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Akyazı O, Korkmaz D, Cevher SC. Experimental Parkinson models and green chemistry approach. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115092. [PMID: 38844056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's is the most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. Motor findings in Parkinson's occur as a result of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons starting in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ending in the putamen and caudate nucleus. Loss of neurons and the formation of inclusions called Lewy bodies in existing neurons are characteristic histopathological findings of Parkinson's. The disease primarily impairs the functional capacity of the person with cardinal findings such as tremor, bradykinesia, etc., as a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Experimental animal models of Parkinson's have been used extensively in recent years to investigate the pathology of this disease. These models are generally based on systemic or local(intracerebral) administration of neurotoxins, which can replicate many features of Parkinson's mammals. The development of transgenic models in recent years has allowed us to learn more about the modeling of Parkinson's. Applying animal modeling, which shows the most human-like effects in studies, is extremely important. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress increases in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and various age-related degenerative diseases in humans and that neurons are sensitive to it. In cases where oxidative stress increases and antioxidant systems are inadequate, natural molecules such as flavonoids and polyphenols can be used as a new antioxidant treatment to reduce neuronal reactive oxygen species and improve the neurodegenerative process. Therefore, in this article, we examined experimental animal modeling in Parkinson's disease and the effect of green chemistry approaches on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Akyazı
- Gazi University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey.
| | - Dılara Korkmaz
- Gazi University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Sule Coskun Cevher
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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2
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Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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3
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Salaramoli S, Joshaghani HR, Hosseini M, Hashemy SI. Therapeutic Effects of Selenium on Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation in Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: Behavioral and Biochemical Outcomes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1115-1125. [PMID: 37386228 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of accumulated alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) in substantia nigra. Research has shown that selenium (Se) can protect neural cells through the actions of selenoproteins, including selenoprotein P (SelP) and selenoprotein S (SelS), which participate in endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In this study, we investigated the potential protective role of Se in a pre-clinical PD rat model.We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Se administration in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced unilateral rat PD model. Male Wistar rats were utilised for unilateral PD animal model which were subjected to stereotaxic surgery and injected with 20 μg 6-OHDA/5 μl 0.2% ascorbate saline. After confirming the model, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg of sodium selenite for 7 days. We then performed behavioral tests, including apomorphine-induced rotation, hanging, and rotarod tests. Following sacrifice, we analysed the substantia nigra area of the brain and serum for protein quantification, element analysis, and gene expression analysis.Our results indicate that the administration of 0.3 mg/kg of Se improved the motor deficiency in hanging, rotarod, and apomorphine-induced rotational tests. While there was no significant improvement in the expression of α-Syn, Se increased the expression of selenoproteins. Additionally, levels of selenoproteins, Se, and α-Syn both brain and serum were re-established by the treatment, suggesting the role of Se on the α-Syn accumulation. Furthermore, Se improved PD-induced biochemical deficits by increasing the levels of SelS and SelP (p<0.005).In conclusion, our findings suggest that Se may have a protective role in PD. 0.3 mg/kg dosage of Se increased the expression of selenoproteins, reduced the accumulation of α-Syn in the brain, and improved PD-induced motor deficits. These results suggest that Se may be a potential therapeutic option for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Salaramoli
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Laboratory Sciences Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Surgical Oncology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Khan E, Hasan I, Haque ME. Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Different Animal Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109088. [PMID: 37240432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling in non-human subjects is an essential part of any clinical research. To gain proper understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of any disease, experimental models are required to replicate the disease process. Due to the huge diversity in pathophysiology and prognosis in different diseases, animal modeling is customized and specific accordingly. As in other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder coupled with varying forms of physical and mental disabilities. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are associated with the accumulation of misfolded protein called α-synuclein as Lewy body, and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) area affecting the patient's motor activity. Extensive research has already been conducted regarding animal modeling of Parkinson's diseases. These include animal systems with induction of Parkinson's, either pharmacologically or via genetic manipulation. In this review, we will be summarizing and discussing some of the commonly employed Parkinson's disease animal model systems and their applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engila Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ikramul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Neuroprotective Effects of Nicotinamide against MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Mice: Impact on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4 Signaling Pathways. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112929. [PMID: 36428497 PMCID: PMC9687839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) is the amide form of niacin and an important precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is needed for energy metabolism and cellular functions. Additionally, it has shown neuroprotective properties in several neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we sought to investigate the potential protective mechanisms of NAM in an intraperitoneal (i.p) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model (wild-type mice (C57BL/6N), eight weeks old, average body weight 25-30 g). The study had four groups (n = 10 per group): control, MPTP (30 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days), MPTP treated with NAM (500 mg/kg, i.p for 10 days) and control treated with NAM. Our study showed that MPTP increased the expression of α-synuclein 2.5-fold, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 0.5-fold and dopamine transporters (DAT) levels up to 0.5-fold in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and impaired motor function. However, NAM treatment significantly reversed these PD-like pathologies. Furthermore, NAM treatment reduced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) between 0.5- and 1.0-fold. Lastly, NAM treatment regulated neuroinflammation by reducing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB, tumor (p-NFκB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels by 0.5- to 2-fold in the PD mouse brain. Overall, these findings suggest that NAM exhibits neuroprotective properties and may be an effective therapeutic agent for PD.
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Goloborshcheva VV, Kucheryanu VG, Voronina NA, Teterina EV, Ustyugov AA, Morozov SG. Synuclein Proteins in MPTP-Induced Death of Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Dopaminergic Neurons. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092278. [PMID: 36140378 PMCID: PMC9496024 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the key neurodegenerative disorders caused by a dopamine deficiency in the striatum due to the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The initially discovered A53T mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene was linked to the formation of cytotoxic aggregates: Lewy bodies in the DA neurons of PD patients. Further research has contributed to the discovery of beta- and gamma-synucleins, which presumably compensate for the functional loss of either member of the synuclein family. Here, we review research from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity models and various synuclein-knockout animals. We conclude that the differences in the sensitivity of the synuclein-knockout animals compared with the MPTP neurotoxin are due to the ontogenetic selection of early neurons followed by a compensatory effect of beta-synuclein, which optimizes dopamine capture in the synapses. Triple-knockout synuclein studies have confirmed the higher sensitivity of DA neurons to the toxic effects of MPTP. Nonetheless, beta-synuclein could modulate the alpha-synuclein function, preventing its aggregation and loss of function. Overall, the use of knockout animals has helped to solve the riddle of synuclein functions, and these proteins could be promising molecular targets for the development of therapies that are aimed at optimizing the synaptic function of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V. Goloborshcheva
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(909)-644-92-31
| | | | | | - Ekaterina V. Teterina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sergei G. Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Ninkina N, Millership SJ, Peters OM, Connor-Robson N, Chaprov K, Kopylov AT, Montoya A, Kramer H, Withers DJ, Buchman VL. β-synuclein potentiates synaptic vesicle dopamine uptake and rescues dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced death in the absence of other synucleins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101375. [PMID: 34736896 PMCID: PMC8633583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleins, a family of three proteins highly expressed in neurons, are predominantly known for the direct involvement of α-synuclein in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's and certain other neurodegenerative diseases, but their precise physiological functions are still not fully understood. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of α-synuclein as a modulator of various mechanisms implicated in chemical neurotransmission, but information concerning the involvement of other synuclein family members, β-synuclein and γ-synuclein, in molecular processes within presynaptic terminals is limited. Here, we demonstrated that the vesicular monoamine transporter 2-dependent dopamine uptake by synaptic vesicles isolated from the striatum of mice lacking β-synuclein is significantly reduced. Reciprocally, reintroduction, either in vivo or in vitro, of β-synuclein but not α-synuclein or γ-synuclein improves uptake by triple α/β/γ-synuclein-deficient striatal vesicles. We also showed that the resistance of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta to subchronic administration of the Parkinson's disease-inducing prodrug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine depends on the presence of β-synuclein but only when one or both other synucleins are absent. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of synuclein-deficient synaptic vesicles versus those containing only β-synuclein revealed differences in their protein compositions. We suggest that the observed potentiation of dopamine uptake by β-synuclein might be caused by different protein architecture of the synaptic vesicles. It is also feasible that such structural changes improve synaptic vesicle sequestration of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a toxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, which would explain why dopaminergic neurons expressing β-synuclein and lacking α-synuclein and/or γ-synuclein are resistant to this neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Steven J Millership
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen M Peters
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kirill Chaprov
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Arthur T Kopylov
- Department of Proteomic Research and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alex Montoya
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Kramer
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation.
