutamatergic as well as GABAergic signaling and being modulated by inflammatory neuroimmune pathways. Further support for the role of MCH in controlling behavior related to drug use will be discussed as it relates to cerebral ventricular volume transmission and intracellular molecules including cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa. The primary goal of this review is to introduce and summarize current literature surrounding the role of MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gazal Gulati
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Boyle CN, Le Foll C. Amylin and Leptin interaction: Role During Pregnancy, Lactation and Neonatal Development. Neuroscience 2019; 447:136-147. [PMID: 31846753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amylin is co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells in response to a meal and produced by neurons in discrete hypothalamic brain areas. Leptin is proportionally secreted by the adipose tissue. Both hormones control food intake and energy homeostasis post-weaning in rodents. While amylin's main site of action is located in the area postrema (AP) and leptin's is located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, both hormones can also influence the other's signaling pathway; amylin has been shown enhance hypothalamic leptin signaling, and amylin signaling in the AP may rely on functional leptin receptors to modulate its effects. These two hormones also play major roles during other life periods. During pregnancy, leptin levels rise as a result of an increase in fat depot resulting in gestational leptin-resistance to prepare the maternal body for the metabolic needs during fetal development. The role of amylin is far less studied during pregnancy and lactation, though amylin levels seem to be elevated during pregnancy relative to insulin. Whether amylin and leptin interact during pregnancy and lactation remains to be assessed. Lastly, during brain development, amylin and leptin are major regulators of cell birth during embryogenesis and act as neurotrophic factors in the neonatal period. This review will highlight the role of amylin and leptin, and their possible interaction, during these dynamic time periods of pregnancy, lactation, and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Lutz TA, Le Foll C. Endogenous amylin contributes to birth of microglial cells in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and area postrema during fetal development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R791-R801. [PMID: 30943041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amylin acts in the area postrema (AP) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) to control food intake. Amylin also increases axonal fiber outgrowth from the AP→nucleus tractus solitarius and from ARC→hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. More recently, exogenous amylin infusion for 4 wk was shown to increase neurogenesis in adult rats in the AP. Furthermore, amylin has been shown to enhance leptin signaling in the ARC and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). Thus, we hypothesized that endogenous amylin could be a critical factor in regulating cell birth in the ARC and AP and that amylin could also be involved in the birth of leptin-sensitive neurons. Amylin+/- dams were injected with BrdU at embryonic day 12 and at postnatal day 2; BrdU+ cells were quantified in wild-type (WT) and amylin knockout (KO) mice. The number of BrdU+HuC/D+ neurons was similar in ARC and AP, but the number of BrdU+Iba1+ microglia was significantly decreased in both nuclei. Five-week-old WT and KO littermates were injected with leptin to test whether amylin is involved in the birth of leptin-sensitive neurons. Although there was no difference in the number of BrdU+c-Fos+ neurons in the ARC and dorsomedial nucleus, an increase in BrdU+c-Fos+ neurons was seen in VMN and lateral hypothalamus (LH) in amylin KO mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that during fetal development, endogenous amylin favors the birth of microglial cells in the ARC and AP and that it decreases the birth of leptin-sensitive neurons in the VMN and LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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16
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A multifaceted neuropeptide. Peptides 2018; 110:56-77. [PMID: 30391426 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, the continuous discovery of novel neuropeptides has been the key to the better understanding of how the central nervous system has integrated with neuronal signals and behavioral responses. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was discovered in 1995 in the rat striatum but later was found to be highly expressed in the hypothalamus. The widespread distribution of CART peptide in the brain complicated the understanding of the role played by this neurotransmitter. The main objective of the current compact review is to piece together the fragments of available information about origin, expression, distribution, projection, and function of CART peptides. Accumulative evidence suggests CART as a neurotransmitter and neuroprotective agent that is mainly involved in regulation of feeding, addiction, stress, anxiety, innate fear, neurological disease, neuropathic pain, depression, osteoporosis, insulin secretion, learning, memory, reproduction, vision, sleep, thirst and body temperature. In spite of the vast number of studies about the CART, the overall pictures about the CART functions are sketchy. First, there is a lack of information about cloned receptor, specific agonist and antagonist. Second, CART peptides are detected in discrete sets of neurons that can modulate countless activities and third; CART peptides exist in several fragments due to post-translational processing. For these reasons the overall picture about the CART peptides are sketchy and confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Schneeberger M, Tan K, Nectow AR, Parolari L, Caglar C, Azevedo E, Li Z, Domingos A, Friedman JM. Functional analysis reveals differential effects of glutamate and MCH neuropeptide in MCH neurons. Mol Metab 2018; 13:83-89. [PMID: 29843980 PMCID: PMC6026325 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) regulate food intake and body weight, glucose metabolism and convey the reward value of sucrose. In this report, we set out to establish the respective roles of MCH and conventional neurotransmitters in these neurons. METHODS MCH neurons were profiled using Cre-dependent molecular profiling technologies (vTRAP). MCHCre mice crossed to Vglut2fl/flmice