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Derman RC, Lattal KM. Sex-dependent effects of acute stress in adolescence or adulthood on appetitive motivation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1645-1662. [PMID: 38753027 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intensely stressful experiences can lead to long-lasting changes in appetitive and aversive behaviors. In humans, post-traumatic stress disorder increases the risk of comorbid appetitive disorders including addiction and obesity. We have previously shown that an acute stressful experience in adult male rats suppresses motivation for natural reward. OBJECTIVES We examine the impact of sex and age on the effects of intense stress on action-based (instrumental) and stimulus-based (Pavlovian) motivation for natural reward (food). METHODS Rats received 15 unsignaled footshocks (stress) in a single session followed by appetitive training and testing in a distinct context. In Experiment 1, stress occurred in either adolescence (PN28) or adulthood (PN70) with appetitive training and testing beginning on PN71 for all rats. In Experiment 2, stress and appetitive training/testing occurred in adolescence. RESULTS Acute stress in adolescent females suppressed instrumental motivation assessed with progressive ratio testing when testing occurred in late adolescence or in adulthood, whereas in males stress in adolescence did not suppress instrumental motivation. Acute stress in adulthood did not alter instrumental motivation. In contrast, Pavlovian motivation assessed with single-outcome Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (SO-PIT) was consistently enhanced in females following adolescent or adult stress. In males, however, stress in adolescence had no effect, whereas stress in adulthood attenuated SO-PIT. CONCLUSIONS Acute stress in adolescence or adulthood altered instrumental motivation and stimulus-triggered Pavlovian motivation in a sex and developmentally specific manner. These findings suggest that the persistent effects of acute stress on Pavlovian and instrumental motivational processes differ in females and males, and that males may be less vulnerable to the deleterious effects of intense stress during adolescence on appetitive motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifka C Derman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is an emerging microbial chassis for biobased chemical production from renewable feedstocks and environmental bioremediation. However, tools for studying, engineering, and modulating protein complexes and biosynthetic enzymes in this organism are largely underdeveloped. Genetic code expansion for the incorporation of unnatural amino acids (unAAs) into proteins can advance such efforts and, furthermore, enable additional controls of biological processes of the strain. In this work, we established the orthogonality of two widely used archaeal tRNA synthetase and tRNA pairs in KT2440. Following the optimization of decoding systems, four unAAs were incorporated into proteins in response to a UAG stop codon at 34.6-78% efficiency. In addition, we demonstrated the utility of genetic code expansion through the incorporation of a photocross-linking amino acid, p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (pBpa), into glutathione S-transferase (GstA) and a chemosensory response regulator (CheY) for protein-protein interaction studies in KT2440. This work reported the successful genetic code expansion in KT2440 for the first time. Given the diverse structure and functions of unAAs that have been added to protein syntheses using the archaeal systems, our research lays down a solid foundation for future work to study and enhance the biological functions of KT2440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan He
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States
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Chen M, Fu Y. Adverse Childhood Experiences: Are They Associated With Greater Risk of Elder Abuse Victimization? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17662-NP17687. [PMID: 34641720 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though a growing number of studies have examined the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative later-life health outcomes, the effects of these early life-course factors on elder abuse victimization have yet to be fully investigated. Using a life-course perspective, this study examines the associations between ACEs and elder abuse victimization. We used data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Beijing, China. A total of 1,002 older adults were included in this study. Retrospective self-report items were used to measure ACEs and elder abuse victimization in later life. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations between ACEs and elder abuse victimization. Five types of ACEs (i.e., socio-economic difficulty of the original family, parental divorce, frequent quarrels between parents, frequent physical punishment by parents, and starvation) were associated with a higher risk of elder abuse victimization. After controlling for participants' socio-demographic characteristics and adding these five types of ACEs simultaneously in the multivariate regression model, the poor socio-economic status of the original family (OR = 1.759, p < .05) and suffering frequent physical punishment inflicted by parents (OR = 2.288, p < .05) were found to be significantly associated with elder abuse victimization. To have multiple (at least 4) ACEs is a risk factor for elder abuse victimization as well (OR = 3.06, p < .001). This study provides evidence for ACEs as risk factors for elder abuse victimization. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening our understanding of the impacts of ACEs in both research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtong Chen
