1
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Dollery SJ, Harro JM, Wiggins TJ, Wille BP, Kim PC, Tobin JK, Bushnell RV, Tasker NJPER, MacLeod DA, Tobin GJ. Select Whole-Cell Biofilm-Based Immunogens Protect against a Virulent Staphylococcus Isolate in a Stringent Implant Model of Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060833. [PMID: 35746441 PMCID: PMC9231243 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microbes of concern to human health remain without vaccines. We have developed a whole-microbe inactivation technology that enables us to rapidly inactivate large quantities of a pathogen while retaining epitopes that were destroyed by previous inactivation methods. The method that we call UVC-MDP inactivation can be used to make whole-cell vaccines with increased potency. We and others are exploring the possibility of using improved irradiation-inactivation technologies to develop whole-cell vaccines for numerous antibiotic-resistant microbes. Here, we apply UVC-MDP to produce candidate MRSA vaccines which we test in a stringent tibia implant model of infection challenged with a virulent MSRA strain. We report high levels of clearance in the model and observe a pattern of protection that correlates with the immunogen protein profile used for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Dollery
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Janette M. Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.M.H.); (B.P.W.); (P.C.K.)
| | - Taralyn J. Wiggins
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Brendan P. Wille
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.M.H.); (B.P.W.); (P.C.K.)
| | - Peter C. Kim
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.M.H.); (B.P.W.); (P.C.K.)
| | - John K. Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Ruth V. Bushnell
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Naomi J. P. E. R. Tasker
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
| | - David A. MacLeod
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Gregory J. Tobin
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (T.J.W.); (J.K.T.); (R.V.B.); (N.J.P.E.R.T.); (D.A.M.); (G.J.T.)
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2
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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3
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Trübe P, Hertlein T, Mrochen DM, Schulz D, Jorde I, Krause B, Zeun J, Fischer S, Wolf SA, Walther B, Semmler T, Bröker BM, Ulrich RG, Ohlsen K, Holtfreter S. Bringing together what belongs together: Optimizing murine infection models by using mouse-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strains. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 309:26-38. [PMID: 30391222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infection world-wide, and currently no vaccine is available for humans. Vaccine development relies heavily on clinically relevant infection models. However, the suitability of mice for S. aureus infection models has often been questioned, because experimental infection of mice with human-adapted S. aureus requires very high infection doses. Moreover, mice were not considered to be natural hosts of S. aureus. The latter has been disproven by our recent findings, showing that both laboratory mice, as well as wild small mammals including mice, voles, and shrews, are naturally colonized with S. aureus. Here, we investigated whether mouse-and vole-derived S. aureus strains show an enhanced virulence in mice as compared to the human-adapted strain Newman. Using a step-wise approach based on the bacterial genotype and in vitro assays for host adaptation, we selected the most promising candidates for murine infection models out of a total of 254 S. aureus isolates from laboratory mice as well as wild rodents and shrews. Four strains representing the clonal complexes (CC) 8, 49, and 88 (n = 2) were selected and compared to the human-adapted S. aureus strain Newman (CC8) in murine pneumonia and bacteremia models. Notably, a bank vole-derived CC49 strain, named DIP, was highly virulent in BALB/c mice in pneumonia and bacteremia models, whereas the other murine and vole strains showed virulence similar to or lower than that of Newman. At one tenth of the standard infection dose DIP induced disease severity, bacterial load and host cytokine and chemokine responses in the murine bacteremia model similar to that of Newman. In the pneumonia model, DIP was also more virulent than Newman but the effect was less pronounced. Whole genome sequencing data analysis identified a pore-forming toxin gene, lukF-PV(P83)/lukM, in DIP but not in the other tested S. aureus isolates. To conclude, the mouse-adapted S. aureus strain DIP allows a significant reduction of the inoculation dose in mice and is hence a promising tool to develop clinically more relevant infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bettina Krause
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Zeun
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Silver A Wolf
