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Evolutional transition of HBV genome during the persistent infection determined by single-molecule real-time sequencing. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0047. [PMID: 36848123 PMCID: PMC9974078 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although HBV infection is a serious health issue worldwide, the landscape of HBV genome dynamics in the host has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to determine the continuous genome sequence of each HBV clone using a single-molecule real-time sequencing platform, and clarify the dynamics of structural abnormalities during persistent HBV infection without antiviral therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five serum specimens were collected from 10 untreated HBV-infected patients. Continuous whole-genome sequencing of each clone was performed using a PacBio Sequel sequencer; the relationship between genomic variations and clinical information was analyzed. The diversity and phylogeny of the viral clones with structural variations were also analyzed. RESULTS The whole-genome sequences of 797,352 HBV clones were determined. The deletion was the most common structural abnormality and concentrated in the preS/S and C regions. Hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe)-negative samples or samples with high alanine aminotransferase levels have significantly diverse deletions than anti-HBe-positive samples or samples with low alanine aminotransferase levels. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that various defective and full-length clones evolve independently and form diverse viral populations. CONCLUSIONS Single-molecule real-time long-read sequencing revealed the dynamics of genomic quasispecies during the natural course of chronic HBV infections. Defective viral clones are prone to emerge under the condition of active hepatitis, and several types of defective variants can evolve independently of the viral clones with the full-length genome.
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2
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Japanese encephalitis virus live attenuated vaccine strains display altered immunogenicity, virulence and genetic diversity. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:112. [PMID: 34475404 PMCID: PMC8413339 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE). The most commonly used vaccine used to prevent JE is the live-attenuated strain SA14-14-2, which was generated by serial passage of the wild-type (WT) JEV strain SA14. Two other vaccine candidates, SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8 were derived from SA14. Both were shown to be attenuated but lacked sufficient immunogenicity to be considered effective vaccines. To better contrast the SA14-14-2 vaccine with its less-immunogenic counterparts, genetic diversity, ribavirin sensitivity, mouse virulence and mouse immunogenicity of the three vaccines were investigated. Next generation sequencing demonstrated that SA14-14-2 was significantly more diverse than both SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8, and was slightly less diverse than WT SA14. Notably, WT SA14 had unpredictable levels of diversity across its genome whereas SA14-14-2 is highly diverse, but genetic diversity is not random, rather the virus only tolerates variability at certain residues. Using Ribavirin sensitivity in vitro, it was found that SA14-14-2 has a lower fidelity replication complex compared to SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8. Mouse virulence studies showed that SA14-2-8 was the most virulent of the three vaccine strains while SA14-14-2 had the most favorable combination of safety (virulence) and immunogenicity for all vaccines tested. SA14-14-2 contains genetic diversity and sensitivity to the antiviral Ribavirin similar to WT parent SA14, and this genetic diversity likely explains the (1) differences in genomic sequences reported for SA14-14-2 and (2) the encoding of major attenuation determinants by the viral E protein.
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3
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Zou W, Qian F, Jin F, Li D, Chen J. Characterization of mutations in the reverse transcriptase region of hepatitis B virus in treated and untreated chronic hepatitis B patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:870-877. [PMID: 33236067 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the target of antiviral treatment. However, the discrepancy in RT mutations between nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-treated and -untreated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is un clear. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 119 NA-treated and 135 NA-untreated patients. The sampling time was decided by the clinician. Full-length HBV RT regions were amplified using nest polymerase chain reaction. The mutations within the RT region were analysed by direct sequencing. RESULTS The incidence of RT mutations in treated patients was higher than that in untreated patients (p<0.05). The classic drug-resistant mutations were detected in 44.5% (53/119) of treated patients, which was significantly higher than in untreated patients (6.7% [9/135]) (p<0.05). The non-classical mutations showed their complexity and diversity in both patient groups. Multiple mutations (three or more) were more frequent in treated patients than in untreated patients (p<0.05). Several novel mutations might be related to NA resistance. CONCLUSIONS The selection pressures of NAs accelerated the development of RT mutations, especially within the functional domain. Mutations in the RT region occurred not only at classical sites, but also at other non-classical sites, which might be related to drug resistance and/or viral replication. The biological function and fitness of HBV isolates harbouring these novel mutations need further in vitro and in vivo verification experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fuchu Qian
