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Sandin SI, de Alba E. Quantitative Studies on the Interaction between Saposin-like Proteins and Synthetic Lipid Membranes. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5010019. [PMID: 35200535 PMCID: PMC8878781 DOI: 10.3390/mps5010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the saposin-fold protein family and related proteins sharing a similar fold (saposin-like proteins; SAPLIP) are peripheral-membrane binding proteins that perform essential cellular functions. Saposins and SAPLIPs are abundant in both plant and animal kingdoms, and peripherally bind to lipid membranes to play important roles in lipid transfer and hydrolysis, defense mechanisms, surfactant stabilization, and cell proliferation. However, quantitative studies on the interaction between proteins and membranes are challenging due to the different nature of the two components in relation to size, structure, chemical composition, and polarity. Using liposomes and the saposin-fold member saposin C (sapC) as model systems, we describe here a method to apply solution NMR and dynamic light scattering to study the interaction between SAPLIPs and synthetic membranes at the quantitative level. Specifically, we prove with NMR that sapC binds reversibly to the synthetic membrane in a pH-controlled manner and show the dynamic nature of its fusogenic properties with dynamic light scattering. The method can be used to infer the optimal pH for membrane binding and to determine an apparent dissociation constant (KDapp) for protein-liposome interaction. We propose that these experiments can be applied to other proteins sharing the saposin fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne I. Sandin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA;
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Eva de Alba
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA;
- Correspondence:
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2
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Schlagintweit JF, Jakob CHG, Wilke NL, Ahrweiler M, Frias C, Frias J, König M, Esslinger EMHJ, Marques F, Machado JF, Reich RM, Morais TS, Correia JDG, Prokop A, Kühn FE. Gold(I) Bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) Complexes as Promising Selective Anticancer Compounds. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15747-15757. [PMID: 34670090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiproliferative activity of Mes- and iPr-substituted gold(I) bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) complexes in various cancer cell lines are reported, showing nanomolar IC50 values of 50 nM (lymphoma cells) and 500 nM (leukemia cells), respectively (Mes < iPr). The compounds exclusively induce apoptosis (50 nM to 5 μM) instead of necrosis in common malignant blood cells (leukemia cells) and do not affect non-malignant leucocytes. Remarkably, the complexes not only overcome resistances against the well-established cytostatic etoposide, cytarabine, daunorubicin, and cisplatin but also promote a synergistic effect of up to 182% when used with daunorubicin. The present results demonstrate that gold(I) bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) complexes are highly promising and easily modifiable anticancer metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Schlagintweit
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
| | - Christian H G Jakob
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
| | - Nicola L Wilke
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Helios Clinics Schwerin, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, 19049 Schwerin, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Ahrweiler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Helios Clinics Schwerin, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, 19049 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Corazon Frias
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Helios Clinics Schwerin, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, 19049 Schwerin, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerico Frias
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Helios Clinics Schwerin, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, 19049 Schwerin, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel König
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria H J Esslinger
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - João F Machado
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Robert M Reich
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
| | - Tânia S Morais
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - Aram Prokop
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Straße 59, Cologne 50735, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Helios Clinics Schwerin, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, 19049 Schwerin, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München D-85748, Germany
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3
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Sandin SI, Gravano DM, Randolph CJ, Sharma M, de Alba E. Engineering of Saposin C Protein Chimeras for Enhanced Cytotoxicity and Optimized Liposome Binding Capability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040583. [PMID: 33921905 PMCID: PMC8072984 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin C (sapC) is a lysosomal, peripheral-membrane protein displaying liposome fusogenic capabilities. Proteoliposomes of sapC and phosphatidylserine have been shown to be toxic for cancer cells and are currently on clinical trial to treat glioblastoma. As proof-of-concept, we show two strategies to enhance the applications of sapC proteoliposomes: (1) Engineering chimeras composed of sapC to modulate proteoliposome function; (2) Engineering sapC to modify its lipid binding capabilities. In the chimera design, sapC is linked to a cell death-inducing peptide: the BH3 domain of the Bcl-2 protein PUMA. We show by solution NMR and dynamic light scattering that the chimera is functional at the molecular level by fusing liposomes and by interacting with prosurvival Bcl-xL, which is PUMA’s known mechanism to induce cell death. Furthermore, sapC-PUMA proteoliposomes enhance cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells compared to sapC. Finally, the sapC domain of the chimera has been engineered to optimize liposome binding at pH close to physiological values as protein–lipid interactions are favored at acidic pH in the native protein. Altogether, our results indicate that the properties of sapC proteoliposomes can be modified by engineering the protein surface and by the addition of small peptides as fusion constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne I. Sandin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (S.I.S.); (C.J.R.); (M.S.)
