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Meneghini MA, Flores Quiroga JP, Heinecke F, Galarza RA, White V, Faletti AG. Impact of diet-induced maternal obesity on the reproductive capacity of F1 female offspring and the early development of the second generation. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 132:109700. [PMID: 39019120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of maternal obesity on the reproductive capacity of the female offspring (F1) and on the early development of the second generation (F2). To this end, rats were fed either standard (SD) or cafeteria (CD) diet. CD rats and their offspring were divided into 2 groups: rats with 18% and ≥25% overweight (CD18 and CD25, respectively) and offspring from CD18 and CD25 rats (OCD18 and OCD25, respectively). Both OCD groups achieved greater weight gain than controls, without changes in the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol or triglycerides. However, they showed increased gonadal cholesterol concentration and fat content compared to controls. Female OCD groups showed a slight prolongation of the estrous cycle and different pattern of changes in the weight gain during pregnancy. The OCD25 group displayed an increased fertility index and preimplantation losses, and changes in some fetal measurements. Some OCD25 dams gave birth to a larger litter of pups and displayed a lower viability index and lactation rate than controls. OCD25 dams also showed an increase in estradiol and a decrease in testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone. OCD25 rats showed increased mRNA levels of steroidogenenic enzymes. The offspring from OCD25 females (F2OCD25 offspring) showed early vaginal opening and higher ovulation rate in females, and lower ano-genital distances in males, compared to controls. In conclusion, these results reflect that maternal obesity impacts on the reproductive health of successive generations, probably as a result of epigenetic changes in different systems, including germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Agustina Meneghini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Pablo Flores Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Heinecke
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Alejandra Galarza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Graciela Faletti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ormindean CM, Ciortea R, Bucuri CE, Măluțan AM, Iuhas CI, Porumb CG, Ormindean V, Roman MP, Nati ID, Suciu V, Mihu D. Obesity, a Single Pathology Influencing Both Mother and Child-A Retrospective Analysis in Hospital Settings. J Pers Med 2024; 14:683. [PMID: 39063937 PMCID: PMC11277859 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by an excess of adipose tissue, has become a significant global health issue. The prevalence of obesity has increased markedly in recent decades worldwide, with a sharp rise also observed in developing countries, particularly in urban areas. Addressing obesity during pregnancy is crucial for several reasons and presents challenges for specialists in obstetrics and gynecology. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between obesity and its implications for childbirth. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study involving 1513 patients, grouped into normal-weight, overweight, and obese categories using corrected BMI values. We performed comparative analyses to explore the association between BMI and various outcomes: the method of delivery, the Apgar score at birth, the incidence of fetal distress, fetal birth weight, the presence of pregnancy-associated pathologies, and the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage. Descriptive statistical analysis was utilized to characterize the demographic and clinical features of the patients and newborns. RESULTS By examining variables such as the occurrence of fetal distress during labor, the Apgar score at delivery, and the mode of delivery, we identified an association between increasing BMI and complications during labor and delivery. The results indicate that a higher BMI is linked with increased complications and variations in the mode of delivery. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is the most common health issue among women of reproductive age and requires long-term care. It can contribute to numerous pregnancy-associated pathologies and affect both mother and child during labor and delivery. Obesity is associated with lower Apgar scores, the increased incidence of fetal distress, and a higher rate of cesarean section deliveries. Although the absolute risk of serious complications for mother, fetus, and newborn is low among women with obesity, adopting healthy eating and exercise behaviors prior to pregnancy, ideally, or as early in pregnancy as possible, can help minimize excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Razvan Ciortea
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.M.O.); (C.E.B.); (V.O.)
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Han L, Li Q, Du M, Mao X. Bovine milk osteopontin improved intestinal health of pregnant rats fed a high-fat diet through improving bile acid metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:24-39. [PMID: 37690710 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of bovine milk osteopontin (bmOPN) on the gut dysfunction of pregnant rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Bovine milk osteopontin was supplemented at a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight. Bovine milk osteopontin supplementation during pregnancy reduced colonic inflammation of HFD dams, and it also increased the colonic expression of ZO-1 and claudin-4 of HFD dams. Bovine milk osteopontin significantly enriched the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas it decreased Proteobacteria, Helicobacteraceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae in feces of HFD dams. The levels of isobutyric acid and pentanoic acid in the HFD + bmOPN group were higher than that of the HFD group. Functional predication analysis of microbial genomes revealed that bmOPN supplementation to HFD pregnancies changed 4 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways including bile acid biosynthesis. Further, bmOPN enriched hepatic taurochenodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid plus taurohyodeoxycholic acid in the gut of HFD maternal rats. Our findings suggested that bmOPN improved the gut health of HFD pregnant rats partially through modulating bile acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Nirala S, Tan XR, Shafiq M, Basnet R, Singh A. Maternal High Fat Diet and its Expressions in the Heart and Liver in the Mice Embryogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:889-898. [PMID: 37282568 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230605142119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental biology for the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary heart disease are known but elaborative ideas of triglycerides phenomenon in the embryo-genesis of the liver and the heart are still not clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to relate different triglycerides like LXRα, LPL, LDL R, PPARG-, SREBP-1C expression in the high fat fed mice with the normal fed diet mice in the process of developmental and embryo-genesis biology. METHODS Tissue preparation was done by ripalysis. Different protein content was obtained via western blot for the 6 samples namely a-17.5 days mice embryo heart; b- 0th day or the birthday mice infant heart; c-1 week mice infant heart; d-2 weeks mice infant heart; e-3 weeks mice infant heart; f-Adult mice heart. Protein lysates from the heart tissues of the mice was obtained via homegenization and centrifugation. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) was done to see the fat droplets in the liver tissues at the different developmental stages. RESULT LXRα,SREBP-1C expression in 17.5 days mice embryo heart and 0th day or the birthday mice infant heart is highly expressed in the high fat diet. LDL-R in the high fat diet mice is increased in 2 weeks mice infant heart but in17.5 days mice embryo heart and in 0th day or the birthday mice infant heart it is low expression but from 1week mice infant heart to the adult mice heart the expression is in decreasing trend. Similarly LPL is highly expressed in17.5 days mice embryo heart and 1 week mice infant heart and thus low expression in decreasing order until adult mice heart.Thus, these results collectively shows that maternal HF diet increases expression of proteins such as LPL, LDLr in the embryo phase and thus getting normal expressions in the adult phase that facilitate Triglycerides (TAG) hydrolysis across the liver and the heart. Also,maternal high fat diet increases the SREBP1c expression, leading to stimulation of LPL Expression. CONCLUSION In summary, using a pregnant mice model, we found that maternal high fat diet increases the fetal fat accumulation. Elevated placental LPL activity and expression of genes that facilitate placental lipid transport suggest that enhanced placental lipid transport may play a key role in maternal nutrition and obesity-induced fetal fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Nirala
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Xue-Rui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rajesh Basnet
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 514000, China
| | - Apekshya Singh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Patan Hospital Affiliated to the Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
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Gong X, Wu T, Zhang L, You Y, Wei H, Zuo X, Zhou Y, Xing X, Meng Z, Lv Q, Liu Z, Zhang J, Hu L, Li J, Li L, Chen C, Liu C, Sun G, Liu A, Lv Y, Zhao Y, Chen J, Wei Y. Comparison of the 2009 Institute of Medicine and 2021 Chinese guidelines for gestational weight gain: A retrospective population-based cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 162:1033-1041. [PMID: 37128813 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the associations between gestational weight gain (GWG) and perinatal outcomes based on the GWG guidelines of the Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). METHODS This was a retrospective study with 9075 low-risk singleton pregnant women. Logistic regression model was used to analyze associations between GWG categories and perinatal outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters). RESULTS Excessive GWG as defined by the two guidelines was associated with a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Inadequate GWG was associated with higher risks of small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.64) and preterm birth (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.22-2.36), but a lower risk of large for gestational age (LGA) (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.95) according to the IOM guidelines. When using the CNS guidelines, inadequate GWG was associated with only a lower risk of preterm birth (aOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.19-2.70). Sensitivity analyses suggested that excessive GWG was associated with a higher risk of LGA in underweight women. CONCLUSIONS Both guidelines could demonstrate the relationship between GWG and adverse perinatal outcomes. The CNS guidelines were more suitable for the Chinese population with underweight or normal weight before pregnancy, whereas IOM was more suitable for pregnant women with inadequate GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Tianchen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yiping You
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xifang Zuo
- Department of Obstetrics, Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dongchangfu District, Liaocheng, China
| | - Zhaoyan Meng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaodong Liu
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Function, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liyan Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chulin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternity and Infant Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wu Han, China
| | - Aiju Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhao X, Zhang L, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang P, Liang H. Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation Attenuates Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retarded via Ameliorating Placental Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:3263. [PMID: 37513681 PMCID: PMC10385450 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is particularly susceptible to inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to placental vascular dysfunction and placental insufficiency, which is associated with fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It is unknown whether folic acid (FA) supplementation can alleviate high-fat diet-induced IUGR in rats by improving placental function. In this study, pregnant rats were randomized into one of four diet-based groups: (1) control diet (CON), (2) control diet supplemented with FA, (3) high-fat diet (HFD), and (4) high-fat diet supplemented with FA (HFD + FA). Dams were sacrificed at gestation day 18.5 (GD18.5). The results indicated that dietary FA supplementation normalized a maternal HFD-induced decrease in fetal weight. The decrease in placental efficiency, labyrinth zone (LZ) area, blood sinusoid area, vascular density, and the levels of angiogenesis factors induced by a maternal HFD were alleviated by the addition of FA, suggesting that FA supplementation can alleviate placental vascular dysplasia. Furthermore, FA supplementation increased the protein expressions of SIRT1, inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activation, attenuated the levels of NF-κB/downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced Nrf2 activation, and increased downstream target protein expression. In conclusion, we found that dietary FA supplementation during pregnancy could improve maternal HFD-induced IUGR by alleviating placental inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be associated with the regulation of SIRT1 and its mediated NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (P.W.)