or to DTRfl/flwere used to identify the role of glutamate in MCH neurons. We assessed metabolic parameters such as body composition, glucose tolerance, or sucrose preference. RESULTS We found that nearly all MCH neurons in the LH are glutamatergic and that a loss of glutamatergic signaling from MCH neurons from a glutamate transporter (VGlut2) knockout leads to a reduced weight, hypophagia and hyperkinetic behavior with improved glucose tolerance and a loss of sucrose preference. These effects are indistinguishable from those seen after ablation of MCH neurons. These findings are in contrast to those seen in mice with a knockout of the MCH neuropeptide, which show normal glucose preference and do not have improved glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that the vast majority of MCH neurons are glutamatergic, and that glutamate and MCH signaling mediate partially overlapping functions by these neurons, presumably by activating partially overlapping postsynaptic populations. The diverse functional effects of MCH neurons are thus mediated by a composite of glutamate and MCH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Keith Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; A*Star Institute of Medical Biology, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #20-10 Connexis North Tower, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Alexander R Nectow
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Princeton Neuroscience institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544-2098, USA
| | - Luca Parolari
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Caner Caglar
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Estefania Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhiying Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ana Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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18
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Jancsik V, Bene R, Sótonyi P, Zachar G. Sub-cellular organization of the melanin-concentrating hormone neurons in the hypothalamus. Peptides 2018; 99:56-60. [PMID: 29108810 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a potent orexigenic and sleep-promoting neuropeptide in mammals produced predominately by hypothalamic neurons which project to a wide variety of brain areas. Several MCH producing neurons contain MCH as the only neuropeptide, while others comprise cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) as well. The intrahypothalamic localization and the projection pattern of these two subpopulations are distinct. To provide structural grounding to understand the mechanism of action of MCH neurons we show here the subcellular localization of the neuropeptides in the two subpopulations within the hypothalamus of healthy young male mice by applying single and double immunofluorescence labelling.; Thick, prominent MCH immunopositive reticulation and fine discrete granules are detected within the perikarya of both CART positive and CART-free MCH neurons. Typically, one or more immunoreactive processes emanate from the perikarya. The bulk of CART immunoreactivity is also centrally positioned, surrounded by sparse immunoreactive granules within the perikarya and in the processes. In double immunopositive neurons, the two neuropeptides seem to colocalize in the heavily labelled central area, while the immunopositive granules in the cell body periphery and in the processes apparently contain either MCH or CART. This spatial arrangement suggests that MCH and CART, after being synthetized and processed in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex, are sorted into separate dense core vesicles, which then enter into the cell processes. This mechanism allows for both concerted and independent regulation of the transport and release of MCH and CART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Jancsik
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Roland Bene
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sótonyi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
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19
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González JA, Prehn JH. Orexin-A/hypocretin-1 Immunoreactivity in the Lateral Hypothalamus is Reduced in Genetically Obese but not in Diet-induced Obese Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 369:183-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Nectow AR, Moya MV, Ekstrand MI, Mousa A, McGuire KL, Sferrazza CE, Field BC, Rabinowitz GS, Sawicka K, Liang Y, Friedman JM, Heintz N, Schmidt EF. Rapid Molecular Profiling of Defined Cell Types Using Viral TRAP. Cell Rep 2017; 19:655-667. [PMID: 28423326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational profiling methodologies enable the systematic characterization of cell types in complex tissues, such as the mammalian brain, where neuronal isolation is exceptionally difficult. Here, we report a versatile strategy for profiling CNS cell types in a spatiotemporally restricted fashion by engineering a Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus expressing an EGFP-tagged ribosomal protein (AAV-FLEX-EGFPL10a) to access translating mRNAs by translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP). We demonstrate the utility of this AAV to target a variety of genetically and anatomically defined neural populations expressing Cre recombinase and illustrate the ability of this viral TRAP (vTRAP) approach to recapitulate the molecular profiles obtained by bacTRAP in corticothalamic neurons across multiple serotypes. Furthermore, spatially restricting adeno-associated virus (AAV) injections enabled the elucidation of regional differences in gene expression within this cell type. Altogether, these results establish the broad applicability of the vTRAP strategy for the molecular dissection of any CNS or peripheral cell type that can be engineered to express Cre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Nectow
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Lot 20 Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Maria V Moya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mats I Ekstrand
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Awni Mousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly L McGuire
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Caroline E Sferrazza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bianca C Field