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Afridi SQ, Usman Z, Donakonda S, Wettengel JM, Velkov S, Beck R, Gerhard M, Knolle P, Frishman D, Protzer U, Moeini H, Hoffmann D. Prolonged norovirus infections correlate to quasispecies evolution resulting in structural changes of surface-exposed epitopes. iScience 2021; 24:102802. [PMID: 34355146 PMCID: PMC8324856 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed norovirus (NoV) evolution in sequential samples of six chronically infected patients. The capsid gene was amplified from stool samples, and deep sequencing was performed. The role of amino acid flexibility in structural changes and ligand binding was studied with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Concentrations of capsid-specific antibodies increased in sequential sera. Capsid sequences accumulated mutations during chronic infection, particularly in the surface-exposed antigenic epitopes A, D, and E. The number of quasispecies increased in infections lasting for >1 month. Interestingly, high genetic complexity and distances were followed by ongoing NoV replication, whereas lower genetic complexity and distances preceded cure. MD simulation revealed that surface-exposed amino acid substitutions of the P2 domain caused fluctuation of blockade epitopes. In conclusion, the capsid protein accumulates numerous mutations during chronic infection; however, only those on the protein surface change the protein structure substantially and may lead to immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Qadir Afridi
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Zainab Usman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Martin Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stoyan Velkov
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Beck
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral diseases, Universitäts Klinikum Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Hassan Moeini
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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Fu Y, Wu S, Hu Y, Chen T, Zeng Y, Liu C, Ou Q. Mutational characterization of HBV reverse transcriptase gene and the genotype-phenotype correlation of antiviral resistance among Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2381-2393. [PMID: 33124952 PMCID: PMC7605321 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1835446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims: The drug resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) originates from mutations within HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) region during the prolonged antiviral therapy. So far, the characteristics of how these mutations distribute and evolve in the process of therapy have not been clarified yet. Thus we aimed to investigate these characteristics and discuss their contributing factors. Methods: HBV RT region was direct-sequenced in 285 treatment-naive and 214 post-treatment patients. Mutational frequency and Shannon entropy were calculated to identify the specific mutations differing between genotypes or treatment status. A typical putative resistance mutation rtL229V was further studied using in-vitro susceptibility assays and molecular modeling. Results: The classical resistance mutations were rarely detected among treatment-naive individuals, while the putative resistance mutations were observed at 8 AA sites. rtV191I and rtA181T/V were the only resistance mutations identified as genotype-specific mutation. Selective pressure of drug usage not only contributed to the classical resistance mutations, but also induced the changes at a putative resistance mutation site rt229. rtL229V was the major substitution at the site of rt229. It contributed to the most potent suppression of viral replication and reduced the in-vitro drug susceptibility to entecavir (ETV) when coexisting with rtM204V, consistent with the hypothesis based on the molecular modeling and clinical data analysis. Conclusions: The analysis of mutations in RT region under the different circumstances of genotypes and therapy status might pave the way for a better understanding of resistance evolution, thus providing the basis for a rational administration of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songhang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianbin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Gene Diagnosis Research Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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High Prevalence of Preexisting HBV Polymerase Mutations in Pregnant Women Does Not Limit the Antiviral Therapy Efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6653546. [PMID: 33986897 PMCID: PMC8079218 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background HBV-resistant mutants in treatment-naïve patients may lead to antiviral treatment failure. It is not clear if HBV mutants are present in pregnant women and about the influence of the preexisting mutants on the short-term antiviral therapy during pregnancy. Method We enrolled 73 pregnant women with high HBV DNA load and telbivudine (TBV) treatment during pregnancy in this retrospective study. The UDPS was used to detect the HBV mutations before and after the TBV treatment. Results Before TBV treatment, the complexity of HBV quasispecies of all subjects was 0.40 ± 0.09; 41.1% (30/73) and 53.4% (39/73) subjects had rtM204I/V and rtN236 T/A detected, respectively; and 9.6% (7/73) patients had more than 20% frequency mutation of rtM204I/V, which was also similar with high frequency of rtN236 T/A mutation (41.1% vs. 53.4%, P=0.136; frequencies >20%: 9.6% vs. 5.5%, P=0.347). After TBV treatment, 71.2% (52/73) subjects had HBV DNA load ≥ 103 IU/mL at delivery. Among them, 75.0% of patients with rtM204I positive had HBV DNA load ≥103 IU/mL at delivery, which was comparable with the subjects without rtM204I (75.0% vs. 70.8%, P=0.710). No changes were found in the frequencies and the complexity of HBV quasispecies of rtM204I mutation after the TVB treatment. Conclusion The prevalence of preexisting drug-resistant mutations among pregnant women was high using UPDS. However, the preexisting HBV mutation had limited influence on the efficacy of short-term TBV treatment, and TBV treatment during late pregnancy seemed not to increase the risk of emerging HBV-resistant mutants.
