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Ferreira AZL, de Araújo CN, Cardoso ICC, de Souza Mangabeira KS, Rocha AP, Charneau S, Santana JM, Motta FN, Bastos IMD. Metacyclogenesis as the Starting Point of Chagas Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:117. [PMID: 38203289 PMCID: PMC10778605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected infectious disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily transmitted by triatomine vectors, and it threatens approximately seventy-five million people worldwide. This parasite undergoes a complex life cycle, transitioning between hosts and shifting from extracellular to intracellular stages. To ensure its survival in these diverse environments, T. cruzi undergoes extreme morphological and molecular changes. The metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) form, which arises from the metacyclogenesis (MTG) process in the triatomine hindgut, serves as a crucial link between the insect and human hosts and can be considered the starting point of Chagas disease. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the parasite's life cycle, molecular pathways, and mechanisms involved in metabolic and morphological adaptations during MTG, enabling the MT to evade the immune system and successfully infect human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cunha Costa Cardoso
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Pereira Rocha
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nader Motta
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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2
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Povelones ML, Holmes NA, Povelones M. A sticky situation: When trypanosomatids attach to insect tissues. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011854. [PMID: 38128049 PMCID: PMC10734937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of trypanosomatids to their mammalian hosts requires a complex series of developmental transitions in their insect vectors, including stable attachment to an insect tissue. While there are many ultrastructural descriptions of attached cells, we know little about the signaling events and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Each trypanosomatid species attaches to a specific tissue in the insect at a particular stage of its life cycle. Attachment is mediated by the flagellum, which is modified to accommodate a filament-rich plaque within an expanded region of the flagellar membrane. Attachment immediately precedes differentiation to the mammal-infectious stage and in some cases a direct mechanistic link has been demonstrated. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of trypanosomatid attachment in insects, including structure, function, signaling, candidate molecules, and changes in gene expression. We also highlight remaining questions about this process and how the field is poised to address them through modern approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Povelones
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nikki A. Holmes
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Povelones
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Lee MH, Ratanachan D, Wang Z, Hack J, Abdulrahman L, Shamlin NP, Kalayjian M, Nesseler JP, Ganapathy E, Nguyen C, Ratikan JA, Cacalano NA, Austin D, Damoiseaux R, DiPardo B, Graham DS, Kalbasi A, Sayer JW, McBride WH, Schaue D. Adaptation of the Tumor Antigen Presentation Machinery to Ionizing Radiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:693-705. [PMID: 37395687 PMCID: PMC10435044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) can reprogram proteasome structure and function in cells and tissues. In this article, we show that IR can promote immunoproteasome synthesis with important implications for Ag processing and presentation and tumor immunity. Irradiation of a murine fibrosarcoma (FSA) induced dose-dependent de novo biosynthesis of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP7, LMP2, and Mecl-1, in concert with other changes in the Ag-presentation machinery (APM) essential for CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity, including enhanced expression of MHC class I (MHC-I), β2-microglobulin, transporters associated with Ag processing molecules, and their key transcriptional activator NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5. In contrast, in another less immunogenic, murine fibrosarcoma (NFSA), LMP7 transcripts and expression of components of the immunoproteasome and the APM were muted after IR, which affected MHC-I expression and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration into NFSA tumors in vivo. Introduction of LMP7 into NFSA largely corrected these deficiencies, enhancing MHC-I expression and in vivo tumor immunogenicity. The immune adaptation in response to IR mirrored many aspects of the response to IFN-γ in coordinating the transcriptional MHC-I program, albeit with notable differences. Further investigations showed divergent upstream pathways in that, unlike IFN-γ, IR failed to activate STAT-1 in either FSA or NFSA cells while heavily relying on NF-κB activation. The IR-induced shift toward immunoproteasome production within a tumor indicates that proteasomal reprogramming is part of an integrated and dynamic tumor-host response that is specific to the stressor and the tumor and therefore is of clinical relevance for radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Heon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duang Ratanachan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zitian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Hack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lobna Abdulrahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Shamlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Kalayjian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Philippe Nesseler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas A. Cacalano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Austin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of CNSI, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin DiPardo