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabrielle S Rabinowitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kirsty Sawicka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Hospital Informatics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Eric F Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Ma S, Smith CM, Blasiak A, Gundlach AL. Distribution, physiology and pharmacology of relaxin-3/RXFP3 systems in brain. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1034-1048. [PMID: 27774604 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a member of a superfamily of structurally-related peptides that includes relaxin and insulin-like peptide hormones. Soon after the discovery of the relaxin-3 gene, relaxin-3 was identified as an abundant neuropeptide in brain with a distinctive topographical distribution within a small number of GABAergic neuron populations that is well conserved across species. Relaxin-3 is thought to exert its biological actions through a single class-A GPCR - relaxin-family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3). Class-A comprises GPCRs for relaxin-3 and insulin-like peptide-5 and other peptides such as orexin and the monoamine transmitters. The RXFP3 receptor is selectively activated by relaxin-3, whereas insulin-like peptide-5 is the cognate ligand for the related RXFP4 receptor. Anatomical and pharmacological evidence obtained over the last decade supports a function of relaxin-3/RXFP3 systems in modulating responses to stress, anxiety-related and motivated behaviours, circadian rhythms, and learning and memory. Electrophysiological studies have identified the ability of RXFP3 agonists to directly hyperpolarise thalamic neurons in vitro, but there are no reports of direct cell signalling effects in vivo. This article provides an overview of earlier studies and highlights more recent research that implicates relaxin-3/RXFP3 neural network signalling in the integration of arousal, motivation, emotion and related cognition, and that has begun to identify the associated neural substrates and mechanisms. Future research directions to better elucidate the connectivity and function of different relaxin-3 neuron populations and their RXFP3-positive target neurons in major experimental species and humans are also identified. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Blanco-Centurion C, Liu M, Konadhode RP, Zhang X, Pelluru D, van den Pol AN, Shiromani PJ. Optogenetic activation of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons increases non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep during the night in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2846-2857. [PMID: 27657541 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are located in the hypothalamus. In mice, optogenetic activation of the MCH neurons induces both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at night, the normal wake-active period for nocturnal rodents [R. R. Konadhode et al. (2013) J. Neurosci., 33, 10257-10263]. Here we selectively activate these neurons in rats to test the validity of the sleep network hypothesis in another species. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) driven by the MCH promoter was selectively expressed by MCH neurons after injection of rAAV-MCHp-ChR2-EYFP into the hypothalamus of Long-Evans rats. An in vitro study confirmed that the optogenetic activation of MCH neurons faithfully triggered action potentials. In the second study, in Long-Evans rats, rAAV-MCH-ChR2, or the control vector, rAAV-MCH-EYFP, were delivered into the hypothalamus. Three weeks later, baseline sleep was recorded for 48 h without optogenetic stimulation (0 Hz). Subsequently, at the start of the lights-off cycle, the MCH neurons were stimulated at 5, 10, or 30 Hz (1 mW at tip; 1 min on - 4 min off) for 24 h. Sleep was recorded during the 24-h stimulation period. Optogenetic activation of MCH neurons increased both REM and NREM sleep at night, whereas during the day cycle, only REM sleep was increased. Delta power, an indicator of sleep intensity, was also increased. In control rats without ChR2, optogenetic stimulation did not increase sleep or delta power. These results lend further support to the view that sleep-active MCH neurons contribute to drive sleep in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Blanco-Centurion
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, MSC 404/STB 404, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, MSC 404/STB 404, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Roda P Konadhode
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, MSC 404/STB 404, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dheeraj Pelluru
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, MSC 404/STB 404, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, MSC 404/STB 404, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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23
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Levels of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript in Vagal Afferents in the Mouse Are Unaltered in Response to Metabolic Challenges. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-FTR-0174-16. [PMID: 27822503 PMCID: PMC5088776 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0174-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in vagal afferents, including those involved in regulating feeding. Recent observations indicate that metabolic challenges dramatically alter the neuropeptidergic profile of CART-producing vagal afferents. Here, using confocal microscopy, we reassessed the distribution and regulation of CART(55–102) immunoreactivity in vagal afferents of the male mouse in response to metabolic challenges, including fasting and high-fat-diet feeding. Importantly, the perikarya and axons of vagal C-fibers were labeled using mice expressing channelrodhopsin-2 (ChR2-YFP) in Nav1.8-Cre–expressing neurons. In these mice, approximately 82% of the nodose ganglion neurons were labeled with ChR2-YFP. Furthermore, ChR2-YFP–labeled axons could easily be identified in the dorsovagal complex. CART(55–102) immunoreactivity was observed in 55% of the ChR2-YFP–labeled neurons in the nodose ganglion and 22% of the ChR2-YFP–labeled varicosities within the area postrema of fed, fasted, and obese mice. The distribution of positive profiles was also identical across the full range of CART staining in fed, fasted, and obese mice. In contrast to previous studies, fasting did not induce melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) immunoreactivity in vagal afferents. Moreover, prepro-MCH mRNA was undetectable in the nodose ganglion of fasted mice. In summary, this study showed that the perikarya and central terminals of vagal afferents are invariably enriched in CART and devoid of MCH.