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Qian F, Zou W, Jin F, Li D, Shen Y. Prevalence of Potential Resistance Related Variants Among Chinese Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Not Receiving Nucleos(T)ide Analogues. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2407-2416. [PMID: 32765014 PMCID: PMC7381783 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s249476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Potential drug resistance (DR) related variants in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase (RT) region may be associated with the effectiveness of antiviral drugs and disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of potential DR-related variants in Chinese CHB patients not receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). Patients and Methods Two hundred and six untreated CHB patients from Huzhou Central Hospital in eastern China were recruited for this study. The serum DNA was extracted and the HBV RT region was amplified using nest polymerase chain reaction (nest-PCR). The 42 potential DR-related variants were analyzed by direct sequencing. Results Among these CHB patients, HBV genotype B and genotype C were identified in 121 (58.7%) and 85 (41.3%) patients, respectively. Potential DR-related variants were detected in 42.7% (88/206) of patients. Primary and secondary DR variants were found in 7.3% (15/206) of patients, including rtL80I/V, rtI169T, rtV173L rtL180M, rtA181T/V, rtM204I/V, and rtN236T. The variants at rt53, rt82, rt221, rt233, rt237, and rt256 were specific for genotype B, and those at rt38, rt84, rt126, rt139, rt153, rt191, rt214, rt238, and rt242 were specific for genotype C. Moreover, the variation frequency in the A-B interdomain (3.96%) was significantly higher than that in the functional domains (1.17%) and non-A-B interdomains (1.11%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower HBV-DNA load (<106 IU/mL) was an independent factor associated with potential DR-related variants in untreated CHB patients (P <0.05). Conclusion Potential DR-related variants were frequent and complex in untreated Chinese CHB patients. Furthermore, the variants may contribute to decreased serum HBV-DNA loads. However, the effects of potential DR-related variants on the antiviral therapy and liver disease progression require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchu Qian
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Precision Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
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8
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Kum DB, Mishra N, Vrancken B, Thibaut HJ, Wilder-Smith A, Lemey P, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Limited evolution of the yellow fever virus 17d in a mouse infection model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1734-1746. [PMID: 31797751 PMCID: PMC6896426 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1694394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
By infecting mice with the yellow fever virus vaccine strain 17D (YFV-17D; Stamaril®), the dose dependence and evolutionary consequences of neurotropic yellow fever infection was assessed. Highly susceptible AG129 mice were used to allow for a maximal/unlimited expansion of the viral populations. Infected mice uniformly developed neurotropic disease; the virus was isolated from their brains, plaque purified and sequenced. Viral RNA populations were overall rather homogenous [Shannon entropies 0−0.15]. The remaining, yet limited intra-host population diversity (0−11 nucleotide exchanges per genome) appeared to be a consequence of pre-existing clonal heterogeneities (quasispecies) of Stamaril®. In parallel, mice were infected with a molecular clone of YFV-17D which was in vivo launched from a plasmid. Such plasmid-launched YFV-17D had a further reduced and almost clonal evolution. The limited intra-host evolution during unrestricted expansion in a highly susceptible host is relevant for vaccine and drug development against flaviviruses in general. Firstly, a propensity for limited evolution even upon infection with a (very) low inoculum suggests that fractional dosing as implemented in current YF-outbreak control may pose only a limited risk of reversion to pathogenic vaccine-derived virus variants. Secondly, it also largely lowers the chance of antigenic drift and development of resistance to antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Buh Kum
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.,Aligos Belgium, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niraj Mishra
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vrancken
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lemey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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Li Y, Shen C, Yang L, Yang Y, Wang M, Li S, Chen F, Yang M, Peng L, Ma J, Duan Z, Li L, Liu Y. Intra-host diversity of hepatitis B virus during mother-to-child transmission: the X gene may play a key role in virus survival in children after transmission. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1279-1288. [PMID: 32240369 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main route of transmission in Asia, and characterization of HBV quasispecies is needed to further understand virus evolution and adaptation. To understand changes in HBV during mother-to-child transmission, we enrolled nine pairs of mothers and children in the study, including a set of twins. Three groups were infected with HBV genotype C, and six groups were infected with HBV genotype B. The full-length HBV genome was amplified by PCR from serum samples before antiviral treatment, the whole viral genomes from each pair were sequenced, and the complexity and diversity of the quasispecies were analyzed. The entropy of transmitted HBV in children was found to be lower than their mothers, suggesting that there was a bottleneck effect during HBV transmission from the mother to the child. Selective evolution was shown by calculating πN and πS in the whole genomes, and the highest values were obtained for the X gene, which plays a role in viral replication and immune escape. All genotype C patients and only one genotype B pair had a πN/πS greater than 1 ratio, indicating that positive selection had occurred. In addition, quasispecies were found to be different between the twin children despite having the same mother, indicating that virus evolution is host-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, University of South China, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Shanqin Li
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Ling Peng