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Rasool A, Mahmoud T, O’Tierney-Ginn P. Lipid Aldehydes 4-Hydroxynonenal and 4-Hydroxyhexenal Exposure Differentially Impact Lipogenic Pathways in Human Placenta. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040527. [PMID: 37106728 PMCID: PMC10135722 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as the omega-6 (n-6) arachidonic acid (AA) and n-3 docosahexanoic acid (DHA), have a vital role in normal fetal development and placental function. Optimal supply of these LCPUFAs to the fetus is critical for improving birth outcomes and preventing programming of metabolic diseases in later life. Although not explicitly required/recommended, many pregnant women take n-3 LCPUFA supplements. Oxidative stress can cause these LCPUFAs to undergo lipid peroxidation, creating toxic compounds called lipid aldehydes. These by-products can lead to an inflammatory state and negatively impact tissue function, though little is known about their effects on the placenta. Placental exposure to two major lipid aldehydes, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), caused by peroxidation of the AA and DHA, respectively, was examined in the context of lipid metabolism. We assessed the impact of exposure to 25 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM of 4-HNE or 4-HHE on 40 lipid metabolism genes in full-term human placenta. 4-HNE increased gene expression associated with lipogenesis and lipid uptake (ACC, FASN, ACAT1, FATP4), and 4-HHE decreased gene expression associated with lipogenesis and lipid uptake (SREBP1, SREBP2, LDLR, SCD1, MFSD2a). These results demonstrate that these lipid aldehydes differentially affect expression of placental FA metabolism genes in the human placenta and may have implications for the impact of LCPUFA supplementation in environments of oxidative stress.
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Sferruzzi‐Perri AN, Lopez‐Tello J, Salazar‐Petres E. Placental adaptations supporting fetal growth during normal and adverse gestational environments. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:371-397. [PMID: 36484327 PMCID: PMC10103877 DOI: 10.1113/ep090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? How the placenta, which transports nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, may alter its support of fetal growth developmentally and with adverse gestational conditions. What advances does it highlight? Placental formation and function alter with the needs of the fetus for substrates for growth during normal gestation and when there is enhanced competition for substrates in species with multiple gestations or adverse gestational environments, and this is mediated by imprinted genes, signalling pathways, mitochondria and fetal sexomes. ABSTRACT The placenta is vital for mammalian development and a key determinant of life-long health. It is the interface between the mother and fetus and is responsible for transporting the nutrients and oxygen a fetus needs to develop and grow. Alterations in placental formation and function, therefore, have consequences for fetal growth and birthweight, which in turn determine perinatal survival and risk of non-communicable diseases for the offspring in later postnatal life. However, the placenta is not a static organ. As this review summarizes, research from multiple species has demonstrated that placental formation and function alter developmentally to the needs of the fetus for substrates for growth during normal gestation, as well as when there is greater competition for substrates in polytocous species and monotocous species with multiple gestations. The placenta also adapts in response to the gestational environment, integrating information about the ability of the mother to provide nutrients and oxygen with the needs of the fetus in that prevailing environment. In particular, placental structure (e.g. vascularity, surface area, blood flow, diffusion distance) and transport capacity (e.g. nutrient transporter levels and activity) respond to suboptimal gestational environments, namely malnutrition, obesity, hypoxia and maternal ageing. Mechanisms mediating developmentally and environmentally induced homeostatic responses of the placenta that help support normal fetal growth include imprinted genes, signalling pathways, subcellular constituents and fetal sexomes. Identification of these placental strategies may inform the development of therapies for complicated human pregnancies and advance understanding of the pathways underlying poor fetal outcomes and their consequences for health and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nancy Sferruzzi‐Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jorge Lopez‐Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Esteban Salazar‐Petres
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Facultad de CienciasDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo TomásValdiviaChile
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Kelly AC, J Rosario F, Chan J, Cox LA, Powell TL, Jansson T. Transcriptomic responses are sex-dependent in the skeletal muscle and liver in offspring of obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E336-E353. [PMID: 35858246 PMCID: PMC9529275 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00263.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infants born to obese mothers are more likely to develop metabolic disease, including glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis, in adult life. We examined the effects of maternal obesity on the transcriptome of skeletal muscle and liver tissues of the near-term fetus and 3-mo-old offspring in mice born to dams fed a high-fat and -sugar diet. Previously, we have shown that male, but not female, offspring develop glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis at 3 mo old. Female C57BL6/J mice were fed normal chow or an obesogenic high-calorie diet before mating and throughout pregnancy. RNAseq was performed on the liver and gastrocnemius muscle following collection from fetuses on embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) as well as from 3-mo-old offspring from obese dams and control dams. Significant genes were generated for each sex, queried for enrichment, and modeled to canonical pathways. RNAseq was corroborated by protein quantification in offspring. The transcriptomic response to maternal obesity in the liver was more marked in males than females. However, in both male and female offspring of obese dams, we found significant enrichment for fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial transport, and oxidative stress in the liver transcriptomes as well as decreased protein concentrations of electron transport chain members. In skeletal muscle, pathway analysis of gene expression revealed sexual dimorphic patterns, including metabolic processes of fatty acids and glucose, as well as PPAR, AMPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Transcriptomic responses to maternal obesity in skeletal muscle were more marked in female offspring than males. Female offspring had greater expression of genes associated with glucose uptake, and protein abundance reflected greater activation of mTOR signaling. Skeletal muscle and livers in mice born to obese dams had sexually dimorphic transcriptomic responses that changed from the fetus to the adult offspring. These data provide insights into mechanisms underpinning metabolic programming in maternal obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transcriptomic data support that fetuses of obese mothers modulate metabolism in both muscle and liver. These changes were strikingly sexually dimorphic in agreement with published findings that male offspring of obese dams exhibit pronounced metabolic disease earlier. In both males and females, the transcriptomic responses in the fetus were different than those at 3 mo, implicating adaptive mechanisms throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Kelly
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fredrick J Rosario
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeannie Chan
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Laura A Cox
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Hufnagel A, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Blackmore HL, Ashmore TJ, Heaton RA, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Hargreaves IP, Aiken CE, Ozanne SE. Maternal but not fetoplacental health can be improved by metformin in a murine diet-induced model of maternal obesity and glucose intolerance. J Physiol 2022; 600:903-919. [PMID: 34505282 PMCID: PMC7612651 DOI: 10.1113/jp281902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is a global problem that increases the risk of short- and long-term adverse outcomes for mother and child, many of which are linked to gestational diabetes mellitus. Effective treatments are essential to prevent the transmission of poor metabolic health from mother to child. Metformin is an effective glucose lowering drug commonly used to treat gestational diabetes mellitus; however, its wider effects on maternal and fetal health are poorly explored. In this study we used a mouse (C57Bl6/J) model of diet-induced (high sugar/high fat) maternal obesity to explore the impact of metformin on maternal and feto-placental health. Metformin (300 mg kg-1 day-1 ) was given to obese females via the diet and was shown to achieve clinically relevant concentrations in maternal serum (1669 ± 568 nM in late pregnancy). Obese dams developed glucose intolerance during pregnancy and had reduced uterine artery compliance. Metformin treatment of obese dams improved maternal glucose tolerance, reduced maternal fat mass and restored uterine artery function. Placental efficiency was reduced in obese dams, with increased calcification and reduced labyrinthine area. Consequently, fetuses from obese dams weighed less (P < 0.001) at the end of gestation. Despite normalisation of maternal parameters, metformin did not correct placental structure or fetal growth restriction. Metformin levels were substantial in the placenta and fetal circulation (109.7 ± 125.4 nmol g-1 in the placenta and 2063 ± 2327 nM in fetal plasma). These findings reveal the distinct effects of metformin administration during pregnancy on mother and fetus and highlight the complex balance of risk vs. benefits that are weighed in obstetric medical treatments. KEY POINTS: Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus have detrimental short- and long-term effects for mother and child. Metformin is commonly used to treat gestational diabetes mellitus in many populations worldwide but the effects on fetus and placenta are unknown. In a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in pregnancy we show reduced uterine artery compliance, placental structural changes and reduced fetal growth. Metformin treatment improved maternal metabolic health and uterine artery compliance but did not rescue obesity-induced changes in the fetus or placenta. Metformin crossed the placenta into the fetal circulation and entered fetal tissue. Metformin has beneficial effects on maternal health beyond glycaemic control. However, despite improvements in maternal physiology, metformin did not prevent fetal growth restriction or placental ageing. The high uptake of metformin into the placental and fetal circulation highlights the potential for direct immediate effects of metformin on the fetus with possible long-term consequences postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hufnagel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Denise S Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Heather L Blackmore
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Thomas J Ashmore
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Robert A Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Albert Koulman
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Catherine E Aiken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB22 0QQ
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11
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Wang YW, Yu HR, Tiao MM, Tain YL, Lin IC, Sheen JM, Lin YJ, Chang KA, Chen CC, Tsai CC, Huang LT. Maternal Obesity Related to High Fat Diet Induces Placenta Remodeling and Gut Microbiome Shaping That Are Responsible for Fetal Liver Lipid Dysmetabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 8:736944. [PMID: 34977107 PMCID: PMC8715080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.736944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maternal obesity in utero may affect fetal development and cause metabolic problems during childhood and even adulthood. Diet-induced maternal obesity can impair gut barrier integrity and change the gut microbiome, which may contribute to adverse placental adaptations and increase the obesity risk in offspring. However, the mechanism through which maternal obesity causes offspring metabolic disorder must be identified. Methods: Eight-week-old female rats received a control diet or high-fat (HF) diet for 11 weeks before conception and during gestation. The placentas were collected on gestational day 21 before offspring delivery. Placental tissues, gut microbiome, and short-chain fatty acids of dams and fetal liver tissues were studied. Results: Maternal HF diet and obesity altered the placental structure and metabolism-related transcriptome and decreased G protein–coupled receptor 43 expression. HF diet and obesity also changed the gut microbiome composition and serum propionate level of dams. The fetal liver exhibited steatosis, enhanced oxidative stress, and increased expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and lipoprotein lipase with changes in maternal HF diet and obesity. Conclusions: Maternal HF diet and obesity shape gut microbiota and remodel the placenta of dams, resulting in lipid dysmetabolism of the fetal liver, which may ultimately contribute to the programming of offspring obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kow-Aung Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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12
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Oke SL, Lee K, Papp R, Laviolette SR, Hardy DB. In Utero Exposure to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Leads to Postnatal Catch-Up Growth and Dysmetabolism in the Adult Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147502. [PMID: 34299119 PMCID: PMC8305322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates of gestational cannabis use have increased despite limited evidence for its safety in fetal life. Recent animal studies demonstrate that prenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, the psychoactive component of cannabis) promotes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), culminating in postnatal metabolic deficits. Given IUGR is associated with impaired hepatic function, we hypothesized that Δ9-THC offspring would exhibit hepatic dyslipidemia. Pregnant Wistar rat dams received daily injections of vehicular control or 3 mg/kg Δ9-THC i.p. from embryonic day (E) 6.5 through E22. Exposure to Δ9-THC decreased the liver to body weight ratio at birth, followed by catch-up growth by three weeks of age. At six months, Δ9-THC-exposed male offspring exhibited increased visceral adiposity and higher hepatic triglycerides. This was instigated by augmented expression of enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis (ACCα, SCD, FABP1, and DGAT2) at three weeks. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic DGAT1/DGAT2 was sustained at six months, concomitant with mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., elevated p66shc) and oxidative stress. Interestingly, decreases in miR-203a-3p and miR-29a/b/c, both implicated in dyslipidemia, were also observed in these Δ9-THC-exposed offspring. Collectively, these findings indicate that prenatal Δ9-THC exposure results in long-term dyslipidemia associated with enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. This is attributed by mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. Oke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.L.O.); (K.L.); (R.P.)