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Sokolowski K, Tran T, Esumi S, Kamal Y, Oboti L, Lischinsky J, Goodrich M, Lam A, Carter M, Nakagawa Y, Corbin JG. Molecular and behavioral profiling of Dbx1-derived neurons in the arcuate, lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Neural Dev 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27209204 PMCID: PMC4875659 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons in the hypothalamus function to regulate the state of the animal during both learned and innate behaviors, and alterations in hypothalamic development may contribute to pathological conditions such as anxiety, depression or obesity. Despite many studies of hypothalamic development and function, the link between embryonic development and innate behaviors remains unexplored. Here, focusing on the embryonically expressed homeodomain-containing gene Developing Brain Homeobox 1 (Dbx1), we explored the relationship between embryonic lineage, post-natal neuronal identity and lineage-specific responses to innate cues. We found that Dbx1 is widely expressed across multiple developing hypothalamic subdomains. Using standard and inducible fate-mapping to trace the Dbx1-derived neurons, we identified their contribution to specific neuronal subtypes across hypothalamic nuclei and further mapped their activation patterns in response to a series of well-defined innate behaviors. RESULTS Dbx1-derived neurons occupy multiple postnatal hypothalamic nuclei including the lateral hypothalamus (LH), arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH). Within these nuclei, Dbx1 (+) progenitors generate a large proportion of the Pmch-, Nesfatin-, Cart-, Hcrt-, Agrp- and ERα-expressing neuronal populations, and to a lesser extent the Pomc-, TH- and Aromatase-expressing populations. Inducible fate-mapping reveals distinct temporal windows for development of the Dbx1-derived LH and Arc populations, with Agrp(+) and Cart(+) populations in the Arc arising early (E7.5-E9.5), while Pmch(+) and Hcrt(+) populations in the LH derived from progenitors expressing Dbx1 later (E9.5-E11.5). Moreover, as revealed by c-Fos labeling, Dbx1-derived cells in male and female LH, Arc and VMH are responsive during mating and aggression. In contrast, Dbx1-lineage cells in the Arc and LH have a broader behavioral tuning, which includes responding to fasting and predator odor cues. CONCLUSION We define a novel fate map of the hypothalamus with respect to Dbx1 expression in hypothalamic progenitor zones. We demonstrate that in a temporally regulated manner, Dbx1-derived neurons contribute to molecularly distinct neuronal populations in the LH, Arc and VMH that have been implicated in a variety of hypothalamic-driven behaviors. Consistent with this, Dbx1-derived neurons in the LH, Arc and VMH are activated during stress and other innate behavioral responses, implicating their involvement in these diverse behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sokolowski
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Tuyen Tran
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Esumi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasmin Kamal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Livio Oboti
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Julieta Lischinsky
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, 20037, DC, USA
| | - Meredith Goodrich
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Lam
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Margaret Carter
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, 20010, DC, USA.
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Three-dimensional visualization of the distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 71:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Varin C, Arthaud S, Salvert D, Gay N, Libourel PA, Luppi PH, Léger L, Fort P. Sleep architecture and homeostasis in mice with partial ablation of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:100-10. [PMID: 26529469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports support a key role of tuberal hypothalamic neurons secreting melanin concentrating-hormone (MCH) in the promotion of Paradoxical Sleep (PS). Controversies remain concerning their concomitant involvement in Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS). We studied the effects of their selective loss achieved by an Ataxin 3-mediated ablation strategy to decipher the contribution of MCH neurons to SWS and/or PS. Polysomnographic recordings were performed on male adult transgenic mice expressing Ataxin-3 transgene within MCH neurons (MCH(Atax)) and their wild-type littermates (MCH(WT)) bred on two genetic backgrounds (FVB/N and C57BL/6). Compared to MCH(WT) mice, MCH(Atax) mice were characterized by a significant drop in MCH mRNAs (-70%), a partial loss of MCH-immunoreactive neurons (-30%) and a marked reduction in brain density of MCH-immunoreactive fibers. Under basal condition, such MCH(Atax) mice exhibited higher PS amounts during the light period and a pronounced SWS fragmentation without any modification of SWS quantities. Moreover, SWS and PS rebounds following 4-h total sleep deprivation were quantitatively similar in MCH(Atax)vs. MCH(WT) mice. Additionally, MCH(Atax) mice were unable to consolidate SWS and increase slow-wave activity (SWA) in response to this homeostatic challenge as observed in MCH(WT) littermates. Here, we show that the partial loss of MCH neurons is sufficient to disturb the fine-tuning of sleep. Our data provided new insights into their contribution to subtle process managing SWS quality and its efficiency rather than SWS quantities, as evidenced by the deleterious impact on two powerful markers of sleep depth, i.e., SWS consolidation/fragmentation and SWA intensity under basal condition and under high sleep pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Varin
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Denise Salvert
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nadine Gay
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lucienne Léger
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Fort
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, SLEEP Team, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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Chometton S, Croizier S, Fellmann D, Risold PY. The MCH neuron population as a model for the development and evolution of the lateral and dorsal hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:28-31. [PMID: 26459022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The LHA contains neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) or hypocretin (Hcrt) that have emerged as being more conspicuous and representative of the posterior LHA. In this review, we focus on MCH neurons and show that they have unique qualities. Their distribution is conserved in the posterior hypothalamus of all vertebrates and their ontogenetic differentiation is very precocious in the rodent embryo. In mammals, interspecific differences in their medio-lateral distribution suggest that the LHA differentiation may follow species specific strategies. These characteristics make a very valuable tool of MCH neurons to study the development as well as the phylogenetical origin and differentiation of the LHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Croizier
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Dominique Fellmann
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons release glutamate for feedforward inhibition of the lateral septum. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3644-51. [PMID: 25716862 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4187-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) regulates vital physiological functions, including energy balance and sleep. MCH cells are thought to be GABAergic, releasing GABA to inhibit downstream targets. However, there is little experimental support for this paradigm. To better understand the synaptic mechanisms of mouse MCH neurons, we performed neuroanatomical mapping and characterization followed by optogenetics to test their functional connectivity at downstream targets. Synaptophysin-mediated projection mapping showed that the lateral septal nucleus (LS) contained the densest accumulation of MCH nerve terminals. We then expressed channel rhodopsin-2 in MCH neurons and photostimulated MCH projections to determine their effect on LS activity. Photostimulation of MCH projections evoked a monosynaptic glutamate release in the LS. Interestingly, this led to a feedforward inhibition that depressed LS firing by a robust secondary GABA release. This study presents a circuit analysis between MCH and LS neurons and confirms their functional connection via monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways. Our findings indicate that MCH neurons are not exclusively GABAergic and reveal a glutamate-mediated, feedforward mechanism that inhibits LS cells.
