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Liu P, Li Z, Zhang Q, Qiao J, Zheng C, Zheng W, Zhang H. Identification of testis development-related genes by combining Iso-Seq and RNA-Seq in Zeugodacus tau. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1356151. [PMID: 38529408 PMCID: PMC10961823 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1356151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Zeugodacus tau (Walker) is an invasive pest. An effective method to control this pest is the sterile insect technique (SIT). To better apply this technique, it is necessary to understand testis development progression. Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during testis development were analyzed by PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq. Results: RNA-Seq library of Z. tau testes on day 1, 6, and 11 post eclosion were constructed. We identified 755 and 865 differentially expressed genes in the comparisons of T6 (testes on day 6) vs. T1 and T11 vs. T1, respectively. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in retinol metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathways. Knockdown of retinol dehydrogenase 12-like (rdh12-like), pyridoxal kinase (pdxk) and regucalcin (rgn), the representative gene in each of the above 3 pathways, reduced the hatching rate of Z. tau offspring. In addition, we identified 107 Drosophila spermatogenesis-related orthologous genes in Z. tau, of which innexin 2 (inx2) exhibited significantly up-regulated expression throughout testis development, and the knockdown of this gene reduced offspring hatching rate. Discussion: Our data indicated that rdh12-like, pdxk, rgn, and inx2 genes were related to testis development, and they were conserved in tephritid species. These results suggested that this gene might have the same function in tephritid. The findings provide an insight into testis development and spermatogenesis in tephritid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziniu Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Qiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenjun Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Cheng J, Zhu L, Zhu F, Zhao P, Li QX, Lu ZH, Zhang SD, Li Z, Liu XX. Peroxiredoxin 1 transfer during mating protects eupyrene sperm against oxdative stress in Grapholita molesta. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36929567 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each Grapholita molesta female only copulates once during its lifetime and thus must maintain the viability of stored eupyrene sperm for male reproductive success. The male ejaculate comprises abundant accessory gland proteins produced by the male accessory gland (AG), and many of which are major effectors for sperm storage and maintenance. RESULTS Here, we reported that an antioxidant protein, peroxiredoxin 1 (GmolPrx1), secreted by the male AG, is essential for protecting eupyrene sperm from oxidative stress and maintaining their quality during storage in the female bursa copulatrix (BC). Our data showed that GmolPrx1 is highly expressed in the AG of sexually mature males. The GmolPrx1 protein is localized to the cytoplasm of AG cells and delivered to the female BC during mating. Knockdown of GmolPrx1 strongly decreased the fertility of mated females. Additionally, we evaluated oxidative status in the spermatophore of females and found that the content of hydrogen peroxide increased significantly after mating with GmolPrx1 knockdown males. Finally, the quality assessment of eupyrene sperm demonstrated that the plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and DNA integrity were all severely impaired in the spermatophore of females after mating with GmolPrx1 knockdown males, which may contribute to the fertility decline in males. CONCLUSION Our current data demonstrated that activities of eupyrene sperm stored in females can be significantly impaired by enhanced oxidative stress through knocking down of GmolPrx1 in males. Our finding thus may further lay new foundations for the control of G. molesta through suppressing their populations by manipulating male reproductive genes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Hang Lu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Dou Zhang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bi H, Xu X, Li X, Wang Y, Zhou S, Huang Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Serine protease 2 disruption induces male sterility in Spodoptera litura. Front Physiol 2022; 13:931824. [PMID: 35991171 PMCID: PMC9382020 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.931824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fertility is essential for reproduction and population growth in animals. Many factors affect male fertility, such as courtship behavior, sperm quantity, and sperm motility, among others. Seminal Fluid Proteins (SFPs) are vital components of seminal fluid in the male ejaculate, which affect male fertility, sperm activation, and female ovulation. However, the knowledge of SFPs is insufficient; the function of many SFPs remains unknown, and most described functions were mainly characterized in Drosophila or other laboratory models. Here, we focus on the Serine protease 2 (Ser2) gene in the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura. The Ser2 gene was specifically expressed in male adults. Disruption of the Ser2 gene mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 induced male sterility but females remained fertile. PCR-based detection of the next-generation mutants showed that male sterility was stably inherited. The qRT-PCR analysis of SlSer2 mutants showed that motor protein family genes and structural protein family genes were down-regulated, while protein modification family genes were up-regulated, suggesting that SlSer2 may be involved in sperm movement and activity. These results demonstrate that Ser2 is an important component of SFPs in seminal fluid and was identified for a useful sterile gene for pest control that may lead to new control strategies for lepidopteran insect pests such as S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shutang Zhou, ; Yongping Huang,
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shutang Zhou, ; Yongping Huang,
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Kykalová B, Tichá L, Volf P, Loza Telleria E. Phlebotomus papatasi Antimicrobial Peptides in Larvae and Females and a Gut-Specific Defensin Upregulated by Leishmania major Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112307. [PMID: 34835433 PMCID: PMC8625375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. We investigated whether P. papatasi immunity genes were expressed toward L. major, commensal gut microbes, or a combination of both. We focused on sand fly transcription factors dorsal and relish and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attacin and defensin and assessed their relative gene expression by qPCR. Sand fly larvae were fed food with different bacterial loads. Relish and AMPs gene expressions were higher in L3 and early L4 larval instars, while bacteria 16S rRNA increased in late L4 larval instar, all fed rich-microbe food compared to the control group fed autoclaved food. Sand fly females were treated with an antibiotic cocktail to deplete gut bacteria and were experimentally infected by Leishmania. Compared to non-infected females, dorsal and defensin were upregulated at early and late infection stages, respectively. An earlier increase of defensin was observed in infected females when bacteria recolonized the gut after the removal of antibiotics. Interestingly, this defensin gene expression occurred specifically in midguts but not in other tissues of females and larvae. A gut-specific defensin gene upregulated by L. major infection, in combination with gut-bacteria, is a promising molecular target for parasite control strategies.