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Wang Q, Wang X, Wang X, Feng R, Luo Q, Huang J. Generation of a novel Streptococcus agalactiae ghost vaccine and examination of its immunogenicity against virulent challenge in tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:49-56. [PMID: 29969706 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) is a gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide range of infections in fish and other animals including humans. Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are nonliving, empty cell envelopes and are well represented as novel vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of S. agalactiae ghosts (SAG) against a virulent challenge in tilapia. Nonliving SAG was generated by a culture with Penicillin and Streptolysin, and then treated with the MIC of sodium hydroxide. The formation of a transmembrane lysis tunnel structure in SAG was visualized by electron microscopy. To investigate the SAG as a vaccine candidate, fish were divided into three groups, A (SAG immunized), B [Formalin-inactivated S. agalactiae (FSA) immunized] and C (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS-immunized control). The IgM antibody responses were significantly stronger in the SAG-immunized group than in FSA-immunized group, which was higher than in the non-immunized control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, phagocytic activity (percent phagocytes, PP) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the SAG-immunized group than in FSA-immunized group, which was higher than in the non-immunized control group (P < 0.05). In addition, non-specific immune immunity, such as lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities, in the SAG-immunized fish showed significantly higher activities than FSA-immunized fish and the control group fish (P < 0.05). Also, fish immunized with SAG and FSA showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β in the head kidney and spleen than fish treated with PBS during the whole observed period. In addition, fish immunized with SAG showed significantly higher gene expression of L-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the spleen than in the FSA-immunized fish. Although there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference of survival rate (SR) or relative percent survival (RPS) between SAG and FSA immunized groups, they were all significantly more protected against the S. agalactiae challenge (SR: 86.67%, RPS: 76.395) and (SR: 80.00%, RPS: 67.50%) respectively, compared to the PBS-treated group (SR: 33.33%). These results suggest that immunization with SAG induces immune responses and provides protection against a virulent S. agalactiae challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishuo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention & Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China; Huaian research center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huaian 223000, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention & Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 272000, PR China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Shandong Yisheng Livestock Veterinary Science Institute, 264000, Yantai, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Feng
- Jiangsu Tianshen Co., Ltd., 223000, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Qian Luo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention & Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Jinjing Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention & Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
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5
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Sulabh S, Panigrahi M, Ahmad SF, Varshney R, Verma A, Baba NA, Kumar S, Kumari S, Chauhan A, Kumar P, Bhushan B. Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acid Induces Differential mRNA Response of Immune-Related Genes in PBMC of Crossbred, Tharparkar Cattle and Murrah Buffalo. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:166-174. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1461633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, IAS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sheikh Firdous Ahmad
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Bacteriology and Mycology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Ankita Verma
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Naseer Ahmad Baba
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Soni Kumari
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
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6
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Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M. Staphylococcus aureus Membrane-Derived Vesicles Promote Bacterial Virulence and Confer Protective Immunity in Murine Infection Models. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515544 PMCID: PMC5826277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that S. aureus-derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from S. aureus grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified S. aureus MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of S. aureus to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils ex vivo and increased S. aureus survival in vivo. Finally, immunization of mice with S. aureus-derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic S. aureus infection. Collectively, our results suggest S. aureus MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mitesh Dongre
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Monika Kumaraswamy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Armin Kousha
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J Andrés Valderrama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Jorunn P Cavanagh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sun N Wai
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Li X, Sun Q, Wang Y, Han D, Fan J, Zhang J, Yang C, Ma X, Sun Q. The regulatory effects of L. plantarum peptidoglycan microspheres on innate and humoral immunity in mouse. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:635-643. [PMID: 28862074 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1375037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum cell wall peptidoglycan (LPG) microspheres on mouse intestinal flora changes, peptidoglycan recognitions protein (PGRP) and cytokines expression levels. METHOD Plate counting was used for enumeration of the intestinal flora. Real-time PCR was used for quantification PGRP in different tissues. Cytokines content were determined by ELISA kits. RESULT The mouse administered orally with LPG microspheres showed significantly higher number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in caecum contents (p < 0.01). The amount of PGRP expression in different organs was highest in LPG microspheres-treated group. IL-4, 12, IFN-γ, TNF-α contents in serum from LPG microspheres-treated mouse were significantly higher than those in normal saline-treated group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the LPG microspheres can regulate intestinal flora imbalance and improve systemic immunity, improve both Th1 and Th2 immune response, which provide some basis for the use of LPG as potential adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Li
