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Lane RF, Smalling KL, Bradley PM, Greer JB, Gordon SE, Hansen JD, Kolpin DW, Spanjer AR, Masoner JR. Tire-derived contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q: Analysis, sample handling, and reconnaissance of United States stream exposures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142830. [PMID: 39002655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The environmental ubiquity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) underscores the need to understand the occurrence, persistence, and environmental effects of tire-related chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. One such chemical is 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant 6PPD. In urban stormwater runoff 6PPD-Q can exceed acute toxicity thresholds for several salmonid species and is being implicated in significant coho salmon losses in the Pacific Northwest. There is a critical need to understand the prevalence of 6PPD-Q across watersheds to identify habitats heavily affected by TRWPs. We conducted a reconnaissance of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in surface waters across the United States from sites (N = 94) with varying land use (urban, agricultural, and forested) and streamflow to better understand stream exposures. A rapid, low-volume direct-inject, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitation of 6PPD-Q and screening for 6PPD. Laboratory holding times, bottle material, headspace, and filter materials were investigated to inform best practices for 6PPD-Q sampling and analysis. Glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps minimized sorption and borosilicate glass fiber filters provided the highest recovery. 6PPD-Q was stable for at least 5 months in pure laboratory solutions and for 75 days at 5 °C with minimal headspace in the investigated surface water and stormwaters. Results also indicated samples can be frozen to extend holding times. 6PPD was not detected in any of the 526 analyzed samples and there were no detections of 6PPD-Q at agricultural or forested sites. 6PPD-Q was frequently detected in stormwater (57%, N = 90) and from urban impacted sites (45%, N = 276) with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.29 μg/L. The highest concentrations, above the lethal level for coho salmon, occurred during stormwater runoff events. This highlights the importance of capturing episodic runoff events in urban areas near ecologically relevant habitat or nursery grounds for sensitive species.
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2
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Ackerly KL, Roark KJ, Lu K, Esbaugh AJ, Liu Z, Nielsen KM. Acute toxicity testing of 6PPD-quinone on the estuarine-dependent sport fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:582-589. [PMID: 38698129 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, large-scale fish kills in the Pacific Northwest were linked to tire wear particles (TWPs) left on roadways, with the lethality attributed to 6PPD-quinone. which has a median lethal concentration of <1 µg/L for selected salmonids. However, there remains a paucity of 6PPD-quinone toxicity values developed for estuarine fish species, which is particularly significant because estuaries receiving inflows from highly urbanized watersheds are especially vulnerable to TWP contamination. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to an economically and ecologically important estuarine-dependent fish-red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Here, we examined the relative sensitivities of three early life stages within red drum: embryonic, larval, and post-settlement for 24-72 hours, depending on the life stage. Exposure concentrations ranged from 10 μg/L to 500 μg/L. We also assessed the sub-lethal impacts of 6PPD-quinone exposure on development during embryonic and larval stages, including body and organ sizes. Our results indicate that red drum are not acutely sensitive to 6PPD-quinone at each early life stage tested. We also found that yolk-sac larvae did not exhibit sub-lethal morphological impacts in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of exposure during embryonic and larval stages. These data are the first to assess the impacts of 6PPD-quinone on estuarine-dependent non-model fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Roark
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Kaijun Lu
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Kristin M Nielsen
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
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Filatova TS, Kuzmin VS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Pustovit OB, Abramochkin DV, Shiels HA. 3-Methyl-phenanthrene (3-MP) disrupts the electrical and contractile activity of the heart of the polar fish, navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142089. [PMID: 38643846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are abundant in crude oil and are enriched during petroleum refinement but knowledge of their cardiotoxicity remains limited. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main hazardous components in crude oil and the tricyclic PAH phenanthrene has been singled out for its direct effects on cardiac tissue in mammals and fish. Here we test the impact of the monomethylated phenanthrene, 3-methylphenanthrene (3-MP), on the contractile and electrical function of the atrium and ventricle of a polar fish, the navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes we show that 3-MP is a potent inhibitor of the delayed rectifier current IKr (IC50 = 0.25 μM) and prolongs ventricular action potential duration. Unlike the parent compound phenanthrene, 3-MP did not reduce the amplitude of the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa) but it accelerated current inactivation thus reducing charge transfer across the myocyte membrane and compromising pressure development of the whole heart. 3-MP was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 4.7 μM) of the sodium current (INa), slowing the upstroke of the action potential in isolated cells, slowing conduction velocity across the atrium measured with optical mapping, and increasing atrio-ventricular delay in a working whole heart preparation. Together, these findings reveal the strong cardiotoxic potential of this phenanthrene derivative on the fish heart. As 3-MP and other alkylated phenanthrenes comprise a large fraction of the PAHs in crude oil mixtures, these findings are worrisome for Arctic species facing increasing incidence of spills and leaks from the petroleum industry. 3-MP is also a major component of polluted air but is not routinely measured. This is also of concern if the hearts of humans and other terrestrial animals respond to this PAH in a similar manner to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana B Pustovit
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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4
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Ma L, Gao T, Wāng Y. Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108677. [PMID: 38677083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is commonly used in rubber compounds as antioxidants to protect against degradation from heat, oxygen, and ozone exposure. This practice extends the lifespan of rubber products, including tires, by preventing cracking, aging, and deterioration. However, the environmental consequences of waste generated during rubber product use, particularly the formation of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) through the reaction of 6PPD with ozone, have raised significant concerns due to their detrimental effects on ecosystems. Extensive research has revealed the widespread occurrence of 6PPD and its derivate 6PPD-Q in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. The emerging substance of 6PPD-Q has been shown to pose acute mortality and long-term hazards to aquatic and terrestrial organisms at concentrations below environmentally relevant levels. Studies have demonstrated toxic effects of 6PPD-Q on a range of organisms, including zebrafish, nematodes, and mammals. These effects include neurobehavioral changes, reproductive dysfunction, and digestive damage through various exposure pathways. Mechanistic insights suggest that mitochondrial stress, DNA adduct formation, and disruption of lipid metabolism contribute to the toxicity induced by 6PPD-Q. Recent findings of 6PPD-Q in human samples, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, underscore the importance of further research on the public health and toxicological implications of these compounds. The distribution, fate, biological effects, and underlying mechanisms of 6PPD-Q in the environment highlight the urgent need for additional research to understand and address the environmental and health impacts of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chunzhi Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yán Wāng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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5
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Rodgers TFM, Spraakman S, Wang Y, Johannessen C, Scholes RC, Giang A. Bioretention Design Modifications Increase the Simulated Capture of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Trace Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5500-5511. [PMID: 38483320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater rapidly moves trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from the built environment to the aquatic environment. Bioretention cells reduce loadings of some TrOCs, but they struggle with hydrophilic compounds. Herein, we assessed the potential to enhance TrOC removal via changes in bioretention system design by simulating the fate of seven high-priority stormwater TrOCs (e.g., PFOA, 6PPD-quinone, PAHs) with log KOC values between -1.5 and 6.74 in a bioretention cell. We evaluated eight design and management interventions for three illustrative use cases representing a highway, a residential area, and an airport. We suggest two metrics of performance: mass advected to the sewer network, which poses an acute risk to aquatic ecosystems, and total mass advected from the system, which poses a longer-term risk for persistent compounds. The optimized designs for each use case reduced effluent loadings of all but the most polar compound (PFOA) to <5% of influent mass. Our results suggest that having the largest possible system area allowed bioretention systems to provide benefits during larger events, which improved performance for all compounds. To improve performance for the most hydrophilic TrOCs, an amendment like biochar was necessary; field-scale research is needed to confirm this result. Our results showed that changing the design of bioretention systems can allow them to effectively capture TrOCs with a wide range of physicochemical properties, protecting human health and aquatic species from chemical impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F M Rodgers
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver Engineering Services, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z0B4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
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6
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Halama JJ, McKane RB, Barnhart BL, Pettus PP, Brookes AF, Adams AK, Gockel CK, Djang KS, Phan V, Chokshi SM, Graham JJ, Tian Z, Peter KT, Kolodziej EP. Watershed analysis of urban stormwater contaminant 6PPD-Quinone hotspots and stream concentrations using a process-based ecohydrological model. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 12:1-12. [PMID: 38845698 PMCID: PMC11151736 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1364673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are highly sensitive to 6PPD-Quinone (6PPD-Q). Details of the hydrological and biogeochemical processes controlling spatial and temporal dynamics of 6PPD-Q fate and transport from points of deposition to receiving waters (e.g., streams, estuaries) are poorly understood. To understand the fate and transport of 6PPD and mechanisms leading to salmon mortality Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management Assessments (VELMA), an ecohydrological model developed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was enhanced to better understand and inform stormwater management planning by municipal, state, and federal partners seeking to reduce stormwater contaminant loads in urban streams draining to the Puget Sound National Estuary. This work focuses on the 5.5 km2 Longfellow Creek upper watershed (Seattle, Washington, United States), which has long exhibited high rates of acute urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon. We present VELMA model results to elucidate these processes for the Longfellow Creek watershed across multiple scales-from 5-m grid cells to the entire watershed. Our results highlight hydrological and biogeochemical controls on 6PPD-Q flow paths, and hotspots within the watershed and its stormwater infrastructure, that ultimately impact contaminant transport to Longfellow Creek and Puget Sound. Simulated daily average 6PPD-Q and available observed 6PPD-Q peak in-stream grab sample concentrations (ng/L) corresponds within plus or minus 10 ng/L. Most importantly, VELMA's high-resolution spatial and temporal analysis of 6PPD-Q hotspots provides a tool for prioritizing the locations, amounts, and types of green infrastructure that can most effectively reduce 6PPD-Q stream concentrations to levels protective of coho salmon and other aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B. McKane
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | - Paul P. Pettus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Allen F. Brookes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Angela K. Adams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Vivian Phan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Zhenyu Tian
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Katherine T. Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, United States
- University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Edward P. Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, United States
