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Yang L, Ying J, Tao Q, Zhang Q. RNA N 6-methyladenosine modifications in urological cancers: from mechanism to application. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:460-476. [PMID: 38347160 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most common modification of messenger RNAs in eukaryotes and has crucial roles in multiple cancers, including in urological malignancies such as renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer and prostate cancer. The m6A RNA modification is controlled by three types of regulators, including methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers) and RNA-binding proteins (readers), which are responsible for gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. This Review summarizes the current evidence indicating that aberrant or dysregulated m6A modification is associated with urological cancer development, progression and prognosis. The complex and context-dependent effects of dysregulated m6A modifications in urological cancers are described, along with the potential for aberrantly expressed m6A regulators to provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Urology, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Detailed resume of RNA m 6A demethylases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2193-2205. [PMID: 35646549 PMCID: PMC9136571 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA, playing critical role in various bioprocesses. Like other epigenetic modifications, m6A modification can be catalyzed by the methyltransferase complex and erased dynamically to maintain cells homeostasis. Up to now, only two m6A demethylases have been reported, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and alkylation protein AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), involving in a wide range of mRNA biological progress, including mRNA shearing, export, metabolism and stability. Furthermore, they participate in many significantly biological signaling pathway, and contribute to the progress and development of cancer along with other diseases. In this review, we focus on the studies about structure, inhibitors development and biological function of FTO and ALKBH5.
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Tan Z, Shi S, Xu J, Liu X, Lei Y, Zhang B, Hua J, Meng Q, Wang W, Yu X, Liang C. RNA N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO promotes pancreatic cancer progression by inducing the autocrine activity of PDGFC in an m 6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner. Oncogene 2022; 41:2860-2872. [PMID: 35422475 PMCID: PMC9106577 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an emerging regulator of mRNA modifications and represents a novel player in tumorigenesis. Although it has functional significance in both pathological and physiological processes, the role of m6A modification in pancreatic ductal cancer (PDAC) remains elusive. Here, we showed that high fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) expression was associated with a poor prognosis in PDAC patients and that suppression of FTO expression inhibited cell proliferation. Here, m6A sequencing (m6A-seq) was performed to screen genes targeted by FTO. The effects of FTO stimulation on the biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer cells, including proliferation and colony formation, were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that FTO directly targets platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) and stabilizes its mRNA expression in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner. m6A-methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate the specific binding of FTO to PDGFC. PDGFC upregulation led to reactivation of the Akt signaling pathway, promoting cell growth. Overall, our study reveals that FTO downregulation leads to increased m6A modifications in the 3' UTR of PDGFC and then modulates the degradation of its transcriptional level in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for PDAC treatment and prognostic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yubin Lei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Azzam SK, Alsafar H, Sajini AA. FTO m6A Demethylase in Obesity and Cancer: Implications and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073800. [PMID: 35409166 PMCID: PMC8998816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is the first reported RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase in eukaryotic cells. m6A is considered as the most abundant mRNA internal modification, which modulates several cellular processes including alternative splicing, stability, and expression. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within FTO to be associated with obesity, as well as cancer including endometrial cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. Since the initial classification of FTO as an m6A demethylase, various studies started to unravel a connection between FTO’s demethylase activity and the susceptibility to obesity on the molecular level. FTO was found to facilitate adipogenesis, by regulating adipogenic pathways and inducing pre-adipocyte differentiation. FTO has also been investigated in tumorigenesis, where emerging studies suggest m6A and FTO levels are dysregulated in various cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), glioblastoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), breast cancer, and melanoma. Here we review the molecular bases of m6A in tumorigenesis and adipogenesis while highlighting the controversial role of FTO in obesity. We provide recent findings confirming FTO’s causative link to obesity and discuss novel approaches using RNA demethylase inhibitors as targeted oncotherapies. Our review aims to confirm m6A demethylation as a risk factor in obesity and provoke new research in FTO and human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kassem Azzam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (S.K.A.); (H.A.)
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (S.K.A.); (H.A.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahim A. Sajini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (S.K.A.); (H.A.)
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Li S, Cao L. Demethyltransferase FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (FTO) regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth of prostate cancer by modulating the expression of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Bioengineered 2021; 13:5598-5612. [PMID: 34787056 PMCID: PMC8974198 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modifications in human messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This study aimed at investigating the function and mechanism of demethyltransferase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in prostate cancer(PCa). The expression level of FTO in PCa was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Besides, the impacts of FTO on the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells were also detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and transwell assays. Furthermore, we also explored the potential mechanism of FTO in PCa. The results showed that FTO expression was decreased in PCa, and the low expression of FTO showed an obvious relevance to the clinical characteristics. Downregulation of FTO facilitated the proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth of PCa cells. Besides, MC4R displayed a remarkably high expression in PCa tissues, whose expression and m6A level were regulated by FTO. Meanwhile, the in vitro experiments revealed that highly expressed FTO partially reversed the facilitating effect of highly expressed MC4R on the malignant phenotype of PCa cells. Overall, FTO was downregulated in PCa and its expression level showed a relevance to the prognosis of PCa patients. Additionally, FTO could regulate the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa via regulating the expression level of MC4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre LiHuiLi Hospital
| | - Lin Cao
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Veteran Hospital
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Gholamalizadeh M, Akbari ME, Doaei S, Davoodi SH, Bahar B, Tabesh GA, Sadeghi H, Razavi Hashemi M, Kheyrani E, Rastgoo S, Hajipour A, Aslany Z, Mirfakhraie R, Mosavi Jarrahi A. The Association of Fat-Mass-and Obesity-Associated Gene Polymorphism (rs9939609) With Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:732515. [PMID: 34650918 PMCID: PMC8506030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.732515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The association between the rs9939609 polymorphism of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and risk of colorectal cancer is controversial. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) in Iranian people. Methods A case-control study was conducted on 125 patients with CRC and 250 healthy subjects in Tehran, Iran. Demographic data and blood samples were collected from all participants. Genotyping of rs9939609 polymorphism was performed by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method. Results The occurrence of AA genotype of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism in the colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher compared to that of healthy subjects (16.4 vs. 2.9%, respectively, P=0.02). The association between the frequency of risk allele of the FTO polymorphism and CRC (B=1.67, P=0.042) remained significant after adjustment for age. Further adjustment for gender (model 2) and marital status (model 3) did not change this result (B=1.67, P= 0.042 and B=1.67, P=0.043, respectively). The results remained significant after additional adjustment for ethnicity (B=1.57, P= 0.047). Conclusion We found a positive association between the A allele of the rs9939609 polymorphism and CRC. Future studies are required to identify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Doaei
- Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sayed Hossein Davoodi
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- Nutrition Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, Research Centre for Global Development, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Ghasem Azizi Tabesh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Razavi Hashemi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Rastgoo
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hajipour
- School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Aslany
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xiao F, Zhou J. FTO Gene Polymorphisms Contribute to the Predisposition and Radiotherapy Efficiency of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1239-1245. [PMID: 34611423 PMCID: PMC8487284 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s325895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is mainly concentrated in East and Southeast Asia. This study aims to elucidate the potential associations of functional SNPs in the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) with NPC risk and radiotherapy outcomes in a Chinese population. Methods Functional SNP rs1477196 G>A, rs9939609 T>A, rs7206790 C>G, and rs8047395 A>G were genotyped and evaluated for their associations with NPC risk and radiotherapy outcomes. Results Both rs9939609 (allele A versus allele T: OR=1.59; 95% CI=1.17–2.17; P-value=0.003) and rs8047395 (allele G versus allele A: OR=0.76; 95% CI=0.64–0.9; P-value=0.002) were significantly associated with risk of NPC. GTEx showed risk allele A of rs9939609 and rs8047395 were significantly associated with higher FTO mRNA levels in skeletal muscle tissue, which also corroborated our findings. Meanwhile, both rs1477196 (allele A versus allele G: OR=1.64; 95% CI=1.09–2.49; P-value=0.019) and rs9939609 (allele A versus allele T: OR=0.61; 95% CI=0.43–0.87; P-value=0.006) were significantly associated with complete remission (CR) of NPC. Conclusion Our study identified that FTO polymorphisms contributed to the susceptibility and radiotherapy efficacy of NPC. These results shed light on the potential of establishing markers for predicting risk and personalized treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Zhou
- School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianrong Zhou School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Changda Road, Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China Email
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Wei H, Li Z, Liu F, Wang Y, Ding S, Chen Y, Liu J. The Role of FTO in Tumors and It's Research Progress. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:924-933. [PMID: 34269659 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A malignant tumor is a disease that seriously threatens human health. At present, more and more research results show that the pathogenesis of different tumors is very complicated, and the methods of clinical treatment are also diverse. This review analyzes and summarizes the role of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genes in different tumors and provides a reference value for research and drug treatment methods. METHOD We conducted a comprehensive literature search using the database. According to the article's primary purpose, irrelevant articles were excluded from the research summary and included in the relevant articles. Finally, the relevant information of the article was summarized. RESULT In this article, the relationship between malignant tumors and FTO is introduced by citing many documents. In addition, the inhibitors that act on FTO are listed. CONCLUSION This article has shown that FTO protein is a demethylase that can regulate N6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels in mRNA and plays a crucial role in the progression and resistance of various tumors such as leukemia, breast cancer, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Shi Ding
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Ju Liu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
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de Polo A, Labbé DP. Diet-Dependent Metabolic Regulation of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Cancer: More Choices on the Menu. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:403-414. [PMID: 33509805 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite several epidemiologic and preclinical studies supporting the role of diet in cancer progression, the complexity of the diet-cancer link makes it challenging to deconvolute the underlying mechanisms, which remain scantly elucidated. This review focuses on genomic instability as one of the cancer hallmarks affected by diet-dependent metabolic alterations. We discuss how altered dietary intake of metabolites of the one-carbon metabolism, including methionine, folate, and vitamins B and C, can impact the methylation processes and thereby tumorigenesis. We present the concept that the protumorigenic effect of certain diets, such as the Western diet, is in part due to a diet-induced erosion of the DNA repair capacity caused by altered epigenetic and epitranscriptomic landscapes, while the protective effect of other dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, can be partly explained by their ability to sustain a proficient DNA repair. In particular, considering that diet-dependent alterations of the one-carbon metabolism can impact the rate of methylation processes, changes in dietary patterns can affect the activity of writers and erasers of histone and RNA methyl marks and consequently impair their role in ensuring a proficient DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Polo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David P Labbé
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Kiesel L, Eichbaum C, Baumeier A, Eichbaum M. Obesity Epidemic-The Underestimated Risk of Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3860. [PMID: 33371216 PMCID: PMC7767192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequently observed malignant gynecologic disease in developed countries. There is a strong association between the established risk factor obesity and the incidence of EC. Furthermore, the rate of women with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 is increasing worldwide, correspondingly leading to a higher prevalence of EC. Understanding the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, elementary pathophysiological pathways of tumorigenesis have been revealed. This includes the fundamental role of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperestrogenemia, as well as interactions with a chronic proinflammatory microenvironment. Therapeutic options potentially include metformin or bariatric surgery. Moreover, changes in individual lifestyle such as weight reduction, physical activity, and an awareness of healthy nutrition are effective in preventing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster Medical School, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Christine Eichbaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Frankfurt Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Ariane Baumeier
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster Medical School, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Michael Eichbaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Helios Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken Wiesbaden, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany
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Wang JY, Chen LJ, Qiang P. The Potential Role of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Demethylase Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO) in Human Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12845-12856. [PMID: 33364780 PMCID: PMC7751723 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s283417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated gene(FTO), previously recognized to be related with obesity and diabetes, was gradually discovered to be dysregulated in multiple cancers and plays an oncogenic or tumor-suppressive role. However, the specific expression and pro- or anti-cancer role of FTO in various cancers remained controversial. In this review, through summarizing the available literature, we found that FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were closely related with cancer risk. Additionally, the dysregulation of FTO was implicated in multiple biological processes, such as cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, cell-cycle, differentiation, stem cell self-renewal and so on. These modulations mostly relied on the communications between FTO and specific signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, FTO had great potential for clinical application by serving as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Qiang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China