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5
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Xiao HY, Li GC, Wang ZQ, Guo YR, Liu NY. Combined transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic analysis identifies reproductive-related proteins and potential modulators of female behaviors in Spodoptera litura. Genomics 2021; 113:1876-1894. [PMID: 33839272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is a polyandrous moth with high reproductive ability. Sexual reproduction is a unique strategy for survival and reproduction of population in this species. However, to date available information about its reproductive genes is rare. Here, we combined transcriptomics, genomics and proteomics approaches to characterize reproductive-related proteins in S. litura. Illumina sequencing in parallel with the reference genome led to the yields of 12,161 reproductive genes, representing 47.83% of genes annotated in the genome. Further, 524 genes of 19 specific gene families annotated in the genome were detected in reproductive tissues of both sexes, some of which exhibited sex-biased and/or tissue-enriched expression. Of these, manual efforts together with the transcriptome analyses re-annotated 54 odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and 23 chemosensory proteins (CSPs) with an increase of 18 OBPs and one CSP compared to those previously annotated in the genome. Interestingly, at least 35 OBPs and 22 CSPs were transcribed in at least one reproductive tissue, suggestive of their involvement in reproduction. Further proteomic analysis revealed 2381 common proteins between virgin and mated female reproductive systems, 79 of which were differentially expressed. More importantly, 74 proteins exclusive to mated females were identified as transferred relatives, coupled with their specific or high expression in male reproductive systems. Of the transferred proteins, several conserved protein classes across insects were observed including OBPs, serpins, trypsins and juvenile hormone-binding proteins. Our current study has extensively surveyed reproductive genes in S. litura with an emphasis on the roles of OBPs and CSPs in reproduction, and identifies potentially transferred proteins serving as modulators of female post-mating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Gen-Ceng Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zheng-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Ruo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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6
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Jennings EC, Korthauer MW, Hendershot JM, Bailey ST, Weirauch MT, Ribeiro JMC, Benoit JB. Molecular mechanisms underlying milk production and viviparity in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 120:103333. [PMID: 32119906 PMCID: PMC7293887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viviparous reproduction is characterized by maternal retention of developing offspring within the reproductive tract during gestation, culminating in live birth. In some cases, a mother will provide nutrition beyond that present in the yolk; this is known as matrotrophic viviparity. While this phenomenon is best associated with mammals, it is observed in insects such as the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Female D. punctata carry developing embryos in the brood sac, a reproductive organ that acts as both a uterus and a placenta by protecting and providing a nutritive secretion to the intrauterine developing progeny. While the basic physiology of D. punctata pregnancy has been characterized, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This study combined RNA-seq analysis, RNA interference, and other assays to characterize molecular and physiological changes associated with D. punctata reproduction. A comparison of four stages of the female reproductive cycle and males revealed unique gene expression profiles corresponding to each stage and between sexes. Differentially regulated transcripts of interest include the previously identified family of milk proteins and transcripts associated with juvenile hormone metabolism. RNA interference and methoprene application experiments established the potential impacts of bothbreakdown and synthesis reduction of juvenile hormone in maintaining pregnancy in D. punctata. These studies provide the comprehensive molecular mechanisms associated with cockroach viviparity, which will be a critical resource for comparative purposes among viviparity in insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Matthew W Korthauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jacob M Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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The recognition of development-related genes in the testis and MAGs of time-series Harmonia axyridis adults using a time-series analysis by RNA-seq. Gene 2019; 693:52-60. [PMID: 30699331 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis Odorant Binding Protein Modulators by Comparative Modeling, Hierarchical Virtual Screening, and Molecular Dynamics. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second most important vector-borne disease in the world. It is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis in America; therefore, controlling the vector is essential to prevent the disease, especially using traps with chemical attractants. It is known that odorant binding proteins (OBPs) act at the first odor selection level, so in silico methodology was used to identify putative vector chemical modulators based on OBPs on known ligand structures. Therefore, 3D structures of L. longipalpis OBP were predicted through different comparative modeling methods. The best model was subjected to molecular dynamics studies. Then, a hierarchical virtual screening approach filtered OBP modulator-like compounds from ZINC12 biogenic database based in global chemical space, using principal components from ChemGPS-NP server. Such compounds then were evaluated and ranked according to their affinity with the OBP orthosteric site by molecular docking in DOCK 6.7. The compounds were scored by Grid Score function and top five ranked poses had their intermolecular complex interactions analyzed in PLIP server. Most ligands in the top of the rank were lysophospholipids, which could potentially interact with the OBP hydrophobic pocket through Phe72, Tyr76, Ile79, Ala87, Lys88, Asp92, Phe61, Leu75, Trp113, His120, and Phe122 residues and H-bonding with His120 and Phe122. Next, compounds in the top of the rank were evaluated by 50 ns MD and the results showed that the phosphate group of these compounds could set a salt bridge with His110. Additionally, Tyr76, Ala87, Met91, Trp113, and Phe122 were important to hydrophobic interactions with the ligand. These results highlight the importance of accurate assessments such as MD studies in order to analyze the docking results in the identification of new odorant modulators.