- University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Nervino S, Polley T, Peterson JT, Schreck CB, Kent ML, Alexander JD. Intestinal lesions and parasites associated with senescence and prespawn mortality in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13876. [PMID: 37888803 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Prespawn mortality (PSM) presents a major problem for the recovery of spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. In the Willamette River, Oregon, PSM exceeds 90% in some years but factors explaining it are not well understood. We examined intestinal tissue samples using histological slides from over 783 spring Chinook Salmon collected between 2009 and 2021, which included tissues from PSM fish, artificially spawned captive broodstock (BS) and normal river run fish, comprised of trapped (Live) and naturally post-spawned river (RPS) fish collected from the river. We observed degeneration of the intestinal epithelium and loss of villous structure, with concurrent severe enteritis. A natural progression of decline in epithelial integrity (EI) through the summer and fall until spawning and subsequent death was also observed. Live fish exhibited high EI scores (mean = 68%), BS exhibited variable EI scores (35%) and RPS exhibited severe loss of EI (14%). PSM fish exhibited prominent loss of intestinal epithelium with EI scores (13%), very similar to RPS fish, despite having been collected earlier in the year. Hence, we argue that low EI scores are strongly linked with PSM. Ceratonova shasta and Enterocytozoon schreckii were common in all groups, but neither were linked to either PSM or a decline in EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Nervino
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tamsen Polley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - James T Peterson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl B Schreck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Julie D Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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8
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Bohara K, Timilsina A, Adhikari K, Kafle A, Basyal S, Joshi P, Yadav AK. A mini review on 6PPD quinone: A new threat to aquaculture and fisheries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122828. [PMID: 37907191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxic substances are directly and indirectly discharged by humans into water bodies, causing distress to the organisms living on it. 6PPD, an amino antioxidant from tires reacts with ozone to form 6PPD-Q, which has garnered global attention due to its lethal nature to various organisms. This review aims to provide an understanding of the sources, transformation, and fate of 6PPD-Q in water and the current knowledge on its effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we discuss research gaps pertaining to the mechanisms by which 6PPD-Q acts within fish bodies. Previous studies have demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of 6PPD-Q in the environment, including air, water, and soil. Moreover, this compound has shown high lethality to certain fish species while not affecting others. Toxicological studies have revealed its impact on the nervous system, intestinal barrier function, cardiac function, equilibrium loss, and oxidative stress in various fish species. Additionally, exposure to 6PPD-Q has led to organ injury, lipid accumulation, and cytokine production in C. elegans and mice. Despite studies elucidating the lethal dose and effects of 6PPD-Q in fish species, the underlying mechanisms behind these symptoms remain unclear. Future studies should prioritize investigating the mechanisms underlying the lethality of 6PPD-Q in fish species to gain a better understanding of its potential effects on different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Bohara
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA.
| | - Anil Timilsina
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kaushik Adhikari
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Sudarshan Basyal
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA
| | - Pabitra Joshi
- Department of Plant Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Department of Continuing Education, College of Menominee Nation, Keshena, WI, 54135, USA
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9
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Halama J, McKane R, Barnhart B, Pettus P, Brookes A, Djang K, Phan V, Chokshi S, Graham J. Improved urban runoff prediction using high-resolution land-use, imperviousness, and stormwater infrastructure data applied to a process-based ecohydrological model. PLOS WATER 2023; 2:1-23. [PMID: 38783969 PMCID: PMC11110540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Modeling large-scale hydrological impacts brought about by site-level green and gray stormwater remediation actions is difficult because urbanized areas are extremely complex dynamic landscapes that include engineered features that, by design, expedite urban runoff to streams, creeks, and other water bodies to reduce urban flooding during storm events. Many urban communities use heavily engineered gray infrastructure to achieve that goal, along with more recent additions of green infrastructure such as rain gardens, bioswales, and riparian corridors. Therefore, successfully characterizing those design details and associated management practices, interactions, and impacts requires a detailed understanding of how fine and course-scale hydrologic processes and routing are altered and managed in urban watersheds. To enhance hydrologic modeling capabilities of urban watersheds, we implemented a number of improvements to an existing ecohydrology model called VELMA-Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management Assessments-including the addition of spatially explicit engineered features that impact urban hydrology (e.g., impervious surfaces, curbed roadways, stormwater routing) and refinement to the computational representations of evapotranspiration by adding impervious surface evaporation. We demonstrate improved capabilities for modeling within complex urbanized watersheds by simulating stream runoff within the Longfellow Creek watershed, City of Seattle, Washington (WA), United States (US) with and without these added urban watershed characteristics. The results demonstrate that the newly improved VELMA model allows for more accurate modeling of hydrology within urban watersheds. Being a fate and transport ecohydrology model, the improved hydrologic flow enhances VELMA's current capacity for modeling nutrient, contaminant, and thermal loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Halama
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Robert McKane
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Pettus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Allen Brookes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Kevin Djang
- Inoventures Inc., Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Vivian Phan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Sonali Chokshi
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - James Graham
- Cal Poly Humboldt, Arcata, CA, United States of America
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Hua X, Wang D. Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132265. [PMID: 37595463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant 6-PPD has been widely used to prevent cracking and thermal oxidative degradation and to extend the service life of tire rubber. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is formed via the reaction of 6-PPD with O3. Due to its acute lethality in coho salmon, 6-PPDQ has become an emerging pollutant of increasing concern. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the generation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of 6-PPDQ. The transformation pathways from 6-PPD to 6-PPDQ include the N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl quinone diamine (QDI), intermediate phenol, and semiquinone radical pathways. 6-PPDQ has been frequently detected in water, dust, air particles, soil, and sediments, indicating its large-scale and potentially global pollution trend. 6-PPDQ is bioavailable to both aquatic animals and mammals and acute exposure to 6-PPDQ can be lethal to some organisms. Exposure to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations could induce several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. This review also identifies and discusses knowledge gaps and research needs for the study of 6-PPDQ. This review facilitates a better understanding of the environmental occurrence and exposure risk of 6-PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Greer JB, Dalsky EM, Lane RF, Hansen JD. Tire-Derived Transformation Product 6PPD-Quinone Induces Mortality and Transcriptionally Disrupts Vascular Permeability Pathways in Developing Coho Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10940-10950. [PMID: 37467138 PMCID: PMC10399305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff frequently contains the car tire transformation product 6PPD-quinone, which is highly toxic to juvenile and adult coho salmon (Onchorychus kisutch). However, it is currently unclear if embryonic stages are impacted. We addressed this by exposing developing coho salmon embryos starting at the eyed stage to three concentrations of 6PPD-quinone twice weekly until hatch. Impacts on survival and growth were assessed. Further, whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on recently hatched alevin to address the potential mechanism of 6PPD-quinone-induced toxicity. Acute mortality was not elicited in developing coho salmon embryos at environmentally measured concentrations lethal to juveniles and adults, however, growth was inhibited. Immediately after hatching, coho salmon were sensitive to 6PPD-quinone mortality, implicating a large window of juvenile vulnerability prior to smoltification. Molecularly, 6PPD-quinone induced dose-dependent effects that implicated broad dysregulation of genomic pathways governing cell-cell contacts and endothelial permeability. These pathways are consistent with previous observations of macromolecule accumulation in the brains of coho salmon exposed to 6PPD-quinone, implicating blood-brain barrier disruption as a potential pathway for toxicity. Overall, our data suggests that developing coho salmon exposed to 6PPD-quinone are at risk for adverse health events upon hatching while indicating potential mechanism(s) of action for this highly toxic chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Greer
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Ellie M. Dalsky
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science
Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - John D. Hansen
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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12
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Li J, Xu J, Jiang X. Urban runoff mortality syndrome in zooplankton caused by tire wear particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121721. [PMID: 37116570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff from roadways is a global threat to water quality, aquatic organisms, and ecosystems. Tire tread wear particles (TWP) from roadway runoff may lead to urban runoff mortality syndrome (URMS) in some aquatic organisms. We tested the hypothesis that urban runoff from roadways can kill zooplankton. Both roadway runoff and TWP leachate were acutely lethal to a model species, the water flea Daphnia pulex. Life table experiments further revealed the lowered survival rates, intrinsic rate of increase, average life span, and net productive rate of D. pulex when exposed to roadway runoff and TWP leachate. The tire rubber antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) mainly contributed to the TWP toxicity. The toxicity of TWP and 6PPD extracted varied with time in nature. Cladocerans and rotifers were more sensitive to TWP and 6PPD than copepods. These results demonstrate the presence of URMS in zooplankton, which may cascade through food webs and affect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xu
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Rodgers TM, Wang Y, Humes C, Jeronimo M, Johannessen C, Spraakman S, Giang A, Scholes RC. Bioretention Cells Provide a 10-Fold Reduction in 6PPD-Quinone Mass Loadings to Receiving Waters: Evidence from a Field Experiment and Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:582-588. [PMID: 37455862 PMCID: PMC10339781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff to streams and rivers exposes aquatic organisms to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants. In particular, the tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) is acutely toxic to several species of salmonids, which are critical to fisheries, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. We therefore urgently require interventions that can reduce loadings of 6PPD-quinone to salmonid habitats. Herein, we conducted a spike and recovery experiment on a full-scale, mature bioretention cell to assess the efficacy of stormwater green infrastructure technologies in reducing 6PPD-quinone loadings to receiving waters. We then interpreted and extended the results of our experiment using an improved version of the "Bioretention Blues" contaminant transport and fate model. Overall, our results showed that stormwater bioretention systems can effectively mitigate >∼90% of 6PPD-quinone loadings to streams under most "typical" storm conditions (i.e., < 2-year return period). We therefore recommend that stormwater managers and other environmental stewards redirect stormwater away from receiving waters and into engineered green infrastructure systems such as bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
F. M. Rodgers
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Humes