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Quan Sun
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Dequan Han
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Chunhai Yang
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Xiaoxiong Ma
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
| | - Qingshen Sun
- a College of Life Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin , China
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8
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Schulz D, Grumann D, Trübe P, Pritchett-Corning K, Johnson S, Reppschläger K, Gumz J, Sundaramoorthy N, Michalik S, Berg S, van den Brandt J, Fister R, Monecke S, Uy B, Schmidt F, Bröker BM, Wiles S, Holtfreter S. Laboratory Mice Are Frequently Colonized with Staphylococcus aureus and Mount a Systemic Immune Response-Note of Caution for In vivo Infection Experiments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:152. [PMID: 28512627 PMCID: PMC5411432 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether mice are an appropriate model for S. aureus infection and vaccination studies is a matter of debate, because they are not considered as natural hosts of S. aureus. We previously identified a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain, which caused infections in laboratory mice. This raised the question whether laboratory mice are commonly colonized with S. aureus and whether this might impact on infection experiments. Publicly available health reports from commercial vendors revealed that S. aureus colonization is rather frequent, with rates as high as 21% among specific-pathogen-free mice. In animal facilities, S. aureus was readily transmitted from parents to offspring, which became persistently colonized. Among 99 murine S. aureus isolates from Charles River Laboratories half belonged to the lineage CC88 (54.5%), followed by CC15, CC5, CC188, and CC8. A comparison of human and murine S. aureus isolates revealed features of host adaptation. In detail, murine strains lacked hlb-converting phages and superantigen-encoding mobile genetic elements, and were frequently ampicillin-sensitive. Moreover, murine CC88 isolates coagulated mouse plasma faster than human CC88 isolates. Importantly, S. aureus colonization clearly primed the murine immune system, inducing a systemic IgG response specific for numerous S. aureus proteins, including several vaccine candidates. Phospholipase C emerged as a promising test antigen for monitoring S. aureus colonization in laboratory mice. In conclusion, laboratory mice are natural hosts of S. aureus and therefore, could provide better infection models than previously assumed. Pre-exposure to the bacteria is a possible confounder in S. aureus infection and vaccination studies and should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Dorothee Grumann
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Johnson
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Reppschläger
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Gumz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Nandakumar Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Berg
- Central Core and Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Central Core and Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Richard Fister
- Charles River, Research and Professional ServicesWilmington, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Alere TechnologiesJena, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus"Dresden, Germany
| | - Benedict Uy
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
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9
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Sulabh S, Bhushan B, Panigrahi M, Verma A, Baba NA, Kumar P. Differential response of immune-related genes to peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid challenge in vitro. Vet World 2016; 9:983-988. [PMID: 27733800 PMCID: PMC5057038 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.983-988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall antigens, peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) challenge on immune cells present in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, efforts have been made to investigate the effects of three combinations (10+10, 20+20 and 30+30 μg/ml) of PGN and LTA obtained from S. aureus. These antigens were used to challenge the bovine PBMCs. After 6 h of incubation quantitative, real time-polymerase chain reaction was used to study toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and major cytokine mRNA expression in bovine PBMC challenged with three different antigen blends. RESULTS The results indicated that mRNA level of interferon gamma is influenced by the expression of TLR-2 gene. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-8 genes showed a maximum response at a dose of 10 μg of PGN and 10 μg of LTA challenge per ml of culture medium. The outcome also suggests that both IL-10 and IL-8 followed the expression pattern of TNF-α. CONCLUSION A dose of 10 μg of PGN and 10 μg of LTA per ml of culture medium was found to be most suitable for challenging PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Verma
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseer Ahmad Baba