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Bianco B, Barbosa CP, Trevisan CM, Laganà AS, Montagna E. Endometrial cancer: a genetic point of view. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:7706-7715. [PMID: 35117373 PMCID: PMC8797944 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the fourth most frequent gynecological cancer and the most frequent type of uterine cancer. There is an increase in the incidence and mortality of uterine cancers in the past few decades, and there are no well-established screening programs for endometrial cancer currently. Most endometrial cancers arise through the interplay of familial, genetic, and lifestyle factors. Although a number of genetic factors modify endometrial cancer susceptibility, they are not of standard use in the clinical assessment of prognosis. We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review to provide an overview of the relationship between genetic factors and risk for endometrial cancer. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies between January 2010 to March 2020 reporting the genes associated with endometrial cancer. RESULTS Through the selection process, we retrieved 186 studies comprising 329 genes identified using several molecular methodologies in all human chromosomes and in mitochondrial DNA. Endometrial cancer exhibits a molecular complexity and heterogeneity coherent with its clinical and histologic variability. Improved characterization of molecular alterations of each histological type provides relevant information about the prognosis and potential response to new therapies. CONCLUSIONS The current challenge is the integration of clinicopathologic and molecular factors to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bianco
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Caio Parente Barbosa
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Erik Montagna
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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13
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Zeng T, Zhao J, Kang Y, Wang X, Xie H. Association between polymorphism near the MC4R gene and cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22003. [PMID: 32899047 PMCID: PMC7478401 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), gene which are associated with risk of obesity. Since obesity is an established risk factor of cancer, several studies have examined the association between SNPs near the MC4R gene and cancer risk, but the findings are inconsistent. The present study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to clarify the association between SNPs near MC4R and cancer risk. METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for potentially eligible publications. All studies that evaluated the association between MC4R rs17782313 SNP (or its proxy rs12970134) and cancer risk were included. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. And subgroup analysis by cancer type (colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer and breast cancer) was conducted for further investigate the association. RESULTS A total of 6 eligible studies (6517 cases and 16,886 controls) were included in the present meta-analysis. The results indicated that MC4R rs17782313 SNP was moderately associated with cancer risk (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.24). However, the subgroup analysis between different cancer types shows that rs17782313 is only associated with colorectal cancer but not the endometrial cancer and breast cancer. Risk factor in colorectal cancer was both significantly associated with rs17782313 with and without adjustment for body mass index; while the risk factor of the endometrial cancer and breast cancer were both not associated with the rs17782313 with and without adjustment for body mass index. There was no publication bias for the association between MC4R rs17782313 and cancer risk. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis confirmed the moderate association between MC4R rs17782313 and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
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Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene polymorphisms, pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels and the risk of colorectal cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229005. [PMID: 32053666 PMCID: PMC7017986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although their functional outcomes remain largely unknown, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) may interact with adipokines, especially leptin and adiponectin, to modify the risk of colorectal cancer. We conducted a prospective study of 375 colorectal cancer cases and 750 matched controls to examine the effects of SNPs in the FTO, either alone or in interaction with pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels. Using a conditional logistic regression model, we obtained odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of colorectal cancer. Seven SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium demonstrated a similarly positive association with colorectal cancer, and most evidently for rs1558902, rs8050136, rs3751812, and rs9939609 (Ptrend = 0.02). Of interest, we observed a statistically significant interaction of rs8050136 with plasma total adiponectin levels (Pinteraction = 0.03). Compared to non-carriers in the lowest quintile of plasma total adiponectin, A allele carriers in the same quintile showed a considerably elevated risk of colorectal cancer, with a body mass index-adjusted OR of 2.54 (95% CI, 1.36-4.75). This investigation of the interaction between SNPs in the FTO and pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels has revealed the importance of both genetic and hormonal factors associated with adiposity in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Melstrom L, Chen J. RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification in solid tumors: new therapeutic frontiers. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:625-633. [PMID: 31956264 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mRNA modification is an evolving field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most frequent internal transcriptional modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This review will discuss the functions of the m6A mRNA machinery, including its "writers" that are components of the methyltransferase complex, its "readers" and its "erasers" (specifically FTO and ALKBH5) in cancer. The writers deposit the m6A and include METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, VIRMA, and RBM15. M6A methylation is removed by the m6A demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5). Lastly, the most diverse members are the readers that can contribute to mRNA splicing, stability, translation, and nuclear export. Many of these functions continue to be elucidated. The dysregulation of this machinery in various malignancies and the associated impact on tumorigenesis and drug response will be discussed herein with a focus on solid tumors. It is clear that, by contributing to either mRNA stability or translation, there are downstream targets that are impacted, contributing to cancer progression and the self-renewal ability of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Melstrom
- Department of Surgery and Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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16
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Novel positioning from obesity to cancer: FTO, an m 6A RNA demethylase, regulates tumour progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:19-29. [PMID: 30465076 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on chromosome 16q12.2 shows an intimate association with obesity and body mass index. Recently, research into the FTO gene and its expression product has attracted widespread interest due to the identification of FTO as an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase. FTO primarily regulates the m6A levels of downstream targets via their 3' untranslated regions. FTO not only plays a critical role in obesity-related diseases but also is involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of many types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer. Currently, studies indicate that FTO is a crucial component of m6A modification, it regulates cancer stem cell function, and promotes the growth, self-renewal and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarized and analysed the data regarding the structural features and biological functions of FTO as well as its association with different cancers and possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS We systematically reviewed the related literatures regarding FTO and its demethylation activity in many pathologic and physiological processes, especially in cancer-related diseases based on PubMed databases in this article. RESULTS Mounting evidence indicated that FTO plays a critical role in occurrence, progression and treatment of various cancers, even acting as a cancer oncogene in acute myeloid leukaemia, research on which is no longer restricted to metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION Considering FTO's critical role in many diseases, FTO may become a new promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in the near future, especially for specific types of cancers, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer.