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z9, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Lo BP, Marlatt VL, Liao X, Reger S, Gallilee C, Ross ARS, Brown TM. Acute Toxicity of 6PPD-Quinone to Early Life Stage Juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:815-822. [PMID: 36692118 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The breakdown product of the rubber tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD)-6-PPD-quinone has been strongly implicated in toxic injury and death in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in urban waterways. Whereas recent studies have reported a wide range of sensitivity to 6PPD-quinone in several fish species, little is known about the risks to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the primary prey of endangered Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and the subject of much concern. Chinook face numerous conservation threats in Canada and the United States, with many populations assessed as either endangered or threatened. We evaluated the acute toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to newly feeding (~3 weeks post swim-up) juvenile Chinook and coho. Juvenile Chinook and coho were exposed for 24 h under static conditions to five concentrations of 6PPD-quinone. Juvenile coho were 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive to 6PPD-quinone compared with juvenile Chinook, with 24-h median lethal concentration (LC50) estimates of 41.0 and more than 67 307 ng/L, respectively. The coho LC50 was 2.3-fold lower than what was previously reported for 1+-year-old coho (95 ng/L), highlighting the value of evaluating age-related differences in sensitivity to this toxic tire-related chemical. Both fish species exhibited typical 6PPD-quinone symptomology (gasping, increased ventilation, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming), with fish that were symptomatic generally exhibiting mortality. The LC50 values derived from our study for coho are below concentrations that have been measured in salmon-bearing waterways, suggesting the potential for population-level consequences in urban waters. The higher relative LC50 values for Chinook compared with coho merits further investigation, including for the potential for population-relevant sublethal effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:815-822. © 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie P Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vicki L Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiangjun Liao
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sofya Reger
- Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carys Gallilee
- Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tanya M Brown
- Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Van Wert JC, Hendriks B, Ekström A, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Population variability in thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad022. [PMID: 37152448 PMCID: PMC10157787 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing large declines in many Pacific salmon populations. In particular, warm rivers are associated with high levels of premature mortality in migrating adults. The Fraser River watershed in British Columbia, Canada, supports some of the largest Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs in the world. However, the Fraser River is warming at a rate that threatens these populations at critical freshwater life stages. A growing body of literature suggests salmonids are locally adapted to their thermal migratory experience, and thus, population-specific thermal performance information can aid in management decisions. We compared the thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon from two populations, a coastal fall-run from the Chilliwack River (125 km cooler migration) and an interior summer-run from the Shuswap River (565 km warmer migration). We acutely exposed fish to temperatures reflecting current (12°C, 18°C) and future projected temperatures (21°C, 24°C) in the Fraser River and assessed survival, aerobic capacity (resting and maximum metabolic rates, absolute aerobic scope (AAS), muscle and ventricle citrate synthase), anaerobic capacity (muscle and ventricle lactate dehydrogenase) and recovery capacity (post-exercise metabolism, blood physiology, tissue lactate). Chilliwack Chinook salmon performed worse at high temperatures, indicated by elevated mortality, reduced breadth in AAS, enhanced plasma lactate and potassium levels and elevated tissue lactate concentrations compared with Shuswap Chinook salmon. At water temperatures exceeding the upper pejus temperatures (Tpejus, defined here as 80% of maximum AAS) of Chilliwack (18.7°C) and Shuswap (20.2°C) Chinook salmon populations, physiological performance will decline and affect migration and survival to spawn. Our results reveal population differences in pre-spawning Chinook salmon performance across scales of biological organization at ecologically relevant temperatures. Given the rapid warming of rivers, we show that it is critical to consider the intra-specific variation in thermal physiology to assist in the conservation and management of Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Corresponding author: Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
| | - Brian Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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16
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French BF, Baldwin DH, Cameron J, Prat J, King K, Davis JW, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL. Urban Roadway Runoff Is Lethal to Juvenile Coho, Steelhead, and Chinook Salmonids, But Not Congeneric Sockeye. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:733-738. [PMID: 36118959 PMCID: PMC9476652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We compared the sensitivity of closely related Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) to untreated urban stormwater runoff across three storm events. Juvenile coho, sockeye, steelhead, and Chinook were exposed for 24 h to untreated urban runoff and then transferred to clean water for 48 h. As anticipated from previous studies, coho were highly susceptible to runoff toxicity, with cumulative mortality rates ranging from 92%-100% across the three storms. By contrast, juvenile sockeye were unaffected (100% survival), and cumulative mortality rates were intermediate for steelhead (4%-42%) and Chinook (0%-13%). Furthermore, coho died rapidly following the onset of stormwater exposure (generally <4 h), whereas mortality in Chinook and steelhead was delayed by 1-2 days. Similar to previous findings for coho, steelhead and Chinook did not recover when transferred to clean water. Lastly, significant mortality occurred in coho even when roadway runoff was diluted by 95% in clean water. Our findings extend the urban runoff mortality syndrome in salmonids and point to a near-term need for sublethal studies in steelhead and Chinook to more precisely understand stormwater risks to threatened species recovery efforts in the western United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. F. French
- Northwest
Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - D. H. Baldwin
- Office
of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - J. Cameron
- Saltwater
Inc, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National
Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - J. Prat
- School
of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - K. King
- Environmental
Contaminants Program, United States Fish
and Wildlife Service, Lacey, Washington 98503, United States
| | - J. W. Davis
- Environmental
Contaminants Program, United States Fish
and Wildlife Service, Lacey, Washington 98503, United States
| | - J. K. McIntyre
- School
of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - N. L. Scholz
- Northwest
Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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17
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Dávila-Santiago E, Shi C, Mahadwar G, Medeghini B, Insinga L, Hutchinson R, Good S, Jones GD. Machine Learning Applications for Chemical Fingerprinting and Environmental Source Tracking Using Non-target Chemical Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4080-4090. [PMID: 35297611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A frequent goal of chemical forensic analyses is to select a panel of diagnostic chemical features─colloquially termed a chemical fingerprint─that can predict the presence of a source in a novel sample. However, most of the developed chemical fingerprinting workflows are qualitative in nature. Herein, we report on a quantitative machine learning workflow. Grab samples (n = 51) were collected from five chemical sources, including agricultural runoff, headwaters, livestock manure, (sub)urban runoff, and municipal wastewater. Support vector classification was used to select the top 10, 25, 50, and 100 chemical features that best discriminate each source from all others. The cross-validation balanced accuracy was 92-100% for all sources (n = 1,000 iterations). When screening for diagnostic features from each source in samples collected from four local creeks, presence probabilities were low for all sources, except for wastewater at two downstream locations in a single creek. Upon closer investigation, a wastewater treatment facility was located ∼3 km upstream of the nearest sample location. In addition, using simulated in silico mixtures, the workflow can distinguish presence and absence of some sources at 10,000-fold dilutions. These results strongly suggest that this workflow can select diagnostic subsets of chemical features that can be used to quantitatively predict the presence/absence of various sources at trace levels in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dávila-Santiago
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Cheng Shi
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Gouri Mahadwar
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Bridgette Medeghini
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Logan Insinga
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Rebecca Hutchinson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5501, United States
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3803, United States
| | - Stephen Good
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
| | - Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3906, United States
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18
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Peter KT, Lundin JI, Wu C, Feist BE, Tian Z, Cameron JR, Scholz NL, Kolodziej EP. Characterizing the Chemical Profile of Biological Decline in Stormwater-Impacted Urban Watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3159-3169. [PMID: 35166536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination is an increasingly important conservation issue in urban runoff-impacted watersheds. Regulatory and restoration efforts typically evaluate limited conventional parameters and pollutants. However, complex urban chemical mixtures contain hundreds to thousands of organic contaminants that remain unidentified, unregulated, and poorly understood. This study aimed to develop broadly representative metrics of water quality impairment corresponding to previously documented biological degradation along gradients of human impacts. Stream samples (n = 65, baseflow/rainfall conditions, 2017-2018) were collected from 15 regional watersheds (Puget Sound, WA, USA) across an urbanization gradient defined by landscape characteristics. Surface water chemical composition characterized via non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry (7068 detections) was highly correlated with landscape-based urbanization gradient (p < 0.01) and season (p < 0.01). Landscape-scale changes in chemical composition closely aligned with two anchors of biological decline: coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) mortality risk (p < 0.001) and loss of stream macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance (p < 0.001). We isolated and identified 32 indicators for urban runoff impacts and corresponding receiving water ecological health, including well-known anthropogenic contaminants (e.g., caffeine, organophosphates, vehicle-derived chemicals), two related environmental transformation products, and a novel (methoxymethyl)melamine compound. Outcomes support data-directed selection of next-generation water quality indicators for prioritization and evaluation of watershed management efforts intended to protect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D St., Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Jessica I Lundin
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
| | - Blake E Feist
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D St., Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
| | - James R Cameron
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D St., Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Varshney S, Gora AH, Siriyappagouder P, Kiron V, Olsvik PA. Toxicological effects of 6PPD and 6PPD quinone in zebrafish larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127623. [PMID: 34742612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is the most widely used antioxidant in automobile tyres and many rubber products. We investigated the impact of 6PPD and 6PPD quinone on acute toxicity, morphology, swimming behaviour, heart rate, and oxygen consumption in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 6PPD and 6PPD quinone at concentrations of 1, 10, and 25 µg/L during the development period of 1-96 hpf. In the present study, 6PPD quinone was found to be toxic to zebrafish larvae with a 24 h LC50 of 308.67 µg/L. No significant mortality was observed at any of the tested concentrations. A dose-dependent reduction in swimming performance was observed in the exposed larvae at 116 hpf for both toxicants. Overall, our study shows that exposure of zebrafish embryos to 6PPD and 6PPD quinone at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg/L) does not affect its behaviour. However, exposure to higher but still sublethal concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD quinone (10 and 25 µg/L) can affect behavioural endpoints. These findings reveal the toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPD quinone to early life stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Varshney
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Adnan H Gora
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
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20
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Waldman JR, Quinn TP. North American diadromous fishes: Drivers of decline and potential for recovery in the Anthropocene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5486. [PMID: 35089793 PMCID: PMC8797777 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diadromous fishes migrate between freshwater and marine habitats to complete their life cycle, a complexity that makes them vulnerable to the adverse effects of current and past human activities on land and in the oceans. Many North American species are critically endangered, and entire populations have been lost. Major factors driving declines include overfishing, pollution, water withdrawals, aquaculture, non-native species, habitat degradation, over-zealous application of hatcheries designed to mitigate effects of other factors, and effects of climate change. Perhaps, the most broadly tractable and effective factors affecting diadromous fishes are removals of the dams that prevent or hinder their migrations, alter their environment, and often favor non-native biotic communities. Future survival of many diadromous fish populations may depend on this.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Waldman
- Queens College and Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding author.