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29
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Sokolowski K, Esumi S, Hirata T, Kamal Y, Tran T, Lam A, Oboti L, Brighthaupt SC, Zaghlula M, Martinez J, Ghimbovschi S, Knoblach S, Pierani A, Tamamaki N, Shah NM, Jones KS, Corbin JG. Specification of select hypothalamic circuits and innate behaviors by the embryonic patterning gene dbx1. Neuron 2015; 86:403-16. [PMID: 25864637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus integrates information required for the production of a variety of innate behaviors such as feeding, mating, aggression, and predator avoidance. Despite an extensive knowledge of hypothalamic function, how embryonic genetic programs specify circuits that regulate these behaviors remains unknown. Here, we find that in the hypothalamus the developmentally regulated homeodomain-containing transcription factor Dbx1 is required for the generation of specific subclasses of neurons within the lateral hypothalamic area/zona incerta (LH) and the arcuate (Arc) nucleus. Consistent with this specific developmental role, Dbx1 hypothalamic-specific conditional-knockout mice display attenuated responses to predator odor and feeding stressors but do not display deficits in other innate behaviors such as mating or conspecific aggression. Thus, activity of a single developmentally regulated gene, Dbx1, is a shared requirement for the specification of hypothalamic nuclei governing a subset of innate behaviors. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sokolowski
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Esumi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture 860-0862, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirata
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yasman Kamal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Tuyen Tran
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Andrew Lam
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Livio Oboti
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sherri-Chanelle Brighthaupt
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Manar Zaghlula
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Svetlana Ghimbovschi
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Susan Knoblach
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, Universite Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture 860-0862, Japan
| | - Nirao M Shah
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin S Jones
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Croizier S, Chometton S, Fellmann D, Risold PY. Characterization of a mammalian prosencephalic functional plan. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:161. [PMID: 25610375 PMCID: PMC4285092 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic organizational concepts have greatly evolved as the primary hypothalamic pathways have been systematically investigated. In the present review, we describe how the hypothalamus arises from a molecularly heterogeneous region of the embryonic neural tube but is first differentiated as a primary neuronal cell cord (earliest mantle layer). This structure defines two axes that align onto two fundamental components: a longitudinal tractus postopticus(tpoc)/retinian component and a transverse supraoptic tract(sot)/olfactory component. We then discuss how these two axonal tracts guide the formation of all major tracts that connect the telencephalon with the hypothalamus/ventral midbrain, highlighting the existence of an early basic plan in the functional organization of the prosencephalic connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Croizier
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Sandrine Chometton
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Dominique Fellmann
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA 3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
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31
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Chometton S, Cvetkovic-Lopes V, Houdayer C, Franchi G, Mariot A, Poncet F, Fellmann D, Risold PY. Anatomical organization of MCH connections with the pallidum and dorsal striatum in the rat. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:185. [PMID: 25324738 PMCID: PMC4181234 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons producing the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are distributed in the posterior hypothalamus, but project massively throughout the forebrain. Many aspects regarding the anatomical organization of these projections are still obscure. The present study has two goals: first to characterize the topographical organization of neurons projecting into the cholinergic basal forebrain (globus pallidus, medial septal complex), and second to verify if MCH neurons may indirectly influence the dorsal striatum (caudoputamen) by innervating afferent sources to this structure. In the first series of experiments, the retrograde tracer fluorogold was injected into multiple sites in the pallidal and medial septal regions and the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons were analyzed in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. In the second series of experiments, fluorogold was injected into the caudoputamen, and the innervation by MCH axons of retrogradely labeled cells was analyzed. Our results revealed that the MCH system is able to interact with the basal nuclei in several different ways. First, MCH neurons provide topographic inputs to the globus pallidus, medial septal complex, and substantia innominata. Second, striatal projecting neurons in the cortex, thalamus, and substantia nigra presumably receive only sparse inputs from MCH neurons. Third, the subthalamic nucleus is heavily innervated by MCH projections, thus, presumably serves as one important intermediate station to mediate MCH influence on other parts of the basal nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA3922, SFR FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-ComtéBesançon, France
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32