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Tusup M, Kundig T, Pascolo S. Epitranscriptomics of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2018; 9:42-55. [PMID: 29900123 PMCID: PMC5997933 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v9.i3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional impact of modifications of cellular RNAs, including mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs, is a field of intense study. The role of such modifications in cancer has started to be elucidated. Diverse and sometimes opposite effects of RNA modifications have been reported. Some RNA modifications promote, while others decrease the growth and invasiveness of cancer. The present manuscript reviews the current knowledge on the potential impacts of N6-Methyladenosine, Pseudouridine, Inosine, 2’O-methylation or methylcytidine in cancer’s RNA. It also highlights the remaining questions and provides hints on research avenues and potential therapeutic applications, whereby modulating dynamic RNA modifications may be a new method to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tusup
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kundig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
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18
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Khella MS, Salem AM, Abdel-Rahman O, Saad AS. The Association Between the FTO rs9939609 Variant and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Risk: A Case–Control Study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:79-84. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mina S. Khella
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Salem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr S. Saad
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Zhou S, Bai ZL, Xia D, Zhao ZJ, Zhao R, Wang YY, Zhe H. FTO regulates the chemo-radiotherapy resistance of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) by targeting β-catenin through mRNA demethylation. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:590-597. [PMID: 29315835 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in the regulation of chemo-radiotherapy resistance remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the mRNA level of FTO is elevated in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) tissues when compared with respective adjacent normal tissues. FTO enhances the chemo-radiotherapy resistance both in vitro and in vivo through regulating expression of β-catenin by reducing m6 A levels in its mRNA transcripts and in turn increases excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) activity. Clinically, the prognostic value of FTO for overall survival is found to be dependent on β-catenin expression in human CSCC samples. Taken together, these findings uncover a critical function for FTO and its substrate m6 A in the regulation of chemo-radiotherapy resistance, which may bear potential clinical implications for CSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhou
- Graduated School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou-Lan Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Di Xia
- Graduated School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan-Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hong Zhe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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20
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Kang Y, Liu F, Liu Y. Is FTO gene variant related to cancer risk independently of adiposity? An updated meta-analysis of 129,467 cases and 290,633 controls. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50987-50996. [PMID: 28881622 PMCID: PMC5584223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the association between the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variant and risk of cancer in diverse populations. However, the results have been inconsistent. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for the eligible publications in English language by July, 2016. The associations of FTO variants with cancer risk were estimated by calculating the pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals by meta-analyses. A total of 27 publications (129,467 cancer cases and 290,633 normal controls) were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, FTO rs9939609 variant (or its proxy) was not associated with cancer risk without adjustment for body mass index, as well as additional adjustment for body mss index. However, FTO rs9939609 variant was associated with some types of cancer in the subgroup analysis. In addition, overall, there was no significant association between FTO rs1477196 variant and cancer risk regardless of adjustment for body mass index. However, FTO rs11075995 variant risk allele was associated with breast cancer risk without adjustment for body mass index, but the association disappeared with further adjustment for body mass index. This study overall does not support that the FTO variant is associated with cancer risk independently of the adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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21
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Yu JH, Baik I, Cho HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Choi KM, Baik SH, Choi DS, Shin C, Kim NH. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in nonobese individuals. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7565. [PMID: 28746203 PMCID: PMC5627829 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism have been associated with the increased metabolic risk and mortality, irrespective of obesity. The mechanism underlying this association is not known. We aimed to evaluate whether the FTO rs9939609 risk variant is independently associated with metabolic risk factors and/or leukocyte telomere length (LTL). We further aimed to investigate whether this relationship is modified by obesity status.A total of 2133 participants were recruited from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. LTL was measured using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodology. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped using DNA samples collected at baseline.The proportions of the TT, TA, and AA genotypes were 76.7%, 21.5%, and 1.8%, respectively, and obese subjects comprised 44.5% of the total subjects. Among the 1184 nonobese subjects, body mass index, waist circumference, and visceral fat area were higher in subjects with the FTO risk allele than in noncarriers. In contrast, only high-sensitive C-reactive protein level was associated with the FTO risk allele in the obese subjects. LTL was significantly shorter in carriers of the FTO risk allele compared with noncarriers after controlling for several confounding factors (P < .01). Of particular note, this significant association between the FTO risk allele and LTL appeared only in nonobese subjects (P = .03). Multivariate linear regression analyses identified older age, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and the presence of the FTO risk allele as independent risk factors affecting LTL. This finding was evident only in nonobese subjects.The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism is an independent risk factor for obesity and also for biological aging in the nonobese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Inkyung Baik
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Kookmin University, Seoul
| | - Hyun Joo Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Ji A. Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Dong Seop Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
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22
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Jafari Nedooshan J, Kargar S, Neamatzadeh H, Haghighi F, Dehghani Mohammad Abadi R, Seddighi N. Lack of Association of the Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) Gene rs9939609 Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Case - Control Studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1031-1037. [PMID: 28547937 PMCID: PMC5494212 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previously published data on any association of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with
breast cancer risk remain inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis of links between breast cancer
and the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism. Methods: We have conducted a systematic review of the English literature by
searching PubMed, Google Scholar and ISI Web of Knowledge databases for studies on associations between the FTO
rs9939609 polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were
calculated to estimate the strength of the association using fixed- or random-effects model. Results: We included five
studies with 1134 cases and 1453 controls. Overall, no significant association between the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism
and risk of breast cancer was found. On subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there was still no significant association detected.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and risk of breast
cancer. However, the present meta-analysis suggested that only there might be a significant association of the CXCL12
rs1801157 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Jafari Nedooshan
- Department of General Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Melanocortin Receptor-4 Gene Polymorphisms in Glioblastoma Patients Treated with Concomitant Radio-Chemotherapy. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1396-1404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gianfrancesco MA, Glymour MM, Walter S, Rhead B, Shao X, Shen L, Quach H, Hubbard A, Jónsdóttir I, Stefánsson K, Strid P, Hillert J, Hedström A, Olsson T, Kockum I, Schaefer C, Alfredsson L, Barcellos LF. Causal Effect of Genetic Variants Associated With Body Mass Index on Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:162-171. [PMID: 28073764 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Recent studies indicate that childhood and adolescent obesity double the risk of MS, but this association may reflect unmeasured confounders rather than causal effects of obesity. We used separate-sample Mendelian randomization to estimate the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on susceptibility to MS. Using data from non-Hispanic white members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan of Northern California (KPNC) (2006-2014; 1,104 cases of MS and 10,536 controls) and a replication data set from Sweden (the Epidemiological Investigation of MS (EIMS) and the Genes and Environment in MS (GEMS) studies, 2005-2013; 5,133 MS cases and 4,718 controls), we constructed a weighted genetic risk score using 97 variants previously established to predict BMI. Results were adjusted for birth year, sex, education, smoking status, ancestry, and genetic predictors of MS. Estimates in KPNC and Swedish data sets suggested that higher genetically induced BMI predicted greater susceptibility to MS (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.22 for the KPNC sample; odds ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.15 for the Swedish sample). Although the mechanism remains unclear, to our knowledge, these findings support a causal effect of increased BMI on susceptibility to MS for the first time, and they suggest a role for inflammatory pathways that characterize both obesity and the MS disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena A Gianfrancesco
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Lab, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Stefan Walter
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Brooke Rhead
- Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shao
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Dalian Maternal and Children's Centre, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Department of Agricultural Resource and Environment, College of Applied Meteorology, University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hong Quach
- Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA3012, 75015 Paris, France
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ingileif Jónsdóttir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hedström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 324 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Venniyoor A. The most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology-Question 2-5. Obesity-related cancers: more questions than answers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:18. [PMID: 28143590 PMCID: PMC5286818 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobacco-related cancers are well characterized and effective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy (metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition (subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is "malignant"? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers (ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common (over-lapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse effect of obesity on human condition.
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Epidemiology of Endometrial Carcinoma: Etiologic Importance of Hormonal and Metabolic Influences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:3-46. [PMID: 27910063 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic cancer in developed nations, and the annual incidence is projected to increase, secondary to the high prevalence of obesity, a strong endometrial carcinoma risk factor. Although endometrial carcinomas are etiologically, biologically, and clinically diverse, hormonal and metabolic mechanisms are particularly strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of endometrioid carcinoma, the numerically predominant subtype. The centrality of hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, combined with its slow development from well-characterized precursors in most cases, offers a substantial opportunity to reduce endometrial carcinoma mortality through early detection, lifestyle modification, and chemoprevention. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology of endometrial carcinoma, emphasizing theories that link risk factors for these tumors to hormonal and metabolic mechanisms. Future translational research opportunities related to prevention are discussed.