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21
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McIntyre JK, Prat J, Cameron J, Wetzel J, Mudrock E, Peter KT, Tian Z, Mackenzie C, Lundin J, Stark JD, King K, Davis JW, Kolodziej EP, Scholz NL. Treading Water: Tire Wear Particle Leachate Recreates an Urban Runoff Mortality Syndrome in Coho but Not Chum Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11767-11774. [PMID: 34410108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire tread wear particles (TWP) are increasingly recognized as a global pollutant of surface waters, but their impact on biota in receiving waters is rarely addressed. In the developed U.S. Pacific Northwest, acute mortality of adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) follows rain events and is correlated with roadway density. Roadway runoff experimentally triggers behavioral symptoms and associated changes in blood indicative of cardiorespiratory distress prior to death. Closely related chum salmon (O. keta) lack an equivalent response. Acute mortality of juvenile coho was recently experimentally linked to a transformation product of a tire-derived chemical. We evaluated whether TWP leachate is sufficient to trigger the acute mortality syndrome in adult coho salmon. We characterized the acute response of adult coho and chum salmon to TWP leachate (survival, behavior, blood physiology) and compared it with that caused by roadway runoff. TWP leachate was acutely lethal to coho at concentrations similar to roadway runoff, with the same behaviors and blood parameters impacted. As with runoff, chum salmon appeared insensitive to TWP leachate at concentrations lethal to coho. Our results confirm that environmentally relevant TWP exposures cause acute mortalities of a keystone aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Jasmine Prat
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - James Cameron
- Ocean Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jillian Wetzel
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Emma Mudrock
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Cailin Mackenzie
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Jessica Lundin
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112 United States
| | - John D Stark
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Kennith King
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lacey, Washington 98503 United States
| | - Jay W Davis
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lacey, Washington 98503 United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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22
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Mebane CA, Ivey CD, Wang N, Steevens JA, Cleveland D, Elias MC, Justice JR, Gallagher K, Brent RN. Direct and Delayed Mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Rainbow Trout Following Time-Varying Acute Exposures to Zinc. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2484-2498. [PMID: 34288068 PMCID: PMC8457064 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential for delayed mortality following short-term episodic pollution events was evaluated by exposing cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to zinc (Zn) in various 1- to 48-h and 1- to 96-h exposures, respectively, followed by transferring the exposed organisms to clean water for up to 47 h for C. dubia and up to 95 h for trout for additional observation. For C. dubia, 1-h exposures of up to 3790 µg Zn/L never resulted in mortality during the actual Zn exposures, but by 48 h, a 1-h exposure to 114 µg/L, a concentration similar to the present US national water quality acute criterion for the test water conditions, ultimately killed 70% of C. dubia. With C. dubia, the speed of action of Zn toxicity was faster for intermediate concentrations than for the highest concentrations tested. For rainbow trout, pronounced delayed mortalities by 96 h only occurred following ≥8-h exposures. For both species, ultimate mortalities from Zn exposures ≤8 h mostly presented as delayed mortalities, whereas for exposures ≥24 h, almost all ultimate mortalities presented during the actual exposure periods. With Zn, risks of delayed mortality following exposures to all concentrations tested were much greater for the more sensitive, small-bodied invertebrate (C. dubia) than for the less sensitive, larger-bodied fish (rainbow trout). These results, along with previous studies, show that delayed mortality is an important consideration in evaluating risks to aquatic organisms from brief, episodic exposures to some substances. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2484-2498. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ning Wang
- Columbia Environmental Research CenterUS Geological SurveyColumbiaMissouri
| | | | - Danielle Cleveland
- Columbia Environmental Research CenterUS Geological SurveyColumbiaMissouri
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23
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Invertebrate and Microbial Response to Hyporheic Restoration of an Urban Stream. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All cities face complex challenges managing urban stormwater while also protecting urban water bodies. Green stormwater infrastructure and process-based restoration offer alternative strategies that prioritize watershed connectivity. We report on a new urban floodplain restoration technique being tested in the City of Seattle, USA: an engineered hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone has long been an overlooked component in floodplain restoration. Yet this subsurface area offers enormous potential for stormwater amelioration and is a critical component of healthy streams. From 2014 to 2017, we measured hyporheic temperature, nutrients, and microbial and invertebrate communities at three paired stream reaches with and without hyporheic restoration. At two of the three pairs, water temperature was significantly lower at the restored reach, while dissolved organic carbon and microbial metabolism were higher. Hyporheic invertebrate density and taxa richness were significantly higher across all three restored reaches. These are some of the first quantified responses of hyporheic biological communities to restoration. Our results complement earlier reports of enhanced hydrologic and chemical functioning of the engineered hyporheic zone. Together, this research demonstrates that incorporation of hyporheic design elements in floodplain restoration can enhance temperature moderation, habitat diversity, contaminant filtration, and the biological health of urban streams.