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Kaur S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. In Vivo Assessment of Phage and Linezolid Based Implant Coatings for Treatment of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Mediated Orthopaedic Device Related Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157626. [PMID: 27333300 PMCID: PMC4917197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus comprises up to two-thirds of all pathogens in orthopaedic implant infections with two species respectively Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, being the predominate etiological agents isolated. Further, with the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), treatment of S. aureus implant infections has become more difficult, thus representing a devastating complication. Use of local delivery system consisting of S.aureus specific phage along with linezolid (incorporated in biopolymer) allowing gradual release of the two agents at the implant site represents a new, still unexplored treatment option (against orthopaedic implant infections) that has been studied in an animal model of prosthetic joint infection. Naked wire, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) coated wire and phage and /or linezolid coated K-wire were surgically implanted into the intra-medullary canal of mouse femur bone of respective groups followed by inoculation of S.aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA). Mice implanted with K-wire coated with both the agents i.e phage as well as linezolid (dual coated wires) showed maximum reduction in bacterial adherence, associated inflammation of the joint as well as faster resumption of locomotion and motor function of the limb. Also, all the coating treatments showed no emergence of resistant mutants. Use of dual coated implants incorporating lytic phage (capable of self-multiplication) as well as linezolid presents an attractive and aggressive early approach in preventing as well as treating implant associated infections caused by methicillin resistant S. aureus strains as assessed in a murine model of experimental joint infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ohsawa H, Baba T, Enami J, Hiramatsu K. Successful selection of an infection-protective anti-Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and its protective activity in murine infection models. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:183-92. [PMID: 25659598 PMCID: PMC5029779 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials to develop anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) therapeutic antibodies have met unsuccessful sequels. To develop more effective antibodies against MRSA infection, a panel of mAbs against S. aureus cell wall was generated and then screened for the most protective mAb in mouse infection models. Twenty-two anti-S. aureus IgG mAbs were obtained from mice that had been immunized with alkali-processed, deacetylated cell walls of S. aureus. One of these mAbs, ZBIA5H, exhibited life-saving effects in mouse models of sepsis caused by community-acquired MRSA strain MW2 and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strain VRS1. It also had a curative effect in a MW2-caused pneumonia model. Curiously, the target of ZBIA5H was considered to be a conformational epitope of either the 1,4-β-linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or the peptidoglycan per se. Reactivity of ZBIA5H to S. aureus whole cells or purified peptidoglycan was weaker than that of most of the other mAbs generated in this study. However, the latter mAbs did not have the protective activities against S. aureus that ZBIA5H did. These data indicate that the epitopes that trigger production of high-yield and/or high-affinity antibodies may not be the most suitable epitopes for developing anti-infective antibodies. ZBIA5H or its humanized form may find a future clinical application, and its target epitope may be used for the production of vaccines against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Ohsawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Zenyaku Kogyo, 2-33-7, Ohizumi-machi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 178-0062; Department of Bacteriology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunnkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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12
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Generation of a Novel Staphylococcus aureus Ghost Vaccine and Examination of Its Immunogenicity against Virulent Challenge in Rats. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2957-65. [PMID: 25964469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00009-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide range of infections in humans and animals. Bacterial ghosts are nonliving, empty cell envelopes and are well represented as novel vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of S. aureus ghosts (SAGs) against a virulent challenge in rats. Nonliving SAGs were generated by using the MIC of sodium hydroxide. The formation of a transmembrane lysis tunnel structure in SAGs was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. To investigate these SAGs as a vaccine candidate, rats were divided into four groups, A (nonimmunized control), B (orally immunized), C (subcutaneously immunized), and D (intravenously immunized). The IgG antibody responses were significantly stronger in the SAG-immunized groups than in the nonimmunized control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in the populations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was observed in all three immunized groups (P < 0.05). We also found that serum bactericidal antibodies were significantly elicited in the SAG-immunized groups (P < 0.05). Most importantly, the bacterial loads in the immunized groups were significantly lower than those in the nonimmunized control group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that immunization with SAGs induces immune responses and provides protection against a virulent S. aureus challenge.