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and complicated liver diseases and artificial liver center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Liqiang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
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10
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Machine-learning based patient classification using Hepatitis B virus full-length genome quasispecies from Asian and European cohorts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18892. [PMID: 31827222 PMCID: PMC6906359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for the development of advanced liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The relative contribution of virological factors to disease progression has not been fully defined and tools aiding the deconvolution of complex patient virus profiles is an unmet clinical need. Variable viral mutant signatures develop within individual patients due to the low-fidelity replication of the viral polymerase creating 'quasispecies' populations. Here we present the first comprehensive survey of the diversity of HBV quasispecies through ultra-deep sequencing of the complete HBV genome across two distinct European and Asian patient populations. Seroconversion to the HBV e antigen (HBeAg) represents a critical clinical waymark in infected individuals. Using a machine learning approach, a model was developed to determine the viral variants that accurately classify HBeAg status. Serial surveys of patient quasispecies populations and advanced analytics will facilitate clinical decision support for chronic HBV infection and direct therapeutic strategies through improved patient stratification.
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11
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Collins ND, Widen SG, Li L, Swetnam DM, Shi PY, Tesh RB, Sarathy VV. Inter- and intra-lineage genetic diversity of wild-type Zika viruses reveals both common and distinctive nucleotide variants and clusters of genomic diversity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1126-1138. [PMID: 31355708 PMCID: PMC6711133 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1645572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) strains belong to the East African, West African, and Asian/American phylogenetic lineages. RNA viruses, like ZIKV, exist as populations of genetically-related sequences whose heterogeneity may impact viral fitness, evolution, and virulence. Genetic diversity of representative ZIKVs from each lineage was examined using next generation sequencing (NGS) paired with downstream entropy and single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. Comparisons showed that inter-lineage diversity was statistically supported, while intra-lineage diversity. Intra-lineage diversity was significant for East but not West Africa strains. Furthermore, intra-lineage diversity for the Asian/American lineage was not supported for human serum isolates; however, a placenta isolate differed significantly. Relative in the pre-membrane/membrane (prM/M) gene of several ZIKV strains. Additionally, the East African lineage contained a greater number of synonymous SNVs, while a greater number of non-synonymous SNVs were identified for American strains. Further, inter-lineage SNVs were dispersed throughout the genome, whereas intra-lineage non-synonymous SNVs for Asian/American strains clustered within prM/M and NS1 gene. This comprehensive analysis of ZIKV genetic diversity provides a repository of SNV positions across lineages. We posit that increased non-synonymous SNV populations and increased relative genetic diversity of the prM/M and NS1 proteins provides more evidence for their role in ZIKV virulence and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Collins
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Li Li
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Daniele M Swetnam
- d Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine at University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA.,e Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
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12
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Japanese encephalitis vaccine-specific envelope protein E138K mutation does not attenuate virulence of West Nile virus. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:50. [PMID: 31839996 PMCID: PMC6895119 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) are closely related, mosquito-borne neurotropic flaviviruses. Although there are no licensed human vaccines for WNV, JEV has multiple human vaccines, including the live, attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2. Investigations into determinants of attenuation of JE SA14-14-2 demonstrated that envelope (E) protein mutation E138K was crucial to the attenuation of mouse virulence. As WNV is closely related to JEV, we investigated whether or not the E-E138K mutation would be beneficial to be included in a candidate live attenuated WNV vaccine. Rather than conferring a mouse attenuated phenotype, the WNV E-E138K mutant reverted and retained a wild-type mouse virulence phenotype. Next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated that, although the consensus sequence of the mutant had the E-E138K mutation, there was increased variation in the E protein, including a single-nucleotide variant (SNV) revertant to the wild-type glutamic acid residue. Modeling of the E protein and analysis of SNVs showed that reversion was likely due to the inability of critical E-protein residues to be compatible electrostatically. Therefore, this mutation may not be reliable for inclusion in candidate live attenuated vaccines in related flaviviruses, such as WNV, and care must be taken in translation of attenuating mutations from one virus to another virus, even if they are closely related. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related neurotropic viruses—a live attenuated vaccine exists for JEV but not for WNV. A team led by Alan D.T. Barrett at the University of Texas investigated whether a key E-protein mutation (E138K) in the live attenuated JEV vaccine can also attenuate a candidate live WNV vaccine. The mutant WNV vaccine shows essentially identical behavior to the virulent parental strain in vitro but unexpectedly also has unimpaired lethality and neurotropism when mice are challenged intraperitoneally. Sequencing of the mutant WNV vaccine demonstrated increased frequencies of single-nucleotide variants clustered around residue 138—including reversion to the parental strain glutamic acid. E138K mutation is therefore unlikely to be a reliable means to attenuate candidate WNV vaccines.