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24
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Ettinger AK, Buhle ER, Feist BE, Howe E, Spromberg JA, Scholz NL, Levin PS. Prioritizing conservation actions in urbanizing landscapes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:818. [PMID: 33436640 PMCID: PMC7804858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization-driven landscape changes are harmful to many species. Negative effects can be mitigated through habitat preservation and restoration, but it is often difficult to prioritize these conservation actions. This is due, in part, to the scarcity of species response data, which limit the predictive accuracy of modeling to estimate critical thresholds for biological decline and recovery. To address these challenges, we quantify effort required for restoration, in combination with a clear conservation objective and associated metric (e.g., habitat for focal organisms). We develop and apply this framework to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a highly migratory and culturally iconic species in western North America that is particularly sensitive to urbanization. We examine how uncertainty in biological parameters may alter locations prioritized for conservation action and compare this to the effect of shifting to a different conservation metric (e.g., a different focal salmon species). Our approach prioritized suburban areas (those with intermediate urbanization effects) for preservation and restoration action to benefit coho. We found that prioritization was most sensitive to the selected metric, rather than the level of uncertainty or critical threshold values. Our analyses highlight the importance of identifying metrics that are well-aligned with intended outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Ettinger
- grid.422375.50000 0004 0591 6771The Nature Conservancy- Washington, Seattle, WA 98121 USA ,grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - E. R. Buhle
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA ,Biomark Applied Biological Services, 705 S 8th St, Boise, ID 83702 USA
| | - B. E. Feist
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - E. Howe
- grid.422375.50000 0004 0591 6771The Nature Conservancy- Washington, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - J. A. Spromberg
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - N. L. Scholz
- grid.3532.70000 0001 1266 2261Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - P. S. Levin
- grid.422375.50000 0004 0591 6771The Nature Conservancy- Washington, Seattle, WA 98121 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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25
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Tian Z, Zhao H, Peter KT, Gonzalez M, Wetzel J, Wu C, Hu X, Prat J, Mudrock E, Hettinger R, Cortina AE, Biswas RG, Kock FVC, Soong R, Jenne A, Du B, Hou F, He H, Lundeen R, Gilbreath A, Sutton R, Scholz NL, Davis JW, Dodd MC, Simpson A, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP. A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon. Science 2021; 371:185-189. [PMID: 33273063 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In U.S. Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), stormwater exposure annually causes unexplained acute mortality when adult salmon migrate to urban creeks to reproduce. By investigating this phenomenon, we identified a highly toxic quinone transformation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a globally ubiquitous tire rubber antioxidant. Retrospective analysis of representative roadway runoff and stormwater-affected creeks of the U.S. West Coast indicated widespread occurrence of 6PPD-quinone (<0.3 to 19 micrograms per liter) at toxic concentrations (median lethal concentration of 0.8 ± 0.16 micrograms per liter). These results reveal unanticipated risks of 6PPD antioxidants to an aquatic species and imply toxicological relevance for dissipated tire rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Jill Wetzel
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Prat
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Emma Mudrock
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Rachel Hettinger
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Allan E Cortina
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Huan He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Lundeen
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Alicia Gilbreath
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Choi JY, Jeong H, Choi KY, Hong GH, Yang DB, Kim K, Ra K. Source identification and implications of heavy metals in urban roads for the coastal pollution in a beach town, Busan, Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111724. [PMID: 33065397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in the sediments of urban roads (RDS), storm drains (SDS), and marine areas (MS) were investigated to assess road pollution in a beach town adjacent to the coast in Busan and identify their relationships with the marine environment. RDS were considerably polluted with Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb, with mean concentrations of 1090, 178, 171, and 199 mg/kg, respectively. MS were severely contaminated with Zn and Cu, exceeding the effects range median (ERM; Cu = 270, Zn = 410 mg/kg). PCA and HCA identified tire and brake wear in RDS as the major sources of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, and that high levels of Zn, Cu, and Pb in RDS originating from traffic activities contaminated MS through the urban storm drain system. The results suggested that traffic-originated metals in RDS are potential pollutants in coastal environments, and further studies on their fate and management should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Jeong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and 10 Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Choi
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Hong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Beom Yang
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungrean Kim
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and 10 Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and 10 Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Harding LB, Tagal M, Ylitalo GM, Incardona JP, Davis JW, Scholz NL, McIntyre JK. Urban stormwater and crude oil injury pathways converge on the developing heart of a shore-spawning marine forage fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105654. [PMID: 33161306 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how aquatic organisms respond to complex chemical mixtures remains one of the foremost challenges in modern ecotoxicology. Although oil spills are typically high-profile disasters that release hundreds or thousands of chemicals into the environment, there is growing evidence for a common adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for the vulnerable embryos and larvae of fish species that spawn in oiled habitats. Molecular initiating events involve the disruption of excitation-contraction coupling in individual cardiomyocytes, which then dysregulate the form and function of the embryonic heart. Phenanthrenes and other three-ring (tricyclic) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key drivers for this developmental cardiotoxicity and are also relatively enriched in land-based urban runoff. Similar to oil spills, stormwater discharged from roadways and other high-traffic impervious surfaces contains myriad contaminants, many of which are uncharacterized in terms of their chemical identity and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, given the exceptional sensitivity of the developing heart to tricyclic PAHs and the ubiquitous presence of these compounds in road runoff, cardiotoxicity may also be a dominant aspect of the stormwater-induced injury phenotype in fish early life stages. Here we assessed the effects of traffic-related runoff on the embryos and early larvae of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a marine forage fish that spawns along the coastline of western North America. We used the well-characterized central features of the oil toxicity AOP for herring embryos as benchmarks for a detailed analysis of embryolarval cardiotoxicity across a dilution gradient ranging from 12 to 50% stormwater diluted in clean seawater. These injury indicators included measures of circulatory function, ventricular area, heart chamber looping, and the contractility of both the atrium and the ventricle. We also determined tissue concentrations of phenanthrenes and other PAHs in herring embryos. We find that tricyclic PAHs are readily bioavailable during cardiogenesis, and that stormwater-induced toxicity is in many respects indistinguishable from canonical crude oil toxicity. Given the chemical complexity of urban runoff, non-tricyclic PAH-mediated mechanisms of developmental toxicity in fish remain likely. However, from the standpoint of managing wild herring populations, our results suggest that stormwater-driven threats to individual survival (both near-term and delayed mortality) can be understood from decades of past research on crude oil toxicity. Moreover, Pacific herring embryos are promising sentinels for water quality monitoring in nearshore marine habitats, as in situand sensitive indicators of both toxic runoff and the effectiveness of pollution reduction efforts such as green stormwater infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa B Harding
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Mark Tagal
- Lynker Technologies, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
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28
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Barreto IS, de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Patire VF, de Jesus Silva M, Baldassin P, Taniguchi S, Montone RC, Gallo H, Maranho A, Bícego MC. Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to penguins on the coast of southeastern Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111306. [PMID: 32658674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on São Paulo state coast (southeastern Brazil) was evaluated through the analysis of biliary metabolites in Spheniscus magellanicus (n = 79). The animals analyzed in present study were either found dead during beach monitoring procedures or died at rehabilitation centers. Analyses of naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites were performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with fluorescence detectors. Total metabolite (TM) concentrations ranged from below the method quantification limit to 270 μg g-1 of bile. TM concentrations were mainly composed of NAP metabolites, followed by PHE metabolites. BaP metabolites were detected in only two samples. This is the first study using PAHs metabolites in S. magellanicus to assess the bioavailability of these compounds in coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isana Souza Barreto
- Laboratory of Oil Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cecilia Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Oil Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Marine Geochemistry, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Farias Patire
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Center of Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Márcio de Jesus Silva
- Laboratory of Oil Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Paula Baldassin
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; BW Consultoria Veterinária, Rua Professora Suely Brasil Flores, 88, 28970-000 Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosalinda Carmela Montone
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Gallo
- Instituto Argonauta para a Conservação Costeira e Marinha, Rua Guarani, 835, 11680-000 Ubatuba, SP, Brazil; Aquário de Ubatuba, Rua Guarani, 859, 1680-000 Ubatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Maranho
- Instituto Gremar Pesquisa, Educação e Gestão de Fauna, Rua João Ruiz, 799, 11420-350 Guarujá, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Peter KT, Hou F, Tian Z, Wu C, Goehring M, Liu F, Kolodziej EP. More Than a First Flush: Urban Creek Storm Hydrographs Demonstrate Broad Contaminant Pollutographs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6152-6165. [PMID: 32302122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff clearly impacts water quality and ecological health of urban receiving waters. Subsequent management efforts are often guided by conceptual models of contaminant "first flushes", defined by disproportionate concentrations or mass loads early in the storm hydrograph. However, studies examining the dynamics of contaminant transport and receiving water hydrology have primarily focused on "traditional" stormwater contaminants and point sources, with less evaluation of chemically complex nonpoint pollution sources. Accordingly, we conducted baseflow and storm sampling in Miller Creek, a representative small, urban watershed in the Puget Sound region (WA, USA). We comprehensively characterized organic contaminant profiles and dynamics via targeted quantification of 35 stormwater-derived chemicals, complementary nontarget HRMS analyses, and surrogate chemical metrics of ecological health. For quantified analytes, total daily baseflow loads were 0.8-3.4 g/day and storm event loads were ∼80-320 g/storm (∼48 h interval), with nine contaminants detected during storms at >500 ng/L. Notably, urban creek "pollutographs" were much broader than relatively sharp storm hydrographs and exhibited transport-limited (rather than mass-limited) source dynamics, with immediate water quality degradation during low-intensity precipitation and continued mobilization of contaminant mass across the entire hydrograph. Study outcomes support prioritization of source identification and focused stormwater management efforts to improve water quality and promote ecosystem function in small urban receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Fan Hou
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Matt Goehring
- Green/Duwamish & Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA 9), King County, Seattle, Washington 98104 United States
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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Blair S, Barlow C, Martin E, Schumaker R, McIntyre J. Methemoglobin determination by multi-component analysis in coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) possessing unstable hemoglobin. MethodsX 2020; 7:100836. [PMID: 32257839 PMCID: PMC7115134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin derivatives are often quantified in blood to establish cardio-respiratory status and possible causes of impaired oxygen transport. The derivative known as methemoglobin results from oxidation of hemoglobin and is pathologically relevant because it cannot transport oxygen. In species and individuals possessing unstable methemoglobin, methemoglobin formation leads to rapid hemichrome formation and precipitation. Oxidizing reagents in standard methemoglobin analysis techniques therefore prevent accurate quantification of hemoglobin oxidative degradation products in species possessing unstable hemoglobin. In this study, we demonstrated that individual coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) possess unstable methemoglobin. Because molar absorptivities of coho methemoglobin, hemichrome and carboxyhemoglobin were significantly different from humans, the use of previous standard methods leads to an overestimation of methemoglobin in coho. Spontaneous conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome was also demonstrated in Chinook (O. tshawytscha), pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta), but not steelhead (O. mykiss), indicating there may be a frequent need to account for unstable hemoglobin when quantifying methemoglobin in salmonids.•Our method builds upon multi-component analysis (MCA) by using a multivariate modeling technique to derive the coho-specific molar absorptivities of major hemoglobin derivatives•This approach fills a current need for the accurate quantification of methemoglobin in fishes possessing unstable hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Blair
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Clyde Barlow
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Pkwy, Olympia, WA 98505, USA
| | - Erin Martin
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Pkwy, Olympia, WA 98505, USA
| | - Ruth Schumaker
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Pkwy, Olympia, WA 98505, USA
| | - Jenifer McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
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31
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Hyporheic Process Restoration: Design and Performance of an Engineered Streambed. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stream restoration designed specifically to enhance hyporheic processes has seldom been contemplated. To gain experience with hyporheic restoration, an engineered streambed was built using a gravel mixture formulated to mimic natural streambed composition, filling an over-excavated channel to a minimum depth of 90 cm. Specially designed plunge-pool structures, built with subsurface gravel extending down to 2.4 m, promoted greatly enhanced hyporheic circulation, path length, and residence time. Hyporheic process enhancement was verified using intra-gravel temperature mapping to document the distribution and strength of upwelling and downwelling zones, computation of vertical water flux using diurnal streambed temperature patterns, estimation of hyporheic zone cross section using sodium chloride tracer studies, and repeat measurements of streambed sand content to document evolution of the engineered streambed over time. Results showed that vertical water flux in the vicinity of plunge-pool structures was quite large, averaging 89 times the pre-construction rate, and 17 times larger than maximum rates measured in a pristine stream in Idaho. Upwelling and downwelling strengths in the constructed channel were larger and more spatially diverse than in the control. Streambed sand content showed a variety of response over time, indicating that rapid return to an embedded, impermeable state is not occurring.