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S. Graham
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James W. Sayer
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Coutinho JVP, Rosa-Fernandes L, Mule SN, de Oliveira GS, Manchola NC, Santiago VF, Colli W, Wrenger C, Alves MJM, Palmisano G. The thermal proteome stability profile of Trypanosoma cruzi in epimastigote and trypomastigote life stages. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104339. [PMID: 34352427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellate protozoa being the etiological agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease, which still poses a public health problem worldwide. The intricate molecular changes during T. cruzi-host interaction have been explored using different largescale omics techniques. However, protein stability is largely unknown. Thermal proteome profiling (TPP) methodology has the potential to characterize proteome-wide stability highlighting key proteins during T. cruzi infection and life stage transition from the invertebrate to the mammalian host. In the present work, T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes cell lysates were subjected to TPP workflow and analyzed by quantitative large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteomics to fit a melting profile for each protein. A total of 2884 proteins were identified and associated to 1741 melting curves being 1370 in trypomastigotes (TmAVG 53.53 °C) and 1279 in epimastigotes (TmAVG 50.89 °C). A total of 453 proteins were identified with statistically different melting profiles between the two life stages. Proteins associated to pathogenesis and intracellular transport had regulated melting temperatures. Membrane and glycosylated proteins had a higher average Tm in trypomastigotes compared to epimastigotes. This study represents the first large-scale comparison of parasite protein stability between life stages. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma cruzi, a unicellular flagellate parasite, is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, endemic in South America and affecting more that 7 million people worldwide. There is an intense research to identify novel chemotherapeutic and diagnostic targets of Chagas disease. Proteomic approaches have helped in elucidating the quantitative proteome and PTMs changes of T. cruzi during life cycle transition and upon different biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the protein-protein interaction and protein conformation is still missing. In order to fill this gap, this manuscript elucidates the T. cruzi Y strain proteome-wide thermal stability map in the epimastigote and trypomastigote life stages. Comparison between life stages showed a higher average melting temperature stability for trypomastigotes than epimastigotes indicating a host temperature adaptation. Both presented a selective thermal stability shift for cellular compartments, molecular functions and biological processes based on the T. cruzi life stage. Membrane and glycosylated proteins presented a higher thermal stability in trypomastigotes when compared to the epimastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao V P Coutinho
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos de Oliveira
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Veronica Feijoli Santiago
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Colli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Vallejo GA, Guhl F, Messenger LA, Ramírez JD. Transcriptional remodeling during metacyclogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi I. Virulence 2021; 11:969-980. [PMID: 32715914 PMCID: PMC7549971 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1797274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacyclogenesis is one of the most important processes in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. In this stage, noninfective epimastigotes become infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. However, the transcriptomic changes that occur during this transformation remain uncertain. Illumina RNA-sequencing of epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes belonging to T. cruzi DTU I was undertaken. Sequencing reads were aligned and mapped against the reference genome, differentially expressed genes between the two life cycle stages were identified, and metabolic pathways were reconstructed. Gene expression differed significantly between epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes. The cellular pathways that were mostly downregulated during metacyclogenesis involved glucose energy metabolism (glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation), amino acid metabolism, and DNA replication. By contrast, the processes where an increase in gene expression was observed included those related to autophagy (particularly Atg7 and Atg8 transcripts), corroborating its importance during metacyclogenesis, endocytosis, by an increase in the expression of the AP-2 complex subunit alpha, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and meiosis. Study findings indicate that in T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes, metabolic processes are decreased, and expression of genes involved in specific cell cycle processes is increased to facilitate transformation to this infective stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima , Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá, Colombia