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Tumour biology of obesity-related cancers: understanding the molecular concept for better diagnosis and treatment. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14363-14380. [PMID: 27623943 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a major global problem. Various cancers are related to obesity and proper understanding of their aetiology, especially their molecular tumour biology is important for early diagnosis and better treatment. Genes play an important role in the development of obesity. Few genes such as leptin, leptin receptor encoded by the db (diabetes), pro-opiomelanocortin, AgRP and NPY and melanocortin-4 receptors and insulin-induced gene 2 were linked to obesity. MicroRNAs control gene expression via mRNA degradation and protein translation inhibition and influence cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death. Overexpression of miR-143 inhibits tumour growth by suppressing B cell lymphoma 2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 activities and KRAS oncogene. Cancers of the breast, uterus, renal, thyroid and liver are also related to obesity. Any disturbance in the production of sex hormones and insulin, leads to distortion in the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The possible mechanism linking obesity to cancer involves alteration in the level of adipokines and sex hormones. These mediators act as biomarkers for cancer progression and act as targets for cancer therapy and prevention. Interestingly, many anti-cancerous drugs are also beneficial in treating obesity and vice versa. We also reviewed the possible link in the mechanism of few drugs which act both on cancer and obesity. The present review may be important for molecular biologists, oncologists and clinicians treating cancers and also pave the way for better therapeutic options.
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Zhang YP, Zhang YY, Duan DD. From Genome-Wide Association Study to Phenome-Wide Association Study: New Paradigms in Obesity Research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 140:185-231. [PMID: 27288830 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated over an extent that increases the risk of many chronic diseases. The current clinical classification of obesity is based on measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, and body fat percentage. However, these measurements do not account for the wide individual variations in fat distribution, degree of fatness or health risks, and genetic variants identified in the genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this review, we will address this important issue with the introduction of phenome, phenomics, and phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). We will discuss the new paradigm shift from GWAS to PheWAS in obesity research. In the era of precision medicine, phenomics and PheWAS provide the required approaches to better definition and classification of obesity according to the association of obese phenome with their unique molecular makeup, lifestyle, and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Zhang
- Pediatric Heart Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Y-Y Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - D D Duan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Phenomics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Pharmacology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.
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Huang X, Zhao J, Yang M, Li M, Zheng J. Association between FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609 T/A) and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2016; 26. [PMID: 26931363 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor of cancer. Several genes have been found to play an important role in aetiology of obesity and tumourigenesis. Recently, some studies suggested that rs9939609 polymorphism might be significantly associated with cancer risk, while the results of some other studies were controversial. Databases with time limitation from January 1984 to April 2015 were searched. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the type of cancer and ethnicity of the study populations. Overall, the significant association between rs9939609 polymorphism and cancer risk was found in homozygote model and recessive model. As to subgroup classified by cancer type, there was significant association in endometrial cancer and pancreatic cancer, while no statistical significance was detected in other kind of cancers. Besides, in the subgroup analysis of ethnicity, our results indicated that rs9939609 polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in Asians. The rs9939609 polymorphism may be involved the susceptibility of endometrial cancer and pancreatic cancer, especially in Asian populations. Thus, rs9939609 may be a potential biomarker in early diagnosis or gene therapy target of endometrial cancer and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhu Y, Shen J, Gao L, Feng Y. Estrogen promotes fat mass and obesity-associated protein nuclear localization and enhances endometrial cancer cell proliferation via the mTOR signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2391-7. [PMID: 26884084 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive exposure to estrogen is generally acknowledged as a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Given that the accumulation of adipocytes also contributes to the increased production of estrogen, in the present study, we evaluated the expression of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene in endometrial tumor tissues and further explored the mechanism of how estrogen facilitates FTO nuclear localization and promotes endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining assay was used to detect the FTO expression in endometrial tumor samples. Western blotting was performed to investigate the mechanism of estrogen-induced FTO nuclear localization. siRNA was used to knock down ERα and further explore its role in FTO nuclear localization. MTT assay was carried out to determine cell proliferation. We found that FTO was overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma tissues and served as a poor prognostic marker. Additionally, estrogen induced FTO nuclear accumulation via the mTOR signaling pathway and the nuclear localization was ERα-dependent, which contributed to enhanced proliferative activity. Therefore, the present study provides new insight into the mechanisms of estrogen-induced proliferation, implying the possibility of using FTO as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Youji Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Prescott J, Setiawan VW, Wentzensen N, Schumacher F, Yu H, Delahanty R, Bernstein L, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Cook LS, Friedenreich C, Garcia-Closas M, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L, Liang X, Lissowska J, Lu L, Magliocco AM, Olson SH, Risch HA, Shu XO, Ursin G, Yang HP, Kraft P, De Vivo I. Body Mass Index Genetic Risk Score and Endometrial Cancer Risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143256. [PMID: 26606540 PMCID: PMC4659592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common variants that predispose individuals to a higher body mass index (BMI), an independent risk factor for endometrial cancer. Composite genotype risk scores (GRS) based on the joint effect of published BMI risk loci were used to explore whether endometrial cancer shares a genetic background with obesity. Genotype and risk factor data were available on 3,376 endometrial cancer case and 3,867 control participants of European ancestry from the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium GWAS. A BMI GRS was calculated by summing the number of BMI risk alleles at 97 independent loci. For exploratory analyses, additional GRSs were based on subsets of risk loci within putative etiologic BMI pathways. The BMI GRS was statistically significantly associated with endometrial cancer risk (P = 0.002). For every 10 BMI risk alleles a woman had a 13% increased endometrial cancer risk (95% CI: 4%, 22%). However, after adjusting for BMI, the BMI GRS was no longer associated with risk (per 10 BMI risk alleles OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.07; P = 0.78). Heterogeneity by BMI did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06), and no effect modification was noted by age, GWAS Stage, study design or between studies (P≥0.58). In exploratory analyses, the GRS defined by variants at loci containing monogenic obesity syndrome genes was associated with reduced endometrial cancer risk independent of BMI (per BMI risk allele OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.96; P = 2.1 x 10−5). Possessing a large number of BMI risk alleles does not increase endometrial cancer risk above that conferred by excess body weight among women of European descent. Thus, the GRS based on all current established BMI loci does not provide added value independent of BMI. Future studies are required to validate the unexpected observed relation between monogenic obesity syndrome genetic variants and endometrial cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Prescott