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kendrick Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.L.O.); (K.L.); (R.P.)
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rosemary Papp
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.L.O.); (K.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Steven R. Laviolette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Daniel B. Hardy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.L.O.); (K.L.); (R.P.)
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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13
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Chen Y, Ma G, Hu Y, Yang Q, Deavila JM, Zhu MJ, Du M. Effects of Maternal Exercise During Pregnancy on Perinatal Growth and Childhood Obesity Outcomes: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:2329-2347. [PMID: 34143412 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal growth abnormalities program susceptibility to childhood obesity, which is further exaggerated by maternal overweight and obesity (MO) during pregnancy. Exercise is highly accessible, but reports about the benefits of maternal exercise on fetal growth and childhood obesity outcomes are inconsistent, reducing the incentives for pregnant women to participate in exercise to improve children's perinatal growth. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to establish evidence-based efficacy of exercise in mothers with normal weight (MNW) and MO during pregnancy in reducing the risks of perinatal growth abnormalities and childhood obesity. In addition, the impacts of exercise volume are also assessed. METHODS The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 15, 2020. We included randomized controlled trials with exercise-only intervention or exercise with other confounders in pregnant MNW (body mass index, BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and MO (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), which were further subgrouped in the meta-analysis. Primary outcomes included birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), infant and childhood weight, and childhood obesity. A linear meta-regression analysis was also used to explore the effects of exercise volume on outcomes. RESULTS 99 studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 596,876), and individual study quality ranged from fair to good according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale assessment. Exercise only interventions in MNW reduced preterm birth by 15% (26 studies, n = 76,132; odds ratio [OR] 0.85; 95% CI 0.72, 1.01; I2 = 83.3%), SGA by 17% (33 studies, n = 92,351; OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71, 0.98; I2 = 74.5%) and LGA by 17% (29 studies, n = 84,310; OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.74, 0.95; I2 = 60.4%). Exercise only interventions in MO reduced preterm birth by 33% (2 studies, n = 3,050; OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.70, 0.96; I2 = 0%), SGA by 27% (8 studies, n = 3,909; OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.50, 1.05; I2 = 40.4%) and LGA by 55% (9 studies, n = 81,581; OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.18, 1.11; I2 = 98.3%). Exercise only interventions in MNW reduced childhood obesity by 53% (3 studies, n = 6,920; OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.36, 0.63; I2 = 77.0%). However, no significant effect was observed in outcomes from exercise confounders in either MNW or MO. In the meta-regression, the volume of exercise-only intervention in MNW was negatively associated with birth weight, greatly driven by volumes more than 810 metabolic equivalents (MET)-min per week. Other outcomes were not associated with exercise volume. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that exercise during pregnancy in both MNW and MO safely and effectively reduce the risks of preterm birth, SGA, and LGA. Furthermore, MNW exercise also reduces the risk of childhood obesity. Overall, regardless of prepregnancy BMI, maternal exercise during pregnancy provides an excellent opportunity to mitigate the high prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Nutrigenoimics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Guiling Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Jeanene M Deavila
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Nutrigenoimics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Nutrigenoimics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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14
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Kuiper-Makris C, Selle J, Nüsken E, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcazar MA. Perinatal Nutritional and Metabolic Pathways: Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667315. [PMID: 34211985 PMCID: PMC8239134 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is not completed at birth, but expands beyond infancy, rendering the lung highly susceptible to injury. Exposure to various influences during a critical window of organ growth can interfere with the finely-tuned process of development and induce pathological processes with aberrant alveolarization and long-term structural and functional sequelae. This concept of developmental origins of chronic disease has been coined as perinatal programming. Some adverse perinatal factors, including prematurity along with respiratory support, are well-recognized to induce bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a neonatal chronic lung disease that is characterized by arrest of alveolar and microvascular formation as well as lung matrix remodeling. While the pathogenesis of various experimental models focus on oxygen toxicity, mechanical ventilation and inflammation, the role of nutrition before and after birth remain poorly investigated. There is accumulating clinical and experimental evidence that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as a consequence of limited nutritive supply due to placental insufficiency or maternal malnutrition is a major risk factor for BPD and impaired lung function later in life. In contrast, a surplus of nutrition with perinatal maternal obesity, accelerated postnatal weight gain and early childhood obesity is associated with wheezing and adverse clinical course of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. While the link between perinatal nutrition and lung health has been described, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. There are initial data showing that inflammatory and nutrient sensing processes are involved in programming of alveolarization, pulmonary angiogenesis, and composition of extracellular matrix. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the impact of perinatal metabolism and nutrition on the lung and beyond the cardiopulmonary system as well as possible mechanisms determining the individual susceptibility to CLD early in life. We aim to emphasize the importance of unraveling the mechanisms of perinatal metabolic programming to develop novel preventive and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Kuiper-Makris
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaco Selle
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Nüsken
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Gießen, Germany
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15
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Baltayeva J, Konwar C, Castellana B, Mara DL, Christians JK, Beristain AG. Obesogenic diet exposure alters uterine natural killer cell biology and impairs vasculature remodeling in mice†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:63-75. [PMID: 31436293 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepregnancy obesity associates with adverse reproductive outcomes that impact maternal and fetal health. While obesity-driven mechanisms underlying adverse pregnancy outcomes remain unclear, local uterine immune cells are strong but poorly studied candidates. Uterine immune cells, particularly uterine natural killer cells (uNKs), play central roles in orchestrating developmental events in pregnancy. However, the effect of obesity on uNK biology is poorly understood. Using an obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFD) mouse model, we set out to examine the effects of maternal obesity on uNK composition and establishment of the maternal-fetal interface. HFD exposure resulted in weight gain-dependent increases in systemic inflammation and rates of fetal resorption. While HFD did not affect total uNK frequencies, HFD exposure did lead to an increase in natural cytotoxicity receptor-1 expressing uNKs as well as overall uNK activity. Importantly, HFD-associated changes in uNK coincided with impairments in uterine artery remodeling in mid but not late pregnancy. Comparison of uNK mRNA transcripts from control and HFD mice identified HFD-directed changes in genes that play roles in promoting activity/cytotoxicity and vascular biology. Together, this work provides new insight into how obesity may impact uNK processes central to the establishment of the maternal-fetal interface in early and mid pregnancy. Moreover, these findings shed light on the cellular processes affected by maternal obesity that may relate to overall pregnancy health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennet Baltayeva
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chaini Konwar
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barbara Castellana
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danielle L Mara
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julian K Christians
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Alexander G Beristain
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Fowden AL, Camm EJ, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Effects of Maternal Obesity On Placental Phenotype. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:113-131. [PMID: 32400334 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200513115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is rising rapidly worldwide with the consequence that more women are entering pregnancy overweight or obese. This leads to an increased incidence of clinical complications during pregnancy and of poor obstetric outcomes. The offspring of obese pregnancies are often macrosomic at birth although there is also a subset of the progeny that are growth-restricted at term. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is also associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in the offspring later in life. As the interface between the mother and fetus, the placenta has a central role in programming intrauterine development and is known to adapt its phenotype in response to environmental conditions such as maternal undernutrition and hypoxia. However, less is known about placental function in the abnormal metabolic and endocrine environment associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy. This review discusses the placental consequences of maternal obesity induced either naturally or experimentally by increasing maternal nutritional intake and/or changing the dietary composition. It takes a comparative, multi-species approach and focusses on placental size, morphology, nutrient transport, metabolism and endocrine function during the later stages of obese pregnancy. It also examines the interventions that have been made during pregnancy in an attempt to alleviate the more adverse impacts of maternal obesity on placental phenotype. The review highlights the potential role of adaptations in placental phenotype as a contributory factor to the pregnancy complications and changes in fetal growth and development that are associated with maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - E J Camm
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - A N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
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17
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Chawla S, Laptook AR, Smith EA, Tan S, Natarajan G, Wyckoff MH, Ambalavanan N, Bell EF, Van Meurs KP, Stevenson DK, Werner EF, Greenberg RG, Das A, Shankaran S. In-hospital mortality and morbidity among extremely preterm infants in relation to maternal body mass index. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1014-1024. [PMID: 33024258 PMCID: PMC8021608 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to compare in-hospital survival and survival without major morbidities in extremely preterm infants in relation to maternal body mass index (BMI). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included extremely preterm infants (gestational age 220/7-286/7 weeks). This study was conducted at National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network sites. Primary outcome was survival without any major morbidity. RESULTS Maternal BMI data were available for 2415 infants. Survival without any major morbidity was not different between groups: 30.8% in the underweight/normal, 28.1% in the overweight, and 28.5% in the obese (P = 0.65). However, survival was lower in the obese group (76.5%) compared with overweight group (83.2%) (P = 0.02). Each unit increase in maternal BMI was associated with decreased odds of infant survival (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Survival without any major morbidity was not associated with maternal obesity. An increase in maternal prepregnancy BMI was associated with decreased odds of infant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Chawla