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Chometton S, Franchi G, Houdayer C, Mariot A, Poncet F, Fellmann D, Tillet Y, Risold PY. Different distributions of preproMCH and hypocretin/orexin in the forebrain of the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:72-82. [PMID: 25124772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) or hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) have been implicated in the sleep/wake cycle and feeding behavior. Sleep and feeding habits vary greatly among mammalian species, depending in part of the prey/predatory status of animals. However, the distribution of both peptides has been described in only a limited number of species. In this work, we describe the distribution of MCH neurons in the brain of the domestic pig. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, their cell bodies are shown to be located in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), as expected. They form a dense cluster ventro-lateral to the fornix while only scattered cells are present dorsal to this tract. By comparison, Hcrt cell bodies are located mainly dorsal to the fornix. Therefore, the two populations of neurons display complementary distributions in the posterior LHA. MCH projections are, as indicated by MCH-positive axons, very abundant in all cortical fields ventral to the rhinal sulcus, as well as in the lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdala. In contrast, most of the isocortex is sparsely innervated. To conclude, the distribution of MCH cell bodies and projections shows some very specific features in the pig brain, that are clearly different of that described in the rat, mouse or human. In contrast, the Hcrt pattern seems more similar to that in these species, i.e. more conserved. These results suggest that the LHA anatomic organization shows some very significant interspecies differences, which may be related to the different behavioral repertoires of animals with regard to feeding and sleep/wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chometton
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - G Franchi
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - C Houdayer
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - A Mariot
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - F Poncet
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - D Fellmann
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - Y Tillet
- UMR 7247 INRA/CNRS/Université François Rabelais de Tours/IFCE, SFR-FED 4226, Centre INRA Val de Loire, Nouzilly, Tours 37380, France
| | - P Y Risold
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France.
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33
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Chometton S, Franchi-Bernard G, Houdayer C, Mariot A, Poncet F, Fellmann D, Risold PY. Melanin-concentrating hormone expression in the rat hypothalamus is not affected in an experiment of prenatal alcohol exposure. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:102-9. [PMID: 25093909 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause a "fetal alcoholic syndrome" (FAS) in the progeny. This syndrome is characterized by important brain defects often associated to a decreased expression of the morphogenic protein sonic hedgehog (Shh). The goal of this study was to verify if a FAS could modify the differentiation of hypothalamic neurons producing MCH. Indeed, the expression of this peptide and neurons producing it are dependent of a Shh controlled genetic cascade in the embryo. To address this question, female rats received a 15% ethanol solution to drink during pregnancy and lactation. Higher abortion rate and smaller pups at birth confirmed that descendants were affected by this experimental condition. MCH expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in embryos taken at E11 and E13, or in pups and young adults born from control and alcoholic mothers. MCH expression level, number of MCH neurons or ratio of MCH sub-populations were not modified by our experimental conditions. However, Shh expression was significantly lover at E11 and we also observed that hindbrain serotonergic neurons were affected as reported in the literature. These findings as well as other data from the literature suggest that protective mechanisms are involved to maintain peptide expressions and differentiation of some specific neuron populations in the ventral diencephalon in surviving embryos exposed to ethanol during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gabrielle Franchi-Bernard
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Houdayer
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Amandine Mariot
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Fabrice Poncet
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Dominique Fellmann
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA3922, SFR-FED 4234, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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34
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Ekstrand MI, Nectow AR, Knight ZA, Latcha KN, Pomeranz LE, Friedman JM. Molecular profiling of neurons based on connectivity. Cell 2014; 157:1230-42. [PMID: 24855954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and cellular heterogeneity of neural circuitry presents a major challenge to understanding the role of discrete neural populations in controlling behavior. While neuroanatomical methods enable high-resolution mapping of neural circuitry, these approaches do not allow systematic molecular profiling of neurons based on their connectivity. Here, we report the development of an approach for molecularly profiling projective neurons. We show that ribosomes can be tagged with a camelid nanobody raised against GFP and that this system can be engineered to selectively capture translating mRNAs from neurons retrogradely labeled with GFP. Using this system, we profiled neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. We then used an AAV to selectively profile midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. By comparing the captured mRNAs from each experiment, we identified a number of markers specific to VTA dopaminergic projection neurons. The current method provides a means for profiling neurons based on their projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I Ekstrand
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander R Nectow