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13
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Adamo R. Glycan surface antigens fromBacillus anthracisas vaccine targets: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:895-907. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.924404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:248. [PMID: 24032031 PMCID: PMC3759294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These biochemical signatures primarily consist of a major family of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nitrogen bases, and sugar and its complexes, which are distinct from host molecules and exclusively expressed in pathogens and essential to their survival. The family of sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded, evolutionarily conserved molecules, and consist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), and DNA sensors. Sensing of PAMP by PRR initiates the cascade of signaling leading to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in a variety of cellular responses, including the production of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss sensing of different types of glycosylated PAMPs such as β-glucan (a polymeric sugar) or lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acid, and so on (sugar complex PAMPs) by different families of sensors, its role in pathogenesis, and its application in development of potential vaccine and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Bhopal , India
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15
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Holtfreter S, Radcliff FJ, Grumann D, Read H, Johnson S, Monecke S, Ritchie S, Clow F, Goerke C, Bröker BM, Fraser JD, Wiles S. Characterization of a mouse-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71142. [PMID: 24023720 PMCID: PMC3759423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
More effective antibiotics and a protective vaccine are desperately needed to combat the ‘superbug’ Staphylococcus aureus. While in vivo pathogenicity studies routinely involve infection of mice with human S. aureus isolates, recent genetic studies have demonstrated that S. aureus lineages are largely host-specific. The use of such animal-adapted S. aureus strains may therefore be a promising approach for developing more clinically relevant animal infection models. We have isolated a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain (JSNZ) which caused a severe outbreak of preputial gland abscesses among male C57BL/6J mice. We aimed to extensively characterize this strain on a genomic level and determine its virulence potential in murine colonization and infection models. JSNZ belongs to the MLST type ST88, rare among human isolates, and lacks an hlb-converting phage encoding human-specific immune evasion factors. Naive mice were found to be more susceptible to nasal and gastrointestinal colonization with JSNZ than with the human-derived Newman strain. Furthermore, naïve mice required antibiotic pre-treatment to become colonized with Newman. In contrast, JSNZ was able to colonize mice in the absence of antibiotic treatment suggesting that this strain can compete with the natural flora for space and nutrients. In a renal abscess model, JSNZ caused more severe disease than Newman with greater weight loss and bacterial burden. In contrast to most other clinical isolates, JSNZ can also be readily genetically modified by phage transduction and electroporation. In conclusion, the mouse-adapted strain JSNZ may represent a valuable tool for studying aspects of mucosal colonization and for screening novel vaccines and therapies directed at preventing colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J. Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dorothee Grumann
- Department of Immunology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hannah Read
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Alere Technologies, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephen Ritchie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christiane Goerke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John D. Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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16
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Soromou LW, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Wei M, Chen N, Yang X, Huo M, Baldé A, Guan S, Deng X, Wang D. Subinhibitory concentrations of pinocembrin exert anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity by reducing α-toxin expression. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:41-9. [PMID: 23594163 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Natural products have been used as potentially important sources of novel antibacterials in combating pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates, a major problem around the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of pinocembrin (PNCB) against Staph. aureus pneumonia in a murine model and its influence on the production of Staph. aureus α-haemolysin (Hla). METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro activities of PNCB on α-haemolysin production were determined using haemolysis, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR assays. The viability and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the influence of PNCB on α-toxin-mediated injury of human alveolar epithelial cells. Moreover, through histopathologic analysis, we further determined the in vivo effects of PNCB on Staph. aureus pneumonia in a mouse model. In vitro, PNCB at low concentrations exhibited