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Abbot R Laptook
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Girija Natarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Myra H Wyckoff
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Edward F Bell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Krisa P Van Meurs
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David K Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erika F Werner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Abhik Das
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Yang M, Zheng Y, Li M, Li W, Li X, Zhang X, Wang R, Zhang J, Zhou F, Yang Q, Li G. Clinical features of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa: A retrospective analysis based on 501 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23166. [PMID: 33371061 PMCID: PMC7748171 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the risk factors associated with velamentous cord insertion (VCI) and investigate the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and VCI in singleton pregnancies and those with vasa previa.A total of 59,976 single cases admitted from Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014 were included in this study. We retrospectively analyzed the perinatal complications, neonatal complications, and the clinical features, as well as the Color Doppler ultrasonography findings of the velamentous placenta and placenta previa.We reviewed the clinical data of 59,976 women with singleton pregnancies delivered in Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014. Risk factors and the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes including admission to a neonatal unit, fetal death, preterm delivery, low birth weight of <2500 g, the infant being small for its gestation age, low Apgar scores (<7) at 1 and 5 minute were evaluated separately among women with and without VCI by means of logistic regression analyses.The prevalence of velamentous umbilical cord insertion was 0.84%, and the prevalence of vasa previa was 0.0017%. The independent risk factors for VCI were nulliparity, obesity, fertility problems, placenta previa, and maternal smoking. VCI was associated with a 1.83-, 2.58-, 3.62-, and 1.41-fold increase in the risk of retention in the neonatal unit, preterm delivery (<37 gestation weeks), low birth weight, and small-for-gestational age, compared to pregnancies involving normal cord insertion. Of the women with VCI, 16.1% underwent emergency cesarean section compared to 8.9% (P < .001) of women without VCI.The prevalence of VCI was 0.84% in singletons. The results suggest that VCI is a moderate risk condition resulted in increased risks of prematurity and impairment of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Yanqiu Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital
| | - Mingjing Li
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Fuqing Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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19
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Cao B, Liu C, Zhang Q, Dong Y. Maternal High-Fat Diet Leads to Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Upregulating Hepatic SCD1 Expression in Neonate Rats. Front Nutr 2020; 7:581723. [PMID: 33282902 PMCID: PMC7705221 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.581723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of liver disease in children, with evidence that the maternal diet and the early life nutritional environment are potential risk for such disease. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the occurrence of NAFLD in offspring rats and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the incidence of NAFLD was compared in F1 offspring rats between the maternal HFD group and standard chow (SC) group. In addition, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the placenta, in the umbilical cord blood, and in the livers of neonate offsprings were compared between two groups. HepG2 cells were treated with recombinant IL6 (rIL6) to assess stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) expression and lipid synthesis in an inflammatory condition. Lipid accumulation was assayed in both SCD1 overexpression and interference HepG2 cells as well as in neonatal rats. Our results showed that HFD exposure before and throughout the pregnancy induced the elevated hepatic TG content of F1 neonates. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the placenta, umbilical cord blood, and the livers of HFD F1 neonates were significantly higher than those of the SC group. In addition, rIL6 treatment led to TG accumulation accompanied by the upregulation of SCD1 in HepG2 cell lines. Overexpression of SCD1 led to the accumulation of TG contents in HepG2 cells, whereas Scd1 knockdown attenuated the effects of rIL6 treatment. Overexpression of SCD1 in F1 neonatal rats led to hepatic lipid accumulation. Our study indicated that maternal HFD led to intrauterine inflammation, which subsequently caused transgenerationally abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism of F1 neonates. This modulation might be mediated by upregulating SCD1 expression in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baige Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongxiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianren Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Spradley FT. High-fat diet from parental generation exaggerates body and adipose tissue weights in pregnant offspring. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237708. [PMID: 32817646 PMCID: PMC7446828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental high-fat diet (HFD) programs for obesity and hypertension in female offspring in rats, but it is unknown how the pregnancies of these offspring are impacted. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested that parental HFD exaggerates obesity and hypertension during pregnancy of the offspring. Wistar Hannover rat dams (the parental, P generation) were maintained on normal-fat diet (NFD) or HFD from weaning and were kept on respective diets through pregnancy and lactation. Their offspring (the first filial, F1 generation) were weaned onto the same diet as the P generation, or they were changed to the other diet to determine if combined HFD in the P and F1 generations exaggerates body weight and blood pressure levels during pregnancy in these offspring. This diet paradigm resulted in the following groups of pregnant F1 offspring: P-NFD/F1-NFD, P-HFD/F1-NFD, P-NFD/F1-HFD, and P-HFD/F1-HFD. Maternal body and adipose tissue weights were greatest in the P-HFD/F1-HFD group compared to the other 3 groups by the end of pregnancy. Plasma leptin and conscious mean arterial blood pressure were not significantly different between any group, although there was a main effect for increased blood pressure in the F1-HFD groups. Circulating levels of the antihypertensive pregnancy factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), were assessed. Although average PlGF levels were similar among all groups, correlative studies revealed that lower levels of PlGF were associated with higher blood pressure only in the P-HFD/F1-HFD group. In summary, HFD feeding from the P generation exaggerated HFD-induced body and adipose tissue weights in the pregnant offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T. Spradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hanswijk SI, Spoelder M, Shan L, Verheij MMM, Muilwijk OG, Li W, Liu C, Kolk SM, Homberg JR. Gestational Factors throughout Fetal Neurodevelopment: The Serotonin Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5850. [PMID: 32824000 PMCID: PMC7461571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a critical player in brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders. Fetal 5-HT levels can be influenced by several gestational factors, such as maternal genotype, diet, stress, medication, and immune activation. In this review, addressing both human and animal studies, we discuss how these gestational factors affect placental and fetal brain 5-HT levels, leading to changes in brain structure and function and behavior. We conclude that gestational factors are able to interact and thereby amplify or counteract each other's impact on the fetal 5-HT-ergic system. We, therefore, argue that beyond the understanding of how single gestational factors affect 5-HT-ergic brain development and behavior in offspring, it is critical to elucidate the consequences of interacting factors. Moreover, we describe how each gestational factor is able to alter the 5-HT-ergic influence on the thalamocortical- and prefrontal-limbic circuitry and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis. These alterations have been associated with risks to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression, and/or anxiety. Consequently, the manipulation of gestational factors may be used to combat pregnancy-related risks for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I. Hanswijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Ling Shan
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Otto G. Muilwijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Weizhuo Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunqing Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Sharon M. Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
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22
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Kislal S, Shook LL, Edlow AG. Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity: Lasting cardiometabolic impact on offspring. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1109-1125. [PMID: 32643194 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies clearly demonstrates that prenatal and lactational maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption are associated with cardiometabolic morbidity in offspring. Fetal and offspring sex may be an important effect modifier. Adverse offspring cardiometabolic outcomes observed in the setting of maternal obesity include an increased risk for obesity, features of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, increased adiposity), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review article synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption in pregnancy and lactation to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring. We review key mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreatic, liver, and central brain reward programming in obesity-exposed offspring, and how such malprogramming contributes to offspring cardiometabolic morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kislal
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lydia L Shook
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Skeffington KL, Beck C, Itani N, Niu Y, Shaw CJ, Giussani DA. Hypertension Programmed in Adult Hens by Isolated Effects of Developmental Hypoxia In Ovo. Hypertension 2020; 76:533-544. [PMID: 32536277 PMCID: PMC7340221 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, pregnancy complicated by chronic hypoxia can program hypertension in the adult offspring. However, mechanisms remain uncertain because the partial contributions of the challenge on the placenta, mother, and fetus are difficult to disentangle. Here, we used chronic hypoxia in the chicken embryo-an established model system that permits isolation of the direct effects of developmental hypoxia on the cardiovascular system of the offspring, independent of additional effects on the mother or the placenta. Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed to normoxia (N; 21% O2) or hypoxia (H; 13.5%-14% O2) from the start of incubation (day 0) until day 19 (hatching, ≈day 21). Following hatching, all birds were maintained under normoxic conditions until ≈6 months of adulthood. Hypoxic incubation increased hematocrit (+27%) in the chicken embryo and induced asymmetrical growth restriction (body weight, -8.6%; biparietal diameter/body weight ratio, +7.5%) in the hatchlings (all P<0.05). At adulthood (181±4 days), chickens from hypoxic incubations remained smaller (body weight, -7.5%) and showed reduced basal and stimulated in vivo NO bioavailability (pressor response to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, -43%; phenylephrine pressor response during NO blockade, -61%) with significant hypertension (mean arterial blood pressure, +18%), increased cardiac work (ejection fraction, +12%; fractional shortening, +25%; enhanced baroreflex gain, +456%), and left ventricular wall thickening (left ventricular wall volume, +36%; all P<0.05). Therefore, we show that chronic hypoxia can act directly on a developing embryo to program hypertension, cardiovascular dysfunction, and cardiac wall remodeling in adulthood in the absence of any maternal or placental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Skeffington
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.)
| | - Christian Beck
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.)
| | - Nozomi Itani
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.)
| | - Youguo Niu
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.)
| | - Caroline J. Shaw
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.),Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.J.S.)
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- From the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.L.S., C.B., N.I., Y.N., C.J.S., D.A.G.)