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Veronica W. Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Herbert Yu
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan Delahanty
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chu Chen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Cook
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christine Friedenreich
- Division of Cancer Care, Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services–Cancer Control Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, Cancer Center and M Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Sara H. Olson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannah P. Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Nead KT, Sharp SJ, Thompson DJ, Painter JN, Savage DB, Semple RK, Barker A, Perry JRB, Attia J, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Holliday E, Lotta LA, O'Mara T, McEvoy M, Pharoah PDP, Scott RJ, Spurdle AB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Scott RA. Evidence of a Causal Association Between Insulinemia and Endometrial Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv178. [PMID: 26134033 PMCID: PMC4572886 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated with endometrial cancer risk in numerous observational studies. However, the causality of these associations is uncertain. Here we use a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to assess whether insulinemia and T2D are causally associated with endometrial cancer. METHODS We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with T2D (49 variants), fasting glucose (36 variants), fasting insulin (18 variants), early insulin secretion (17 variants), and body mass index (BMI) (32 variants) as instrumental variables in MR analyses. We calculated MR estimates for each risk factor with endometrial cancer using an inverse-variance weighted method with SNP-endometrial cancer associations from 1287 case patients and 8273 control participants. RESULTS Genetically predicted higher fasting insulin levels were associated with greater risk of endometrial cancer (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation = 2.34, 95% confidence internal [CI] = 1.06 to 5.14, P = .03). Consistently, genetically predicted higher 30-minute postchallenge insulin levels were also associated with endometrial cancer risk (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.76, P = .003). We observed no associations between genetic risk of type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.04, P = .16) or higher fasting glucose (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.50, P = .99) and endometrial cancer. In contrast, endometrial cancer risk was higher in individuals with genetically predicted higher BMI (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 2.24 to 6.64, P = 1.2x10(-6)). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence to support a causal association of higher insulin levels, independently of BMI, with endometrial cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Jodie N Painter
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - David B Savage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Robert K Semple
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Adam Barker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - John Attia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Alison M Dunning
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Douglas F Easton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Tracy O'Mara
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Mark McEvoy
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Rodney J Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS)
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (KTN, SJS, AB, JRBP, LAL, CL, NJW, RAS); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (KTN); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (DJT, DFE, PDPP); Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia (JNP, ANECS, TO, ABS); University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK (DBS, RKS); Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia (JA, EH, RJS); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (JA, MM); Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK (AMD, DFE, PDPP); Centre for Information Based Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia (EH, RJS).
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Abstract
Excess body adiposity, commonly expressed as body mass index (BMI), is a risk factor for many common adult cancers. Over the past decade, epidemiological data have shown that adiposity-cancer risk associations are specific for gender, site, geographical population, histological subtype and molecular phenotype. The biological mechanisms underpinning these associations are incompletely understood but need to take account of the specificities observed in epidemiology to better inform future prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Renehan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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Yuan H, Zhu G, Wang F, Wang X, Guo H, Shen M. Interaction between common variants of FTO and MC4R is associated with risk of PCOS. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:55. [PMID: 26032905 PMCID: PMC4455322 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrine-metabolic disease. One of the well-documented characteristics of PCOS is obesity or overweightness. It is possible to be genetically predisposed to becoming obese or overweight, and several potentially causative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), such as rs9939609 (A/T) in the fat mass, and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and rs17782313 (T/C) in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R), have been investigated. Further investigation of association between obesity-associated SNPs and PCOS susceptibility will contribute to a better understanding of the disease. METHODS In the present study, we enrolled 733 patients with PCOS and 892 control subjects. The common variants FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 were genotyped and their relationship with obesity-related traits was evaluated. RESULTS Rs9939609 and rs17782313 are associated with PCOS and obesity-related traits and profiles. The association found between PCOS and FTO rs9939609 (p=0.0302) was attenuated after adjustment for BMI (p=0.187). MC4R rs17782313 did not confer an increased risk for PCOS (p=0.368) even after adjustments (p=0.715). Interestingly, the interaction of FTO and MC4R polymorphisms was more significantly associated with PCOS (p=0.031, adjusted for age and BMI). The FTO variant rs9939609 is associated with Chinese women with PCOS; however, this association is affected by BMI. CONCLUSIONS The combined pathogenic effect of FTO and MC4R polymorphisms indicates a direct role of the interaction between FTO and MC4R polymorphisms in the development of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Huihui Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Mo Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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35
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the FTO gene and cancer risk: an overview. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:699-704. [PMID: 25387436 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene has a strong linkage disequilibrium block, within which SNPs have been identified that are involved in the development of obesity. Recently some of these variants have also been associated with cancer. However, identification of the possible mechanisms that could explain these associations has proven to be elusive. It has been found that FTO polymorphisms can regulate the expression of genes at large kilobases of distance as well as the expression of the FTO gene itself, and regions for transcription factor binding. To date it has been observed that variants rs9939609, rs17817449, rs8050136, rs1477196, rs6499640, rs16953002, rs11075995 and rs1121980 are associated with the risk of developing cancer. Some studies have produced negative results when comparing the same polymorphisms, but make a simple association between polymorphic variants and cancer, have proved difficult because this relation is by nature multifactorial. A certain degree of variation resulting from the improper design of studies or processing of data can lead to erroneous conclusions. However, it is now unquestionable that certain FTO polymorphisms regulate genetic expression related to cancer susceptibility, although this field is just beginning to be understood.