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kaamashri N Latcha
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa E Pomeranz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Subhedar NK, Nakhate KT, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM. CART in the brain of vertebrates: circuits, functions and evolution. Peptides 2014; 54:108-30. [PMID: 24468550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) with its wide distribution in the brain of mammals has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Last two decades have witnessed a steady rise in the information on the genes that encode this neuropeptide and regulation of its transcription and translation. CART is highly enriched in the hypothalamic nuclei and its relevance to energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine control has been understood in great details. However, the occurrence of this peptide in a range of diverse circuitries for sensory, motor, vegetative, limbic and higher cortical areas has been confounding. Evidence that CART peptide may have role in addiction, pain, reward, learning and memory, cognition, sleep, reproduction and development, modulation of behavior and regulation of autonomic nervous system are accumulating, but an integration has been missing. A steady stream of papers has been pointing at the therapeutic potentials of CART. The current review is an attempt at piecing together the fragments of available information, and seeks meaning out of the CART elements in their anatomical niche. We try to put together the CART containing neuronal circuitries that have been conclusively demonstrated as well as those which have been proposed, but need confirmation. With a view to finding out the evolutionary antecedents, we visit the CART systems in sub-mammalian vertebrates and seek the answer why the system is shaped the way it is. We enquire into the conservation of the CART system and appreciate its functional diversity across the phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
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Chee MJS, Pissios P, Maratos-Flier E. Neurochemical characterization of neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 in the mouse hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2208-34. [PMID: 23605441 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts via MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) in the mouse. It promotes positive energy balance; thus, mice lacking MCH or MCHR1 are lean, hyperactive, and resistant to diet-induced obesity. Identifying the cellular targets of MCH is an important step to understanding the mechanisms underlying MCH actions. We generated the Mchr1-cre mouse that expresses cre recombinase driven by the MCHR1 promoter and crossed it with a tdTomato reporter mouse. The resulting Mchr1-cre/tdTomato progeny expressed easily detectable tdTomato fluorescence in MCHR1 neurons, which were found throughout the olfactory system, striatum, and hypothalamus. To chemically identify MCH-targeted cell populations that play a role in energy balance, MCHR1 hypothalamic neurons were characterized by colabeling select hypothalamic neuropeptides with tdTomato fluorescence. TdTomato fluorescence colocalized with dynorphin, oxytocin, vasopressin, enkephalin, thyrothropin-releasing hormone, and corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus. In the lateral hypothalamus, neurotensin, but neither orexin nor MCH neurons, expressed tdTomato. In the arcuate nucleus, both Neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin cells expressed tdTomato. We further demonstrated that some of these arcuate neurons were also targets of leptin action. Interestingly, MCHR1 was expressed in the vast majority of leptin-sensitive proopiomelanocortin neurons, highlighting their importance for the orexigenic actions of MCH. Taken together, this study supports the use of the Mchr1-cre mouse for outlining the neuroanatomical distribution and neurochemical phenotype of MCHR1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J S Chee
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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The vertebrate diencephalic MCH system: a versatile neuronal population in an evolving brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:65-87. [PMID: 23088995 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons synthesizing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are described in the posterior hypothalamus of all vertebrates investigated so far. However, their anatomy is very different according to species: they are small and periventricular in lampreys, cartilaginous fishes or anurans, large and neuroendocrine in bony fishes, or distributed over large regions of the lateral hypothalamus in many mammals. An analysis of their comparative anatomy alongside recent data about the development of the forebrain, suggests that although very different, MCH neurons of the caudal hypothalamus are homologous. We further hypothesize that their divergent anatomy is linked to divergence in the forebrain - in particular telencephalic evolution.
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Abstract
The mammalian brain is composed of thousands of interacting neural cell types. Systematic approaches to establish the molecular identity of functional populations of neurons would advance our understanding of neural mechanisms controlling behavior. Here, we show that ribosomal protein S6, a structural component of the ribosome, becomes phosphorylated in neurons activated by a wide range of stimuli. We show that these phosphorylated ribosomes can be captured from mouse brain homogenates, thereby enriching directly for the mRNAs expressed in discrete subpopulations of activated cells. We use this approach to identify neurons in the hypothalamus regulated by changes in salt balance or food availability. We show that galanin neurons are activated by fasting and that prodynorphin neurons restrain food intake during scheduled feeding. These studies identify elements of the neural circuit that controls food intake and illustrate how the activity-dependent capture of cell-type-specific transcripts can elucidate the functional organization of a complex tissue.