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32
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Marris CR, Kompella SN, Miller MR, Incardona JP, Brette F, Hancox JC, Sørhus E, Shiels HA. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in pollution: a heart-breaking matter. J Physiol 2020; 598:227-247. [PMID: 31840250 PMCID: PMC7003748 DOI: 10.1113/jp278885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with detrimental effects on human health, including decreased cardiovascular function. However, the causative mechanisms behind these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we review the current epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence linking pollution with cardiovascular dysfunction. Our focus is on particulate matter (PM) and the associated low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as key mediators of cardiotoxicity. We begin by reviewing the growing epidemiological evidence linking air pollution to cardiovascular dysfunction in humans. We next address the pollution-based cardiotoxic mechanisms first identified in fish following the release of large quantities of PAHs into the marine environment from point oil spills (e.g. Deepwater Horizon). We finish by discussing the current state of mechanistic knowledge linking PM and PAH exposure to mammalian cardiovascular patho-physiologies such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction and the underlying alterations in gene regulation. Our aim is to show conservation of toxicant pathways and cellular targets across vertebrate hearts to allow a broad framework of the global problem of cardiotoxic pollution to be established. AhR; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Dark lines indicate topics discussed in this review. Grey lines indicate topics reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Marris
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - S. N. Kompella
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - M. R. Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueens Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - J. P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112USA
| | - F. Brette
- INSERMCentre de Recherche Cardio‐Thoracique de BordeauxU1045BordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxCentre de Recherche Cardio‐ThoraciqueU1045BordeauxFrance
- IHU LirycElectrophysiology and Heart Modeling InstituteFondation Bordeaux UniversitéPessac‐BordeauxFrance
| | - J. C. Hancox
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBristol Heart InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolBS2 8HWUK
| | - E. Sørhus
- Institute of Marine ResearchPO Box 1870 Nordes NO‐5871BergenNorway
| | - H. A. Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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33
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Chow MI, Lundin JI, Mitchell CJ, Davis JW, Young G, Scholz NL, McIntyre JK. An urban stormwater runoff mortality syndrome in juvenile coho salmon. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105231. [PMID: 31295703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Untreated urban runoff poses significant water quality threats to aquatic organisms. In northwestern North America, ongoing development in coastal watersheds is increasing the transport of toxic chemical contaminants to river and stream networks that provide spawning and rearing habitats for several species of Pacific salmon. Adult coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are particularly vulnerable to a stormwater-driven mortality syndrome. The phenomenon may prematurely kill more than half of the coho that return each fall to spawn in catchments with a high degree of imperviousness. Here we evaluate the coho mortality syndrome at the juvenile life stage. Freshwater-stage juveniles were exposed to stormwater collected from a high traffic volume urban arterial roadway. Symptoms characteristic of the mortality syndrome were evaluated using digital image analysis, and discrete stages of abnormal behavior were characterized as the syndrome progressed. At a subset of these stages, blood was analyzed for ion homeostasis, hematocrit, pH, glucose, and lactate. Several of these blood chemistry parameters were significantly dysregulated in symptomatic juvenile coho. Affected fish did not recover when transferred to clean water, suggesting a single runoff event to stream habitats could be lethal if resident coho become overtly symptomatic. Among coho life stages, our findings indicate the urban runoff mortality syndrome is not unique to adult spawners. Therefore, the consequences for wild coho populations in developing watersheds are likely to be greater than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Chow
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jessica I Lundin
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Chelsea J Mitchell
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Graham Young
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
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34
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Hiki K, Nakajima F, Tobino T, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H. Whole transcriptome analysis of an estuarine amphipod exposed to highway road dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:141-150. [PMID: 31026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dust can potentially have adverse effects on aquatic and benthic ecosystems if discharged into receiving waters; however, little is known about the mode of action of road dust toxicity within aquatic organisms. With an aim to reveal the biological effects of road dust on benthic crustacean species, we performed a de novo transcriptome analysis of the estuarine amphipod Grandidierella japonica exposed to road dust collected from highways around Tokyo. A transcriptome analysis by Illumina HiSeq 2500 identified differentially expressed genes related to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway, oxidative damage, and cuticle metabolism. Among these, a GABAB receptor subunit showed down-regulation in the road dust treatment, but a constant expression in the treatment of road dust with a carbonaceous resin XAD-4, which can reduce the acute toxicity of road dust to G. japonica. These results and the time course expressions of the related genes were partially confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments. Although the linkage between acute lethal toxicity and the molecular initiating events induced by road dust was still unclear, our findings provide lines of evidence to identify the causative toxicants in urban road dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoshiro Hiki
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tobino
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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35
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Cipoletti N, Jorgenson ZG, Banda JA, Hummel SL, Kohno S, Schoenfuss HL. Land Use Contributions to Adverse Biological Effects in a Complex Agricultural and Urban Watershed: A Case Study of the Maumee River. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1035-1051. [PMID: 30883853 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and urban contaminants are an environmental concern because runoff may contaminate aquatic ecosystems, resulting in stress for exposed fish. The objective of the present controlled, field-based study was to assess the impacts of high-intensity agriculture and urban land use on multiple life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), using the Maumee River (Toledo, OH, USA) as a case study. Laboratory cultured adult and larval fathead minnows were exposed for 21 d, and embryos were exposed until hatching to site-specific water along the lower reach of the Maumee River. Adult minnows were analyzed for reproduction and alterations to hematologic characteristics (vitellogenin, glucose, estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone). Water and fish tissue samples were analyzed for a suite of multiresidue pesticides, hormones, and pharmaceuticals. Contaminants were detected in every water and tissue sample, with 6 pesticides and 8 pharmaceuticals detected in at least 82% of water samples and at least half of tissue samples. Effects differed by exposed life stage and year of exposure. Fecundity was the most sensitive endpoint measured and was altered by water from multiple sites in both years. Physiological parameters associated with fecundity, such as plasma vitellogenin and steroid hormone concentrations, were seldom impacted. Larval fathead minnows appeared to be unaffected. Embryonic morphological development was delayed in embryos exposed to site waters collected in 2016 but not in 2017. A distinction between agricultural and urban influences in the Maumee River was not realized due to the great overlap in contaminant presence and biological effects. Differences in precipitation patterns between study years likely contributed to the observed biological differences and highlight the need for environmental exposure studies to assess the environmental risk of contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1-17. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cipoletti
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zachary G Jorgenson
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jo A Banda
- US Fish & Wildlife Service, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Satomi Kohno
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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36
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Legacy habitat contamination as a limiting factor for Chinook salmon recovery in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, USA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214399. [PMID: 30901374 PMCID: PMC6430382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the western United States, the long-term recovery of many Pacific salmon populations is inextricably linked to freshwater habitat quality. Industrial activities from the past century have left a legacy of pollutants that persist, particularly near working waterfronts. The adverse impacts of these contaminants on salmon health have been studied for decades, but the population-scale consequences of chemical exposure for salmonids are still poorly understood. We estimated acute and delayed mortality rates for seaward migrating juvenile Chinook salmon that feed and grow in a Superfund-designated area in the Lower Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. We combined previous, field-collected exposure data for juvenile Chinook salmon together with reduced growth and disease resistance data from earlier field and laboratory studies. Estimates of mortality were then incorporated into a life cycle model to explore chemical habitat-related fish loss. We found that 54% improved juvenile survival—potentially as a result of future remediation activities—could increase adult Chinook salmon population abundance by more than 20%. This study provides a framework for evaluating pollution remediation as a positive driver for species recovery.