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24
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Walker OS, Ragos R, Gurm H, Lapierre M, May LL, Raha S. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts mitochondrial function and attenuates syncytialization in human placental BeWo cells. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14476. [PMID: 32628362 PMCID: PMC7336740 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychoactive component in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, can restrict fetal growth and development. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol has been shown to negatively impact cellular proliferation and target organelles like the mitochondria resulting in reduced cellular respiration. In the placenta, mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress prevents proper placental development and function. A key element of placental development is the proliferation and fusion of cytotrophoblasts to form the syncytium that comprises the materno-fetal interface. The impact of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on this process is not well understood. To elucidate the nature of the mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences on trophoblast fusion, we treated undifferentiated and differentiated BeWo human trophoblast cells, with 20 µM delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for 48 hr. At this concentration, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on BeWo cells reduced the expression of markers involved in syncytialization and mitochondrial dynamics, but had no effect on cell viability. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol significantly attenuated the process of syncytialization and induced oxidative stress responses in BeWo cells. Importantly, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused a reduction in the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and the production of human placental lactogen and insulin growth factor 2, three hormones known to be important in facilitating fetal growth. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuated mitochondrial respiration, depleted adenosine triphosphate, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. These changes were also associated with an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species, and the expression of stress responsive chaperones, HSP60 and HSP70. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced mitochondrial injury and the role this might play in compromising human pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O’Llenecia S. Walker
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- The Graduate Program in Medical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Harmeet Gurm
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Linda L. May
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
- The Graduate Program in Medical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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25
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Cardiac, renal and uterine hemodynamics changes throughout pregnancy in rats with a prolonged high fat diet from an early age. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234861. [PMID: 32603330 PMCID: PMC7326224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine whether the cardiac, renal and uterine physiological hemodynamic changes during gestation are altered in rats with an early and prolonged exposure to a high fat diet (HFD). Methods Arterial pressure and cardiac, renal, uterine and radial arteries hemodynamic changes during gestation were examined in adult SD rats exposed to normal (13%) (n = 8) or high (60%) (n = 8) fat diets from weaning. Plethysmography, high-resolution high-frequency ultrasonography and clearance of an inulin analog were used to evaluate the arterial pressure and hemodynamic changes before and at days 7, 14 and 19 of gestation. Results Arterial pressure was higher (P<0.05) in rats with high than in those with normal (NFD) fat diet before pregnancy (123 ±3 and 110 ±3 mmHg, respectively) and only decreased at day 14 of gestation in rats with NFD (98±4 mmHg, P<0.05). A significant increment in stroke volume (42 ±10%) and cardiac output (51 ±12%) was found at day 19 of pregnancy in rats with NFD. The changes in stroke volume and cardiac output were similar in rats with NFD and HFD. When compared to the values obtained before pregnancy, a transitory elevation in renal blood flow was found at day 14 of pregnancy in both groups. However, glomerular filtration rate only increased (P<0.05) in rats with NFD at days 14 (20 ±7%) and 19 (27 ±8%) of gestation. The significant elevations of mean velocity, and velocity time integral throughout gestation in radial (127 ±26% and 111 ±23%, respectively) and uterine (91 ±16% and 111 ±25%, respectively) arteries of rats with NFD were not found in rats with an early and prolonged HFD. Summary This study reports novel findings showing that the early and prolonged exposure to a HFD leads to a significant impairment in the renal, uterine and radial arteries hemodynamic changes associated to gestation.
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26
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Qiao L, Shetty SK, Spitler KM, Wattez JS, Davies BSJ, Shao J. Obesity Reduces Maternal Blood Triglyceride Concentrations by Reducing Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 Expression in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:1100-1109. [PMID: 32051149 PMCID: PMC7243287 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To ensure fetal lipid supply, maternal blood triglyceride (TG) concentrations are robustly elevated during pregnancy. Interestingly, a lower increase in maternal blood TG concentrations has been observed in some obese mothers. We have shown that high-fat (HF) feeding during pregnancy significantly reduces maternal blood TG levels. Therefore, we performed this study to investigate if and how obesity alters maternal blood TG levels. Maternal obesity was established by prepregnant HF (ppHF) feeding, which avoided the dietary effect during pregnancy. We found not only that maternal blood TG concentrations in ppHF dams were remarkably lower than in control dams but also that the TG peak occurred earlier during gestation. Hepatic TG production and intestinal TG absorption were unchanged in ppHF dams, but systemic lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was increased, suggesting that increased blood TG clearance contributes to the decreased blood TG concentrations in ppHF dams. Although significantly higher levels of UCP1 protein were observed in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) of ppHF dams, Ucp1 gene deletion did not restore blood TG concentrations in ppHF dams. Expression of the angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), a potent endogenous LPL inhibitor, was significantly increased during pregnancy. However, the pregnancy-induced elevation of blood TG was almost abolished in Angptl4 -/- dams. Compared with control dams, Angptl4 mRNA levels were significantly lower in iBAT, gonadal white adipose tissue, and livers of ppHF dams. Importantly, ectopic overexpression of ANGPTL4 restored maternal blood TG concentrations in ppHF dams. Together, these results indicate that ANGPTL4 plays a vital role in increasing maternal blood TG concentrations during pregnancy. Obesity impairs the rise of maternal blood TG concentrations by reducing ANGPTL4 expression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shwetha K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathryn M Spitler
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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27
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Repercussions of maternal exposure to high-fat diet on offspring feeding behavior and body composition: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:220-228. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal nutrition is an environmental determinant for offspring growth and development, especially in critical periods. Nutritional imbalances during these phases can promote dysregulations in food intake and feeding preference in offspring, affecting body composition. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the effects of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on offspring feeding behavior and body composition. A search was performed in the PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and LILACS databases. Inclusion criteria were studies in rodents whose mothers were submitted to HFD that assessed outcomes of food or caloric intake on offspring and food preference associated or not with body weight or body composition analysis. At the end of the search, 17 articles with the proposed characteristics were included. In these studies, 15 articles manipulated diet during pregnancy and lactation, 1 during pregnancy only, and 1 during lactation only. Maternal exposure to a HFD leads to increased food intake, increased preference for HFDs, and earlier food independence in offspring. The offspring from HFD mothers present low birthweight but become heavier into adulthood. In addition, these animals also exhibited greater fat deposition on white adipose tissue pads. In conclusion, maternal exposure to HFD may compromise parameters in feeding behavior and body composition of offspring, impairing the health from conception until adulthood.
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28
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Maternal Obesity Programs Offspring Development and Resveratrol Potentially Reprograms the Effects of Maternal Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051610. [PMID: 32131513 PMCID: PMC7084214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy is a now a public health burden that may be the culprit underlying the ever-increasing rates of adult obesity worldwide. Understanding the association between maternal obesity and adult offspring’s obesity would inform policy and practice regarding offspring health through available resources and interventions. This review first summarizes the programming effects of maternal obesity and discusses the possible underlying mechanisms. We then summarize the current evidence suggesting that maternal consumption of resveratrol is helpful in maternal obesity and alleviates its consequences. In conclusion, maternal obesity can program offspring development in an adverse way. Maternal resveratrol could be considered as a potential regimen in reprogramming adverse outcomes in the context of maternal obesity.
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Maternal Overweight Downregulates MME (Neprilysin) in Feto-Placental Endothelial Cells and in Cord Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030834. [PMID: 32012940 PMCID: PMC7037888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overweight in pregnancy alters the metabolic environment and generates chronic low-grade inflammation. This affects fetal development and programs the offspring’s health for developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease later in life. MME (membrane-metalloendopeptidase, neprilysin) cleaves various peptides regulating vascular tone. Endothelial cells express membrane-bound and soluble MME. In adults, the metabolic environment of overweight and obesity upregulates endothelial and circulating MME. We here hypothesized that maternal overweight increases MME in the feto-placental endothelium. We used primary feto-placental endothelial cells (fpEC) isolated from placentas after normal vs. overweight pregnancies and determined MME mRNA, protein, and release. Additionally, soluble cord blood MME was analyzed. The effect of oxygen and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on MME protein in fpEC was investigated in vitro. Maternal overweight reduced MME mRNA (−39.9%, p < 0.05), protein (−42.5%, p = 0.02), and MME release from fpEC (−64.7%, p = 0.02). Both cellular and released MME protein negatively correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Similarly, cord blood MME was negatively associated with pre-pregnancy BMI (r = −0.42, p = 0.02). However, hypoxia and TNFα, potential negative regulators of MME expression, did not affect MME protein. Reduction of MME protein in fpEC and in cord blood may alter the balance of vasoactive peptides. Our study highlights the fetal susceptibility to maternal metabolism and inflammatory state.
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Kretschmer T, Schulze-Edinghausen M, Turnwald EM, Janoschek R, Bae-Gartz I, Zentis P, Handwerk M, Wohlfarth M, Schauss A, Hucklenbruch-Rother E, Dötsch J, Appel S. Effect of Maternal Obesity in Mice on IL-6 Levels and Placental Endothelial Cell Homeostasis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020296. [PMID: 31979004 PMCID: PMC7071123 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy is a known health risk for mother and child. Since obesity is associated with increased inflammatory markers, our objectives were to determine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in obese mice and to examine the effect of IL-6 on placental endothelial cells. Placentas, blood, and adipose tissue of C57BL/6N mice, kept on high fat diet before and during pregnancy, were harvested at E15.5. Serum IL-6 levels were determined and endothelial cell markers and IL-6 expression were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. Immunostaining was used to determine surface and length densities of fetal capillary profiles and placental endothelial cell homeostasis. Human placental vein endothelial cells were cultured and subjected to proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and tube formation assays after stimulation with hyperIL-6. Placental endothelial cell markers were downregulated and the percentage of senescent endothelial cells was higher in the placental exchange zone of obese dams and placental vascularization was strongly reduced. Additionally, maternal IL-6 serum levels and IL-6 protein levels in adipose tissue were increased. Stimulation with hyperIL-6 provoked a dose dependent increase of senescence in cultured endothelial cells without any effects on proliferation or apoptosis. Diet-induced maternal obesity led to an IUGR phenotype accompanied by increased maternal IL-6 serum levels. In the placenta of obese dams, this may result in a disturbed endothelial cell homeostasis and impaired fetal vasculature. Cell culture experiments confirmed that IL-6 is capable of inducing endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-89672
| | - Merle Schulze-Edinghausen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Eva-Maria Turnwald
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Inga Bae-Gartz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Peter Zentis
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Core Facility Imaging, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Marion Handwerk
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Maria Wohlfarth
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Core Facility Imaging, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Appel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
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Salvolini E, Vignini A, Sabbatinelli J, Lucarini G, Pompei V, Sartini D, Cester AM, Ciavattini A, Mazzanti L, Emanuelli M. Nitric oxide synthase and VEGF expression in full-term placentas of obese women. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:415-422. [PMID: 31552486 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An adequate placental vascularization allows the proper development of the fetus and it is crucial for the gestational success. A number of factors regulate angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which induces the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator produced by three different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. NO is essential to maintain a low vascular resistance in the fetoplacental circulation, although at high concentrations, it may combine with excess superoxide to produce peroxynitrite, which reacts with proteins giving rise to nitrotyrosine. Since obesity, whose incidence is increasing worldwide, is characterized by a low-grade inflammatory state and increased levels of oxidative and nitrative stress, both affecting placental function, our aim was to evaluate the expression of VEGF, eNOS, and iNOS in full-term placentas obtained from normal weight and pre-pregnancy obese women by means of immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Moreover, we assessed the NO levels and the nitrotyrosine immunoexpression in the same sample groups. Our results show a significantly higher immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and eNOS in the endothelium of placentas from obese women than in controls, whereas the immunoexpression of iNOS was comparable in the two groups. These data agree with those of the gene expression analysis, thus suggesting the possible existence of a compensatory mechanism for changes in placental blood flow associated with obesity. As concerns nitrotyrosine and NO levels, we observed a significant increase in placental tissue from obese women which may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases both in the mother and the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jacopo Sabbatinelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guendalina Lucarini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy
| | - Veronica Pompei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavattini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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Obesity during pregnancy results in maternal intestinal inflammation, placental hypoxia, and alters fetal glucose metabolism at mid-gestation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17621. [PMID: 31772245 PMCID: PMC6879619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether diet-induced changes in the maternal intestinal microbiota were associated with changes in bacterial metabolites and their receptors, intestinal inflammation, and placental inflammation at mid-gestation (E14.5) in female mice fed a control (17% kcal fat, n = 7) or a high-fat diet (HFD 60% kcal fat, n = 9; ad libitum) before and during pregnancy. Maternal diet-induced obesity (mDIO) resulted in a reduction in maternal fecal short-chain fatty acid producing Lachnospiraceae, lower cecal butyrate, intestinal antimicrobial peptide levels, and intestinal SCFA receptor Ffar3, Ffar2 and Hcar2 transcript levels. mDIO increased maternal intestinal pro-inflammatory NFκB activity, colonic CD3+ T cell number, and placental inflammation. Maternal obesity was associated with placental hypoxia, increased angiogenesis, and increased transcript levels of glucose and amino acid transporters. Maternal and fetal markers of gluconeogenic capacity were decreased in pregnancies complicated by obesity. We show that mDIO impairs bacterial metabolite signaling pathways in the mother at mid-gestation, which was associated with significant structural changes in placental blood vessels, likely as a result of placental hypoxia. It is likely that maternal intestinal changes contribute to adverse maternal and placental adaptations that, via alterations in fetal hepatic glucose handling, may impart increased risk of metabolic dysfunction in offspring.