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Cronin RM, Field JR, Bradford Y, Shaffer CM, Carroll RJ, Mosley JD, Bastarache L, Edwards TL, Hebbring SJ, Lin S, Hindorff LA, Crane PK, Pendergrass SA, Ritchie MD, Crawford DC, Pathak J, Bielinski SJ, Carrell DS, Crosslin DR, Ledbetter DH, Carey DJ, Tromp G, Williams MS, Larson EB, Jarvik GP, Peissig PL, Brilliant MH, McCarty CA, Chute CG, Kullo IJ, Bottinger E, Chisholm R, Smith ME, Roden DM, Denny JC. Phenome-wide association studies demonstrating pleiotropy of genetic variants within FTO with and without adjustment for body mass index. Front Genet 2014; 5:250. [PMID: 25177340 PMCID: PMC4134007 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) have demonstrated utility in validating genetic associations derived from traditional genetic studies as well as identifying novel genetic associations. Here we used an electronic health record (EHR)-based PheWAS to explore pleiotropy of genetic variants in the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO), some of which have been previously associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We used a population of 10,487 individuals of European ancestry with genome-wide genotyping from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network and another population of 13,711 individuals of European ancestry from the BioVU DNA biobank at Vanderbilt genotyped using Illumina HumanExome BeadChip. A meta-analysis of the two study populations replicated the well-described associations between FTO variants and obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.11-1.24, p = 2.10 × 10(-9)) and FTO variants and T2D (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.08-1.21, p = 2.34 × 10(-6)). The meta-analysis also demonstrated that FTO variant rs8050136 was significantly associated with sleep apnea (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07-1.22, p = 3.33 × 10(-5)); however, the association was attenuated after adjustment for body mass index (BMI). Novel phenotype associations with obesity-associated FTO variants included fibrocystic breast disease (rs9941349, OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.74-0.91, p = 5.41 × 10(-5)) and trends toward associations with non-alcoholic liver disease and gram-positive bacterial infections. FTO variants not associated with obesity demonstrated other potential disease associations including non-inflammatory disorders of the cervix and chronic periodontitis. These results suggest that genetic variants in FTO may have pleiotropic associations, some of which are not mediated by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Cronin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- *Correspondence: Robert M. Cronin, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 220 Garland 440 EBL, Nashville, TN 37232, USA e-mail:
| | - Julie R. Field
- Office of Research, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Christian M. Shaffer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D. Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott J. Hebbring
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research FoundationMarshfield, WI, USA
| | - Simon Lin
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research FoundationMarshfield, WI, USA
| | - Lucia A. Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul K. Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Pendergrass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems Genomics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems Genomics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Jyotishman Pathak
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - David R. Crosslin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David J. Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health SystemDanville, PA, USA
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health SystemDanville, PA, USA
| | - Marc S. Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health SystemDanville, PA, USA
| | | | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Peggy L. Peissig
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research FoundationMarshfield, WI, USA
| | - Murray H. Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research FoundationMarshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Christopher G. Chute
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Erwin Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
| | - Rex Chisholm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, IL, USA
| | - Maureen E. Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, IL, USA
| | - Dan M. Roden
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
- Joshua C. Denny, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203-8820, USA e-mail:
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37
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Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster in the first intron of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are associated obesity traits in genome-wide association studies. The minor allele increases BMI by 0.39 kg/m(2) (or 1,130 g in body weight) and risk of obesity by 1.20-fold. This association has been confirmed across age groups and populations of diverse ancestry; the largest effect is seen in young adulthood. The effect of FTO SNPs on obesity traits in populations of African and Asian ancestry is similar or somewhat smaller than in European ancestry populations. However, the BMI-increasing allele in FTO is substantially less prevalent in populations with non-European ancestry. FTO SNPs do not influence physical activity levels; yet, in physically active individuals, FTO's effect on obesity susceptibility is attenuated by approximately 30%. Evidence from epidemiological and functional studies suggests that FTO confers an increased risk of obesity by subtly changing food intake and preference. Moreover, emerging data suggest a role for FTO in nutrient sensing, regulation of mRNA translation and general growth. In this Review, we discuss the genetic epidemiology of FTO and discuss how its complex biology might link to the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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38
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Abstract
The Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is a newly identified genetic factor for obesity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms responsible for the effect of FTO on obesity remain largely unknown. Recent studies from genome-wide associated studies reveal that genetic variants in the FTO gene are associated not only with human adiposity and metabolic disorders, but also with cancer, a highly obesity-associated disease as well. Data from animal and cellular models further demonstrate that the perturbation of FTO enzymatic activity dysregulates genes related to energy metabolism, causing the malfunction of energy and adipose tissue homeostasis in mice. The most significant advance about FTO research is the recent discovery of FTO as the first N6-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) RNA demethylase that catalyzes the m(6)A demethylation in α-ketoglutarate - and Fe(2+)-dependent manners. This finding provides the strong evidence that the dynamic and reversible chemical m(6)A modification on RNA may act as a novel epitranscriptomic marker. Furthermore, the FTO protein was observed to be partially localized onto nuclear speckles enriching mRNA processing factors, implying a potential role of FTO in regulating RNA processing. This review summarizes the recent progress about biological functions of FTO through disease-association studies as well as the data from in vitro and in vivo models, and highlights the biochemical features of FTO that might be linked to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Laboratory of Genome Variations and Precision Biomedicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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39
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Sull JW, Lee M, Jee SH. Replication of genetic effects of MC4R polymorphisms on body mass index in a Korean population. Endocrine 2013; 44:675-9. [PMID: 23460509 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of adverse health risks. Several genome-wide association studies of obesity have identified candidate genes, including the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene. We carried out a replication study of MC4R and FTO variants in a Korean cohort. A total of 2,281 subjects in the Bundang-gu region were analyzed using selected markers. Another 8,826 subjects in the Ansung/Ansan city were used for a meta-analysis. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FTO and one SNP in the MC4R gene were genotyped. Multivariate linear regression models were employed to test for genotypic effects on obesity traits while adjusting for age and sex using an additive model. The SNP rs17782313 near the MC4R gene was associated with mean body mass index in the Bundang-gu cohort (effect per allele 0.288 kg/m(2), p = 0.0023). The p value for meta-analysis of rs17782313 in all 11,107 individuals in the Bundang-gu and Ansung/Ansan cohorts was 2.82 × 10(-6) (effect per allele 0.22 kg/m(2)). Two SNPs in FTO were significantly associated with weight (effect per allele 0.969 kg, p = 0.011 for rs9939609; 0.943, p = 0.014 for rs8050136) but not with body mass index. This study demonstrates that genetic variants in MC4R influence obesity traits in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Sull
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Sungnam-Si, Gyeongi-Do, 461-713, Republic of Korea
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40
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Epidemiological analysis of hereditary endometrial cancer in a large study population. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:1093-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Brocker KA, Alt CD, Breyer U, Hallscheidt P, Sohn C. Endometrial cancer: results of clinical and histopathological staging compared to magnetic resonance imaging using an endorectal surface coil. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:851-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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A variant in FTO shows association with melanoma risk not due to BMI. Nat Genet 2013; 45:428-32, 432e1. [PMID: 23455637 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of an association study of melanoma that is based on the genome-wide imputation of the genotypes of 1,353 cases and 3,566 controls of European origin conducted by the GenoMEL consortium. This revealed an association between several SNPs in intron 8 of the FTO gene, including rs16953002, which replicated using 12,313 cases and 55,667 controls of European ancestry from Europe, the USA and Australia (combined P = 3.6 × 10(-12), per-allele odds ratio for allele A = 1.16). In addition to identifying a new melanoma-susceptibility locus, this is to our knowledge the first study to identify and replicate an association with SNPs in FTO not related to body mass index (BMI). These SNPs are not in intron 1 (the BMI-related region) and exhibit no association with BMI. This suggests FTO's function may be broader than the existing paradigm that FTO variants influence multiple traits only through their associations with BMI and obesity.