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13
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Usman Z, Mijočević H, Karimzadeh H, Däumer M, Al-Mathab M, Bazinet M, Frishman D, Vaillant A, Roggendorf M. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen quasispecies during REP 2139-Ca therapy in HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:1454-1464. [PMID: 31323705 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection results in various clinical manifestations due to different levels of immune response. In recent years, hepatitis B treatment has improved by long-term administration of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) and peg-interferon. Nucleic acid polymers (NAPs; REP 2139-Ca and REP 2139-Mg) are new antiviral drugs that block the assembly of subviral particles, thus preventing the release of HBsAg and allowing its clearance and restoration of functional control of infection when combined with various immunotherapies. In the REP 102 study (NCT02646189), 9 of 12 patients showed substantial reduction of HBsAg and seroconversion to anti-HBs in response to REP 2139-Ca, whereas 3 of 12 patients did not show responses (>1 log reduction of HBsAg and HBV DNA from baseline). We characterized the dynamic changes of HBV quasispecies (QS) within the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the 'pre-S/S' open reading frame including the 'a' determinant in responders and nonresponders of the REP 102 study and four untreated matched controls. HBV QS complexity at baseline varied slightly between responders and nonresponders (P = .28). However, these responders showed significant decline in viral complexity (P = .001) as REP 2139-Ca therapy progressed but no significant change in complexity was observed among the nonresponders (P = .99). The MHR mutations were more frequently observed in responders than in nonresponders and matched controls. No mutations were observed in 'a' determinant of major QS population which may interfere with the detection of HBsAg by diagnostic assays. No specific mutations were found within the MHR which could explain patients' poor HBsAg response during REP 2139-Ca therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Usman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Däumer
- Institute of Immunology and Genetics, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mamun Al-Mathab
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, RASA research center, St Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Attenuation of Live-Attenuated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine Virus Is Localized to a High-Fidelity Replication Complex. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02294-19. [PMID: 31641088 PMCID: PMC6805994 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02294-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated viral vaccines are highly safe and efficacious but represent complex and often multigenic attenuation mechanisms. Most of these vaccines have been generated empirically by serial passaging of a wild-type (WT) virus in cell culture. One of the safest and most effective live-attenuated vaccines is yellow fever (YF) virus strain 17D, which has been used for over 80 years to control YF disease. The availability of the WT parental strain of 17D, Asibi virus, and large quantities of clinical data showing the effectiveness of the 17D vaccine make this WT parent/vaccine pair an excellent model for investigating RNA virus attenuation. Here, we investigate a mechanism of 17D attenuation and show that the vaccine virus is resistant to the antiviral compound ribavirin. The findings suggest that attenuation is in part due to a low probability of reversion or mutation of the vaccine virus genome to WT, thus maintaining a stable genotype despite external pressures. The molecular basis of attenuation for live-attenuated vaccines is poorly understood. The yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine virus was derived from the wild-type, parental strain Asibi virus by serial passage in chicken tissue and has proven to be a very safe and efficacious vaccine. We have previously shown that wild-type Asibi is a typical RNA virus with high genetic diversity, while the 17D vaccine virus has very little genetic diversity. To investigate this further, we treated Asibi and 17D viruses with ribavirin, a GTP analog with strong antiviral activity that increases levels of mutations in the viral genome. As expected, ribavirin treatment introduced mutations into the Asibi virus genome at a very high frequency and decreased viral infectivity while, in contrast, the 17D vaccine virus was resistant to ribavirin, as treatment with the antiviral introduced very few mutations into the genome, and viral infectivity was not lost. The results were confirmed for another YF wild-type parental and vaccine pair, a wild-type French viscerotropic virus and French neurotropic vaccine. Using recombinant Asibi and 17D viruses, ribavirin sensitivity was located to viral nonstructural genes. Thus, two live-attenuated YF vaccine viruses are genetically stable even under intense mutagenic pressure, suggesting that attenuation of live-attenuated YF vaccines is due, at least in part, to fidelity of the replication complex resulting in high genetic stability.