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Wie J, Liu Z, Song H, Tropea TF, Yang L, Wang H, Liang Y, Cang C, Aranda K, Lohmann J, Yang J, Lu B, Chen-Plotkin AS, Luk KC, Ren D. A growth-factor-activated lysosomal K + channel regulates Parkinson's pathology. Nature 2021; 591:431-437. [PMID: 33505021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have fundamental physiological roles and have previously been implicated in Parkinson's disease1-5. However, how extracellular growth factors communicate with intracellular organelles to control lysosomal function is not well understood. Here we report a lysosomal K+ channel complex that is activated by growth factors and gated by protein kinase B (AKT) that we term lysoKGF. LysoKGF consists of a pore-forming protein TMEM175 and AKT: TMEM175 is opened by conformational changes in, but not the catalytic activity of, AKT. The minor allele at rs34311866, a common variant in TMEM175, is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease and reduces channel currents. Reduction in lysoKGF function predisposes neurons to stress-induced damage and accelerates the accumulation of pathological α-synuclein. By contrast, the minor allele at rs3488217-another common variant of TMEM175, which is associated with a decreased risk of developing Parkinson's disease-produces a gain-of-function in lysoKGF during cell starvation, and enables neuronal resistance to damage. Deficiency in TMEM175 leads to a loss of dopaminergic neurons and impairment in motor function in mice, and a TMEM175 loss-of-function variant is nominally associated with accelerated rates of cognitive and motor decline in humans with Parkinson's disease. Together, our studies uncover a pathway by which extracellular growth factors regulate intracellular organelle function, and establish a targetable mechanism by which common variants of TMEM175 confer risk for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wie
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunlei Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Aranda
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joey Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chaprov KD, Teterina EV, Roman AY, Ivanova TA, Goloborshcheva VV, Kucheryanu VG, Morozov SG, Lysikova EA, Lytkina OA, Koroleva IV, Popova NI, Antohin AI, Ovchinnikov RK, Kukharsky MS. Comparative Analysis of MPTP Neurotoxicity in Mice with a Constitutive Knockout of the α-Synuclein Gene. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by gradual progressive neuronal loss in the central nervous system. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of many of these diseases remains unknown. Synucleins are a family of small, highly charged proteins expressed predominantly in neurons. Following their discovery, much has been learned about their structure, function, interaction with other proteins and role in neurodegenerative disease over the last two decades. One of these proteins, α-Synuclein (α-Syn), appears to be involved in many neurodegenerative disorders. These include Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) and Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF), i.e., collectively termed α-synucleinopathies. This review focuses on α-Syn dysfunction in neurodegeneration and assesses its role in synucleinopathies from a biochemical, genetic and neuroimaging perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, 1st Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Sirtori R, Riva C, Ferrarese C, Sala G. HSPA8 knock-down induces the accumulation of neurodegenerative disorder-associated proteins. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135272. [PMID: 32712350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 family was demonstrated to play a critical role in protein homeostasis, a process profoundly impaired in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of different kind of proteins and the formation of insoluble aggregates which are toxic for neurons. To explore the role of heat shock protein family 70 (in particular HSPA8 and HSPA1A) in the accumulation of proteins implied in neurodegeneration pathogenesis, in this study we verified in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells how HSPA8 or HSPA1A knock-down can affect protein levels of tau, superoxide dismutase 1 and α-synuclein. We found HSPA8 and HSPA1A reduction caused an increase of tau, superoxide dismutase 1 and α-synuclein protein levels. We also noticed HSPA8 knock-down increased α-synuclein oligomeric forms and mRNA expression. Our results suggest HSPA8 can play an important role in the homeostasis of tau, superoxide dismutase 1 and α-synuclein and in the balance between α-synuclein oligomeric and monomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sirtori
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Chiara Riva
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology, ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Gessica Sala
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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12
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Trinh D, Israwi AR, Arathoon LR, Gleave JA, Nash JE. The multi-faceted role of mitochondria in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:715-752. [PMID: 33616931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function. They produce ATP to meet energy demands, regulate homeostasis of ion levels such as calcium and regulate reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative cellular stress. Mitochondria have also been shown to regulate protein synthesis within themselves, as well as within the nucleus, and also influence synaptic plasticity. These roles are especially important for neurons, which have higher energy demands and greater susceptibility to stress. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Glaucoma and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The focus of this review is on how and why mitochondrial function is linked to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of the PD-linked genetic mutations which have been identified result in dysfunctional mitochondria, through a wide-spread number of mechanisms. In this review, we describe how susceptible neurons are predisposed to be vulnerable to the toxic events that occur during the neurodegenerative process of PD, and how mitochondria are central to these pathways. We also discuss ways in which proteins linked with familial PD control mitochondrial function, both physiologically and pathologically, along with their implications in genome-wide association studies and risk assessment. Finally, we review potential strategies for disease modification through mitochondrial enhancement. Ultimately, agents capable of both improving and/or restoring mitochondrial function, either alone, or in conjunction with other disease-modifying agents may halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennison Trinh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay R Arathoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Gleave
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne E Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson's Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165724. [PMID: 32785033 PMCID: PMC7460874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and late-onset neurodegenerative disorders present as separate entities that are clinically and neuropathologically quite distinct. However, recent evidence has highlighted surprising commonalities and converging features at the clinical, genomic, and molecular level between these two disease spectra. This is particularly striking in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic causes and risk factors play a central role in disease pathophysiology and enable the identification of overlapping mechanisms and pathways. Here, we focus on clinico-genetic studies of causal variants and overlapping clinical and cellular features of ASD and PD. Several genes and genomic regions were selected for our review, including SNCA (alpha-synuclein), PARK2 (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), chromosome 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge region, and FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) repeat expansion, which influence the development of both ASD and PD, with converging features related to synaptic function and neurogenesis. Both PD and ASD display alterations and impairments at the synaptic level, representing early and key disease phenotypes, which support the hypothesis of converging mechanisms between the two types of diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms might inform on common targets and therapeutic approaches. We propose to re-conceptualize how we understand these disorders and provide a new angle into disease targets and mechanisms linking neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration.