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Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:147-91. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Guo J, Ren W, Ding Y, Li A, Jia L, Su D, Liu X, Xu K, Yang T. Fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) expression is regulated negatively by the transcription factor Foxa2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51082. [PMID: 23236435 PMCID: PMC3517585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) is the first gene associated with body mass index (BMI) and risk for diabetes. FTO is highly expressed in the brain and pancreas, and is involved in regulating dietary intake and energy expenditure. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of FTO expression, we created 5'-deletion constructs of the FTO promoter to determine which transcription factors are most relevant to FTO expression. The presence of an activation region at -201/+34 was confirmed by luciferase activity analysis. A potential Foxa2 (called HNF-3β) binding site and an upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-binding site was identified in the -100 bp fragment upstream of the transcription start site (TSS). Furthermore, using mutagenesis, we identified the Foxa2 binding sequence (-26/-14) as a negative regulatory element to the activity of the human FTO promoter. The USF binding site did not affect the FTO promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to confirm Foxa2 binding to the FTO promoter. Overexpression of Foxa2 in HEK 293 cells significantly down-regulated FTO promoter activity and expression. Conversely, knockdown of Foxa2 by siRNA significantly up-regulated FTO expression. These findings suggest that Foxa2 negatively regulates the basal transcription and expression of the human FTO gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; and Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aimei Li
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Jia
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongming Su
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Zhou D, Lai Y, Liu Y, Tao X, Wang Q, Zhao G, Gu H, Liao H, Zhu Y, Xi X, Feng Y. Estrogen induces endometrial cancer cell proliferation and invasion by regulating the fat mass and obesity-associated gene via PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2012; 319:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang KS, Liu X, Zheng S, Zeng M, Pan Y, Callahan K. A novel locus for body mass index on 5p15.2: A meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies. Gene 2012; 500:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lim U, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR, Caberto C, Tiirikainen M, Cheng I, Park SL, Stram DO, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L. Susceptibility variants for obesity and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort and PAGE studies. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E1038-43. [PMID: 22511254 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a leading contributor to colorectal cancer risk. We investigated whether the risk variants identified in genome-wide association studies of body mass index (BMI) and waist size are associated with colorectal cancer risk, independently of the effect of obesity phenotype due to a shared etiology. Twenty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 loci (BDNF, FAIM2, FTO, GNPDA2, KCTD15, LYPLAL1, MC4R, MSRA, MTCH2, NEGR1, NRXN3, SEC16B, SH2B1, TFAP2B and TMEM18) were genotyped in a case-control study of 2,033 colorectal cancer cases and 9,640 controls nested within the multiethnic cohort study, as part of the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology consortium. Risk alleles for two obesity SNPs were associated with colorectal cancer risk--KCTD15 rs29941 [odds ratio (OR) for C allele = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.98; p = 0.01] and MC4R rs17782313 (OR for C allele = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.22; p = 0.02). These associations were independent of the effect of BMI. However, none of the results remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. No heterogeneity was observed across race/ethnic groups. Our findings suggest that the obesity risk variants are not likely to affect the risk of colorectal cancer substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Association between FTO gene polymorphism and cancer risk: evidence from 16,277 cases and 31,153 controls. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1237-43. [PMID: 22396042 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study showed that the rs9939609 polymorphism in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was associated with body mass index (BMI)/obesity in Europeans. Subsequently, several studies have investigated the association between FTO polymorphism and cancer risk. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between FTO polymorphism and cancer risk. Published literature from PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed-effects model. A total of 13 studies involving 16,277 cases and 31,153 controls were identified. The results suggested that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was not significantly associated with the increased risk of cancer (OR = 1.01, 95 %CI 0.98-1.04), with the exception that a statistically significant association was found for pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.10, 95 %CI 1.03-1.19). No publication bias was detected (Begg's test: P = 0.760; Egger's test: P = 0.553). Our meta-analysis indicated that there was no association between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and the increased risk of cancer, although this polymorphism was marginally associated with pancreatic cancer. However, the conclusion should be made with caution since most included studies did not take BMI/obesity into account.
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Choquet H, Meyre D. Genetics of Obesity: What have we Learned? Curr Genomics 2011; 12:169-79. [PMID: 22043165 PMCID: PMC3137002 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795677895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of nine loci involved in Mendelian forms of obesity and 58 loci contributing to polygenic obesity. These loci explain a small fraction of the heritability for obesity and many genes remain to be discovered. However, efforts in obesity gene identification greatly modified our understanding of this disorder. In this review, we propose an overlook of major lessons learned from 15 years of research in the field of genetics and obesity. We comment on the existence of the genetic continuum between monogenic and polygenic forms of obesity that pinpoints the role of genes involved in the central regulation of food intake and genetic predisposition to obesity. We explain how the identification of novel obesity predisposing genes has clarified unsuspected biological pathways involved in the control of energy balance that have helped to understand past human history and to explore causality in epidemiology. We provide evidence that obesity predisposing genes interact with the environment and influence the response to treatment relevant to disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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O'Mara TA, Ferguson K, Fahey P, Marquart L, Yang HP, Lissowska J, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M, Thompson DJ, Healey CS, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Webb PM, Spurdle AB. CHEK2, MGMT, SULT1E1 and SULT1A1 polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk. Twin Res Hum Genet 2011; 14:328-32. [PMID: 21787115 DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.4.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes of DNA repair and hormone pathways have been reported to be associated with endometrial cancer risk. We sought to confirm these associations in two endometrial cancer case-control sample sets and used additional data from an existing genome-wide association study to prioritize an additional SNP for further study. Five SNPs from the CHEK2, MGMT, SULT1E1 and SULT1A1 genes, genotyped in a total of 1597 cases and 1507 controls from two case-control studies, the Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study and the Polish Endometrial Cancer Study, were assessed for association with endometrial cancer risk using logistic regression analysis. Imputed data was drawn for CHEK2 rs8135424 for 666 cases from the Study of Epidemiology and Risk factors in Cancer Heredity study and 5190 controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. We observed no association between SNPs in the MGMT, SULT1E1 and SULT1A1 genes and endometrial cancer risk. The A allele of the rs8135424 CHEK2 SNP was associated with decreased risk of endometrial cancer (adjusted per-allele OR 0.83; 95%CI 0.70-0.98; p = .03) however this finding was opposite to that previously published. Imputed data for CHEK2 rs8135424 supported the direction of effect reported in this study (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.65-1.10). Previously reported endometrial cancer risk associations with SNPs from in genes involved in estrogen metabolism and DNA repair were not replicated in our larger study population. This study highlights the need for replication of candidate gene SNP studies using large sample groups, to confirm risk associations and better prioritize downstream studies to assess the causal relationship between genetic variants and cancer risk. Our findings suggest that the CHEK2 SNP rs8135424 be prioritized for further study as a genetic factor associated with risk of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A O'Mara
- Hormone Dependent Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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