inhibitory activity against α-haemolysin production and attenuated α-haemolysin-mediated cell injury. Furthermore, the in vivo findings demonstrated that PNCB protected mice from Staph. aureus pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS We have provided new evidence of the effects of PNCB, which suggest that PNCB attenuated α-haemolysin-mediated cell injury and protected mice from Staph. aureus pneumonia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings indicate that PNCB may be used as a basis for anti-Staphylococcus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Soromou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Candela T, Dumetz F, Tosi-Couture E, Mock M, Goossens PL, Fouet A. Cell-wall preparation containing poly-γ-D-glutamate covalently linked to peptidoglycan, a straightforward extractable molecule, protects mice against experimental anthrax infection. Vaccine 2012; 31:171-5. [PMID: 23122993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax that is characterized by septicemia and toxemia. Many vaccine strategies were described to counteract anthrax infection. In contrast with veterinary live vaccines, currently human vaccines are acellular with the protective antigen, a toxin component, as the main constituent. However, in animal models this vaccine is less efficient than the live vaccine. In this study, we analyzed the protection afforded by a single extractable surface element. The poly-γ-D-glutamate capsule is covalently linked to the peptidoglycan. A preparation of peptidoglycan-linked poly-γ-D-glutamate (GluPG) was tested for its immunogenicity and its protective effect. GluPG injection, in mice, elicited the production of specific antibodies directed against poly-glutamate and partially protected the animals against lethal challenges with a non-toxinogenic strain. When combined to protective antigen, GluPG immunization conferred full protection against cutaneous anthrax induced with a fully virulent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Candela
- Institut Pasteur, Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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18
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Sun D, Raisley B, Langer M, Iyer JK, Vedham V, Ballard JL, James JA, Metcalf J, Coggeshall KM. Anti-peptidoglycan antibodies and Fcγ receptors are the key mediators of inflammation in Gram-positive sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2423-31. [PMID: 22815288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are an important public health problem, but it is unclear how they cause systemic inflammation in sepsis. Our previous work showed that peptidoglycan (PGN) induced proinflammatory cytokines in human cells by binding to an unknown extracellular receptor, followed by phagocytosis leading to the generation of NOD ligands. In this study, we used flow cytometry to identify host factors that supported PGN binding to immune cells. PGN binding required plasma, and plasma from all tested healthy donors contained IgG recognizing PGN. Plasma depleted of IgG or of anti-PGN Abs did not support PGN binding or PGN-triggered cytokine production. Adding back intact but not F(ab')₂ IgG restored binding and cytokine production. Transfection of HEK293 cells with FcγRIIA enabled PGN binding and phagocytosis. These data establish a key role for anti-PGN IgG and FcγRs in supporting inflammation to a major structural element of Gram-positive bacteria and suggest that anti-PGN IgG contributes to human pathology in Gram-positive sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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19
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Watkins RR, David MZ, Salata RA. Current concepts on the virulence mechanisms of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1179-1193. [PMID: 22745137 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.043513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are prevalent bacterial pathogens that cause both health care and community-associated infections. Increasing resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics has made MRSA a serious threat to public health throughout the world. The USA300 strain of MRSA has been responsible for an epidemic of community-associated infections in the US, mostly involving skin and soft tissue but also more serious invasive syndromes such as pneumonia, severe sepsis and endocarditis. MRSA strains are particularly serious and potentially lethal pathogens that possess virulence mechanisms including toxins, adhesins, enzymes and immunomodulators. One of these is Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a toxin associated with abscess formation and severe necrotizing pneumonia. Earlier studies suggested that PVL was a major virulence factor in community-associated MRSA infections. However, some recent data have not supported this association while others have, leading to controversy. Therefore, investigators continue to search for additional mechanisms of pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological basis of MRSA virulence and explore future directions for research, including potential vaccines and antivirulence therapies under development that might allow clinicians to more successfully treat and prevent MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Watkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44302, USA
| | - Michael Z David
- Departments of Medicine and Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert A Salata
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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