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Alama-Bermejo G, Meyer E, Atkinson SD, Holzer AS, Wiśniewska MM, Kolísko M, Bartholomew JL. Transcriptome-Wide Comparisons and Virulence Gene Polymorphisms of Host-Associated Genotypes of the Cnidarian Parasite Ceratonova shasta in Salmonids. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1258-1276. [PMID: 32467979 PMCID: PMC7487138 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratonova shasta is an important myxozoan pathogen affecting the health of salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Ceratonova shasta exists as a complex of host-specific genotypes, some with low to moderate virulence, and one that causes a profound, lethal infection in susceptible hosts. High throughput sequencing methods are powerful tools for discovering the genetic basis of these host/virulence differences, but deep sequencing of myxozoans has been challenging due to extremely fast molecular evolution of this group, yielding strongly divergent sequences that are difficult to identify, and unavoidable host contamination. We designed and optimized different bioinformatic pipelines to address these challenges. We obtained a unique set of comprehensive, host-free myxozoan RNA-seq data from C. shasta genotypes of varying virulence from different salmonid hosts. Analyses of transcriptome-wide genetic distances and maximum likelihood multigene phylogenies elucidated the evolutionary relationship between lineages and demonstrated the limited resolution of the established Internal Transcribed Spacer marker for C. shasta genotype identification, as this marker fails to differentiate between biologically distinct genotype II lineages from coho salmon and rainbow trout. We further analyzed the data sets based on polymorphisms in two gene groups related to virulence: cell migration and proteolytic enzymes including their inhibitors. The developed single-nucleotide polymorphism-calling pipeline identified polymorphisms between genotypes and demonstrated that variations in both motility and protease genes were associated with different levels of virulence of C. shasta in its salmonid hosts. The prospective use of proteolytic enzymes as promising candidates for targeted interventions against myxozoans in aquaculture is discussed. We developed host-free transcriptomes of a myxozoan model organism from strains that exhibited different degrees of virulence, as a unique source of data that will foster functional gene analyses and serve as a base for the development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS), CCT CONICET - CENPAT, San Antonio Oeste, Argentina
| | - Eli Meyer
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University
| | | | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Monika M Wiśniewska
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kolísko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Bijlmakers MJ. Ubiquitination and the Proteasome as Drug Targets in Trypanosomatid Diseases. Front Chem 2021; 8:630888. [PMID: 33732684 PMCID: PMC7958763 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.630888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic pathogens Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania are responsible for debilitating diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. The numbers of drugs available to treat these diseases, Human African Trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease and Leishmaniasis are very limited and existing treatments have substantial shortcomings in delivery method, efficacy and safety. The identification and validation of novel drug targets opens up new opportunities for the discovery of therapeutic drugs with better efficacy and safety profiles. Here, the potential of targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in these parasites is reviewed. Ubiquitination is the posttranslational attachment of one or more ubiquitin proteins to substrates, an essential eukaryotic mechanism that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes in many different ways. The best studied of these is the delivery of ubiquitinated substrates for degradation to the proteasome, the major cellular protease. However, ubiquitination can also regulate substrates in proteasome-independent ways, and proteasomes can degrade proteins to some extent in ubiquitin-independent ways. Because of these widespread roles, both ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation are essential for the viability of eukaryotes and the proteins that mediate these processes are therefore attractive drug targets in trypanosomatids. Here, the current understanding of these processes in trypanosomatids is reviewed. Furthermore, significant recent progress in the development of trypanosomatid-selective proteasome inhibitors that cure mouse models of trypanosomatid infections is presented. In addition, the targeting of the key enzyme in ubiquitination, the ubiquitin E1 UBA1, is discussed as an alternative strategy. Important differences between human and trypanosomatid UBA1s in susceptibility to inhibitors predicts that the selective targeting of these enzymes in trypanosomatids may also be feasible. Finally, it is proposed that activating enzymes of the ubiquitin-like proteins SUMO and NEDD8 may represent drug targets in these trypanosomatids as well.
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Update on relevant trypanosome peptidases: Validated targets and future challenges. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140577. [PMID: 33271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of the American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the agents of Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis, HAT), as well as Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the agent of the cattle disease nagana, contain cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartyl and metallo peptidases. The most abundant among these enzymes are the cysteine proteases from the Clan CA, the Cathepsin L-like cruzipain and rhodesain, and the Cathepsin B-like enzymes, which have essential roles in the parasites and thus are potential targets for chemotherapy. In addition, several other proteases, present in one or both parasites, have been characterized, and some of them are also promising candidates for the developing of new drugs. Recently, new inhibitors, with good selectivity for the parasite proteasomes, have been described and are very promising as lead compounds for the development of new therapies for these neglected diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Play and interplay of proteases in health and disease".