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ph.D. Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - David M. Gravano
- Stem Cell Instrumentation Foundry, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Randolph
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (S.I.S.); (C.J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (S.I.S.); (C.J.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Eva de Alba
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (S.I.S.); (C.J.R.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Kønig SM, Rissler V, Terkelsen T, Lambrughi M, Papaleo E. Alterations of the interactome of Bcl-2 proteins in breast cancer at the transcriptional, mutational and structural level. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007485. [PMID: 31825969 PMCID: PMC6927658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential defensive mechanism against tumorigenesis. Proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family regulate programmed cell death by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In response to intracellular stress, the apoptotic balance is governed by interactions of three distinct subgroups of proteins; the activator/sensitizer BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only proteins, the pro-survival, and the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins. Changes in expression levels, stability, and functional impairment of pro-survival proteins can lead to an imbalance in tissue homeostasis. Their overexpression or hyperactivation can result in oncogenic effects. Pro-survival Bcl-2 family members carry out their function by binding the BH3 short linear motif of pro-apoptotic proteins in a modular way, creating a complex network of protein-protein interactions. Their dysfunction enables cancer cells to evade cell death. The critical role of Bcl-2 proteins in homeostasis and tumorigenesis, coupled with mounting insight in their structural properties, make them therapeutic targets of interest. A better understanding of gene expression, mutational profile, and molecular mechanisms of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins in different cancer types, could help to clarify their role in cancer development and may guide advancement in drug discovery. Here, we shed light on the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins in breast cancer using different bioinformatic approaches, linking -omics with structural data. We analyzed the changes in the expression of the Bcl-2 proteins and their BH3-containing interactors in breast cancer samples. We then studied, at the structural level, a selection of interactions, accounting for effects induced by mutations found in the breast cancer samples. We find two complexes between the up-regulated Bcl2A1 and two down-regulated BH3-only candidates (i.e., Hrk and Nr4a1) as targets associated with reduced apoptosis in breast cancer samples for future experimental validation. Furthermore, we predict L99R, M75R as damaging mutations altering protein stability, and Y120C as a possible allosteric mutation from an exposed surface to the BH3-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathis Kønig
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vendela Rissler
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thilde Terkelsen
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Espinoza-Derout J, Hasan KM, Shao XM, Jordan MC, Sims C, Lee DL, Sinha S, Simmons Z, Mtume N, Liu Y, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H445-H459. [PMID: 31172811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00738.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems, are a popular alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes, both among smokers and those who have never smoked. In spite of the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the proposed detrimental cardiac and atherosclerotic effects of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on these systems are not known. In this study, we investigated the cardiovascular and cardiac effects of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. We developed an e-cigarette exposure model that delivers nicotine in a manner similar to that of human e-cigarettes users. Using commercially available e-cigarettes, bluCig PLUS, ApoE-/- mice were exposed to saline, e-cigarette without nicotine [e-cigarette (0%)], and e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)] aerosol for 12 wk. Echocardiographic data show that mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%) had decreased left ventricular fractional shortening and ejection fraction compared with e-cigarette (0%) and saline. Ventricular transcriptomic analysis revealed changes in genes associated with metabolism, circadian rhythm, and inflammation in e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated ApoE-/- mice. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that cardiomyocytes of mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%) exhibited ultrastructural abnormalities indicative of cardiomyopathy. Additionally, we observed increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA mutations in mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4%). ApoE-/- mice on e-cigarette (2.4%) had also increased atherosclerotic lesions compared with saline aerosol-treated mice. These results demonstrate adverse effects of e-cigarettes on cardiac function in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study is the first to show that mice exposed to nicotine electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have decreased cardiac fractional shortening and ejection fraction in comparison with controls. RNA-seq analysis reveals a proinflammatory phenotype induced by e-cigarettes with nicotine. We also found increased atherosclerosis in the aortic root of mice treated with e-cigarettes with nicotine. Our results show that e-cigarettes with nicotine lead to detrimental effects on the heart that should serve as a warning to e-cigarette users and agencies that regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kamrul M Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria C Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carl Sims
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Desean L Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zena Simmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Norma Mtume