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14
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Ghrelin protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity through promoting autophagy and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum mediated apoptosis. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147023. [PMID: 32710901 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the important pathology of PD due to the prominent loss of the dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum (STR). Although the etiology of PD is not fully understood, aggregation of α-synuclein, impaired autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Previously it has been demonstrated that Ghrelin is a kind of peptide protected dopaminergic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyran (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity, but the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present work, we investigated the effects of Ghrelin on autophagy and ERS-mediated apoptosis in the MPTP-lesioned PD mice model. We found that Ghrelin was neuroprotective against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Subsequently, we investigated Ghrelin inhibited the accumulation and phosphorylation of α-synuclein induced by MPTP. Moreover, Ghrelin promoted autophagy indicated by the up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 Light Chain 3B-II/I (LC3B-II/I) and Beclin1, as well as decreasing the level of p62 in the SNpc and STR. Besides, the activation of the ERS-related apoptosis signaling pathway including IRE1α and Caspase-12 signaling pathway induced by MPTP was suppressed by Ghrelin treatment. Furthermore, Ghrelin also decreased Caspase-3 expression. Taken together, our results indicated that Ghrelin may exert neuroprotective effects via regulating α-synuclein activities, enhancing autophagy, and ameliorating ERS-mediated apoptosis in MPTP-lesioned mice, which provides a new target for potential pharmacologic interventions of PD treatment in the future.
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Kwon S, Iba M, Kim C, Masliah E. Immunotherapies for Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases-Emerging Perspectives and New Targets. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:935-954. [PMID: 32347461 PMCID: PMC7222955 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular dementia (VCID) have no disease-modifying treatments to date and now constitute a dementia crisis that affects 5 million in the USA and over 50 million worldwide. The most common pathological hallmark of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of specific proteins, including amyloid beta (Aβ), tau, α-synuclein (α-syn), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), and repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) peptides, in the intra- and extracellular spaces of selected brain regions. Whereas it remains controversial whether these accumulations are pathogenic or merely a byproduct of disease, the majority of therapeutic research has focused on clearing protein aggregates. Immunotherapies have garnered particular attention for their ability to target specific protein strains and conformations as well as promote clearance. Immunotherapies can also be neuroprotective: by neutralizing extracellular protein aggregates, they reduce spread, synaptic damage, and neuroinflammation. This review will briefly examine the current state of research in immunotherapies against the 3 most commonly targeted proteins for age-related neurodegenerative disease: Aβ, tau, and α-syn. The discussion will then turn to combinatorial strategies that enhance the effects of immunotherapy against aggregating protein, followed by new potential targets of immunotherapy such as aging-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Kwon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Neuropathology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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16
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Ding J, Lian Y, Meng Y, He Y, Fan H, Li C, Qiu P. The effect of α-synuclein and Tau in methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:213-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Nielsen JJJ, Lillethorup TP, Glud AN, Sørensen JCH, Orlowski D. The application of iPSCs in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Singh B, Covelo A, Martell-Martínez H, Nanclares C, Sherman MA, Okematti E, Meints J, Teravskis PJ, Gallardo C, Savonenko AV, Benneyworth MA, Lesné SE, Liao D, Araque A, Lee MK. Tau is required for progressive synaptic and memory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of α-synucleinopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:551-574. [PMID: 31168644 PMCID: PMC6778173 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are clinically and neuropathologically highly related α-synucleinopathies that collectively constitute the second leading cause of neurodegenerative dementias. Genetic and neuropathological studies directly implicate α-synuclein (αS) abnormalities in PDD and DLB pathogenesis. However, it is currently unknown how αS abnormalities contribute to memory loss, particularly since forebrain neuronal loss in PDD and DLB is less severe than in Alzheimer's disease. Previously, we found that familial Parkinson's disease-linked human mutant A53T αS causes aberrant localization of the microtubule-associated protein tau to postsynaptic spines in neurons, leading to postsynaptic deficits. Thus, we directly tested if the synaptic and memory deficits in a mouse model of α-synucleinopathy (TgA53T) are mediated by tau. TgA53T mice exhibit progressive memory deficits associated with postsynaptic deficits in the absence of obvious neuropathological and neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus. Significantly, removal of endogenous mouse tau expression in TgA53T mice (TgA53T/mTau-/-), achieved by mating TgA53T mice to mouse tau-knockout mice, completely ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and concurrent synaptic deficits without affecting αS expression or accumulation of selected toxic αS oligomers. Among the known tau-dependent effects, memory deficits in TgA53T mice were associated with hippocampal circuit remodeling linked to chronic network hyperexcitability. This remodeling was absent in TgA53T/mTau-/- mice, indicating that postsynaptic deficits, aberrant network hyperactivity, and memory deficits are mechanistically linked. Our results directly implicate tau as a mediator of specific human mutant A53T αS-mediated abnormalities related to deficits in hippocampal neurotransmission and suggest a mechanism for memory impairment that occurs as a consequence of synaptic dysfunction rather than synaptic or neuronal loss. We hypothesize that these initial synaptic deficits contribute to network hyperexcitability which, in turn, exacerbate cognitive dysfunction. Our results indicate that these synaptic changes present potential therapeutic targets for amelioration of memory deficits in α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvindar Singh
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ana Covelo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Héctor Martell-Martínez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Carmen Nanclares
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mathew A Sherman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okematti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joyce Meints
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter J Teravskis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Gallardo
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alena V Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael A Benneyworth
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Mouse Behavior Core, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sylvain E Lesné
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- N. Budd Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dezhi Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael K Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Krishnamoorthy A, Sevanan M, Mani S, Balu M, Balaji S, P R. Chrysin restores MPTP induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors in an acute Parkinson’s disease mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Daniels MJ, Nourse JB, Kim H, Sainati V, Schiavina M, Murrali MG, Pan B, Ferrie JJ, Haney CM, Moons R, Gould NS, Natalello A, Grandori R, Sobott F, Petersson EJ, Rhoades E, Pierattelli R, Felli I, Uversky VN, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Krol ES, Ischiropoulos H. Cyclized NDGA modifies dynamic α-synuclein monomers preventing aggregation and toxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2937. [PMID: 30814575 PMCID: PMC6393491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates α-synuclein aggregation as a key driver of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, the molecular and structural mechanisms of inhibiting α-synuclein aggregation by novel analogs of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a phenolic dibenzenediol lignan, were explored using an array of biochemical and biophysical methodologies. NDGA analogs induced modest, progressive compaction of monomeric α-synuclein, preventing aggregation into amyloid-like fibrils. This conformational remodeling preserved the dynamic adoption of α-helical conformations, which are essential for physiological membrane interactions. Oxidation-dependent NDGA cyclization was required for the interaction with monomeric α-synuclein. NDGA analog-pretreated α-synuclein did not aggregate even without NDGA-analogs in the aggregation mixture. Strikingly, NDGA-pretreated α-synuclein suppressed aggregation of naïve untreated aggregation-competent monomeric α-synuclein. Further, cyclized NDGA reduced α-synuclein-driven neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. The cyclized NDGA analogs may serve as a platform for the development of small molecules that stabilize aggregation-resistant α-synuclein monomers without interfering with functional conformations yielding potential therapies for PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Daniels
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Brucker Nourse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Valerio Sainati
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Schiavina
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Murrali
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Buyan Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Conor M Haney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rani Moons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Neal S Gould