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Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Echarren ML, Faral-Tello P, Iglesias AA, Robello C, Guerrero SA. On the functionality of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B from Trypanosoma cruzi. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:96-114. [PMID: 32682073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine is an amino acid susceptible to be oxidized to give a racemic mixture of R and S forms of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). This posttranslational modification has been reported to occur in vivo under either normal or stress conditions. The reduction of MetSO to methionine is catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), thiol-dependent enzymes present in almost all organisms. These enzymes can reduce specifically one or another of the isomers of MetSO (free and protein-bound). This redox modification could change the structure and function of many proteins, either concerned in redox or other metabolic pathways. The study of antioxidant systems in Trypanosoma cruzi has been mainly focused on the involvement of trypanothione, a specific redox component for these organisms. Though, little information is available concerning mechanisms for repairing oxidized methionine residues in proteins, which would be relevant for the survival of these pathogens in the different stages of their life cycle. METHODS We report an in vitro functional and in vivo cellular characterization of methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MSRB, specific for protein-bound MetSO R-enantiomer) from T. cruzi strain Dm28c. RESULTS MSRB exhibited both cytosolic and mitochondrial localization in epimastigote cells. From assays involving parasites overexpressing MSRB, we observed the contribution of this protein to increase the general resistance against oxidative damage, the infectivity of trypomastigote cells, and intracellular replication of the amastigote stage. Also, we report that epimastigotes overexpressing MSRB exhibit inhibition of the metacyclogenesis process; this suggesting the involvement of the proteins as negative modulators in this cellular differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This report contributes to novel insights concerning redox metabolism in T. cruzi. Results herein presented support the importance of enzymatic steps involved in the metabolism of L-Met and in repairing oxidized macromolecules in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Matías S Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María L Echarren
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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10
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Muñoz M, Patiño LH, Vallejo GA, Guhl F, Ramírez JD. Slight temperature changes cause rapid transcriptomic responses in Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:255. [PMID: 32410662 PMCID: PMC7226949 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe changes in temperature can affect the behavior and ecology of some infectious agents. Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan that causes Chagas disease. This parasite has high genetic variability and can be divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs). Trypanosoma cruzi also has a complex life-cycle, which includes the process of metacyclogenesis when non-infective epimastigote forms are differentiated into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT). Studies in triatomines have shown that changes in temperature also affect the number and viability of MT. Methods The objective of this study was to evaluate how temperature affects the transcriptional profiles of T. cruzi I and II (TcI and TcII) MT by exposing parasites to two temperatures (27 °C and 28 °C) and comparing those to normal culture conditions at 26 °C. Subsequently, RNA-seq was conducted and differentially expressed genes were quantified and associated to metabolic pathways. Results A statistically significant difference was observed in the number of MT between the temperatures evaluated and the control, TcII DTU was not strongly affected to exposure to high temperatures compared to TcI. Similar results were found when we analyzed gene expression in this DTU, with the greatest number of differentially expressed genes being observed at 28 °C, which could indicate a dysregulation of different signaling pathways under this temperature. Chromosome analysis indicated that chromosome 1 harbored the highest number of changes for both DTUs for all thermal treatments. Finally, gene ontology (GO) analyses showed a decrease in the coding RNAs involved in the regulation of processes related to the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, the evasion of oxidative stress, and proteolysis and phosphorylation processes, and a decrease in RNAs coding to ribosomal proteins in TcI and TcII, along with an increase in the expression of surface metalloprotease GP63 in TcII. Conclusions Slight temperature shifts lead to increased cell death of metacyclic trypomastigotes because of the deregulation of gene expression of different processes essential for the TcI and TcII DTUs of T. cruzi.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz Helena Patiño
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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11