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth P Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amiya P Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
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6
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Mythri RB, Raghunath NR, Narwade SC, Pandareesh MDR, Sabitha KR, Aiyaz M, Chand B, Sule M, Ghosh K, Kumar S, Shankarappa B, Soundararajan S, Alladi PA, Purushottam M, Gayathri N, Deobagkar DD, Laxmi TR, Srinivas Bharath MM. Manganese- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity display differences in morphological, electrophysiological and genome-wide alterations: implications for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 143:334-358. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Babu Mythri
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Narayana Reddy Raghunath
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Mirazkar Dasharatha Rao Pandareesh
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Kollarkandi Rajesh Sabitha
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Mohamad Aiyaz
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Bipin Chand
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Manas Sule
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Krittika Ghosh
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Senthil Kumar
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Shankarappa
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Soundarya Soundararajan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Thenkanidiyoor Rao Laxmi
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Muchukunte Mukunda Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
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7
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Sun X, Zhang J. Dysfunctional miRNA-Mediated Regulation in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156324. [PMID: 27258182 PMCID: PMC4892590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research on pathogenesis of a complex disease suggests that differentially expressed message RNAs (mRNAs) can be noted as biomarkers of a disease. However, significant miRNA-mediated regulation change might also be more deep underlying cause of a disease. In this study, a miRNA-mediated regulation module is defined based on GO terms (Gene Ontology terms) from which dysfunctional modules are identified as the suspected cause of a disease. A miRNA-mediated regulation module contains mRNAs annotated to a GO term and MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which regulate the mRNAs. Based on the miRNA-mediated regulation coefficients estimated from the expression profiles of the mRNA and the miRNAs, a SW (single regulation-weight) value is then designed to evaluate the miRNA-mediated regulation change of an mRNA, and the modules with significantly differential SW values are thus identified as dysfunctional modules. The approach is applied to Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and it identifies 70 dysfunctional miRNA-mediated regulation modules from initial 4381 modules. The identified dysfunctional modules are detected to be comprehensive reflection of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. The proposed approach suggests that accumulated alteration in miRNA-mediated regulation might cause functional alterations, which further cause a disease. Moreover, this approach can also be used to identify diffentially miRNA-mediated regulated mRNAs showing more comprehensive underlying association with a disease than differentially expressed mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Sun
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Weinan Normal University, Weinan, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
The mitochondrion descends from a bacterium that, about two billion years ago, became endosymbiotic. This organelle represents a Pandora’s box whose opening triggers cytochrome-c release and apoptosis of cells from multicellular animals, which evolved much later, about six hundred million years ago. BCL-2 proteins, which are critical apoptosis regulators, were recruited at a certain time point in evolution to either lock or unlock this mitochondrial Pandora’s box. Hence, particularly intriguing is the issue of when and how the “BCL-2 proteins–mitochondria–apoptosis” triptych emerged. This chapter explains what it takes from an evolutionary perspective to evolve a BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway, by focusing on the events occurring upstream of mitochondria.
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9
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Redefining the BH3 Death Domain as a 'Short Linear Motif'. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:736-748. [PMID: 26541461 PMCID: PMC5056427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2)-related proteins control programmed cell death through a complex network of protein–protein interactions mediated by BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) domains. Given their roles as dynamic linchpins, the discovery of novel BH3-containing proteins has attracted considerable attention. However, without a clearly defined BH3 signature sequence the BCL-2 family has expanded to include a nebulous group of nonhomologous BH3-only proteins, now justified by an intriguing twist. We present evidence that BH3s from both ordered and disordered proteins represent a new class of short linear motifs (SLiMs) or molecular recognition features (MoRFs) and are diverse in their evolutionary histories. The implied corollaries are that BH3s have a broad phylogenetic distribution and could potentially bind to non-BCL-2-like structural domains with distinct functions. BCL-2 family interactions are mediated by evolutionarily diverse BH3 motifs to regulate apoptosis. Given their key roles, BH3 mimetics are in clinical trials as cancer therapies. The discovery of novel BH3-only proteins represents a major endeavor in the cell death field. As a result, BH3 motifs are reportedly present in a nebulous conglomerate of different proteins, both structured and intrinsically disordered. There is no rigorous definition of a BH3 motif. Currently available BH3 signatures are diverse and elusive for predicting new functional BH3-containing proteins. Redefining the BH3 motif as a new type of short linear motif (SLiM) or molecular recognition feature (MoRF) reconciles many puzzling features of this motif and opens up new avenues for research.