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37
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Peter KT, Herzog S, Tian Z, Wu C, McCray JE, Lynch K, Kolodziej EP. Evaluating emerging organic contaminant removal in an engineered hyporheic zone using high resolution mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:140-152. [PMID: 30508711 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hyporheic zone (HZ), located at the interface of surface and groundwater, is a natural bioreactor for attenuation of chemical contaminants. Engineered HZs can be incorporated into stream restoration projects to enhance hyporheic exchange, with flowpaths optimized to promote biological habitat, water quantity, and water quality improvements. Designing HZs for in-stream treatment of stormwater, a significant source of flow and contaminant loads to urban creeks, requires assessment of both the hydrology and biogeochemical capacity for water quality improvement. Here, we applied tracer tests and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to characterize an engineered hyporheic zone unit process, called a hyporheic design element (HDE), in the Thornton Creek Watershed in Seattle, WA. Dye, NaCl, and bromide were used to hydrologically link downwelling and upwelling zones and estimate the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of hyporheic flowpaths. We then compared water quality improvements across hydrologically-linked surface and hyporheic flowpaths (3-5 m length; ∼30 min to >3 h) during baseflow and stormflow conditions. We evaluated fate outcomes for 83 identified contaminants during stormflow, including those correlated with an urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon. Non-target HRMS analysis was used to assess holistic water quality improvements and evaluate attenuation mechanisms. The data indicated substantial water quality improvement in hyporheic flowpaths relative to surface flow and improved contaminant removal with longer hyporheic HRT (for ∼1900 non-target compounds detected during stormflow, <17% were attenuated >50% via surface flow vs. 59% and 78% via short and long hyporheic residence times, respectively), and strong contributions of hydrophobic sorption towards observed contaminant attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA.
| | - Skuyler Herzog
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA
| | - John E McCray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | | | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA; Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA, 98421, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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38
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Detailed Hydrodynamic Feasibility Assessment for Leque Island and Zis a Ba Restoration Projects. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse6040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous restoration projects are underway in Puget Sound, Washington, USA with the goal of re-establishing intertidal wetlands that were historically lost due to dike construction for flood protection and agricultural development. One such effort is the restoration effort within the Stillaguamish Delta, benefitting from the cumulative effects from the Leque Island and zis a ba restoration projects. The preferred restoration design calls for the removal of perimeter dikes at the two sites and the creation of tidal channels to facilitate the drainage of tidal flows. A 3-D high-resolution unstructured-grid coastal ocean model based on FVCOM was developed to evaluate the hydrodynamic response of the estuary to restoration alternatives. A series of hydrodynamic modeling simulations were then performed to quantify the hydrodynamic response of the nearshore restoration project, such as periodic inundation, suitable currents, and desired habitat/salinity levels. Sediment impacts were also examined, including the potential for excessive erosion or sedimentation requiring maintenance. Simulation results indicate that the preferred alternative scenario provides the desired estuarine response, which is consistent with the planned design. A decrease in velocities and bed shear in the main river channels was noted for the restored condition associated with the increased inundation of tidal flat area and reduced tidal flows through the main channels. High bed shear near the restored tidal channel entrances indicates that the inlets may evolve in size until equilibrium is established.
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39
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Keefer ML, Clabough TS, Jepson MA, Johnson EL, Peery CA, Caudill CC. Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon and steelhead: Diverse behavioral strategies in a large and warming river system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204274. [PMID: 30240404 PMCID: PMC6150539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising river temperatures in western North America have increased the energetic costs of migration and the risk of premature mortality in many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Predicting and managing risks for these populations requires data on acute and cumulative thermal exposure, the spatio-temporal distribution of adverse conditions, and the potentially mitigating effects of cool-water refuges. In this study, we paired radiotelemetry with archival temperature loggers to construct continuous, spatially-explicit thermal histories for 212 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and 200 adult steelhead (O. mykiss). The fish amassed ~500,000 temperature records (30-min intervals) while migrating through 470 kilometers of the Columbia and Snake rivers en route to spawning sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Spring- and most summer-run Chinook salmon migrated before river temperatures reached annual highs; their body temperatures closely matched ambient temperatures and most had thermal maxima in the lower Snake River. In contrast, many individual fall-run Chinook salmon and most steelhead had maxima near thermal tolerance limits (20–22 °C) in the lower Columbia River. High temperatures elicited extensive use of thermal refuges near tributary confluences, where body temperatures were ~2–10 °C cooler than the adjacent migration corridor. Many steelhead used refuges for weeks or more whereas salmon use was typically hours to days, reflecting differences in spawn timing. Almost no refuge use was detected in a ~260-km reach where a thermal migration barrier may more frequently develop in future warmer years. Within population, cumulative thermal exposure was strongly positively correlated (0.88 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) with migration duration and inconsistently associated (-0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.09) with migration date. All four populations have likely experienced historically high mean and maximum temperatures in recent years. Expected responses include population-specific shifts in migration phenology, increased reliance on patchily-distributed thermal refuges, and natural selection favoring temperature-tolerant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tami S Clabough
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Michael A Jepson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Eric L Johnson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Peery
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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40
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Peter KT, Tian Z, Wu C, Lin P, White S, Du B, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Kolodziej EP. Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Identify Organic Contaminants Linked to Urban Stormwater Mortality Syndrome in Coho Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10317-10327. [PMID: 30192129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a major threat to ecological health, causing a range of adverse, mostly sublethal effects. In western North America, urban runoff is acutely lethal to adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) that spawn each fall in freshwater creeks. Although the mortality syndrome is correlated to urbanization and attributed to road runoff contaminant(s), the causal agent(s) remain unknown. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to isolate a coho mortality chemical signature: a list of nontarget and identified features that co-occurred in waters lethal to coho spawners (road runoff from controlled exposures and urban receiving waters from two field observations of symptomatic coho). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tire wear particle (TWP) leachates were most chemically similar to the waters with observed toxicity, relative to other vehicle-derived sources. Prominent road runoff contaminants in the signature included two groups of nitrogen-containing compounds derived from TWP, polyethylene glycols, octylphenol ethoxylates, and polypropylene glycols. A (methoxymethyl)melamine compound family, previously unreported in North America, was detected in road runoff and urban creeks at concentrations up to ∼9 and ∼0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results indicate TWPs are an under-appreciated contaminant source in urban watersheds and should be prioritized for fate and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Peter Lin
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Sarah White
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project , Costa Mesa , California 92626 , United States
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment , Washington State University , Puyallup , Washington 98371 , United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. , Seattle , Washington 98112 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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41
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Hale R, Coleman R, Sievers M, Brown TR, Swearer SE. Using conservation behavior to manage ecological traps for a threatened freshwater fish. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Rhys Coleman
- Melbourne Water Corporation Docklands Victoria 3008 Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3008 Australia
| | - Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3008 Australia
| | - Timothy R. Brown
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, da Silva DAM, da Silva Rocha AJ, Taniguchi S, Patire VF, Dias JF, Fernandez WS, Bícego MC. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioavailability on Santos Bay (Brazil) through levels of biliary metabolites. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:822-828. [PMID: 29032809 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the PAH bioavailability from Santos Bay (Brazil) in 4 species of fish, using PAH biliary metabolites. The collection was done monthly, between July and December, in three different regions of Santos Bay. The metabolites were analyzed through a high performance liquid chromatograph with fluorescence detectors. Total metabolites concentrations ranged from 65.5 to 589μgg-1 of bile, evidencing PAH bioavailability on Santos Bay. Levels of phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene metabolites were in the classification range of areas moderate contaminated. Those concentrations were lower in Nebris microps and higher in Sphoeroides testudineus (p<0.05). Naphthalene metabolites concentrations did not differ significantly among fish species and were in the classification range of low contaminated areas. There were no significant spatial and temporal differences in levels among sampled areas. These results are environmentally important given the high levels of urbanization and the absence of biomonitoring data in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Marine Geochemistry, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denis Albuquerque Moreira da Silva
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | - Arthur José da Silva Rocha
- Laboratory of Marine Life Ecophysiology, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Faria Patire
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - June Ferraz Dias
- Laboratory of Reproductive Ecology and Recruitment of Marine Organisms, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Wellington Silva Fernandez
- Laboratory of Reproductive Ecology and Recruitment of Marine Organisms, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Urban stormwater runoff negatively impacts lateral line development in larval zebrafish and salmon embryos. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2830. [PMID: 29434264 PMCID: PMC5809384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
After a storm, water often runs off of impervious urban surfaces directly into aquatic ecosystems. This stormwater runoff is a cocktail of toxicants that have serious effects on the ecological integrity of aquatic habitats. Zebrafish that develop in stormwater runoff suffer from cardiovascular toxicity and impaired growth, but the effects of stormwater on fish sensory systems are not understood. Our study investigated the effect of stormwater on hair cells of the lateral line in larval zebrafish and coho salmon. Our results showed that although toxicants in stormwater did not kill zebrafish hair cells, these cells did experience damage. Zebrafish developing in stormwater also experienced impaired growth, fewer neuromasts in the lateral line, and fewer hair cells per neuromast. A similar reduction in neuromast number was observed in coho salmon reared in stormwater. Bioretention treatment, intended to filter out harmful constituents of stormwater, rescued the lateral line defects in zebrafish but not in coho salmon, suggesting that not all of the harmful constituents were removed by the filtration media and that salmonids are particularly sensitive to aquatic toxicants. Collectively, these data demonstrate that sub-lethal exposure to stormwater runoff negatively impacts a fish sensory system, which may have consequences for organismal fitness.