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Son JS, Liu X, Tian Q, Zhao L, Chen Y, Hu Y, Chae SA, de Avila JM, Zhu MJ, Du M. Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth. J Physiol 2019; 597:3333-3347. [PMID: 31115053 DOI: 10.1113/jp277698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Maternal exercise improves the metabolic health of maternal mice challenged with a high-fat diet. Exercise intervention of obese mothers prevents fetal overgrowth. Exercise intervention reverses impaired placental vascularization in obese mice. Maternal exercise activates placental AMP-activated protein kinase, which was inhibited as a result of maternal obesity. ABSTRACT More than one-third of pregnant women in the USA are obese and maternal obesity (MO) negatively affects fetal development, which predisposes offspring to metabolic diseases. The placenta mediates nutrient delivery to fetuses and its function is impaired as a result of MO. Exercise ameliorates metabolic dysfunction resulting from obesity, although its effect on placental function of obese mothers has not been explored. In the present study, C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned into two groups fed either a control or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then the mice on each diet were further divided into two subgroups with/without exercise. In HFD-induced obese mice, daily treadmill exercise during pregnancy reduced body weight gain, lowered serum glucose and lipid concentration, and improved insulin sensitivity of maternal mice. Importantly, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth (macrosomia) induced by MO. To further examine the preventive effects of exercise on fetal overgrowth, placental vascularization and nutrient transporters were analysed. Vascular density and the expression of vasculogenic factors were reduced as a result of MO but were recovered by maternal exercise. On the other hand, the contents of nutrient transporters were not substantially altered by MO or exercise, suggesting that the protective effects of exercise in MO-induced fetal overgrowth were primarily a result of the alteration of placental vascularization and improved maternal metabolism. Furthermore, exercise enhanced downstream insulin signalling and activated AMP-activated protein kinase in HFD placenta. In sum, maternal exercise prevented fetal overgrowth induced by MO, which was associated with improved maternal metabolism and placental vascularization in obese mothers with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Qiyu Tian
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Gohir W, Kennedy KM, Wallace JG, Saoi M, Bellissimo CJ, Britz-McKibbin P, Petrik JJ, Surette MG, Sloboda DM. High-fat diet intake modulates maternal intestinal adaptations to pregnancy and results in placental hypoxia, as well as altered fetal gut barrier proteins and immune markers. J Physiol 2019; 597:3029-3051. [PMID: 31081119 DOI: 10.1113/jp277353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Maternal obesity has been associated with shifts in intestinal microbiota, which may contribute to impaired barrier function Impaired barrier function may expose the placenta and fetus to pro-inflammatory mediators We investigated the impacts of diet-induced obesity in mice on maternal and fetal intestinal structure and placental vascularization Diet-induced obesity decreased maternal intestinal short chain fatty acids and their receptors, impaired gut barrier integrity and was associated with fetal intestinal inflammation. Placenta from obese mothers showed blood vessel immaturity, hypoxia, increased transcript levels of inflammation, autophagy and altered levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. These data suggest that maternal intestinal changes probably contribute to adverse placental adaptations and also impart an increased risk of obesity in the offspring via alterations in fetal gut development. ABSTRACT Shifts in maternal intestinal microbiota have been implicated in metabolic adaptations to pregnancy. In the present study, we generated cohorts of female C57BL/6J mice fed a control (17% kcal fat, n = 10-14) or a high-fat diet (HFD 60% kcal from fat, n = 10-14; ad libitum) aiming to investigate the impact on the maternal gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation and gut barrier integrity, placental inflammation and fetal intestinal development at embryonic day 18.5. HFD was associated with decreased relative abundances of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing genera during pregnancy. These diet-induced shifts paralleled decreased maternal intestinal mRNA levels of SCFA receptor Gpr41, modestly decreased cecal butyrate, and altered mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cell markers in the maternal intestine. Maternal HFD resulted in impaired gut barrier integrity, with corresponding increases in circulating maternal levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor. Placentas from HFD dams demonstrated blood vessel immaturity and hypoxia; decreased free carnitine, acylcarnitine derivatives and trimethylamine-N-oxide; and altered mRNA levels of inflammation, autophagy, and ER stress markers. HFD exposed fetuses had increased activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and inhibition of the unfolded protein response in the developing intestine. Taken together, these data suggest that HFD intake prior to and during pregnancy shifts the composition of the maternal gut microbiota and impairs gut barrier integrity, resulting in increased maternal circulating LPS, which may ultimate contribute to changes in placental vascularization and fetal gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Gohir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute
| | - Katherine M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute
| | - Jessica G Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute
| | | | - Christian J Bellissimo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute
| | | | - Jim J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute.,Department of Medicine
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Upadhyay A, Anjum B, Godbole NM, Rajak S, Shukla P, Tiwari S, Sinha RA, Godbole MM. Time-restricted feeding reduces high-fat diet associated placental inflammation and limits adverse effects on fetal organ development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:415-421. [PMID: 31053302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition has become a major public health concern over recent years and is a known predictor of adverse long-term metabolic derangement in offspring. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), wherein food consumption is restricted to the metabolically active phase of the day, is a dietary approach that improves metabolic parameters when consuming a high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we tested whether TRF could reduce maternal HFD associated inflammation and thereby mitigate defects in fetal organ developmental. Female rats were kept on following three dietary regimens; Ad libitum normal chow diet (NCD-AL), Ad libitum HFD (HFD-AL) and Time-restricted fed HFD (HFD-TRF) from 5 months prior to mating and continued throughout pregnancy. Rat dams were sacrificed at embryonic day 18.5 (ED18.5) and placental tissues from these rats were processed for the analysis of cellular apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6), oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. Furthermore, fetal hepatic triglyceride (TG) content and fetal lung maturation were assessed at ED18.5. Biochemical analysis revealed that HFD-TRF rat had significantly lower serum TG levels and body weight compared to HFD-AL rats. Additionally, TRF significantly blocked HFD-induced placental apoptosis and inflammation via minimizing cellular stress, and restoring autophagic flux. In addition, fetal hepatosteatosis and delayed fetal lung maturation induced by HFD was significantly ameliorated in HFD-TRF compared to HFD-AL. Collectively, our results suggest that reducing placental inflammation via TRF could prevent adverse fetal metabolic outcomes in pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Upadhyay
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - B Anjum
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Dept of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Nachiket M Godbole
- Dept. of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Dept of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Pooja Shukla
- Dept of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Dept of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Madan M Godbole
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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Christians JK, Lennie KI, Wild LK, Garcha R. Effects of high-fat diets on fetal growth in rodents: a systematic review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:39. [PMID: 30992002 PMCID: PMC6469066 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has life-long consequences for offspring. However, the effects of maternal overnutrition and/ or obesity on fetal growth remain poorly understood, e.g., it is not clear why birthweight is increased in some obese pregnancies but not in others. Maternal obesity is frequently studied using rodents on high-fat diets, but effects on fetal growth are inconsistent. The purpose of this review is to identify factors that contribute to reduced or increased fetal growth in rodent models of maternal overnutrition. METHODS We searched Web of Science and screened 2173 abstracts and 328 full texts for studies that fed mice or rats diets providing ~ 45% or ~ 60% calories from fat for 3 weeks or more prior to pregnancy. We identified 36 papers matching the search criteria that reported birthweight or fetal weight. RESULTS Studies that fed 45% fat diets to mice or 60% fat diets to rats generally did not show effects on fetal growth. Feeding a 45% fat diet to rats generally reduced birth and fetal weight. Feeding mice a 60% fat diet for 4-9 weeks prior to pregnancy tended to increase in fetal growth, whereas feeding this diet for a longer period tended to reduce fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS The high-fat diets used most often with rodents do not closely match Western diets and frequently reduce fetal growth, which is not a typical feature of obese human pregnancies. Adoption of standard protocols that more accurately mimic effects on fetal growth observed in obese human pregnancies will improve translational impact in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K. Christians
- 0000 0004 1936 7494grid.61971.38Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kendra I. Lennie
- 0000 0004 1936 7494grid.61971.38Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Lisa K. Wild
- 0000 0004 1936 7494grid.61971.38Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Raajan Garcha
- 0000 0004 1936 7494grid.61971.38Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Lin YJ, Huang LT, Tsai CC, Sheen JM, Tiao MM, Yu HR, Lin IC, Tain YL. Maternal high-fat diet sex-specifically alters placental morphology and transcriptome in rats: Assessment by next-generation sequencing. Placenta 2019; 78:44-53. [PMID: 30955710 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal nutrition is an extremely important health issue. We evaluated the impact of maternal high fat diet (HFD) on pregnancy outcomes, elucidated how the rat placenta and fetus respond to diet manipulation based on fetal sex, and identified candidate genes and pathways. METHODS Rats were fed a normal or HFD diet for 10 weeks before conception and during gestation. The placenta was collected on gestational day 21 and sexed. Placental histology was analyzed and placental candidate genes and pathways were identified using whole-genome RNA next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Pup weights in both sexes from HFD dams were reduced. The weight of the placenta from the HFD group was also decreased in both sexes, but changes in placental layer distributions were only significant for female fetuses. Maternal HFD altered the placental transcriptome in a sex-specific manner. Activation of the placental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by maternal HFD was associated with fetal growth restriction in both fetal sexes. CONCLUSIONS The placenta reacts to maternal HFD by altering the placental layer distribution and gene expression in a sex-specific manner. The male placenta in late gestation is thought to exhibit greater plasticity relative to the female placenta; however, fetuses of both sexes exhibited similar growth restriction. Our data reveal an association between the placental RAS and HFD-induced fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Ahmed H, Hannan JL, Apolzan JW, Osikoya O, Cushen SC, Romero SA, Goulopoulou S. A free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet induces hyperphagia, obesity, and cardiovascular dysfunction in female cycling and pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R472-R485. [PMID: 30758976 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00391.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of these studies was to characterize metabolic, body composition, and cardiovascular responses to a free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet in female cycling and pregnant rats. In the nonpregnant state, female Sprague-Dawley rats offered a 3-wk free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet had greater energy intake, adiposity, serum leptin, and triglyceride concentrations compared with rats fed with standard chow and developed glucose intolerance. In addition, choice-diet-fed rats had larger cardiac ventricular weights, smaller kidney and pancreas weights, and higher blood pressure than chow-fed rats, but they did not exhibit resistance artery endothelial dysfunction. When the free-choice diet continued throughout pregnancy, rats remained hyperphagic, hyperleptinemic, and obese. Choice pregnant rats exhibited uterine artery endothelial dysfunction and had smaller fetuses compared with chow pregnant rats. Pregnancy normalized mean arterial blood pressure and pancreas weights in choice rats. These studies are the first to provide a comprehensive evaluation of free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet on metabolic and cardiovascular functions in female rats, extending the previous studies in males to female cycling and pregnant rodents. Free-choice diet may provide a new model of preconceptual maternal obesity to study the role of increased energy intake, individual food components, and preexisting maternal obesity on maternal and offspring physiological responses during pregnancy and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hijab Ahmed