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Beijing Normal University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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Santo T, Campbell G, Gisev N, Tran LT, Colledge S, Di Tanna GL, Degenhardt L. Prevalence of childhood maltreatment among people with opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108459. [PMID: 33401031 PMCID: PMC7855829 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experience of childhood maltreatment (CM) is a risk factor for opioid use disorder (OUD). CM is also associated with comorbid mental disorders and poor treatment outcomes among people with OUD. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of CM among people with OUD. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO to identify observational studies that evaluated CM among people with OUD from January 1990 to June 2020. Prevalence of each CM type, sample characteristics, and methodological factors were extracted from each eligible study. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool prevalence estimates. Stratified meta-analyses were used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS Of the 6,438 publications identified, 113 studies reported quantitative CM data among people with OUD and 62 studies (k = 62; N = 21,871) were included in primary analyses. Among people with OUD, the estimated prevalence of sexual abuse was 41% (95% CI 36-47%; k = 38) among women and 16% (95% CI 12-20%; k = 25) among men. Among all people with OUD, prevalence estimates were 38% (95% CI 33-44%; k = 48) for physical abuse, 43% (95% CI 38-49%; k = 31) for emotional abuse, 38% (95% CI 30-46%; k = 17) for physical neglect, and 42% (95% CI 32-51%; k = 17) for emotional neglect. Sex, history of injecting drug use, recruitment methods, and method of assessing CM were associated with substantial heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS People with OUD frequently report the experience of CM, supporting the need for trauma-informed interventions among this population. Future research should consider the impact of CM on OUD presentations and when assessment is appropriate, use of validated instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Santo
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle Campbell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Natasa Gisev
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Lucy Thi Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Samantha Colledge
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, 18 High Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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Huang C, Yuan Q, Zhang L, Wang L, Cui S, Zhang K, Zhou X. Associations Between Childhood Trauma and the Age of First-Time Drug Use in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:658205. [PMID: 33868060 PMCID: PMC8044866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma is related to substance use disorder; however, few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and the age at which the drug was first used. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma and the age of first-time drug use among methamphetamine-dependent patients. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of adverse family environment associated with severe childhood trauma and the risk factors for starting drugs in minors. A baseline interview was conducted with 110 participants who were in detoxification, including demographic information, past substance use, and age of first-time drug use. The participants' childhood trauma experience before 18 years of age was evaluated using the simplified version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF). The Chinese version of the Family Environment Scale (FES-CV) was used to assess the family environment of methamphetamine-dependent patients. Among 110 non-injecting methamphetamine-dependent patients, nearly half (n = 48, 43.6%) had moderate and severe childhood trauma. Correlation analysis showed that the age of first-time drug use negatively correlated with emotional abuse (r = -0.32, p < 0.01) and physical abuse (r = -0.27, p < 0.01). The age of first-time drug use negatively correlated with conflict (r = -0.20, p < 0.05) and independence (r = -0.22, p < 0.05) of family environment, but positively correlated with intellectual-cultural orientation (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). Additionally, childhood trauma factors significantly correlated with many indexes of family environment, especially cohesion (r = -0.45, p < 0.01), conflict (r = 0.49, p < 0.01), and independence (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). Additionally, the regression model showed that when emotional abuse increased by one point, the age of first-time drug use was 0.69 years earlier. These findings suggest that a detrimental family environment can aggravate childhood trauma, and the experience of childhood emotional or physical abuse may be an effective predictor of early drug use among methamphetamine-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Huang
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyu Yuan
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Cui
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Perrone E, De Bei F, Cristofari G. Law and mental health: A bridge between individual neurobiology and the collective organization of behaviors. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110004. [PMID: 32758868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders (MD) or mental symptoms (MS) have multifactorial causes. Today we know much more about the variables that cause individual MD\MS, but in our opinion these characterizations, although essential, are not sufficient to account for the complexity in which we live. For example, they do not explain in a coherent and empirically verifiable way how the biological individual relates to the social architecture in which he lives. This article presents a hypothesis that connects social and organizational structures to the emergence of symptoms and mental disorders in the population. It is our belief that some of these structures fundamentally impact the distribution of MD/MS in a population and the medical and psychological communities must consider this impact seriously. Laws aim at directing the behavior of groups of people, whose behavior is strictly interdependent with their neurobiology. Given the ability of laws to direct the behaviors that regulate social interactions, traumatic factors may be considered capable of linking a non-material object (e.g., a law) to a real effect (e.g., MS/MD). We discuss, as a paradigmatic example, the laws that regulate the use of psychotropic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Perrone
- Faculty of Medicine and surgery, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco De Bei
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Cristofari
- Department of Political Sciences, Communication and International Relations, University of Macerata, Italy