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Feist BE, Buhle ER, Baldwin DH, Spromberg JA, Damm SE, Davis JW, Scholz NL. Roads to ruin: conservation threats to a sentinel species across an urban gradient. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:2382-2396. [PMID: 29044812 PMCID: PMC6084292 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization poses a global challenge to species conservation. This is primarily understood in terms of physical habitat loss, as agricultural and forested lands are replaced with urban infrastructure. However, aquatic habitats are also chemically degraded by urban development, often in the form of toxic stormwater runoff. Here we assess threats of urbanization to coho salmon throughout developed areas of the Puget Sound Basin in Washington, USA. Puget Sound coho are a sentinel species for freshwater communities and also a species of concern under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Previous studies have demonstrated that stormwater runoff is unusually lethal to adult coho that return to spawn each year in urban watersheds. To further explore the relationship between land use and recurrent coho die-offs, we measured mortality rates in field surveys of 51 spawning sites across an urban gradient. We then used spatial analyses to measure landscape attributes (land use and land cover, human population density, roadways, traffic intensity, etc.) and climatic variables (annual summer and fall precipitation) associated with each site. Structural equation modeling revealed a latent urbanization gradient that was associated with road density and traffic intensity, among other variables, and positively related to coho mortality. Across years within sites, mortality increased with summer and fall precipitation, but the effect of rainfall was strongest in the least developed areas and was essentially neutral in the most urbanized streams. We used the best-supported structural equation model to generate a predictive mortality risk map for the entire Puget Sound Basin. This map indicates an ongoing and widespread loss of spawners across much of the Puget Sound population segment, particularly within the major regional north-south corridor for transportation and development. Our findings identify current and future urbanization-related threats to wild coho, and show where green infrastructure and similar clean water strategies could prove most useful for promoting species conservation and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake E. Feist
- Conservation Biology DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington98112USA
| | - Eric R. Buhle
- Quantitative Consultants, Inc.Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington98112USA
| | - David H. Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington98112USA
| | - Julann A. Spromberg
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington98112USA
| | - Steven E. Damm
- Washington Fish and Wildlife OfficeUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service510 Desmond Drive SELaceyWashington98392USA
| | - Jay W. Davis
- Washington Fish and Wildlife OfficeUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service510 Desmond Drive SELaceyWashington98392USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington98112USA
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Du B, Lofton JM, Peter KT, Gipe AD, James CA, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Baker JE, Kolodziej EP. Development of suspect and non-target screening methods for detection of organic contaminants in highway runoff and fish tissue with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1185-1196. [PMID: 28825428 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Untreated urban stormwater runoff contributes to poor water quality in receiving waters. The ability to identify toxicants and other bioactive molecules responsible for observed adverse effects in a complex mixture of contaminants is critical to effective protection of ecosystem and human health, yet this is a challenging analytical task. The objective of this study was to develop analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect organic contaminants in highway runoff and in runoff-exposed fish (adult coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch). Processing of paired water and tissue samples facilitated contaminant prioritization and aided investigation of chemical bioavailability and uptake processes. Simple, minimal processing effort solid phase extraction (SPE) and elution procedures were optimized for water samples, and selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedures were optimized for fish tissues. Extraction methods were compared by detection of non-target features and target compounds (e.g., quantity and peak area), while minimizing matrix interferences. Suspect screening techniques utilized in-house and commercial databases to prioritize high-risk detections for subsequent MS/MS characterization and identification efforts. Presumptive annotations were also screened with an in-house linear regression (log Kowvs. retention time) to exclude isobaric compounds. Examples of confirmed identifications (via reference standard comparison) in highway runoff include ethoprophos, prometon, DEET, caffeine, cotinine, 4(or 5)-methyl-1H-methylbenzotriazole, and acetanilide. Acetanilide was also detected in runoff-exposed fish gill and liver samples. Further characterization of highway runoff and fish tissues (14 and 19 compounds, respectively with tentative identification by MS/MS data) suggests that many novel or poorly characterized organic contaminants exist in urban stormwater runoff and exposed biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.
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de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Patire VF, Taniguchi S, Fernandez WS, Dias JF, Bícego MC. Mugil curema as a PAH bioavailability monitor for Atlantic west sub-tropical estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:609-614. [PMID: 27693009 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the use of Mugil curema as a biomonitor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability. Fish biliary metabolites from low-contaminated (Cananéia) and contaminated (Santos) Brazilian estuaries were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus coupled to fluorescence detectors connected in a series. In the Cananéia and Santos estuaries, total metabolite levels ranged from 0.85 to 34.4μgg-1 of bile and from 4.06 to 528μgg-1 of bile, respectively. Metabolite levels were not influenced by feeding status or sexual hormones (p<0.05), thus suggesting that M. curema is a good biomonitor for PAH bioavailability. In estuarine regions, it is possible to sample both the male and female genders of this species in any reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Institute of Geoscience, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Faria Patire
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellington Silva Fernandez
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - June Ferraz Dias
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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48
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Integrating Limiting-Factors Analysis with Process-Based Restoration to Improve Recovery of Endangered Salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, USA. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Spromberg JA, Baldwin DH, Damm SE, McIntyre JK, Huff M, Sloan CA, Anulacion BF, Davis JW, Scholz NL. Coho salmon spawner mortality in western US urban watersheds: bioinfiltration prevents lethal storm water impacts. J Appl Ecol 2015; 53:398-407. [PMID: 27667853 PMCID: PMC5019255 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch return each autumn to freshwater spawning habitats throughout western North America. The migration coincides with increasing seasonal rainfall, which in turn increases storm water run-off, particularly in urban watersheds with extensive impervious land cover. Previous field assessments in urban stream networks have shown that adult coho are dying prematurely at high rates (>50%). Despite significant management concerns for the long-term conservation of threatened wild coho populations, a causal role for toxic run-off in the mortality syndrome has not been demonstrated.We exposed otherwise healthy coho spawners to: (i) artificial storm water containing mixtures of metals and petroleum hydrocarbons, at or above concentrations previously measured in urban run-off; (ii) undiluted storm water collected from a high traffic volume urban arterial road (i.e. highway run-off); and (iii) highway run-off that was first pre-treated via bioinfiltration through experimental soil columns to remove pollutants.We find that mixtures of metals and petroleum hydrocarbons - conventional toxic constituents in urban storm water - are not sufficient to cause the spawner mortality syndrome. By contrast, untreated highway run-off collected during nine distinct storm events was universally lethal to adult coho relative to unexposed controls. Lastly, the mortality syndrome was prevented when highway run-off was pretreated by soil infiltration, a conventional green storm water infrastructure technology.Our results are the first direct evidence that: (i) toxic run-off is killing adult coho in urban watersheds, and (ii) inexpensive mitigation measures can improve water quality and promote salmon survival. Synthesis and applications. Coho salmon, an iconic species with exceptional economic and cultural significance, are an ecological sentinel for the harmful effects of untreated urban run-off. Wild coho populations cannot withstand the high rates of mortality that are now regularly occurring in urban spawning habitats. Green storm water infrastructure or similar pollution prevention methods should be incorporated to the maximal extent practicable, at the watershed scale, for all future development and redevelopment projects, particularly those involving transportation infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julann A Spromberg
- Ocean Associates, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Steven E Damm
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Fish and Wildlife Office 510 Desmond Dr. S.E. Lacey WA 98503 USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center Washington State University 2606 W. Pioneer Ave. Puyallup WA 98371 USA
| | - Michael Huff
- Suquamish Tribe PO Box 498 18490, Suquamish Way Suquamish WA 98392 USA
| | - Catherine A Sloan
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Bernadita F Anulacion
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Fish and Wildlife Office 510 Desmond Dr. S.E. Lacey WA 98503 USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
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50
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McIntyre JK, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Stark JD, Anulacion BF, Scholz NL. Zebrafish and clean water technology: assessing soil bioretention as a protective treatment for toxic urban runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:173-80. [PMID: 25217993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater contains a complex mixture of contaminants that can be acutely toxic to aquatic biota. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is a set of evolving technologies intended to reduce impacts on natural systems by slowing and filtering runoff. The extent to which GSI methods work as intended is usually assessed in terms of water quantity (hydrology) and quality (chemistry). Biological indicators of GSI effectiveness have received less attention, despite an overarching goal of protecting the health of aquatic species. Here we use the zebrafish (Danio rerio) experimental model to evaluate bioinfiltration as a relatively inexpensive technology for treating runoff from an urban highway with dense motor vehicle traffic. Zebrafish embryos exposed to untreated runoff (48-96h; six storm events) displayed an array of developmental abnormalities, including delayed hatching, reduced growth, pericardial edema, microphthalmia (small eyes), and reduced swim bladder inflation. Three of the six storms were acutely lethal, and sublethal toxicity was evident across all storms, even when stormwater was diluted by as much as 95% in clean water. As anticipated from exposure to cardiotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), untreated runoff also caused heart failure, as indicated by circulatory stasis, pericardial edema, and looping defects. Bioretention treatment dramatically improved stormwater quality and reversed nearly all forms of developmental toxicity. The zebrafish model therefore provides a versatile experimental platform for rapidly assessing GSI effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K McIntyre
- Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - J W Davis
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Washington Fish & Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - J P Incardona
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - J D Stark
- Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - B F Anulacion
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - N L Scholz
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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