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Isabella Felli
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russian Federation
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Edward S Krol
- College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Jo MG, Ikram M, Jo MH, Yoo L, Chung KC, Nah SY, Hwang H, Rhim H, Kim MO. Gintonin Mitigates MPTP-Induced Loss of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons and Accumulation of α-Synuclein via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:39-55. [PMID: 29675576 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gintonin, a ginseng-derived glycolipoprotein isolated from ginseng, has been shown to be neuroprotective in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease models and depressive-like behaviors. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential protective mechanisms of gintonin in an in vivo MPTP and in vitro MPP+-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD) model. We hypothesized that activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1, potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration) with gintonin could abrogate PD-associated neurotoxicity by modulating the accumulation of α-synuclein, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic cell death in an MPTP/MPP+ models of PD. Our in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of gintonin were associated with the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase and apoptotic markers in the substantia nigra and striatum of the mice. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of gintonin were also associated with a reduction in α-synuclein accumulation in the mouse substantia nigra and striatum. The neuroprotective effects of gintonin were further validated by analyzing the effects of gintonin on MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells, which confirmed the protective effects of gintonin. It remains for future basic and clinical research to determine the potential use of gintonin in Parkinson's disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, marked alterations in biochemical and morphological setup of midbrain dopaminergic pathways by gintonin in MPTP mice model have not been previously reported. We believe that gintonin might be explored as an important therapeutic agent in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gi Jo
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52802, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52802, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52802, Republic of Korea
| | - Lang Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52802, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kang SS, Ahn EH, Zhang Z, Liu X, Manfredsson FP, Sandoval IM, Dhakal S, Iuvone PM, Cao X, Ye K. α-Synuclein stimulation of monoamine oxidase-B and legumain protease mediates the pathology of Parkinson's disease. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798878. [PMID: 29769405 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with abnormal dopamine metabolism by MAO-B (monoamine oxidase-B) and intracellular α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates, called the Lewy body. However, the molecular relationship between α-Syn and MAO-B remains unclear. Here, we show that α-Syn directly binds to MAO-B and stimulates its enzymatic activity, which triggers AEP (asparagine endopeptidase; legumain) activation and subsequent α-Syn cleavage at N103, leading to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the dopamine metabolite, DOPAL, strongly activates AEP, and the N103 fragment of α-Syn binds and activates MAO-B. Accordingly, overexpression of AEP in SNCA transgenic mice elicits α-Syn N103 cleavage and accelerates PD pathogenesis, and inhibition of MAO-B by Rasagiline diminishes α-Syn-mediated PD pathology and motor dysfunction. Moreover, virally mediated expression of α-Syn N103 induces PD pathogenesis in wild-type, but not MAO-B-null mice. Our findings thus support that AEP-mediated cleavage of α-Syn at N103 is required for the association and activation of MAO-B, mediating PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Susov Dhakal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA .,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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24
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Naringenin Decreases α-Synuclein Expression and Neuroinflammation in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model in Mice. Neurotox Res 2018; 33:656-670. [PMID: 29427283 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to ascertain the role of naringenin (NGN), a citrus fruit flavanone, against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced α-synuclein (SYN) pathology and neuroinflammation in a mouse model. NGN was administered to C57BL/6J mice once a day for 5 consecutive days prior to the MPTP intoxication. On day 5, 40-50 min after the NGN or vehicle administration, MPTP was injected in two divided doses (2× 40 mg/kg, i.p. at 16 h apart). The animals were observed for motor functions 48 h after the first MPTP injection. The animals were then euthanized, the brains collected to analyze SYN pathology, cytokines, and oxidative stress levels in the substantia nigra region. The NGN significantly downregulated SYN and upregulated dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expressions. It also downregulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL1β) mRNA expressions and improved superoxide dismutase levels. It also reduced glutathione levels when compared to vehicle-treated PD animals. The upregulation of TH corroborates to an increase in dopamine, DOPAC, and homovanillic acid turnover and motor functions with NGN treatment. To summarize, NGN, a dietary flavone, has the potential to counteract MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration by regulating SYN pathology, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. This warrants the investigation of NGN's potential effects in a genetic model of PD.
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Yun SP, Kim D, Kim S, Kim S, Karuppagounder SS, Kwon SH, Lee S, Kam TI, Lee S, Ham S, Park JH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Lee Y, Ko HS. α-Synuclein accumulation and GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA mutation contributes to MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:1. [PMID: 29310663 PMCID: PMC5759291 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) cause Gaucher disease (GD) and increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic PD, we investigated the susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in L444P GBA heterozygous knock-in (GBA+/L444P) mice to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a selective dopaminergic mitochondrial neurotoxin. Method We used GBA+/L444P mice, α-synuclein knockout (SNCA−/−) mice at 8 months of age, and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human GBA overexpression to investigate the rescue effect of DA neuronal loss and susceptibility by MPTP. Mitochondrial morphology and functional assay were used to identify mitochondrial defects in GBA+/L444P mice. Motor behavioral test, immunohistochemistry, and HPLC were performed to measure dopaminergic degeneration by MPTP and investigate the relationship between GBA mutation and α-synuclein. Mitochondrial immunostaining, qPCR, and Western blot were also used to study the effects of α-synuclein knockout or GBA overexpression on MPTP-induced mitochondrial defects and susceptibility. Results L444P GBA heterozygous mutation reduced GBA protein levels, enzymatic activity and a concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein in the midbrain of GBA+/L444P mice. Furthermore, the deficiency resulted in defects in mitochondria of cortical neurons cultured from GBA+/L444P mice. Notably, treatment with MPTP resulted in a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopaminergic fibers in GBA+/L444P mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Levels of striatal DA and its metabolites were more depleted in the striatum of GBA+/L444P mice. Behavioral deficits, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial defects were more exacerbated in GBA+/L444P mice after MPTP treatment. Importantly, MPTP induced PD-like symptoms were significantly improved by knockout of α-synuclein or augmentation of GBA via AAV5-hGBA injection in both WT and GBA+/L444P mice. Intriguingly, the degree of reduction in MPTP induced PD-like symptoms in GBA+/L444Pα-synuclein (SNCA)−/− mice was nearly equal to that in SNCA−/− mice after MPTP treatment. Conclusion Our results suggest that GBA deficiency due to L444P GBA heterozygous mutation and the accompanying accumulation of α-synuclein render DA neurons more susceptible to MPTP intoxication. Thus, GBA and α-synuclein play dual physiological roles in the survival of DA neurons in response to the mitochondrial dopaminergic neurotoxin, MPTP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-017-0233-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - SangMin Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saebom Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Motyl J, Wencel PL, Cieślik M, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Alpha-synuclein alters differently gene expression of Sirts, PARPs and other stress response proteins: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:727-740. [PMID: 28050792 PMCID: PMC5808059 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (ASN) is a presynaptic protein that can easily change its conformation under different types of stress. It's assumed that ASN plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanism of ASN toxicity has not been elucidated. This study focused on the role of extracellular ASN (eASN) in regulation of transcription of sirtuins (Sirts) and DNA-bound poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) - proteins crucial for cells' survival/death. Our results indicate that eASN enhanced the free radicals level, decreased mitochondria membrane potential, cells viability and activated cells' death. Concomitantly eASN activated expression of antioxidative proteins (Sod2, Gpx4, Gadd45b) and DNA-bound Parp2 and Parp3. Moreover, eASN upregulated expression of Sirt3 and Sirt5, but downregulated of Sirt1, which plays an important role in cell metabolism including Aβ precursor protein (APP) processing. eASN downregulated gene expression of APP alpha secretase (Adam10) and metalloproteinases Mmp2, Mmp10 but upregulated Mmp11. Additionally, expression and activity of pro-survival sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), Akt kinase and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 were inhibited. Moreover, higher expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and enhancement of apoptotic cells' death were observed. Summarizing, eASN significantly modulates transcription of Sirts and enzymes involved in APP/Aβ metabolism and through these mechanisms eASN toxicity may be enhanced. The inhibition of Sphk1 and Akt by eASN may lead to disturbances of survival pathways. These results suggest that eASN through alteration of transcription and by inhibition of pro-survival kinases may play important pathogenic role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Motyl