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Johanna L Hannan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine , Greenville, North Carolina
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A Romero
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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Embryonic programming of heart disease in response to obesity during pregnancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165402. [PMID: 30759362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy programs adult-onset heart disease in the offspring. Clinical studies indicate that exposure to an adverse environment in utero during early, as compared to late, gestation leads to a higher prevalence of adult-onset heart disease. This suggests that the early developing heart is particularly sensitive to an adverse environment. Accordingly, growing evidence from clinical studies and animal models demonstrates that obesity during pregnancy alters the function of the fetal heart, programming a higher risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Moreover, gene expression patterns and signaling pathways that promote initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease are altered in the hearts in offspring born to obese mothers. However, the mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of an adverse environment in utero on the developing heart leading to adult-onset disease are not clear. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence documenting the effects of maternal obesity during pregnancy on the fetal and post-natal heart and emphasize on the potential mechanisms of disease programming.
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Salati JA, Roberts VHJ, Schabel MC, Lo JO, Kroenke CD, Lewandowski KS, Lindner JR, Grove KL, Frias AE. Maternal high-fat diet reversal improves placental hemodynamics in a nonhuman primate model of diet-induced obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:906-916. [PMID: 30006583 PMCID: PMC6330251 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a Japanese macaque model of diet-induced obesity, we have previously demonstrated that consumption of a high-fat, "Western-style" diet (WSD) is associated with placental dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, independent of an obese maternal phenotype. Specifically, we have reported decreased uterine placental blood flow and increased inflammation with maternal WSD consumption. We also previously investigated the use of a promising therapeutic intervention that mitigated the adverse placental effects of a WSD but had unexpected detrimental effects on fetal pancreatic development. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine whether simple preconception diet reversal (REV) would improve placental function. METHODS Female Japanese macaques were divided into three groups: REV animals (n = 5) were switched from a chronic WSD (36% fat) to a low fat, CON diet (14% fat) prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. The CON (n = 6) and WSD (n = 6) cohorts were maintained on their respective diets throughout pregnancy. Maternal body weight and composition were regularly assessed and advanced noninvasive imaging was performed at midgestation (gestational day 90, G90, or 0.5 of gestation, where full term is G175), and G129, 1 day prior to C-section delivery at G130 (0.75 of gestation). Imaging studies comprised Doppler ultrasound (US), contrast-enhanced US, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to assess uteroplacental hemodynamics and maternal-side placental perfusion. RESULTS Dietary intervention resulted in significant maternal weight loss prior to pregnancy, and improved lean to fat mass ratio. By advanced imaging we demonstrated that a chronic WSD led to decreased blood flow velocity in the intervillous space, delayed blood flow transfer through the maternal spiral arteries, and reduced total placental blood flow compared to CON fed animals. Dietary reversal ameliorated these concerning derangements, restoring these hemodynamic parameters to CON levels. CONCLUSIONS Preconception dietary modification has beneficial effects on the maternal metabolic phenotype, and results in improved placental hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Salati
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Victoria H J Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
| | - Matthias C Schabel
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jamie O Lo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Katherine S Lewandowski
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S W Bond Ave., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Ave N #5000, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Antonio E Frias
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
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Liu B, Shi R, Li X, Liu Y, Feng X, Chen X, Fan X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Tang J, Zhou X, Li N, Lu X, Xu Z. Downregulation of L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca 2+, Voltage-Gated K +, and Large-Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels in Vascular Myocytes From Salt-Loading Offspring Rats Exposed to Prenatal Hypoxia. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008148. [PMID: 29545262 PMCID: PMC5907567 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prenatal hypoxia is suggested to be associated with increased risks of hypertension in offspring. This study tested whether prenatal hypoxia resulted in salt‐sensitive offspring and its related mechanisms of vascular ion channel remodeling. Methods and Results Pregnant rats were housed in a normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (10.5% O2) chamber from gestation days 5 to 21. A subset of male offspring received a high‐salt diet (8% NaCl) from 4 to 12 weeks after birth. Blood pressure was significantly increased only in the salt‐loading offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia, not in the offspring that received regular diets and in control offspring provided with high‐salt diets. In mesenteric artery myocytes from the salt‐loading offspring with prenatal hypoxia, depolarized resting membrane potential was associated with decreased density of L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) and voltage‐gated K+ channel currents and decreased calcium sensitive to the large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels. Protein expression of the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ α1C subunit, large‐conductance calcium‐activated K+ channel (β1, not α subunits), and voltage‐gated K+ channel (KV2.1, not KV1.5 subunits) was also decreased in the arteries of salt‐loading offspring with prenatal hypoxia. Conclusions The results demonstrated that chronic prenatal hypoxia may program salt‐sensitive hypertension in male offspring, providing new information of ion channel remodeling in hypertensive myocytes. This information paves the way for early prevention and treatments of salt‐induced hypertension related to developmental problems in fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruixiu Shi
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China .,Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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Zambon M, Mandò C, Lissoni A, Anelli GM, Novielli C, Cardellicchio M, Leone R, Monari MN, Massari M, Cetin I, Abati S. Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses in Pregnancies With Obesity and Periodontal Disease. Reprod Sci 2018; 25:1474-1484. [PMID: 29343164 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117749758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity is related to immunologic and inflammatory systemic modifications that may worsen the pregnancy inflammatory status. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can adversely affect oral biofilms and oral health initiating or worsening periodontal diseases, with enhanced local and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between local salivary and systemic parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in relation to obesity and periodontal diseases. STUDY DESIGN Sixty-two women with singleton pregnancies were enrolled. Twenty-seven women were normal weight (NW; 18.5< body mass index [BMI] <25 kg/m2) and 35 obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Seventeen of the obese had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). During third trimester, periodontal status was evaluated, saliva (s) was collected to assess total antioxidant capacity (s-TAC) and C-reactive protein (s-CRP) levels, and venous plasma (p) was used to measure CRP levels (p-CRP). Maternal, fetal, and placental data were registered at delivery. RESULTS Levels of s-TAC, s-CRP, and p-CRP were significantly higher in obese, particularly in the presence of GDM, compared to NW and related to each other ( P = .000; r > 0.59), to maternal BMI ( P = .000; r > 0.52), and fasting glycemia ( P < .002; r > 0.47). Periodontal disease was more frequent in obese groups (80%) versus NW (52%; P = .04), particularly when GDM was diagnosed ( P = .009). A significant interaction effect between maternal BMI and oral condition was found for s-TAC levels. Obese with periodontitis showed significant increase in local and systemic parameters versus NW. CONCLUSION Obesity and periodontal disease could synergistically amplify the inflammatory and oxidative status, resulting in increased local and systemic biomarkers particularly when GDM is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zambon
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mandò
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lissoni
- 2 Unit of Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Anelli
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Novielli
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Cardellicchio
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Leone
- 3 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marta Noemi Monari
- 4 Laboratory of Analysis, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Massari
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- 1 Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Abati
- 2 Unit of Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Ye K, Li L, Zhang D, Li Y, Wang HQ, Lai HL, Hu CL. Effect of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Growth and Expression of Placental Fatty Acid Transporters. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:300-307. [PMID: 28588000 PMCID: PMC5785635 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of maternal high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity on fetal growth and the expression of placental nutrient transporters. METHODS Maternal obesity was established in rats by 8 weeks of pre-pregnancy fed HF diet, while rats in the control group were fed normal (CON) diet. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats and diet-induced obesity-resistant (DIR) rats were selected according to body weight gain over this period. After copulation, the CON rats were divided into two groups: switched to HF diet (CON-HF group) or maintained on the CON diet (CON-CON group). The DIO rats and DIR rats were maintained on the HF diet throughout pregnancy. Pregnant rats were euthanized at day 21 gestation, fetal and placental weights were recorded, and placental tissue was collected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine mRNA expression of placental nutrient transporters. Protein expression was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Average fetal weight of DIO dams was reduced by 6.9%, and the placentas of CON-HF and DIO dams were significantly heavier than the placentas of CON-CON and DIR dams at day 21 of gestation (p<0.05). The fetal/placental weight ratio of DIO dams was significantly reduced compared with the fetal/placental weight ratio of CON-CON dams (p<0.05). The mRNA expression of GLUT-1 and SNAT-2 were not significantly different between groups. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CD36, FATP-1, and FATP-4 in DIO dams were decreased significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Maternal obesity induced by a HF diet led to intrauterine growth retardation and down-regulated the expression of placental fatty acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Ye
- Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China
| | - Li Li
- Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China
,* Address for Correspondence: Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China Phone: +86 551 63869176 E-mail:
| | - Dan Zhang
- Lujiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Public Health, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Li
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Clinic of Clinical Nutrition, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Qing Wang
- Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China
| | - Han-Lin Lai
- Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China