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10
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Grozav A, Balacescu O, Balacescu L, Cheminel T, Berindan-Neagoe I, Therrien B. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Genome Profiling of Thiazolo Arene Ruthenium Complexes. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8475-90. [PMID: 26488797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen hydrazinyl-thiazolo arene ruthenium complexes of the general formula [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(N,N'-hydrazinyl-thiazolo)Cl]Cl were synthesized. All complexes were tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity on three tumor cell lines (HeLa, A2780, and A2780cisR) and on a noncancerous cell line (HFL-1). A superior cytotoxic activity of the ruthenium complexes as compared to cisplatin and oxaliplatin, on both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells, was observed. In addition, the biological activity of two selected derivatives was evaluated using microarray gene expression assay and ingenuity pathway analysis. p53 signaling was identified as an important pathway modulated by both arene ruthenium compounds. New activated molecules such as FAS, ZMAT3, PRMT2, BBC3/PUMA, and PDCD4, whose overexpressions are correlated with overcoming resistance to cisplatin therapy, were also identified as potential targets. Moreover, the arene ruthenium complexes can be used in association with cisplatin to prevent cisplatin resistance development and synergistically to induce cell death in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grozav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Victor Babes Str. 41, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta" , 34-36 Republicii Str, RO-400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta" , 34-36 Republicii Str, RO-400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Thomas Cheminel
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel , 51 Avenue de Bellevaux, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta" , 34-36 Republicii Str, RO-400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center of Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu″ University of Medicine and Pharmacy , 23 Marinescu Str, RO-400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel , 51 Avenue de Bellevaux, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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11
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Hockings C, Anwari K, Ninnis RL, Brouwer J, O'Hely M, Evangelista M, Hinds MG, Czabotar PE, Lee EF, Fairlie WD, Dewson G, Kluck RM. Bid chimeras indicate that most BH3-only proteins can directly activate Bak and Bax, and show no preference for Bak versus Bax. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1735. [PMID: 25906158 PMCID: PMC4650538 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is initiated by Bcl-2 homology region 3 (BH3)-only members of the Bcl-2 protein family. On upregulation or activation, certain BH3-only proteins can directly bind and activate Bak and Bax to induce conformation change, oligomerization and pore formation in mitochondria. BH3-only proteins, with the exception of Bid, are intrinsically disordered and therefore, functional studies often utilize peptides based on just their BH3 domains. However, these reagents do not possess the hydrophobic membrane targeting domains found on the native BH3-only molecule. To generate each BH3-only protein as a recombinant protein that could efficiently target mitochondria, we developed recombinant Bid chimeras in which the BH3 domain was replaced with that of other BH3-only proteins (Bim, Puma, Noxa, Bad, Bmf, Bik and Hrk). The chimeras were stable following purification, and each immunoprecipitated with full-length Bcl-xL according to the specificity reported for the related BH3 peptide. When tested for activation of Bak and Bax in mitochondrial permeabilization assays, Bid chimeras were ~1000-fold more effective than the related BH3 peptides. BH3 sequences from Bid and Bim were the strongest activators, followed by Puma, Hrk, Bmf and Bik, while Bad and Noxa were not activators. Notably, chimeras and peptides showed no apparent preference for activating Bak or Bax. In addition, within the BH3 domain, the h0 position recently found to be important for Bax activation, was important also for Bak activation. Together, our data with full-length proteins indicate that most BH3-only proteins can directly activate both Bak and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hockings
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K Anwari
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R L Ninnis
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J Brouwer
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M O'Hely
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M Evangelista
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M G Hinds
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P E Czabotar
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - E F Lee
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - W D Fairlie
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G Dewson
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R M Kluck
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Kusunoki H, Tanaka T, Kohno T, Wakamatsu K, Hamaguchi I. Structural characterization of the BH3-like motif of hepatitis B virus X protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:741-5. [PMID: 24950407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Functions of the C-terminal domains of apoptosis-related proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:77-90. [PMID: 24892727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are involved in cell homeostasis, where they regulate cell death. Some of these proteins are pro-apoptotic and others pro-survival. Moreover, many of them share a similar domain composition with several of the so-called BH domains, although some only have a BH3 domain. A C-terminal domain is present in all the multi-BH domain proteins and in some of the BH3-only ones. This C-terminal domain is hydrophobic or amphipathic, for which reason it was thought when they were discovered that they were membrane anchors. Although this is indeed one of their functions, it has since been observed that they may also serve as regulators of the function of some members of this family, such as Bax. They may also serve to recognize the target membrane of some of these proteins, which only after an apoptotic signal, are incorporated into a membrane. It has been shown that peptides that imitate the sequence of C-terminal domains can form pores and may serve as a model to design cytotoxic molecules.