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Abry MF, Kimenyi KM, Masiga D, Kulohoma BW. Comparative genomics identifies male accessory gland proteins in five Glossina species. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:73. [PMID: 29260004 PMCID: PMC5721568 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12445.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accessory gland proteins (ACPs) are important reproductive proteins produced by the male accessory glands (MAGs) of most insect species. These proteins are essential for male insect fertility, and are transferred alongside semen to females during copulation. ACPs are poorly characterized in
Glossina species (tsetse fly), the principal vector of the parasite that causes life-threatening Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal trypanosomiasis in endemic regions in Africa. The tsetse fly has a peculiar reproductive cycle because of the absence of oviposition. Females mate once and store sperm in a spermathecal, and produce a single fully developed larva at a time that pupates within minutes of exiting their uterus. This slow reproductive cycle, compared to other insects, significantly restricts reproduction to only 3 to 6 larvae per female lifespan. This unique reproductive cycle is an attractive vector control strategy entry point. We exploit comparative genomics approaches to explore the diversity of ACPs in the recently available whole genome sequence data from five tsetse fly species (
Glossina morsitans, G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. pallidipes and
G. fuscipes). We used previously described ACPs in
Drosophila melanogaster and
Anopheles gambiae as reference sequences. We identified 36, 27, 31, 29 and 33 diverse ACP orthologous genes in
G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. fuscipes, G. pallidipes and
G. morsitans genomes respectively, which we classified into 21 functional classes. Our findings provide genetic evidence of MAG proteins in five recently sequenced
Glossina genomes. It highlights new avenues for molecular studies that evaluate potential field control strategies of these important vectors of human and animal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Abry
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Kelvin M Kimenyi
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Benard W Kulohoma
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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10
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Twort VG, Dennis AB, Park D, Lomas KF, Newcomb RD, Buckley TR. Positive selection and comparative molecular evolution of reproductive proteins from New Zealand tree weta (Orthoptera, Hemideina). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188147. [PMID: 29131842 PMCID: PMC5683631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal reproductive proteins, especially those in the seminal fluid, have been shown to have higher levels of divergence than non-reproductive proteins and are often evolving adaptively. Seminal fluid proteins have been implicated in the formation of reproductive barriers between diverging lineages, and hence represent interesting candidates underlying speciation. RNA-seq was used to generate the first male reproductive transcriptome for the New Zealand tree weta species Hemideina thoracica and H. crassidens. We identified 865 putative reproductive associated proteins across both species, encompassing a diverse range of functional classes. Candidate gene sequencing of nine genes across three Hemideina, and two Deinacrida species suggests that H. thoracica has the highest levels of intraspecific genetic diversity. Non-monophyly was observed in the majority of sequenced genes indicating that either gene flow may be occurring between the species, or that reciprocal monophyly at these loci has yet to be attained. Evidence for positive selection was found for one lectin-related reproductive protein, with an overall omega of 7.65 and one site in particular being under strong positive selection. This candidate gene represents the first step in the identification of proteins underlying the evolutionary basis of weta reproduction and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Twort
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Richard D. Newcomb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas R. Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abry MF, Kimenyi KM, Masiga DK, Kulohoma BW. Comparative genomics identifies male accessory gland proteins in five Glossina species. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:73. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12445.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessory gland proteins (ACPs) are important reproductive proteins produced by the male accessory glands (MAGs) of most insect species. These proteins are essential for male insect fertility, and are transferred alongside semen to females during copulation. ACPs are poorly characterized in Glossina species (tsetse fly), the principal vector of the parasite that causes life-threatening Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal trypanosomiasis in endemic regions in Africa. The tsetse fly has a peculiar reproductive cycle because of the absence of oviposition. Females mate once and store sperm in a spermathecal, and produce a single fully developed larva at a time that pupates within minutes of exiting their uterus. This slow reproductive cycle, compared to other insects, significantly restricts reproduction to only 3 to 6 larvae per female lifespan. This unique reproductive cycle is an attractive vector control strategy entry point. We exploit comparative genomics approaches to explore the diversity of ACPs in the recently available whole genome sequence data from five tsetse fly species (Glossina morsitans, G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. pallidipes and G. fuscipes). We used previously described ACPs in Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae as reference sequences. We identified 36, 27, 31, 29 and 33 diverse ACP orthologous genes in G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. fuscipes, G. pallidipes and G. morsitans genomes respectively, which we classified into 21 functional classes. Our findings provide genetic evidence of MAG proteins in five recently sequenced Glossina genomes. It provides new avenues for molecular studies that evaluate potential field control strategies of these important vectors of human and animal disease.