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Mesías AC, Garg NJ, Zago MP. Redox Balance Keepers and Possible Cell Functions Managed by Redox Homeostasis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:435. [PMID: 31921709 PMCID: PMC6932984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species appears to be merely the tip of the iceberg in the world of redox homeostasis. Now, oxidative stress can be seen as a two-sided process; at high concentrations, it causes damage to biomolecules, and thus, trypanosomes have evolved a strong antioxidant defense system to cope with these stressors. At low concentrations, oxidants are essential for cell signaling, and in fact, the oxidants/antioxidants balance may be able to trigger different cell fates. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of the oxidant environment experienced by T. cruzi along the different phases of its life cycle, and the molecular tools exploited by this pathogen to deal with oxidative stress, for better or worse. Further, we discuss the possible redox-regulated processes that could be governed by this oxidative context. Most of the current research has addressed the importance of the trypanosomes' antioxidant network based on its detox activity of harmful species; however, new efforts are necessary to highlight other functions of this network and the mechanisms underlying the fine regulation of the defense machinery, as this represents a master key to hinder crucial pathogen functions. Understanding the relevance of this balance keeper program in parasite biology will give us new perspectives to delineate improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Mesías
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - M Paola Zago
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
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12
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Torres-Gutiérrez E, Pérez-Cervera Y, Camoin L, Zenteno E, Aquino-Gil MO, Lefebvre T, Cabrera-Bravo M, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Bucio-Torres MI, Salazar-Schettino PM. Identification of O-Glcnacylated Proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30984116 PMCID: PMC6449728 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally an anthropozoonosis in the Americas, Chagas disease has spread from its previous borders through migration. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Differences in disease severity have been attributed to a natural pleomorphism in T. cruzi. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been studied in T. cruzi, but to date no work has focused on O-GlcNAcylation, a highly conserved monosaccharide-PTM of serine and threonine residues mainly found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is thought to regulate protein function analogously to protein phosphorylation; indeed, crosstalk between both PTMs allows the cell to regulate its functions in response to nutrient levels and stress. Herein, we demonstrate O-GlcNAcylation in T. cruzi epimastigotes by three methods: by using specific antibodies against the modification in lysates and whole parasites, by click chemistry labeling, and by proteomics. In total, 1,271 putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins and six modification sequences were identified by mass spectrometry (data available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD010285). Most of these proteins have structural and metabolic functions that are essential for parasite survival and evolution. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation pattern variations were observed by antibody detection under glucose deprivation and heat stress conditions, supporting their possible role in the adaptive response. Given the numerous biological processes in which O-GlcNAcylated proteins participate, its identification in T. cruzi proteins opens a new research field in the biology of Trypanosomatids, improve our understanding of infection processes and may allow us to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yobana Pérez-Cervera
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Luc Camoin
- INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmetes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico, Oaxaca, Mexico
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Paz María Salazar-Schettino
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13
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Obregón A, Flores MS, Rangel R, Arévalo K, Maldonado G, Quintero I, Galán L. Characterization of N-glycosylations in Entamoeba histolytica ubiquitin. Exp Parasitol 2019; 196:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Ubiquitin Proteasome pathway proteins as potential drug targets in parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8399. [PMID: 29849031 PMCID: PMC5976635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis infects more than 21 million people and claims approximately 2 million lives annually. Due to the development of resistance against currently available anti-trypanosomal drugs, there is a growing need for specific inhibitors and novel drug targets. Of late, the proteins from the Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway (UPP): ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinase have received attention as potential drug targets in other parasites from the apicomplexan family. The completion of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) genome sequencing in 2005 and subsequent availability of database resources like TriTrypDB has provided a platform for the systematic study of the proteome of this parasite. Here, we present the first comprehensive survey of the UPP enzymes, their homologs and other associated proteins in trypanosomes and the UPPs from T. cruzi were explored in detail. After extensive computational analyses using various bioinformatics tools, we have identified 269 putative UPP proteins in the T. cruzi proteome along with their homologs in other Trypanosoma species. Characterization of T. cruzi proteome was done based on their predicted subcellular localization, domain architecture and overall expression profiles. Specifically, unique domain architectures of the enzymes and the UPP players expressed exclusively in the amastigote stage provide a rationale for designing inhibitors against parasite UPP proteins.