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P L Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Arshad AR, Sulaiman SA, Saperi AA, Jamal R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Abdul Murad NA. MicroRNAs and Target Genes As Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Early Onset of Parkinson Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:352. [PMID: 29163029 PMCID: PMC5671573 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks as the second most common disorder with a higher prevalence in individuals aged over 60 years old. Younger individuals may also be affected with PD which is known as early onset PD (EOPD). Despite similarities between the characteristics of EOPD and late onset PD (LODP), EOPD patients experience much longer disease manifestations and poorer quality of life. Although some individuals are more prone to have EOPD due to certain genetic alterations, the molecular mechanisms that differentiate between EOPD and LOPD remains unclear. Recent findings in PD patients revealed that there were differences in the genetic profiles of PD patients compared to healthy controls, as well as between EOPD and LOPD patients. There were variants identified that correlated with the decline of cognitive and motor symptoms as well as non-motor symptoms in PD. There were also specific microRNAs that correlated with PD progression, and since microRNAs have been shown to be involved in the maintenance of neuronal development, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, there is a strong possibility that these microRNAs can be potentially used to differentiate between subsets of PD patients. PD is mainly diagnosed at the late stage, when almost majority of the dopaminergic neurons are lost. Therefore, identification of molecular biomarkers for early detection of PD is important. Given that miRNAs are crucial in controlling the gene expression, these regulatory microRNAs and their target genes could be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. In this article, we discussed the genes involved and their regulatory miRNAs, regarding their roles in PD progression, based on the findings of significantly altered microRNAs in EOPD studies. We also discussed the potential of these miRNAs as molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Arshad
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Siti A. Sulaiman
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Amalia A. Saperi
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
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28
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Pathak D, Berthet A, Bendor JT, Yu K, Sellnow RC, Orr AL, Nguyen MK, Edwards RH, Manfredsson FP, Nakamura K. Loss of α-Synuclein Does Not Affect Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Rodent Neurons. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0216-16.2017. [PMID: 28462393 PMCID: PMC5409983 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0216-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased α-synuclein (αsyn) and mitochondrial dysfunction play central roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and lowering αsyn is under intensive investigation as a therapeutic strategy for PD. Increased αsyn levels disrupt mitochondria and impair respiration, while reduced αsyn protects against mitochondrial toxins, suggesting that interactions between αsyn and mitochondria influences the pathologic and physiologic functions of αsyn. However, we do not know if αsyn affects normal mitochondrial function or if lowering αsyn levels impacts bioenergetic function, especially at the nerve terminal where αsyn is enriched. To determine if αsyn is required for normal mitochondrial function in neurons, we comprehensively evaluated how lowering αsyn affects mitochondrial function. We found that αsyn knockout (KO) does not affect the respiration of cultured hippocampal neurons or cortical and dopaminergic synaptosomes, and that neither loss of αsyn nor all three (α, β and γ) syn isoforms decreased mitochondria-derived ATP levels at the synapse. Similarly, neither αsyn KO nor knockdown altered the capacity of synaptic mitochondria to meet the energy requirements of synaptic vesicle cycling or influenced the localization of mitochondria to dopamine (DA) synapses in vivo. Finally, αsyn KO did not affect overall energy metabolism in mice assessed with a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. These studies suggest either that αsyn has little or no significant physiological effect on mitochondrial bioenergetic function, or that any such functions are fully compensated for when lost. These results implicate that αsyn levels can be reduced in neurons without impairing (or improving) mitochondrial bioenergetics or distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pathak
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Amandine Berthet
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jacob T. Bendor
- Department of Neurology and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Katharine Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rhyomi C. Sellnow
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Adam L. Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Mai K Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Robert H. Edwards
- Department of Neurology and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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29
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Gordon R, Neal ML, Luo J, Langley MR, Harischandra DS, Panicker N, Charli A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Woodruff TM, Zhou QY, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Prokineticin-2 upregulation during neuronal injury mediates a compensatory protective response against dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12932. [PMID: 27703142 PMCID: PMC5059486 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticin-2 (PK2), a recently discovered secreted protein, regulates important physiological functions including olfactory biogenesis and circadian rhythms in the CNS. Interestingly, although PK2 expression is low in the nigral system, its receptors are constitutively expressed on nigrostriatal neurons. Herein, we demonstrate that PK2 expression is highly induced in nigral dopaminergic neurons during early stages of degeneration in multiple models of Parkinson's disease (PD), including PK2 reporter mice and MitoPark mice. Functional studies demonstrate that PK2 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and activates ERK and Akt survival signalling pathways, thereby driving neuroprotection. Importantly, PK2 overexpression is protective whereas PK2 receptor antagonism exacerbates dopaminergic degeneration in experimental PD. Furthermore, PK2 expression increased in surviving nigral dopaminergic neurons from PD brains, indicating that PK2 upregulation is clinically relevant to human PD. Collectively, our results identify a paradigm for compensatory neuroprotective PK2 signalling in nigral dopaminergic neurons that could have important therapeutic implications for PD. Prokineticin-2 (PK2) is a secreted protein involved in a number of physiological functions. Here, the authors find that PK2 expression increases in surviving DA neurons from Parkinson's disease patients, and show it protects against dopaminergic degeneration in PD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gordon
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew L Neal
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, 363D Med Surge 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Li XH, Dai CF, Chen L, Zhou WT, Han HL, Dong ZF. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone Ameliorates Motor Deficits Via Suppressing α-synuclein Expression and Oxidative Stress in the MPTP-induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:617-24. [PMID: 27079181 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and diminished dopamine content in the striatum, which is at least partly associated with α-synuclein protein overexpression in these neurons. Recent reports show that 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), a TrkB agonist, has beneficial effects in animal model of PD. However, it is unclear whether the therapeutic effects of DHF are associated with the expression of α-synuclein. AIMS In this study, we investigated the protective effects of DHF on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced deficit of motor functions, the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the expression of α-synuclein as well as antioxidative activity in the C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Mice were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 5 days to induce dopaminergic neuron death in the SN. DHF (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated once a day from the first day of MPTP injection until 9 days after the last injection of MPTP. Behavioral tests showed that DHF succeeded in ameliorating the impaired motor functions in the MPTP-treated mice. The immunohistochemical assay showed that the amelioration of motor function was accompanied by a reduction in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and striatum. Western blot analyses showed that DHF prevented the inactivation of TrkB and suppressed α-synuclein overexpression in the SN and striatum following MPTP treatment. Antioxidative activity detection revealed that DHF prevented MPTP-induced reduction in glutathione and total superoxide dismutase activity in the SN and striatum. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that DHF treatment may suppress the accumulation of α-synuclein and oxidative stress via activating TrkB and subsequently block the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and striatum, thereby ameliorating MPTP-induced motor deficits in the C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Fang Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Tao Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Li Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL. Αlpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2675-700. [PMID: 26501339 PMCID: PMC4693253 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and misfolding of the alpha-synuclein protein are core mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. While the normal function of alpha-synuclein is mainly related to the control of vesicular neurotransmission, its pathogenic effects are linked to various cellular functions, which include mitochondrial activity, as well as proteasome and autophagic degradation of proteins. Remarkably, these functions are also affected when the renewal of macromolecules and organelles becomes impaired during the normal aging process. As aging is considered a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease, it is critical to explore its molecular and cellular implications in the context of the alpha-synuclein pathology. Here, we discuss similarities and differences between normal brain aging and Parkinson's disease, with a particular emphasis on the nigral dopaminergic neurons, which appear to be selectively vulnerable to the combined effects of alpha-synuclein and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bobela