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Patino LH, Ramírez JD. RNA-seq in kinetoplastids: A powerful tool for the understanding of the biology and host-pathogen interactions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:273-282. [PMID: 28179142 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastids include a large number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and animals (Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei) considered endemic in several regions of the world. These parasites are characterized by digenetic life cycles that undergo morphological and genetic changes that allow them to adapt to different microenvironments on their vertebrates and invertebrates hosts. Recent advances in ´omics´ technology, specifically transcriptomics have allowed to reveal aspects associated with such molecular changes. So far, different techniques have been used to evaluate the gene expression profile during the various stages of the life cycle of these parasites and during the host-parasite interactions. However, some of them have serious drawbacks that limit the precise study and full understanding of their transcriptomes. Therefore, recently has been implemented the latest technology (RNA-seq), which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional methods. In this review, studies that so far have used RNA-seq are presented and allowed to expand our knowledge regarding the biology of these parasites and their interactions with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Helena Patino
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24# 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24# 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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13
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Spiegel CN, Dias DBDS, Araki AS, Hamilton JGC, Brazil RP, Jones TM. The Lutzomyia longipalpis complex: a brief natural history of aggregation-sex pheromone communication. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:580. [PMID: 27842601 PMCID: PMC5109651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we review the natural history of pheromone communication and the current diversity of aggregation-sex pheromones in the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. This species complex is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. The identification of variation in pheromone chemotypes combined with molecular and sound analyses have all contributed to our understanding of the extent of divergence among cryptic members of this complex. The importance of chemical signals as pre-mating barriers and drivers of speciation is discussed. Moreover, the importance of aggregation-sex pheromones as sexually selected signals is highlighted with evidence from the literature suggesting their potential role in species and mate recognition as well as mate assessment. The distinct evolutionary forces possibly involved are briefly reviewed and discussed in the context of this intriguing insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N. Spiegel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, 24.020-150 RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360 RJ Brazil
| | - Denise B. dos Santos Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20.551-030 RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360 RJ Brazil
| | - Alejandra S. Araki
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360 RJ Brazil
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900 RJ Brazil
| | - Théresa M. Jones
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Australia
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Al-Wathiqui N, Dopman EB, Lewis SM. Postmating transcriptional changes in the female reproductive tract of the European corn borer moth. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:629-645. [PMID: 27329655 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mating triggers a cascade of physiological and behavioural responses in females that persist after copulation. In insects, seminal fluid proteins contained within male ejaculates are known to initiate some responses, but our understanding of how females mediate these reactions remains limited. Few studies have examined postmating transcriptional changes within ejaculate-receiving organs within females or how these changes might depend on the identity of the male. Furthermore, whereas males of many insects transfer packaged ejaculates, transcriptional dynamics have mainly been examined in dipterans, in which males transfer a free ejaculate. To identify genes that may be important in mediating female physiological responses in a spermatophore-producing species, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the ejaculate-receiving organs and examined postmating gene expression within and between pheromone strains of the European corn borer (ECB) moth, Ostrinia nubilalis. After within-strain mating, significant differential expression of 978 transcripts occurred in the female bursa or its associated bursal gland, including peptidases, transmembrane transporters, and hormone processing genes; such genes may potentially play a role in postmating male-female interactions. We also identified 14 transcripts from the bursal gland that were differentially expressed after females mated with cross-strain males, representing candidates for previously observed postmating reproductive isolation between ECB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Al-Wathiqui
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - E B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - S M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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15
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Serpins in arthropod biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:105-119. [PMID: 27603121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serpins are the largest known family of serine proteinase inhibitors and perform a variety of physiological functions in arthropods. Herein, we review the field of serpins in arthropod biology, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Serpins regulate insect innate immunity via inhibition of serine proteinase cascades that initiate immune responses such as melanization and antimicrobial peptide production. In addition, several serpins with anti-pathogen activity are expressed as acute-phase serpins in insects upon infection. Parasitoid wasps can downregulate host serpin expression to modulate the host immune system. In addition, examples of serpin activity in development and reproduction in Drosophila have also been discovered. Serpins also function in host-pathogen interactions beyond immunity as constituents of venom in parasitoid wasps and saliva of blood-feeding ticks and mosquitoes. These serpins have distinct effects on immunosuppression and anticoagulation and are of interest for vaccine development. Lastly, the known structures of arthropod serpins are discussed, which represent the serpin inhibitory mechanism and provide a detailed overview of the process.