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15
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Schmidt JC, Manhães L, Fragoso SP, Pavoni DP, Krieger MA. Involvement of STI1 protein in the differentiation process of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:131-139. [PMID: 29081390 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite exposed to several environmental stressors inside its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Although stress conditions are involved in its differentiation processes, little information is available about the stress response proteins engaged in these activities. This work reports the first known association of the stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) with the cellular differentiation process in a unicellular eukaryote. Albeit STI1 expression is constitutive in epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, higher protein levels were observed in late growth phase epimastigotes subjected to nutritional stress. Analysis by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that T. cruzi STI1 (TcSTI1) is located throughout the cell cytoplasm, with some cytoplasmic granules appearing in greater numbers in late growing epimastigotes and late growing epimastigotes subjected to nutritional stress. We observed that part of the fluorescence signal from both TcSTI1 and TcHSP70 colocalized around the nucleus. Gene silencing of sti1 in Trypanosoma brucei did not affect cell growth. Similarly, the growth of T. cruzi mutant parasites with a single allele sti1 gene knockout was not affected. However, the differentiation of epimastigotes in metacyclic trypomastigotes (metacyclogenesis) was compromised. Lower production rates and numbers of metacyclic trypomastigotes were obtained from the mutant parasites compared with the wild-type parasites. These data indicate that reduced levels of TcSTI1 decrease the rate of in vitro metacyclogenesis, suggesting that this protein may participate in the differentiation process of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Health Science Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ), Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lauro Manhães
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stenio P Fragoso
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pavoni
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marco A Krieger
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná (IBMP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Amorim JC, Batista M, da Cunha ES, Lucena ACR, Lima CVDP, Sousa K, Krieger MA, Marchini FK. Quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome analyses highlight the adherent population during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9899. [PMID: 28852088 PMCID: PMC5574995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis is a natural process that occurs inside the triatomine vector and corresponds to the differentiation of non-infective epimastigotes into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. The biochemical alterations necessary for the differentiation process have been widely studied with a focus on adhesion and nutritional stress. Here, using a mass spectrometry approach, a large-scale phospho(proteome) study was performed with the aim of understanding the metacyclogenesis processes in a quantitative manner. The results indicate that major modulations in the phospho(proteome) occur under nutritional stress and after 12 and 24 h of adhesion. Significant changes involve key cellular processes, such as translation, oxidative stress, and the metabolism of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Analysis of the signalling triggered by kinases and phosphatases from 7,336 identified phosphorylation sites demonstrates that 260 of these sites are modulated throughout the differentiation process, and some of these modulated proteins have previously been identified as drug targets in trypanosomiasis treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first quantitative results highlighting the modulation of phosphorylation sites during metacyclogenesis and the greater coverage of the proteome to the parasite during this process. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier number PXD006171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Amorim
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Michel Batista
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S da Cunha
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Aline C R Lucena
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carla V de Paula Lima
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karla Sousa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marco A Krieger
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Fabricio K Marchini
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. .,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
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17
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Cerqueira PG, Passos-Silva DG, Vieira-da-Rocha JP, Mendes IC, de Oliveira KA, Oliveira CFB, Vilela LFF, Nagem RAP, Cardoso J, Nardelli SC, Krieger MA, Franco GR, Macedo AM, Pena SDJ, Schenkman S, Gomes DA, Guerra-Sá R, Machado CR. Effect of ionizing radiation exposure on Trypanosoma cruzi ubiquitin-proteasome system. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 212:55-67. [PMID: 28137628 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, proteasome involvement in the damage response induced by ionizing radiation (IR) became evident. However, whether proteasome plays a direct or indirect role in IR-induced damage response still unclear. Trypanosoma cruzi is a human parasite capable of remarkable high tolerance to IR, suggesting a highly efficient damage response system. Here, we investigate the role of T. cruzi proteasome in the damage response induced by IR. We exposed epimastigotes to high doses of gamma ray and we analyzed the expression and subcellular localization of several components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We show that proteasome inhibition increases IR-induced cell growth arrest and proteasome-mediated proteolysis is altered after parasite exposure. We observed nuclear accumulation of 19S and 20S proteasome subunits in response to IR treatments. Intriguingly, the dynamic of 19S particle nuclear accumulation was more similar to the dynamic observed for Rad51 nuclear translocation than the observed for 20S. In the other hand, 20S increase and nuclear translocation could be related with an increase of its regulator PA26 and high levels of proteasome-mediated proteolysis in vitro. The