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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32
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Song LK, Ma KL, Yuan YH, Mu Z, Song XY, Niu F, Han N, Chen NH. Targeted Overexpression of α-Synuclein by rAAV2/1 Vectors Induces Progressive Nigrostriatal Degeneration and Increases Vulnerability to MPTP in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131281. [PMID: 26114655 PMCID: PMC4483255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations, duplication and triplication of α-synuclein genes are linked to familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LB) is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The targeted overexpression of α-syn in the substantia nigra (SN) mediated by viral vectors may provide a better alternative to recapitulate the neurodegenerative features of PD. Therefore, we overexpressed human wild-type α-syn using rAAV2/1 vectors in the bilateral SN of mouse and examined the effects for up to 12 weeks. Delivery of rAAV-2/1-α-syn caused significant nigrostriatal degeneration including appearance of dystrophic striatal neurites, loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dissolving nigral neuron bodies in a time-dependent manner. In addition, the α-syn overexpressed mice also developed significant deficits in motor function at 12 weeks when the loss of DA neurons exceeded a threshold of 50%. To investigate the sensitivity to neurotoxins in mice overexpressing α-syn, we performed an MPTP treatment with the subacute regimen 8 weeks after rAAV injection. The impact of the combined genetic and environmental insults on DA neuronal loss, striatal dopamine depletion, dopamine turnover and motor dysfunction was markedly greater than that of either alone. Moreover, we observed increased phosphorylation (S129), accumulation and nuclear distribution of α-syn after the combined insults. In summary, these results reveal that the overexpressed α-syn induces progressive nigrostriatal degeneration and increases the susceptibility of DA neurons to MPTP. Therefore, the targeted overexpression of α-syn and the combination with environmental toxins may provide valuable models for understanding PD pathogenesis and developing related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Kun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ning Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- * E-mail:
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Krassnig S, Schweinzer C, Taub N, Havas D, Auer E, Flunkert S, Schreibmayer W, Hutter-Paier B, Windisch M. Influence of Lentiviral β-Synuclein Overexpression in the Hippocampus of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease on Amyloid Precursor Protein Metabolism and Pathology. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:243-57. [PMID: 26111745 DOI: 10.1159/000430952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Synuclein (β-Syn) is a member of the highly homologous synuclein protein family. The most prominent family member, α-synuclein (α-Syn), abnormally accumulates in so-called Lewy bodies, one of the major pathological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies. Notably, parts of the peptide backbone, called the nonamyloid component, are also found in amyloid plaques. However, β-Syn seems to have beneficial effects by reducing α-Syn aggregation, and amyloid antiaggregatory activity has been described. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyze if wild-type β-Syn can counteract functional and pathological changes in a murine Alzheimer model over different time periods. METHODS At the onset of pathology, lentiviral particles expressing human β-Syn were injected into the hippocampus of transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein with Swedish and London mutations (APPSL). An empty vector served as the control. Behavioral analyses were performed 1, 3 and 6 months after injection followed by biochemical and histological examinations of brain samples. RESULTS β-Syn expression was locally concentrated and rather modest, but nevertheless changed its effect on APP expression and plaque load in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta was enhanced in APPSL mice expressing human β-Syn, but an inverse trend was observed in wild-type animals. CONCLUSION The initially reported beneficial effects of β-Syn could be partially reproduced, but locally elevated levels of β-Syn might also cause neurodegeneration. To enlighten the controversial pathological mechanism of β-Syn, further examinations considering the relationship between concentration and exposure time of β-Syn are needed.
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Xu S, Chan P. Interaction between Neuromelanin and Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1122-42. [PMID: 26057626 PMCID: PMC4496713 DOI: 10.3390/biom5021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy body (LB) inclusions and the loss of neuronmelanin (NM) containing dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Pathological α-syn and NM are two prominent hallmarks in this selective and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Pathological α-syn can induce dopaminergic neuron death by various mechanisms, such as inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting protein degradation systems. Therefore, to explore the factors that trigger α-syn to convert from a non-toxic protein to toxic one is a pivotal question to clarify the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Many triggers for pathological α-syn aggregation have been identified, including missense mutations in the α-syn gene, higher concentration, and posttranslational modifications of α-Syn. Recently, the role of NM in inducing α-syn expression and aggregation has been suggested as a mechanism for this pigment to modulate neuronal vulnerability in PD. NM may be responsible for PD and age-associated increase and aggregation in α-syn. Here, we reviewed our previous study and other recent findings in the area of interaction between NM and α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Xu
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Piu Chan
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
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Kim JY, Jeon BS, Kim HJ, Ahn TB. Nanomolar concentration of alpha-synuclein enhances dopaminergic neuronal survival via Akt pathway. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:3269-74. [PMID: 25206648 PMCID: PMC4145947 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.35.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although alpha-synuclein is generally thought to have a pathological role in Parkinson's disease, accumulative evidence exists that alpha-synuclein has a neuroprotective effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracellular alpha-synuclein on dopaminergic cell survival. We assessed cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltertazolium bromide (MTT) assay both in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y (SHSY) cells and neuronally-differentiated SH-SY5Y (ndSHSY) cells after 24 hour treatment with monomeric alpha-synuclein at various concentrations (0 [control], 50, 100 nmol/L, 1 μmol/L). To determine whether cell viability assessed by MTT assay was affected by cell proliferation, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay was performed. Level of both Akt and phosphorylated Akt was measured using western blot method in ndSHSY cells with or without 24 hour alpha-synuclein treatment. Cell viability was increased in ndSHSY cells at the nanomolar concentration of alpha-synuclein, but not in SHSY cells. Proportion of BrdU-positive ndSHSY cells was decreased in alpha-synuclein-treated group compared with control group. Level of phosphorylated Akt in alpha-synuclein-treated group was higher compared with the control group. Our study shows that extracellular alpha-synuclein at nanomolar concentration benefits dopaminergic cell survival via Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang B, Cai Z, Lu F, Li C, Zhu X, Su L, Gao G, Yang Q. Destabilization of survival factor MEF2D mRNA by neurotoxin in models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2014; 130:720-8. [PMID: 24848448 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantial nigra pars compacta (SNc) is an important pathological feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). Loss of transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), a key neuronal survival factor, has been shown to underlie the loss of DA neurons in SNc and the pathogenic process of PD. It is known that PD-associated neurotoxins reduce the level of MEF2D protein to trigger neuronal death. Although neurotoxins clearly destabilize MEF2D by post-translational mechanisms, it is not known whether regulation of MEF2D mRNA contributes to neurotoxin-induced decrease in MEF2D protein. In this work, we showed that MPP(+), the toxic metabolite of MPTP, caused a significant decrease in the half-life and total level of MEF2D mRNA in a DA neuronal cell line, SN4741 cells. Quantitative PCR analysis of the SNc DA neurons