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16
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Vizán-Rico HI, Gómez-Zurita J. Testis-specific RNA-Seq of Calligrapha (Chrysomelidae) as a transcriptomic resource for male-biased gene inquiry in Coleoptera. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 17:533-545. [PMID: 27288908 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the architecture of testis transcriptomes of four closely related species of Calligrapha (Chrysomelidae) beetles, which diverged during the last 3 million years. Five cDNA libraries were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq technology, retrieving 102 884-176 514 assembled contigs, of which ~33-45% of these longer than 499 nt were functionally annotated. Annotation and sequence similarity comparisons of these libraries revealed high homogeneity in gene composition and the presence of several functional candidates related to reproduction or reproductive processes (0.72-1.08% of annotated sequences). Stringent sequence similarity analyses of these transcriptomes against empirically demonstrated male-biased genes in Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum allowed the identification of 77 homologues in Calligrapha, possible candidates of male-biased expression. Some of these genes - including CG9313, Tektin-A or tomboy40 - were confirmed as orthologs of these male-biased genes using phylogenetic inference and available model insect data, increasing our confidence that they represent functional homologues too. Our transcriptomes are a valuable transcriptomic resource for the analysis of male-biased genes in Calligrapha, which has the added interest of including several female-only species. But it simultaneously represents a landmark for similar studies in Coleoptera, broadening the taxonomic diversity currently represented by the model species T. castaneum, and incipient genomic data in other herbivorous lineages, including weevils, longhorn beetles and leaf beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Vizán-Rico
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Zurita
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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17
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Wei D, Tian CB, Liu SH, Wang T, Smagghe G, Jia FX, Dou W, Wang JJ. Transcriptome analysis to identify genes for peptides and proteins involved in immunity and reproduction from male accessory glands and ejaculatory duct of Bactrocera dorsalis. Peptides 2016; 80:48-60. [PMID: 26297881 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the male reproductive system of insects, the male accessory glands and ejaculatory duct (MAG/ED) are important organs and their primary function is to enhance the fertility of spermatozoa. Proteins secreted by the MAG/ED are also known to induce post-mating changes and immunity responses in the female insect. To understand the gene expression profile in the MAG/ED of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), that is an important pest in fruits, we performed an Illumina-based deep sequencing of mRNA. This yielded 54,577,630 clean reads corresponding to 4.91Gb total nucleotides that were assembled and clustered to 30,669 unigenes (average 645bp). Among them, 20,419 unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins/peptides in Gene Orthology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases. Typically, many genes were involved in immunity and these included microbial recognition proteins and antimicrobial peptides. Subsequently, the inducible expression of these immunity-related genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis when insects were challenged with immunity-inducible factors, suggesting their function in guaranteeing fertilization success. Besides, we identified some important reproductive genes such as juvenile hormone- and ecdysteroid-related genes in this de novo assembly. In conclusion, this transcriptomic sequencing of B. dorsalis MAG/ED provides insights to facilitate further functional research of reproduction, immunity and molecular evolution of reproductive proteins in this important agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chuan-Bei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shi-Huo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fu-Xian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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18
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Proteome analysis of male accessory gland secretions in oriental fruit flies reveals juvenile hormone-binding protein, suggesting impact on female reproduction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16845. [PMID: 26582577 PMCID: PMC4652233 DOI: 10.1038/srep16845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, the accessory gland proteins (Acps) secreted by male accessory glands (MAGs) account for the majority of seminal fluids proteins. Mixed with sperm, they are transferred to the female at mating and so impact reproduction. In this project, we identified 2,927 proteins in the MAG secretions of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, an important agricultural pest worldwide, using LC-MS analysis, and all sequences containing open reading frames were analyzed using signalP. In total, 90 Acps were identified. About one third (26) of these 90 Acps had a specific functional description, while the other two thirds (64) had no functional description including dozens of new classes of proteins. Hence, several of these novel Acps were abundant in the MAG secretions, and we confirmed their MAG-specific expression by qPCR. Finally and interestingly, one of these novel proteins was functionally predicted as juvenile hormone-binding protein, suggesting the impact of Acps with reproductive events in the female. Our results will aid in the development of an experimental method to identify Acps in insects, and in turn this information with new Acps in B. dorsalis will pave the way of further exploration their function in reproduction and potential development as new insecticide targets.