intersection between the opposed peaks of 19S and 20S protein levels was marked by nuclear accumulation of both 20S and 19S together with Ubiquitin, suggesting a role of ubiquitin-proteasome system in the nuclear protein turnover at the time. Our results revealed the importance of proteasome-mediated proteolysis in T. cruzi IR-induced damage response suggesting that proteasome is also involved in T. cruzi IR tolerance. Moreover, our data support the possible direct/signaling role of 19S in DNA damage repair. Based on these results, we speculate that spatial and temporal differences between the 19S particle and 20S proteasome controls proteasome multiple roles in IR damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Cerqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle G Passos-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João P Vieira-da-Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cecilia Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karla A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila F B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Liza F F Vilela
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A P Nagem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marco A Krieger
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Glória R Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio D J Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dawidson A Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas & Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológica, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Pereira-Neves A, Gonzaga L, Menna-Barreto RFS, Benchimol M. Characterisation of 20S Proteasome in Tritrichomonas foetus and Its Role during the Cell Cycle and Transformation into Endoflagellar Form. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129165. [PMID: 26047503 PMCID: PMC4457923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are intracellular complexes that control selective protein degradation in organisms ranging from Archaea to higher eukaryotes. These structures have multiple proteolytic activities that are required for cell differentiation, replication and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, we document the presence of the 20S proteasome in the protist parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Complementary techniques, such as a combination of whole genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics algorithms, cell fractionation and biochemistry and microscopy approaches were used to characterise the 20S proteasome of T. foetus. The 14 homologues of the typical eukaryotic proteasome subunits were identified in the T. foetus genome. Alignment analyses showed that the main regulatory and catalytic domains of the proteasome were conserved in the predicted amino acid sequences from T. foetus-proteasome subunits. Immunofluorescence assays using an anti-proteasome antibody revealed a labelling distributed throughout the cytosol as punctate cytoplasmic structures and in the perinuclear region. Electron microscopy of a T. foetus-proteasome-enriched fraction confirmed the presence of particles that resembled the typical eukaryotic 20S proteasome. Fluorogenic assays using specific peptidyl substrates detected presence of the three typical peptidase activities of eukaryotic proteasomes in T. foetus. As expected, these peptidase activities were inhibited by lactacystin, a well-known specific proteasome inhibitor, and were not affected by inhibitors of serine or cysteine proteases. During the transformation of T. foetus to endoflagellar form (EFF), also known as pseudocyst, we observed correlations between the EFF formation rates, increases in the proteasome activities and reduced levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. The growth, cell cycle and EFF transformation of T. foetus were inhibited after treatment with lactacystin in a dose-dependent manner. Lactacystin treatment also resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and caused increase in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in the parasite. Taken together, our results suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for cell cycle and EFF transformation in T. foetus.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Flagella/metabolism
- Flagella/ultrastructure
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/classification
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/ultrastructure
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spores, Protozoan/drug effects
- Spores, Protozoan/metabolism
- Spores, Protozoan/ultrastructure
- Tritrichomonas foetus/genetics
- Tritrichomonas foetus/growth & development
- Tritrichomonas foetus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Celular, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica (LNCC/MCT), Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marlene Benchimol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- UNIGRANRIO- Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Systems in the Biology and Virulence of Protozoan Parasites. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:141526. [PMID: 26090380 PMCID: PMC4452248 DOI: 10.1155/2015/141526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, proteasomes perform crucial roles in many cellular pathways by degrading proteins to enforce quality control and regulate many cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction, cell death, immune responses, metabolism, protein-quality control, and development. The catalytic heart of these complexes, the 20S proteasome, is highly conserved in bacteria, yeast, and humans. However, until a few years ago, the role of proteasomes in parasite biology was completely unknown. Here, we summarize findings about the role of proteasomes in protozoan parasites biology and virulence. Several reports have confirmed the role of proteasomes in parasite biological processes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation, and encystation. Proliferation and cell differentiation are key steps in host colonization. Considering the importance of proteasomes in both processes in many different parasites such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, and Entamoeba, parasite proteasomes might serve as virulence factors. Several pieces of evidence strongly suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is also a viable parasitic therapeutic target. Research in recent years has shown that the proteasome is a valid drug target for sleeping sickness and malaria. Then, proteasomes are a key organelle in parasite biology and virulence and appear to be an attractive new chemotherapeutic target.