captured by immune-laser capture microdissection showed that exposure to MPTP led to a marked reduction in the level of MEF2D mRNA in SNc DA neurons compared to controls. Down-regulation of MEF2D mRNA alone reduced the viability of SN4741 cells and sensitized the cells to MPP(+)-induced toxicity. These results suggest that destabilization and reduction in MEF2D mRNA is in part responsible for neurotoxin-induced decrease in MEF2D protein and neuronal viability. Myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) plays an important role in neuronal survival. How MEF2D mRNA is deregulated under toxic stress is unclear. We found that PD-associated neurotoxins destabilize MEF2D mRNA and reduce its level in vitro and in vivo. Reduction in MEF2D mRNA is sufficient to sensitize model cells to neurotoxin-induced toxicity, suggesting that destabilization of MEF2D mRNA is part of the mechanism by which neurotoxins trigger deregulation of neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Karuppagounder SS, Brahmachari S, Lee Y, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. The c-Abl inhibitor, nilotinib, protects dopaminergic neurons in a preclinical animal model of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4874. [PMID: 24786396 PMCID: PMC4007078 DOI: 10.1038/srep04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Abl is activated in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice where it inhibits parkin through tyrosine phosphorylation leading to the accumulation of parkin substrates, and neuronal cell death. In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of nilotinib, a brain penetrant c-Abl inhibitor, in the acute MPTP-induced model of PD. Our results show that administration of nilotinib reduces c-Abl activation and the levels of the parkin substrate, PARIS, resulting in prevention of dopamine (DA) neuron loss and behavioral deficits following MPTP intoxication. On the other hand, we observe no reduction in the tyrosine phosphorylation of parkin and the parkin substrate, AIMP2 suggesting that the protective effect of nilotinib may, in part, be parkin-independent or to the pharmacodynamics properties of nilotinib. This study provides a strong rationale for testing other brain permeable c-Abl inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Chen T, Li J, Chao D, Sandhu HK, Liao X, Zhao J, Wen G, Xia Y. δ-Opioid receptor activation reduces α-synuclein overexpression and oligomer formation induced by MPP(+) and/or hypoxia. Exp Neurol 2014; 255:127-36. [PMID: 24613828 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic brain injury is a potential cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) with ɑ-synuclein playing a critical role in the pathophysiology. Since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insults, we sought to determine if DOR regulates ɑ-synuclein under hypoxia and/or MPP(+) stress. We found that in HEK293 cells 1) MPP(+) in normoxia enhanced ɑ-synuclein expression and the formation of ɑ-synuclein oligomers thereby causing cytotoxic injury; 2) hypoxia at 1% O2 for 48h or at 0.5% O2 for 24h also induced ɑ-synuclein overexpression and its oligomer formation with cell injury; 3) however, hypoxia at 1% O2 for 24h, though increasing ɑ-synuclein expression, did not cause ɑ-synuclein oligomer formation and cell injury; 4) UFP-512 mediated DOR activation markedly attenuated the hypoxic cell injury and ɑ-synuclein overexpression, which was largely attenuated by DOR antagonism with naltrindole or siRNA "knock-down" of the DOR; and 5) DOR activation enhanced CREB phosphorylation and prevented the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (△ψm). These findings suggest that DOR activation attenuates MPP(+) or severe hypoxia induced ɑ-synuclein expression/aggregation via a CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jessica Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harleen K Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Guoqiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Chou VP, Ko N, Holman TR, Manning-Boğ AB. Gene-environment interaction models to unmask susceptibility mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. J Vis Exp 2014:e50960. [PMID: 24430802 DOI: 10.3791/50960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, but its effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone. To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder. Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD. The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates. This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.
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40
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Abstract
Human genetics has indicated a causal role for the protein α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and the aggregation of synuclein in essentially all patients with PD suggests a central role for this protein in the sporadic disorder. Indeed, the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein now defines multiple forms of neural degeneration. Like many of the proteins that accumulate in other neurodegenerative disorders, however, the normal function of synuclein remains poorly understood. In this article, we review the role of synuclein at the nerve terminal and in membrane remodeling. We also consider the prion-like propagation of misfolded synuclein as a mechanism for the spread of degeneration through the neuraxis.
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41
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Taylor TN, Potgieter D, Anwar S, Senior SL, Janezic S, Threlfell S, Ryan B, Parkkinen L, Deltheil T, Cioroch M, Livieratos A, Oliver PL, Jennings KA, Davies KE, Ansorge O, Bannerman DM, Cragg SJ, Wade-Martins R. Region-specific deficits in dopamine, but not norepinephrine, signaling in a novel A30P α-synuclein BAC transgenic mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:193-207. [PMID: 24121116 PMCID: PMC3898275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by the death of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and by intracellular Lewy bodies composed largely of α-synuclein. Approximately 5–10% of PD patients have a familial form of Parkinsonism, including mutations in α-synuclein. To better understand the cell-type specific role of α-synuclein on DA neurotransmission, and the effects of the disease-associated A30P mutation, we generated and studied a novel transgenic model of PD. We expressed the A30P mutant form of human α-synuclein in a spatially-relevant manner from the 111 kb SNCA genomic DNA locus on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) insert on a mouse null (Snca −/−) background. The BAC transgenic mice expressed α-synuclein in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and expression of either A30P α-synuclein or wildtype α-synuclein restored the sensitivity of DA neurons to MPTP in resistant Snca −/− animals. A30P α-synuclein mice showed no Lewy body-like aggregation, and did not lose catecholamine neurons in substantia nigra or locus coeruleus. However, using cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes we identified a deficit in evoked DA release in the caudate putamen, but not in the nucleus accumbens, of SNCA-A30P Snca −/− mice but no changes to release of another catecholamine, norepinephrine (NE), in the NE-rich ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis. SNCA-A30P Snca −/− mice had no overt behavioral impairments but exhibited a mild increase in wheel-running. In summary, this refined PD mouse model shows that A30P α-synuclein preferentially perturbs the dopaminergic system in the dorsal striatum, reflecting the region-specific change seen in PD. SNCA A30P BAC transgenic mice recapitulate endogenous α-synuclein expression pattern SNCA A30P BAC transgenic mice demonstrate a region specific deficit in evoked DA, but not NE, release. Expression of A30P or WT α-syn restored the sensitivity of DA neurons to MPTP. A30P BAC mice had no Lewy body-like aggregation or neuronal loss in SNpc or LC. Early changes in DA neurotransmission in the absence of aggregation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya N Taylor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawid Potgieter
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabina Anwar
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven L Senior
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Janezic
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brent Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thierry Deltheil
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Milena Cioroch
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Achilleas Livieratos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie A Jennings
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Garcia-Reitboeck P, Anichtchik O, Dalley JW, Ninkina N, Tofaris GK, Buchman VL, Spillantini MG. Endogenous alpha-synuclein influences the number of dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:541-5. [PMID: 23933574 PMCID: PMC4104299 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presynaptic protein α-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies. We show that the presence of endogenous mouse α-synuclein leads to higher number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of wild-type C57Bl/6J mice compared with C57Bl/6S mice with a spontaneous deletion of the α-synuclein gene or C57Bl/6J mice with a targeted deletion of the α-synuclein gene. This effect of α-synuclein on dopaminergic neuron occurs during development between E10.5 and E13.5 and persists in adult life supporting the involvement of α-synuclein in the development of a subset of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Anichtchik
- Centre for Brain Repair, Dept. of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Dept. of Psychology, Cambridge, UK
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - George K. Tofaris
- Centre for Brain Repair, Dept. of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, UK