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Hörberg N, Kouros I, Ekselius L, Cunningham J, Willebrand M, Ramklint M. Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report Short Form (ETISR-SF): validation of the Swedish translation in clinical and non-clinical samples. Nord J Psychiatry 2019; 73:81-89. [PMID: 30900487 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1498127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood trauma in an important public health concern, and there is a need for brief and easily administered assessment tools. The Early Trauma Inventory (ETI) is one such instrument. The aim of this paper is to test the psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the short, self-rated version (ETISR-SF), and to further validate the instrument. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 243 psychiatric patients from an open care unit in Sweden and 56 controls were recruited. Participants were interviewed and thereafter completed the ETISR-SF. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and goodness-of-fit was determined. Intra Class Correlation (ICC) was used to calculate test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity between groups was gauged using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha varied between 0.55 and 0.76, with higher values in clinical samples than in controls. Of the four domains, general trauma showed a lower alpha than the other domains. The CFA confirmed the four-factor model previously seen and showed good to acceptable fit. The ICC value was 0.93, indicating good test-retest reliability. According to the Mann-Whitney U-test, the non-clinical sample differed significantly from the clinical sample, as did those with PTSD or borderline diagnosis from those without these diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The Swedish translation of the ETISR-SF was found to have similar psychometric properties as both the original version and translations. ETISR-SF scores could also distinguish between different diagnostic groups associated with various degrees of trauma, which supports its discriminant validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hörberg
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Ioannis Kouros
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Janet Cunningham
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mimmie Willebrand
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mia Ramklint
- a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Apple Flavonoids Suppress Carcinogen-Induced DNA Damage in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1767198. [PMID: 28698766 PMCID: PMC5494106 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1767198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Scope Human neoplastic transformation due to DNA damage poses an increasing global healthcare concern. Maintaining genomic integrity is crucial for avoiding tumor initiation and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an apple flavonoid fraction (AF4) against various carcinogen-induced toxicity in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and its mechanism of DNA damage response and repair processes. Methods and Results AF4-pretreated cells were exposed to nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketones (NNK), NNK acetate (NNK-Ae), methotrexate (MTX), and cisplatin to validate cytotoxicity, total reactive oxygen species, intracellular antioxidants, DNA fragmentation, and DNA tail damage. Furthermore, phosphorylated histone (γ-H2AX) and proteins involved in DNA damage (ATM/ATR, Chk1, Chk2, and p53) and repair (DNA-PKcs and Ku80) mechanisms were evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that AF4-pretreated cells showed lower cytotoxicity, total ROS generation, and DNA fragmentation along with consequent inhibition of DNA tail moment. An increased level of γ-H2AX and DNA damage proteins was observed in carcinogen-treated cells and that was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited in AF4-pretreated cells, in an ATR-dependent manner. AF4 pretreatment also facilitated the phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs and thus initiation of repair mechanisms. Conclusion Apple flavonoids can protect in vitro oxidative DNA damage and facilitate repair mechanisms.
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Abajobir AA, Kisely S, Williams G, Clavarino A, Strathearn L, Najman JM. Gender-based differences in injecting drug use by young adults who experienced maltreatment in childhood: Findings from an Australian birth cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 173:163-169. [PMID: 28259090 PMCID: PMC5638448 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment has been associated with a range of adverse mental and psychosocial outcomes, but its association with subsequent injecting drug use (IDU) is less clear. This study investigates the associations between specific and multiple forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment and IDU reported at 21 years. METHOD The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a prospective birth cohort study. It recruited pregnant women at their first antenatal clinic visit and collected data on their children at 21 years. Data from 3750 participants (1769 males and 1981 females) were analysed using agency substantiated childhood maltreatment from birth to 14 years of age and self-reports of ever IDU at 21 years. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to control for possible confounders. RESULTS The sample's mean age was 20.6 years. Some 4.1% (n=72) of males and 4.6% (n=91) of females had experienced substantiated childhood maltreatment. The prevalence of IDU was 6.6% (n=118) and 4.6% (n=91) for males and females, respectively. In adjusted models, all forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment, with the exception of sexual abuse, were associated with IDU in females (adjusted odds ratios (AORs)=2.69-3.02) but only emotional abuse (AOR=2.51) was associated with IDU in males. Multiply occurring forms of childhood maltreatment were also associated with IDU in females (AORs=2.36-3.41) but not in males. CONCLUSIONS Injecting drug use appears to be an adverse outcome of childhood maltreatment particularly in females. Additional research is needed to better understand why females appear to be more affected than males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Kisely
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia,Departments of Psychiatry, Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Gail Williams
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Alexandra Clavarino
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lane Strathearn