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19
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Oppenheim SJ, Baker RH, Simon S, DeSalle R. We can't all be supermodels: the value of comparative transcriptomics to the study of non-model insects. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:139-54. [PMID: 25524309 PMCID: PMC4383654 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. Variation in gene expression lies at the heart of this biodiversity and recent advances in sequencing technology have spawned a revolution in researchers' ability to survey tissue-specific transcriptional complexity across a wide range of insect taxa. Increasingly, studies are using a comparative approach (across species, sexes and life stages) that examines the transcriptional basis of phenotypic diversity within an evolutionary context. In the present review, we summarize much of this research, focusing in particular on three critical aspects of insect biology: morphological development and plasticity; physiological response to the environment; and sexual dimorphism. A common feature that is emerging from these investigations concerns the dynamic nature of transcriptome evolution as indicated by rapid changes in the overall pattern of gene expression, the differential expression of numerous genes with unknown function, and the incorporation of novel, lineage-specific genes into the transcriptional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Oppenheim
- Department of Entomology, Division of Invertebrates, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY, USA
| | - Richard H Baker
- Department of Entomology, Division of Invertebrates, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Department of Entomology, Division of Invertebrates, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Robert DeSalle, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA. Tel.: 212-769-5670; e-mail:
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20
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Wei D, Li HM, Yang WJ, Wei DD, Dou W, Huang Y, Wang JJ. Transcriptome profiling of the testis reveals genes involved in spermatogenesis and marker discovery in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:41-57. [PMID: 25255964 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The testis is a highly specialized tissue that plays a vital role in ensuring fertility by producing spermatozoa, which are transferred to the female during mating. Spermatogenesis is a complex process, resulting in the production of mature sperm, and involves significant structural and biochemical changes in the seminiferous epithelium of the adult testis. The identification of genes involved in spermatogenesis of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is critical for a better understanding of its reproductive development. In this study, we constructed a cDNA library of testes from male B. dorsalis adults at different ages, and performed de novo transcriptome sequencing to produce a comprehensive transcript data set, using Illumina sequencing technology. The analysis yielded 52 016 732 clean reads, including a total of 4.65 Gb of nucleotides. These reads were assembled into 47 677 contigs (average 443 bp) and then clustered into 30 516 unigenes (average 756 bp). Based on BLAST hits with known proteins in different databases, 20 921 unigenes were annotated with a cut-off E-value of 10(-5). The transcriptome sequences were further annotated using the Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Orthology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Functional genes involved in spermatogenesis were analysed, including cell cycle proteins, metalloproteins, actin, and ubiquitin and antihyperthermia proteins. Several testis-specific genes were also identified. The transcripts database will help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis in B. dorsalis. Furthermore, 2913 simple sequence repeats and 151 431 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, which will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity of B. dorsalis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Meireles-Filho ACA, Kyriacou CP. Circadian rhythms in insect disease vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:48-58. [PMID: 24473802 PMCID: PMC4109179 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms from bacteria to humans have evolved under predictable daily environmental
cycles owing to the Earth’s rotation. This strong selection pressure has generated
endogenous circadian clocks that regulate many aspects of behaviour, physiology and
metabolism, anticipating and synchronising internal time-keeping to changes in the
cyclical environment. In haematophagous insect vectors the circadian clock
coordinates feeding activity, which is important for the dynamics of pathogen
transmission. We have recently witnessed a substantial advance in molecular studies
of circadian clocks in insect vector species that has consolidated behavioural data
collected over many years, which provided insights into the regulation of the clock
in the wild. Next generation sequencing technologies will facilitate the study of
vector genomes/transcriptomes both among and within species and illuminate some of
the species-specific patterns of adaptive circadian phenotypes that are observed in
the field and in the laboratory. In this review we will explore these recent findings
and attempt to identify potential areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Alves Meireles-Filho
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, Lausanne, Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charalambos Panayiotis Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK, Leicester, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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22
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Boes KE, Ribeiro JMC, Wong A, Harrington LC, Wolfner MF, Sirot LK. Identification and characterization of seminal fluid proteins in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2946. [PMID: 24945155 PMCID: PMC4063707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an important vector for pathogens that affect human health, including the viruses that cause dengue and Chikungunya fevers. It is also one of the world's fastest-spreading invasive species. For these reasons, it is crucial to identify strategies for controlling the reproduction and spread of this mosquito. During mating, seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) are transferred from male mosquitoes to females, and these Sfps modulate female behavior and physiology in ways that influence reproduction. Despite the importance of Sfps on female reproductive behavior in mosquitoes and other insects, the identity of Sfps in Ae. albopictus has not previously been reported. We used transcriptomics and proteomics to identify 198 Sfps in Ae. albopictus. We discuss possible functions of these Sfps in relation to Ae. albopictus reproduction-related biology. We additionally compare the sequences of these Sfps with proteins (including reported Sfps) in several other species, including Ae. aegypti. While only 72 (36.4%) of Ae. albopictus Sfps have putative orthologs in Ae. aegypti, suggesting low conservation of the complement of Sfps in these species, we find no evidence for an elevated rate of evolution or positive selection in the Sfps that are shared between the two Aedes species, suggesting high sequence conservation of those shared Sfps. Our results provide a foundation for future studies to investigate the roles of individual Sfps on feeding and reproduction in this mosquito. Functional analysis of these Sfps could inform strategies for managing the rate of pathogen transmission by Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Boes
- Department of Biology, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariana F. Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Sirot
- Department of Biology, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
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23