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Ammal Kaidery N, Tarannum S, Thomas B. Epigenetic landscape of Parkinson's disease: emerging role in disease mechanisms and therapeutic modalities. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:698-708. [PMID: 24030213 PMCID: PMC3805874 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disorder marked by extensive system-wide pathology, including a substantial loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The etiology of PD remains elusive, but there is considerable evidence that, in addition to well-defined genetic mechanisms environmental factors play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. How the environment might influence the genetic factors and contribute to disease development and progression remains unclear. In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and alterations in gene expression via non-coding RNAs have begun to be revealed as potential factors in PD pathogenesis. Epigenetic modulation exists throughout life, beginning in prenatal stages, is dependent on the lifestyle, environmental exposure and genetic makeup of an individual and may serve as a missing link between PD risk factors and development of the disease. This chapter sheds light on the emerging role of epigenetics in disease pathogenesis and on prospective interventional strategies for the therapeutic modulation of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- />Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, CB-3618, 30912 Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shaista Tarannum
- />Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, CB-3618, 30912 Augusta, Georgia
| | - Bobby Thomas
- />Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, CB-3618, 30912 Augusta, Georgia
- />Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, CB-3618, 30912 Augusta, Georgia
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Eschbach J, Danzer KM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: pathogenic function and translation into animal models. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 14:1-17. [PMID: 24080741 DOI: 10.1159/000354615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of α-synuclein aggregates found in Lewy bodies throughout the brain. Several α-synuclein transgenic mouse models have been generated, as well as viral-mediated overexpression of wild-type and mutated α-synuclein to mimic the disease and to delineate the pathogenic pathway of α-synuclein-mediated toxicity and neurodegeneration. In this review, we will recapitulate what we have learned about the function of α-synuclein and α-synuclein-mediated toxicity through studies of transgenic animal models, inducible animal models and viral-based models.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are linked to PD pathogenesis, its etiology and pathology remain to be elucidated. Metabolomics investigates metabolite changes in biofluids, cell lysates, tissues and tumors in order to correlate these metabolomic changes to a disease state. Thus, the application of metabolomics to investigate PD provides a systematic approach to understand the pathology of PD, to identify disease biomarkers, and to complement genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics studies. This review will examine current research into PD mechanisms with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurotoxin-based PD animal models and the rationale for metabolomics studies in PD will also be discussed. The review will also explore the potential of NMR metabolomics to address important issues related to PD treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Lei
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
| | - Robert Powers
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex genetic disorder that is associated with environmental risk factors and aging. Vertebrate genetic models, especially mice, have aided the study of autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive PD. Mice are capable of showing a broad range of phenotypes and, coupled with their conserved genetic and anatomical structures, provide unparalleled molecular and pathological tools to model human disease. These models used in combination with aging and PD-associated toxins have expanded our understanding of PD pathogenesis. Attempts to refine PD animal models using conditional approaches have yielded in vivo nigrostriatal degeneration that is instructive in ordering pathogenic signaling and in developing therapeutic strategies to cure or halt the disease. Here, we provide an overview of the generation and characterization of transgenic and knockout mice used to study PD followed by a review of the molecular insights that have been gleaned from current PD mouse models. Finally, potential approaches to refine and improve current models are discussed.
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Trancikova A, Tsika E, Moore DJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:896-919. [PMID: 21848447 PMCID: PMC3292748 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mitochondria are highly dynamic, multifunctional organelles. Aside from their major role in energy metabolism, they are also crucial for many cellular processes including neurotransmission, synaptic maintenance, calcium homeostasis, cell death, and neuronal survival. SIGNIFICANCE Increasing evidence supports a role for abnormal mitochondrial function in the molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). For three decades we have known that mitochondrial toxins are capable of producing clinical parkinsonism in humans. PD is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder that is characterized by the progressive loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons leading to a deficiency of striatal dopamine. Although the neuropathology underlying the disease is well defined, it remains unclear why nigral dopaminergic neurons degenerate and die. RECENT ADVANCES Most PD cases are idiopathic, but there are rare familial cases. Mutations in five genes are known to unambiguously cause monogenic familial PD: α-synuclein, parkin, DJ-1, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). These key molecular players are proteins of seemingly diverse function, but with potentially important roles in mitochondrial maintenance and function. Cell and animal-based genetic models have provided indispensable tools for understanding the molecular basis of PD, and have provided additional evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction as a primary pathogenic pathway leading to the demise of dopaminergic neurons in PD. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we critically discuss the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic animal models of PD, and evaluate whether abnormal mitochondrial function represents a cause or consequence of disease pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mitochondria may represent a potential target for the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Trancikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegenerative Research, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Classic and new animal models of Parkinson's disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:845618. [PMID: 22536024 PMCID: PMC3321500 DOI: 10.1155/2012/845618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders can be modeled in animals so as to recreate specific pathogenic events and behavioral outcomes. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease of an aging population, and although there have been several significant findings about the PD disease process, much of this process still remains a mystery. Breakthroughs in the last two decades using animal models have offered insights into the understanding of the PD disease process, its etiology, pathology, and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, while cellular models have helped to identify specific events, animal models, both toxic and genetic, have replicated almost all of the hallmarks of PD and are useful for testing new neuroprotective or neurorestorative strategies. Moreover, significant advances in the modeling of additional PD features have come to light in both classic and newer models. In this review, we try to provide an updated summary of the main characteristics of these models as well as the strengths and weaknesses of what we believe to be the most popular PD animal models. These models include those produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP), rotenone, and paraquat, as well as several genetic models like those related to alpha-synuclein, PINK1, Parkin and LRRK2 alterations.
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Abstract
The hallmark of the movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) is progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of α-synuclein, and ER stress are each implicated in the complex and poorly understood sequence of events leading to dopaminergic neuron demise. In this issue of the JCI, Selvaraj et al. report that in a mouse neurotoxin-based model of PD, reduced Ca2+ influx through transient receptor potential C1 (TRPC1) channels in the plasma membrane of dopaminergic neurons triggers a cell death-inducing ER stress response. These new findings suggest that TRPC1 channels normally function in Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways that couple adaptive/neurotrophic responses to metabolic and oxidative stress and suggest that disruption of these pathways may contribute to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Hashimoto M, La Spada AR. β-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies: emerging roles and new directions. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An important turning point in understanding Parkinson’s disease was the realization that altered function of α-synuclein (αS) is central to disease pathogenesis. β-synuclein (βS), the homolog of αS, received limited attention initially, but further work indicated that βS may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other α-synucleinopathies. βS can protect against neurodegeneration caused by αS, and mutations in the βS gene have been linked to dementia with Lewy bodies. When we created transgenic mice expressing the P123H βS mutation, we observed neurodegeneration characterized by axonal pathology and gliosis. Furthermore, P123H-βS transgenic mice exhibited memory dysfunction, suggesting that alteration of neuroprotective βS function contributes to non-motor symptoms. Similar to other amyloidogenic proteins, βS may yield neurodegeneration through both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mechanisms. Such diverse modes of action need to be carefully considered, as βS is emerging as an attractive candidate for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Sensory & Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2–1-6 Kamikitasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Neurosciences, Division of Biological Sciences, and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0642, La Jolla, CA 92093-0642, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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