| | - Chuan-Lai Hu
- Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui, China
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Itani N, Salinas CE, Villena M, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Villamor E, Blanco CE, Giussani DA. The highs and lows of programmed cardiovascular disease by developmental hypoxia: studies in the chicken embryo. J Physiol 2017; 596:2991-3006. [PMID: 28983923 DOI: 10.1113/jp274111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that adverse conditions during pregnancy can trigger a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction and/or increase the risk of heart disease in later life. Suboptimal environmental conditions during early life that may promote the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring include alterations in fetal oxygenation and nutrition as well as fetal exposure to stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids. There has been growing interest in identifying the partial contributions of each of these stressors to programming of cardiovascular dysfunction. However, in humans and in many animal models this is difficult, as the challenges cannot be disentangled. By using the chicken embryo as an animal model, science has been able to circumvent a number of problems. In contrast to mammals, in the chicken embryo the effects on the developing cardiovascular system of changes in oxygenation, nutrition or stress hormones can be isolated and determined directly, independent of changes in the maternal or placental physiology. In this review, we summarise studies that have exploited the chicken embryo model to determine the effects on prenatal growth, cardiovascular development and pituitary-adrenal function of isolated chronic developmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C E Salinas
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - M Villena
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - K L Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - C Beck
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - E Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C E Blanco
- Department of Neonatology, The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, D02 YH21, Ireland
| | - D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Haidar ZA, Viteri OA, Hosseini Nasab S, Moussa HN, Sibai BM, Whitty JE. Composite neonatal and maternal morbidities with small- versus appropriate- for gestational age among uncomplicated obese women undergoing repeat cesarean delivery . J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 32:562-567. [PMID: 28942717 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1384808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goal was to compare composite neonatal and maternal morbidities (composite neonatal morbidity (CNM), composite maternal morbidity (CMM)) among deliveries with small for age (SGA) versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA; birthweight 10-89%) among obese versus non-obese women undergoing repeat cesarean delivery (CD). STUDY DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study. Women who had elective CD ≥37 weeks were studied. We excluded multiple gestations, fetal anomalies, > 1 prior CD, and medical diseases. Patients were divided into BMI ≥30 versus <30 kg/m2. CNM included respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, seizure, or death; CMM included transfusion, hysterectomy, operative injury, coagulopathy, thromboembolism, pulmonary edema, or death. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for confounding factors. RESULTS Of 7561 women, we included 65% were obese and 35% were not. SGA rates differed significantly: 8 versus 12% (p < .001). Overall, CNM was significantly higher in patients with SGA versus AGA (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.04, 95% CI 1.19-3.49). CMM of SGA in obese versus non-obese was statistically different (aOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.68). Among obese mothers, SGA neonates had significantly higher CNM compared with AGA ones (aOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.03-4.59). CONCLUSIONS SGA occurred in 8% of low-risk obese women with prior CD. CNM of SGA babies in obese versus non-obese women were similar. Paradoxically, CMM was lower in obese cases, possibly reflecting the caution that obese patients receive preoperatively. Our findings may assist in counseling patients and designing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Haidar
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Oscar A Viteri
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Susan Hosseini Nasab
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Hind N Moussa
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Baha M Sibai
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Janice E Whitty
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Differential body weight, blood pressure and placental inflammatory responses to normal versus high-fat diet in melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient pregnant rats. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1998-2007. [PMID: 27467764 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although obesity increases the risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, the mechanisms remain unclear. Neural melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency causes hyperphagia and obesity. Effects of MC4R deficiency on body weight, blood pressure (BP) and placental inflammatory responses to high-fat diet (HFD) are unknown. We tested two hypotheses: MC4R deficiency results in higher body weight, BP and placental inflammation under normal-fat diet (NFD) conditions and HFD exaggerates these responses in MC4R-deficient pregnant rats. METHODS MC4R and MC4R rats were maintained on NFD (13% kcal fat) or HFD (40% kcal fat) for ∼15 weeks, then measurements made on gestational day 19. RESULTS MC4R pregnant rats had greater body mass and total body fat and visceral adipose tissue weights along with greater circulating total cholesterol (TC) and leptin levels than MC4R rats regardless of diet. On NFD, circulating adiponectin levels were lower and placental TNFα levels and BP (conscious with carotid catheter) were higher in these heavier rats. Circulating adiponectin levels were lower and placental TNFα levels and BP were higher in MC4R rats compared with NFD controls. These parameters were not affected by HFD in the already heavier and hypertensive MC4R pregnant rats. CONCLUSION Obesity in MC4R deficiency and HFD in MC4R rats result in higher BP and placental inflammation during pregnancy. However, HFD did not exaggerate these responses in already obese MC4R pregnant rats. These data suggest that obesity and HFD are independently related to hypertension and placental inflammation in pregnancy.
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Review on intrauterine programming: Consequences in rodent models of mild diabetes and mild fat overfeeding are not mild. Placenta 2017; 52:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Robb JL, Messa I, Lui E, Yeung D, Thacker J, Satvat E, Mielke JG. A maternal diet high in saturated fat impairs offspring hippocampal function in a sex-specific manner. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:187-199. [PMID: 28259676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While a maternal diet high in saturated fat is likely to affect foetal brain development, whether the effects are the same for male and female offspring is unclear. As a result, we randomly assigned female, Sprague-Dawley rats to either a control, or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% of calories from saturated fat) for 10 weeks. A range of biometrics were collected, and hippocampal function was assessed at both the tissue level (by measuring synaptic plasticity) and at the behavioural level (using the Morris water maze; MWM). Subsequently, a subset of animals was bred and remained on their respective diets throughout gestation and lactation. On post-natal day 21, offspring were weaned and placed onto the control diet; biometrics and spatial learning and memory were then assessed at both adolescence and young adulthood. Although the HFD led to changes in the maternal generation consistent with an obese phenotype, no impairments were noted at the level of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, or MWM performance. Unexpectedly, among the offspring, a sexually dimorphic effect upon MWM performance became apparent. In particular, adolescent male offspring displayed a greater latency to reach the platform during training trials and spent less time in the target quadrant during the probe test; notably, when re-examined during young adulthood, the performance deficit was no longer present. Overall, our work suggests the existence of sexual dimorphism with regard to how a maternal HFD affects hippocampal-dependent function in the offspring brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie-Lee Robb
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Messa
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Erika Lui
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Derrick Yeung
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Thacker
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elham Satvat
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John G Mielke
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Palei AC, Spradley FT, Granger JP. Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase on Blood Pressure Regulation and Vascular Function in Pregnant Rats on a High-Fat Diet. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:240-248. [PMID: 28391290 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While obesity is a leading risk factor for preeclampsia, the mechanisms whereby obese women are more susceptible to pregnancy-induced hypertension are unclear. As high-fat diet (HFD) is an important contributor to the development of obesity, we tested the hypothesis that pregnant rats on HFD have hypertension and endothelial dysfunction due to reduced nitric oxide synthase (NOS). METHODS Twelve-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed normal diet (ND, 13% fat kcal) or HFD (40% fat kcal) for 9 weeks. Timed-pregnant rats were then generated and the effect of HFD on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and vascular function was assessed on gestational day (GD) 19. RESULTS MAP was not different between HFD and ND pregnant rats. Intriguingly, sensitivity to acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was enhanced in small mesenteric arteries of HFD dams compared to ND controls (logEC50 -7.9 ± 0.3 vs. -6.7 ± 0.3 M; P < 0.05). Additionally, HFD dams exhibited higher mesenteric artery expression of NOS3 and plasma levels of NO metabolites than ND controls (1738.0 ± 316.4 vs. 1094.0 ± 82.5 pg/mg and 72.5 ± 8.7 vs. 39.7 ± 4.5 µM, respectively; both P < 0.05). Further, to determine the role of NOS in modulating blood pressure in HFD pregnant rats, animals were treated with the nonselective inhibitor Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mg/l, drinking water) from GD 14 to 19. It was found that NOS inhibition increased MAP equally in HFD and ND groups. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our initial hypothesis, HFD dams were normotensive and presented increased endothelial function and NO/NOS3 levels. This enhanced NOS-mediated vascular function does not appear to have a major impact on blood pressure regulation of HFD-fed pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Palei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Frank T. Spradley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joey P. Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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50
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Wesolowski SR, El Kasmi KC, Jonscher KR, Friedman JE. Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:81-96. [PMID: 27780972 PMCID: PMC5725959 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the maternal environment leading to an altered intrauterine milieu can result in subtle insults to the fetus, promoting increased lifetime disease risk and/or disease acceleration in childhood and later in life. Particularly worrisome is that the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing among children and adults, and is being diagnosed at increasingly younger ages, pointing towards an early-life origin. A wealth of evidence, in humans and non-human primates, suggests that maternal nutrition affects the placenta and fetal tissues, leading to persistent changes in hepatic metabolism, mitochondrial function, the intestinal microbiota, liver macrophage activation and susceptibility to NASH postnatally. Deleterious exposures in utero include fetal hypoxia, increased nutrient supply, inflammation and altered gut microbiota that might produce metabolic clues, including fatty acids, metabolites, endotoxins, bile acids and cytokines, which prime the infant liver for NAFLD in a persistent manner and increase susceptibility to NASH. Mechanistic links to early disease pathways might involve shifts in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, pioneering gut microorganisms, macrophage programming and epigenetic changes that alter the liver microenvironment, favouring liver injury. In this Review, we discuss how maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant exposures provide developmental clues and mechanisms to help explain NAFLD acceleration and increased disease prevalence. Mechanisms identified in clinical and preclinical models suggest important opportunities for prevention and intervention that could slow down the growing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado
| | | | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, MS 8106, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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