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Wagner G, Jardim R, Tschoeke DA, Loureiro DR, Ocaña KACS, Ribeiro ACB, Emmel VE, Probst CM, Pitaluga AN, Grisard EC, Cavalcanti MC, Campos MLM, Mattoso M, Dávila AMR. STINGRAY: system for integrated genomic resources and analysis. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:132. [PMID: 24606808 PMCID: PMC4015962 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The STINGRAY system has been conceived to ease the tasks of integrating, analyzing, annotating and presenting genomic and expression data from Sanger and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms. Findings STINGRAY includes: (a) a complete and integrated workflow (more than 20 bioinformatics tools) ranging from functional annotation to phylogeny; (b) a MySQL database schema, suitable for data integration and user access control; and (c) a user-friendly graphical web-based interface that makes the system intuitive, facilitating the tasks of data analysis and annotation. Conclusion STINGRAY showed to be an easy to use and complete system for analyzing sequencing data. While both Sanger and NGS platforms are supported, the system could be faster using Sanger data, since the large NGS datasets could potentially slow down the MySQL database usage. STINGRAY is available at
http://stingray.biowebdb.org and the open source code at
http://sourceforge.net/projects/stingray-biowebdb/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto M R Dávila
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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24
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Dias AKK, Bauzer LGSDR, Santos Dias DBD, Peixoto AA. Molecular analysis of an odorant-binding protein gene in two sympatric species of Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:88-91. [PMID: 24473807 PMCID: PMC4109184 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and occurs as a species complex. DNA samples from two Brazilian sympatric species that differ in pheromone and courtship song production were used to analyse molecular polymorphisms in an odorant-binding protein (obp29) gene. OBPs are proteins related to olfaction and are involved in activities fundamental to survival, such as foraging, mating and choice of oviposition site. In this study, the marker obp29 was found to be highly polymorphic in Lu. longipalpis s.l. , with no fixed differences observed between the two species. A pairwise fixation index test indicated a moderate level of genetic differentiation between the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Kerche Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Soares da Rocha Bauzer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Denise Borges dos Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Afranio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brasil, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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25
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Spiegel CN, Bretas JAC, Peixoto AA, Vigoder FM, Bruno RV, Soares MJ. Fine structure of the male reproductive system and reproductive behavior of Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74898. [PMID: 24058637 PMCID: PMC3772895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male reproductive system of insects can have several tissues responsible for the secretion of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), such as testes, accessory glands, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct and ejaculatory bulb. The SFPs are transferred during mating and can induce several physiological and behavioral changes in females, such as increase in oviposition and decrease in sexual receptivity after copulation. The phlebotomine Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Despite its medical importance, little is known about its reproductive biology. Here we present morphological aspects of the male L. longipalpis reproductive system by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and compare the mating frequency of both virgin and previously mated females. RESULTS The male L. longipalpis reproductive system is comprised by a pair of oval-shaped testes linked to a seminal vesicle by vasa deferentia. It follows an ejaculatory duct with an ejaculatory pump (a large bulb enveloped by muscles and associated to tracheas). The terminal endings of the vasa deferentia are inserted into the seminal vesicle by invaginations of the seminal vesicle wall, which is composed by a single layer of gland cells, with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum profiles and secretion granules. Our data suggest that the seminal vesicle acts both as a spermatozoa reservoir and as an accessory gland. Mating experiments support this hypothesis, revealing a decrease in mating frequency after copulation that indicates the effect of putative SFPs. CONCLUSION Ultrastructural features of the L. longipalpis male seminal vesicle indicated its possible role as an accessory gland. Behavioral observations revealed a reduction in mating frequency of copulated females. Together with transcriptome analyses from male sandfly reproductive organs identifying ESTs encoding orthologs of SFPs, these data indicate the presence of putative L. longipalpis SFPs reducing sexual mating frequency of copulated females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N. Spiegel
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge A. C. Bretas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular – CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Vigoder
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela V. Bruno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular – CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurilio J. Soares
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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McCarthy CB, Santini MS, Pimenta PFP, Diambra LA. First comparative transcriptomic analysis of wild adult male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58645. [PMID: 23554910 PMCID: PMC3595279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a complex epidemiology and ecology. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is its most severe clinical form as it results in death if not treated. In Latin America VL is caused by the protist parasite Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This phlebotomine sand fly is only found in the New World, from Mexico to Argentina. However, due to deforestation, migration and urbanisation, among others, VL in Latin America is undergoing an evident geographic expansion as well as dramatic changes in its transmission patterns. In this context, the first VL outbreak was recently reported in Argentina, which has already caused 7 deaths and 83 reported cases. Insect vector transcriptomic analyses enable the identification of molecules involved in the insect's biology and vector-parasite interaction. Previous studies on laboratory reared Lu. longipalpis have provided a descriptive repertoire of gene expression in the whole insect, midgut, salivary gland and male reproductive organs. Nevertheless, the study of wild specimens would contribute a unique insight into the development of novel bioinsecticides. Given the recent VL outbreak in Argentina and the compelling need to develop appropriate control strategies, this study focused on wild male and female Lu. longipalpis from an Argentine endemic (Posadas, Misiones) and a Brazilian non-endemic (Lapinha Cave, Minas Gerais) VL location. In this study, total RNA was extracted from the sand flies, submitted to sequence independent amplification and high-throughput pyrosequencing. This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive transcriptomic approach has been used to analyse an infectious disease vector in its natural environment. Transcripts identified in the sand flies showed characteristic profiles which correlated with the environment of origin and with taxa previously identified in these same specimens. Among these, various genes represented putative targets for vector control via RNA interference (RNAi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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González-Caballero N, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Cuervo P, Brazil RP. Transcriptome exploration of the sex pheromone gland of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:56. [PMID: 23497448 PMCID: PMC3632494 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecules involved in pheromone biosynthesis may represent alternative targets for insect population control. This may be particularly useful in managing the reproduction of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum in Latin America. Besides the chemical identity of the major components of the L. longipalpis sex pheromone, there is no information regarding the molecular biology behind its production. To understand this process, obtaining information on which genes are expressed in the pheromone gland is essential. METHODS In this study we used a transcriptomic approach to explore the pheromone gland and adjacent abdominal tergites in order to obtain substantial general sequence information. We used a laboratory-reared L. longipalpis (one spot, 9-Methyl GermacreneB) population, captured in Lapinha Cave, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil for this analysis. RESULTS From a total of 3,547 cDNA clones, 2,502 high quality sequences from the pheromone gland and adjacent tissues were obtained and assembled into 1,387 contigs. Through blast searches of public databases, a group of transcripts encoding proteins potentially involved in the production of terpenoid precursors were identified in the 4th abdominal tergite, the segment containing the pheromone gland. Among them, protein-coding transcripts for four enzymes of the mevalonate pathway such as 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate descarboxylase, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase were identified. Moreover, transcripts coding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase and NADP+ dependent farnesol dehydrogenase were also found in the same tergite. Additionally, genes potentially involved in pheromone transportation were identified from the three abdominal tergites analyzed. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first transcriptomic analysis exploring the repertoire of genes expressed in the tissue containing the L. longipalpis pheromone gland as well as the flanking tissues. Using a comparative approach, a set of molecules potentially present in the mevalonate pathway emerge as interesting subjects for further study regarding their association to pheromone biosynthesis. The sequences presented here may be used as a reference set for future research on pheromone production or other characteristics of pheromone communication in this insect. Moreover, some matches for transcripts of unknown function may provide fertile ground of an in-depth study of pheromone-gland specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia González-Caballero
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav, Leônidas Deane, Sala 213, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-360, Brasil
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Laflamme BA, Wolfner MF. Identification and function of proteolysis regulators in seminal fluid. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 80:80-101. [PMID: 23109270 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the seminal fluid of animals with internal fertilization effect numerous responses in mated females that impact both male and female fertility. Among these proteins is the highly represented class of proteolysis regulators (proteases and their inhibitors). Though proteolysis regulators have now been identified in the seminal fluid of all animals in which proteomic studies of the seminal fluid have been conducted (as well as several other species in which they have not), a unified understanding of the importance of proteolysis to male fertilization success and other reproductive processes has not yet been achieved. In this review, we provide an overview of the identification of proteolysis regulators in the seminal fluid of humans and Drosophila melanogaster, the two species with the most comprehensively known seminal fluid proteomes. We also highlight reports demonstrating the functional significance of specific proteolysis regulators in reproductive and post-mating processes. Finally, we make broad suggestions for the direction of future research into the roles of both active seminal fluid proteolysis regulators and their inactive homologs, another significant class of seminal fluid proteins. We hope that this review aids researchers in pursuing a coordinated study of the functional significance of proteolysis regulators in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Laflamme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703, USA
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Scolari F, Gomulski LM, Ribeiro JMC, Siciliano P, Meraldi A, Falchetto M, Bonomi A, Manni M, Gabrieli P, Malovini A, Bellazzi R, Aksoy S, Gasperi G, Malacrida AR. Transcriptional profiles of mating-responsive genes from testes and male accessory glands of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46812. [PMID: 23071645 PMCID: PMC3469604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect seminal fluid is a complex mixture of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, produced in the male reproductive tract. This seminal fluid is transferred together with the spermatozoa during mating and induces post-mating changes in the female. Molecular characterization of seminal fluid proteins in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is limited, although studies suggest that some of these proteins are biologically active. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report on the functional annotation of 5914 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the testes and male accessory glands, to identify transcripts encoding putative secreted peptides that might elicit post-mating responses in females. The ESTs were assembled into 3344 contigs, of which over 33% produced no hits against the nr database, and thus may represent novel or rapidly evolving sequences. Extraction of the coding sequences resulted in a total of 3371 putative peptides. The annotated dataset is available as a hyperlinked spreadsheet. Four hundred peptides were identified with putative secretory activity, including odorant binding proteins, protease inhibitor domain-containing peptides, antigen 5 proteins, mucins, and immunity-related sequences. Quantitative RT-PCR-based analyses of a subset of putative secretory protein-encoding transcripts from accessory glands indicated changes in their abundance after one or more copulations when compared to virgin males of the same age. These changes in abundance, particularly evident after the third mating, may be related to the requirement to replenish proteins to be transferred to the female. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have developed the first large-scale dataset for novel studies on functions and processes associated with the reproductive biology of Ceratitis capitata. The identified genes may help study genome evolution, in light of the high adaptive potential of the medfly. In addition, studies of male recovery dynamics in terms of accessory gland gene expression profiles and correlated remating inhibition mechanisms may permit the improvement of pest management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludvik M. Gomulski
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paolo Siciliano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Meraldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Falchetto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bonomi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mosè Manni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Malovini
- IRCCS, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bellazzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Giuliano Gasperi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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