- Department of Paediatrics, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jake Moses Najman
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia,School of Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia,Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
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11
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Associations between childhood trauma and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs. Addict Behav 2015; 43:83-8. [PMID: 25588793 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although people who inject drugs (IDU) remain at a high risk of accidental overdose, interventions that address overdose remain limited. Accordingly there is a continuing need to identify psychological and social factors that shape overdose risk. Despite being reported frequently among IDU, childhood trauma has received little attention as a potential risk factor for overdose. This study aims to evaluate relationships between non-fatal overdose and five forms of childhood maltreatment among a cohort of IDU in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS Data was obtained from two prospective cohorts of IDU between December 2005 and May 2013. Multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to explore relationships between five forms of childhood trauma and non-fatal overdose, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS During the study period, 1697 IDU, including 552 (32.5%) women, were followed up. At baseline, 1136 (67.0%) participants reported at least one form of childhood trauma, while 4-9% reported a non-fatal overdose at each semi-annual follow-up. In multivariate analyses, physical [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.71], sexual (AOR: 1.48, CI: 1.17-1.87), and emotional abuse (AOR: 1.54, CI: 1.22-1.93) and physical neglect (AOR: 1.28, CI: 1.01-1.62) were independently associated with non-fatal overdose (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma was common among participants, and reporting an experience of trauma was positively associated with non-fatal overdose. These findings highlight the need to provide intensive overdose prevention to trauma survivors and to incorporate screening for childhood trauma into health and social programs tailored to IDU.
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12
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Oswald LM, Wand GS, Kuwabara H, Wong DF, Zhu S, Brasic JR. History of childhood adversity is positively associated with ventral striatal dopamine responses to amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2417-33. [PMID: 24448898 PMCID: PMC4040334 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Childhood exposure to severe or chronic trauma is an important risk factor for the later development of adult mental health problems, such as substance abuse. Even in nonclinical samples of healthy adults, persons with a history of significant childhood adversity seem to experience greater psychological distress than those without this history. Evidence from rodent studies suggests that early life stress may impair dopamine function in ways that increase risks for drug abuse. However, the degree to which these findings translate to other species remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine associations between childhood adversity and dopamine and subjective responses to amphetamine in humans. METHODS Following intake assessment, 28 healthy male and female adults, aged 18-29 years, underwent two consecutive 90-min positron emission tomography studies with high specific activity [(11)C]raclopride. The first scan was preceded by intravenous saline; the second by amphetamine (AMPH 0.3 mg/kg). RESULTS Consistent with prior literature, findings showed positive associations between childhood trauma and current levels of perceived stress. Moreover, greater number of traumatic events and higher levels of perceived stress were each associated with higher ventral striatal dopamine responses to AMPH. Findings of mediation analyses further showed that a portion of the relationship between childhood trauma and dopamine release may be mediated by perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results are consistent with preclinical findings suggesting that early trauma may lead to enhanced sensitivity to psychostimulants and that this mechanism may underlie increased vulnerability for drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Oswald
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gary S. Wand
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hiroto Kuwabara
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shijun Zhu
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James R. Brasic
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Dean AC, Kohno M, Hellemann G, London ED. Childhood maltreatment and amygdala connectivity in methamphetamine dependence: a pilot study. Brain Behav 2014; 4:867-76. [PMID: 25365801 PMCID: PMC4178299 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood maltreatment, a well-known risk factor for the development of substance abuse disorders, is associated with functional and structural abnormalities in the adult brain, particularly in the limbic system. However, almost no research has examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and brain function in individuals with drug abuse disorders. METHODS We conducted a pilot study of the relationship between childhood maltreatment (evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; Bernstein and Fink 1998) and resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala (bilateral region of interest) with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 15 abstinent, methamphetamine-dependent research participants. Within regions that showed connectivity with the amygdala as a function of maltreatment, we also evaluated whether amygdala connectivity was associated positively with negative affect and negatively with healthy emotional processing. RESULTS The results indicated that childhood maltreatment was positively associated with resting-state connectivity between the amygdala and right hippocampus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, right orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. Furthermore, connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus was positively related to measures of depression, trait anxiety, and emotion dysregulation, and negatively related to self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may contribute to increased limbic connectivity