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Sepúlveda S, Valenzuela L, Ponce I, Sierra S, Bahamondes P, Ramirez S, Rojas V, Kemmerling U, Galanti N, Cabrera G. Expression, Functionality, and Localization of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonucleases in Replicative and Non-Replicative Forms ofTrypanosoma cruzi. J Cell Biochem 2013; 115:397-409. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - L. Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - I. Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - S. Sierra
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - P. Bahamondes
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - S. Ramirez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - V. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular; Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Chile
| | - U. Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - N. Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - G. Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Lazarin-Bidóia D, Desoti VC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Nakamura CV, Silva SO. Further evidence of the trypanocidal action of eupomatenoid-5: confirmation of involvement of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria owing to a reduction in trypanothione reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:17-28. [PMID: 23376033 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our group assays natural products that are less toxic and more effective than available nitroheterocycles as promising therapeutic options for patients with Chagas disease. Our previous study reported the trypanocidal activity of eupomatenoid-5, a neolignan isolated from the leaves of Piper regnellii var. pallescens, against the three main parasitic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The present study further characterizes the biochemical and morphological alterations induced by this compound to elucidate the mechanisms of action involved in the cell death of T. cruzi. We show that eupomatenoid-5 induced oxidative imbalance in the three parasitic forms, especially trypomastigotes, reflected by a decrease in the activity of trypanothione reductase and increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential was then triggered, further impairing the cell redox system through the production of more ROS and reactive nitrogen species. Altogether, these effects led to oxidative stress, reflected by lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation. These alterations are key events in the induction of parasite death through various pathways, including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lazarin-Bidóia
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Barboza NR, Cardoso J, de Paula Lima CV, Soares MJ, Gradia DF, Hangai NS, Bahia MT, de Lana M, Krieger MA, Guerra de Sá R. Expression profile and subcellular localization of HslV, the proteasome related protease from Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2011; 130:171-7. [PMID: 22085770 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a rare example of an eukaryote that has genes for two threonine proteases: HslVU complex and 20S proteasome. HslVU is an ATP-dependent protease consisting of two multimeric components: the HslU ATPase and the HslV peptidase. In this study, we expressed and obtained specific antibodies to HslU and HslV recombinant proteins and demonstrated the interaction between HslU/HslV by coimmunoprecipitation. To evaluate the intracellular distribution of HslV in T. cruzi we used an immunofluorescence assay and ultrastructural localization by transmission electron microscopy. Both techniques demonstrated that HslV was localized in the kinetoplast of epimastigotes. We also analyzed the HslV/20S proteasome co-expression in Y, Berenice 62 (Be-62) and Berenice 78 (Be-78) T. cruzi strains. Our results showed that HslV and 20S proteasome are differently expressed in these strains. To investigate whether a proteasome inhibitor could modulate HslV and proteasome expressions, epimastigotes from T. cruzi were grown in the presence of PSI, a classical proteasome inhibitor. This result showed that while the level of expression of HslV/20S proteasome is not affected in Be-78 strain, in Y and Be-62 strains the presence of PSI induced a significantly increase in Hslv/20S proteasome expression. Together, these results suggest the coexistence of the protease HslVU and 20S proteasome in T. cruzi, reinforcing the hypothesis that non-lysosomal degradation pathways have an important role in T. cruzi biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Rocha Barboza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas & NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológica, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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