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14
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Pyszko J, Strosznajder JB. Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate in oxidative stress evoked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in human dopaminergic neuronal cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:38-48. [PMID: 24399507 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (Sphk1/2) are crucial enzymes in regulation of the biostat between sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide and play an important role in the pathogenesis/pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These enzymes synthesise S1P, which regulates neurotransmission, synaptic function and neuron cell proliferation, by activating five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5). However, S1P synthesised by Sphk2 could be involved in amyloid β (Aβ) release by stimulation of Aβ precursor protein degradation. The significance of this bioactive sphingolipid in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression level of Sphk1 and its role in human dopaminergic neuronal cell (SH-SY5Y) viability under oxidative stress, evoked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Moreover, the mechanism of S1P action on the death signalling pathway in these experimental conditions was evaluated. Our study indicated marked downregulation of Sphk1 expression in this cellular PD model. Inhibition of Sphk1 decreased SH-SY5Y cell viability and concomitantly enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. It was found that exogenous S1P (1 μM) exerted the neuroprotective effect by activation of Sphk1 and S1P1 receptor gene expression. Moreover, S1P downregulated Bax and harakiri, death protein 5 (Hrk/DP5) expression and enhanced cell viability in MPP+-treated cells. The neuroprotective mechanism of S1P is mainly dependent on S1P1 receptor signalling, which was indicated by using specific agonists and antagonists of S1P1 receptor. The results show that S1P and S1P1 receptor agonists protected a significant population of neuronal cells against death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pyszko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) homology-3 (BH3)-only proteins are considered members of the Bcl-2 family, though they bear little sequence or structural identity with the multi-BH motif prosurvival or proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins like Bcl-2 or Bax. They are better considered a separate phylogenetic entity. In combination, results from biophysical, biochemical, cell biological, and animal studies in conjunction with structural investigations have elucidated the function and mechanism of action of these proteins. Either by antagonizing prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins or directly activating proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bax or Bak) they initiate apoptosis. BH3-only proteins are intrinsically disordered and fold and bind into a groove provided by their cognate receptor Bcl-2 family proteins. Our detailed molecular understanding of BH3-only protein action has aided the development of novel chemical entities that initiate cell death by mimicking the properties of BH3-only proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kvansakul
- La Trobe Institute for Medical Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mark G Hinds
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Santiveri CM, Sborgi L, de Alba E. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of protein-protein interactions involving apoptosis regulator Diva (Boo) and the BH3 domain of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members. J Mol Recognit 2013. [PMID: 23192964 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to biochemical assays, the Bcl-2 protein Diva from mouse regulates programmed cell death by heterodimerizing with other members of the family and by interacting with the apoptotic protease-activating factor Apaf-1. In typical Bcl-2 heterodimers, peptide fragments comprising the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3 domain) of proapoptotic members are capable of forming functional complexes with prosurvival proteins. High-resolution structural studies have revealed that the BH3 peptide forms an α-helix positioned in a canonical hydrophobic cleft of the antiapoptotic protein. Because Diva shows mutations in conserved residues within this area, it has been proposed to have a different interacting surface. However, we showed previously that Diva binds through the canonical groove the BH3 peptide of the human Bcl-2 killing member Harakiri. To further test Diva's binding capabilities, here we show Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data, indicating that Diva binds peptides derived from the BH3 domain of several other proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including mouse Harakiri, Bid, Bak and Bmf. We have measured the binding affinities of the heterodimers, which show significant variability. Structural models of the protein-peptide complexes based on NMR chemical shift perturbation data indicate that the binding surface is analogous. These models do not rely on NMR NOE (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) data, and thus our results can only suggest that the complexes share similar intermolecular interactions. However, the observed affinity differences correlate with the α-helical population of the BH3-peptides obtained from circular dichroism experiments, which highlights a role of conformational selection in the binding mechanism. Altogether, our results shed light on important factors governing Diva-BH3 peptide molecular recognition mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Santiveri
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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