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Ruiz-Pino F, Navarro VM, Bentsen AH, Garcia-Galiano D, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Ciofi P, Steiner RA, Mikkelsen JD, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Neurokinin B and the control of the gonadotropic axis in the rat: developmental changes, sexual dimorphism, and regulation by gonadal steroids. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4818-29. [PMID: 22822161 PMCID: PMC3512006 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin B (NKB), encoded by Tac2 in rodents, and its receptor, NK3R, have recently emerged as important regulators of reproduction; NKB has been proposed to stimulate kisspeptin output onto GnRH neurons. Accordingly, NKB has been shown to induce gonadotropin release in several species; yet, null or even inhibitory effects of NKB have been also reported. The basis for these discrepant findings, as well as other key aspects of NKB function, remains unknown. We report here that in the rat, LH responses to the NK3R agonist, senktide, display a salient sexual dimorphism, with persistent stimulation in females, regardless of the stage of postnatal development, and lack of LH responses in males from puberty onward. Such dimorphism was independent of the predominant sex steroid after puberty, because testosterone administration to adult females failed to prevent LH responses to senktide, and LH responsiveness was not restored in adult males treated with estradiol or the nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone. Yet, removal of sex steroids by gonadectomy switched senktide effects to inhibitory, both in adult male and female rats. Sexual dimorphism was also evident in the numbers of NKB-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which were higher in adult female rats. This is likely the result of differences in sex steroid milieu during early periods of brain differentiation, because neonatal exposures to high doses of estrogen decreased ARC NKB neurons at later developmental stages. Likewise, neonatal estrogenization resulted in lower serum LH levels that were normalized by senktide administration. Finally, we document that the ability of estrogen to inhibit hypothalamic Tac2 expression seems region specific, because estrogen administration decreased Tac2 levels in the ARC but increased them in the lateral hypothalamus. Altogether, our data provide a deeper insight into relevant aspects of NKB function as major regulator of the gonadotropic axis in the rat, including maturational changes, sexual dimorphism, and differential regulation by sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ruiz-Pino
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Croizier S, Amiot C, Chen X, Presse F, Nahon JL, Wu JY, Fellmann D, Risold PY. Development of posterior hypothalamic neurons enlightens a switch in the prosencephalic basic plan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28574. [PMID: 22194855 PMCID: PMC3241628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats and mice, ascending and descending axons from neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) reach the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. However, these ascending and descending projections originate from distinct sub-populations expressing or not “Cocaine-and-Amphetamine-Regulated-Transcript” (CART) peptide. Using a BrdU approach, MCH cell bodies are among the very first generated in the hypothalamus, within a longitudinal cell cord made of earliest delaminating neuroblasts in the diencephalon and extending from the chiasmatic region to the ventral midbrain. This region also specifically expresses the regulatory genes Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Nkx2.2. First MCH axons run through the tractus postopticus (tpoc) which gathers pioneer axons from the cell cord and courses parallel to the Shh/Nkx2.2 expression domain. Subsequently generated MCH neurons and ascending MCH axons differentiate while neurogenesis and mantle layer differentiation are generalized in the prosencephalon, including telencephalon. Ascending MCH axons follow dopaminergic axons of the mesotelencephalic tract, both being an initial component of the medial forebrain bundle (mfb). Netrin1 and Slit2 proteins that are involved in the establishment of the tpoc and mfb, respectively attract or repulse MCH axons. We conclude that first generated MCH neurons develop in a diencephalic segment of a longitudinal Shh/Nkx2.2 domain. This region can be seen as a prosencephalic segment of a medial neurogenic column extending from the chiasmatic region through the ventral neural tube. However, as the telencephalon expends, it exerts a trophic action and the mfb expands, inducing a switch in the longitudinal axial organization of the prosencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Croizier
- EA3922, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- IFR133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Clotilde Amiot
- EA3922, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- IFR133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Françoise Presse
- UMR 6097 CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- UMR 6097 CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dominique Fellmann
- EA3922, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- IFR133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA3922, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- IFR133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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Chung S, Verheij MMM, Hesseling P, van Vugt RWM, Buell M, Belluzzi JD, Geyer MA, Martens GJM, Civelli O. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system modulates behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19286. [PMID: 21818251 PMCID: PMC3139593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle have been known as characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. PPI disruption is thought to rely on the activity of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and is inhibited by most antipsychotic drugs. These drugs however act also at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and exert adverse locomotor responses. Finding a way to inhibit the mesocorticolimbic- without affecting the nigrostriatal-dopaminergic pathway may thus be beneficial to antipsychotic therapies. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been shown to modulate dopamine-related responses. Its receptor (MCH1R) is expressed at high levels in the mesocorticolimbic and not in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Interestingly a genomic linkage study revealed significant associations between schizophrenia and markers located in the MCH1R gene locus. We hypothesize that the MCH system can selectively modulate the behavior associated with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Using mice, we found that central administration of MCH potentiates apomorphine-induced PPI deficits. Using congenic rat lines that differ in their responses to PPI, we found that the rats that are susceptible to apomorphine (APO-SUS rats) and exhibit PPI deficits display higher MCH mRNA expression in the lateral hypothalamic region and that blocking the MCH system reverses their PPI deficits. On the other hand, in mice and rats, activation or inactivation of the MCH system does not affect stereotyped behaviors, dopamine-related responses that depend on the activity of the nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore MCH does not affect dizocilpine-induced PPI deficit, a glutamate related response. Thus, our data present the MCH system as a regulator of sensorimotor gating, and provide a new rationale to understand the etiologies of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hesseling
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahalah Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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