and maladaptive emotional processing in methamphetamine-dependent adults, and that healthy emotion regulation strategies may serve as a therapeutic target to ameliorate the associated behavioral phenotype. Childhood maltreatment warrants further investigation as a potentially important etiological factor in the neurobiology and treatment of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 760 Westwood Plaza, 90024, Los Angeles, California, USA ; Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 760 Westwood Plaza, 90024, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 760 Westwood Plaza, 90024, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 760 Westwood Plaza, 90024, Los Angeles, California, USA ; Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA ; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Osório FL, Salum GA, Donadon MF, Forni-dos-Santos L, Loureiro SR, Crippa JAS. Psychometrics properties of early trauma inventory self report - short form (ETISR-SR) for the Brazilian context. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76337. [PMID: 24098478 PMCID: PMC3789732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to translate and validate Early Trauma Inventory Self Report -Short Form (ETISR-SF) to Brazilian Portuguese. 253 adult subjects answered the ETISR-SF, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). The instrument showed good internal consistency (0.83). Correlations with the PHQ-9 and BAI were moderate (r=0.26-0.47) and showed the expected associations with psychiatric constructs. No associations were found for FTND and FAST. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that a correlated four-factor model as well as a second order model subsuming four lower order components presented the best model fit. Test-retest reliability was also excellent (ICC=0.78-0.90). ETISR-SF is suitable for assessing traumatic experiences in a Brazilian community sample. Given the importance of trauma as a public health problem, tools such as ETISR-SF may help clinicians/ researchers to better evaluate and measure such events and further advance clinical care of trauma victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia L. Osório
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do, Federative Republic of Brazil, Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fortunata Donadon
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Forni-dos-Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sonia Regina Loureiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S. Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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St John-Smith P, McQueen D, Edwards L, Schifano F. Classical and novel psychoactive substances: rethinking drug misuse from an evolutionary psychiatric perspective. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:394-401. [PMID: 23881888 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, ontogenetic and phylogenetic causes of drug abuse and links to human emotional development are considered. Some evolutionary perspectives (e.g. that under certain conditions, consumption of otherwise toxic alkaloids may confer both physical and cultural advantages) are reviewed. As described in the 'mismatch theory', the capacity of the human genome to evolve defences against toxins has been outstripped by the pace of cultural change and technological development, such as purposeful fermentation of alcohol and more recently distillation of alcohol; purification and chemical manipulation of plant alkaloids; and the engineering of entirely novel psychoactive substances (NPS). The functions of the neurobiological substrates that mediate substance misuse and dependence are reviewed. Reasons are given why NPSs present greater cause for concern than plant-derived substances of abuse. We argue that evolutionary biology provides an important orientation for the research agenda in substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul St John-Smith
- Hertsmere Community Mental Health Team, Hertfordshire Partnership Foundation Trust, Borehamwood, UK.
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Ding C, Xia L. Posttraumatic reactions to an earthquake: multidimensional scaling profile analysis of adolescent survivors. J Health Psychol 2013; 19:1055-65. [PMID: 23685726 DOI: 10.1177/1359105313483644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the prototypical profiles of posttraumatic stress reactions among a sample of 282 adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Based on a dimensional perspective, the results of profile analysis via multidimensional scaling (PAMS) model revealed a two-dimensional solution corresponding to four profiles: intrusion, avoidance/arousal, partial avoidance, and hyperarousal. These profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms equally manifested across gender. In addition, the Intrusion Profile was found to be associated with more elevated psychological distress symptoms. Results are discussed with respect to the typical posttraumatic stress symptoms following the earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Ding
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA School of Psychology Southwest University, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Western countries is high and is associated with lower quality of life and reduces the effectiveness of treatment programs. The aim of this study is to provide a review about psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs in Asia and Africa, where HIV prevalence is high and still increasing. RECENT FINDINGS Studies focusing on psychiatric comorbidity in Asia and Africa are scarce. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity is comparable with the prevalence in western countries. Psychiatric disorders can occur before or during drug abuse and are also associated with substance abuse and physical comorbidity and its treatments. Childhood trauma followed by post-traumatic disorders is a significant risk factor for substance abuse. Psychiatric co-occurring disorders influence the adherence to the physical and drug use treatment. Evidence-based treatment for psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs is still limited. SUMMARY A better understanding of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in IDUs and its impact on the overall treatments is growing. However, more studies focusing on the treatment for psychiatric comorbidity in IDUs in Asia and Africa are needed.
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