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15
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Anastasiou OE, Theissen M, Verheyen J, Bleekmann B, Wedemeyer H, Widera M, Ciesek S. Clinical and Virological Aspects of HBV Reactivation: A Focus on Acute Liver Failure. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090863. [PMID: 31527514 PMCID: PMC6784066 DOI: 10.3390/v11090863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in immunosuppressed patients can cause considerable morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to evaluate factors associated with acute liver failure (ALF) in HBV reactivation. Clinical, laboratory, and virological data of 87 patients with HBV reactivation were analyzed retrospectively. Teno torque virus (TTV) plasma loads were measured as a measure of immune competence. HBV genomes isolated from 47 patients were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. A functional analysis of identified HBsAg mutants was performed. In patients with ALF the diagnosis was significantly later confirmed than in the non-ALF group. Patients diagnosed during immunosuppression had a milder clinical course compared to later diagnosed patients (p = 0.018, OR = 4.17). TTV viral loads did not differ significantly between the two groups. The HBV genomes isolated from ALF patients had higher viral complexity. A mutation in C-region of HBsAg (L216*), was associated with reduced HBsAg production and secretion. Patients diagnosed with HBV reactivation during immunosuppression had a milder clinical course compared to patients diagnosed during immune reconstitution. ALF was associated with higher viral complexity. An HBsAg mutation (L216*) was found to be more frequent in ALF patients and was associated with reduced HBsAg production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia E Anastasiou
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Theissen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jens Verheyen
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Bleekmann
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Whole Genome Sequencing of A(H3N2) Influenza Viruses Reveals Variants Associated with Severity during the 2016⁻2017 Season. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020108. [PMID: 30695992 PMCID: PMC6410005 DOI: 10.3390/v11020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause a remarkable disease burden and significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and these impacts vary between seasons. To understand the mechanisms associated with these differences, a comprehensive approach is needed to characterize the impact of influenza genomic traits on the burden of disease. During 2016–2017, a year with severe A(H3N2), we sequenced 176 A(H3N2) influenza genomes using next generation sequencing (NGS) for routine surveillance of circulating influenza viruses collected via the French national influenza community-based surveillance network or from patients hospitalized in the intensive care units of the University Hospitals of Lyon, France. Taking into account confounding factors, sequencing and clinical data were used to identify genomic variants and quasispecies associated with influenza severity or vaccine failure. Several amino acid substitutions significantly associated with clinical traits were found, including NA V263I and NS1 K196E which were associated with severity and co-occurred only in viruses from the 3c.2a1 clade. Additionally, we observed that intra-host diversity as a whole and on a specific set of gene segments increased with severity. These results support the use of whole genome sequencing as a tool for the identification of genetic traits associated with severe influenza in the context of influenza surveillance.
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17
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Barbezange C, Jones L, Blanc H, Isakov O, Celniker G, Enouf V, Shomron N, Vignuzzi M, van der Werf S. Seasonal Genetic Drift of Human Influenza A Virus Quasispecies Revealed by Deep Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2596. [PMID: 30429836 PMCID: PMC6220372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a pandemic wave in 2009 following their introduction in the human population, the H1N1pdm09 viruses replaced the previously circulating, pre-pandemic H1N1 virus and, along with H3N2 viruses, are now responsible for the seasonal influenza type A epidemics. So far, the evolutionary potential of influenza viruses has been mainly documented by consensus sequencing data. However, like other RNA viruses, influenza A viruses exist as a population of diverse, albeit related, viruses, or quasispecies. Interest in this quasispecies nature has increased with the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies that allow a more in-depth study of the genetic variability. NGS deep sequencing methodologies were applied to determine the whole genome genetic heterogeneity of the three categories of influenza A viruses that circulated in humans between 2007 and 2012 in France, directly from clinical respiratory specimens. Mutation frequencies and single nucleotide polymorphisms were used for comparisons to address the level of natural intrinsic heterogeneity of influenza A viruses. Clear differences in single nucleotide polymorphism profiles between seasons for a given subtype also revealed the constant genetic drift that human influenza A virus quasispecies undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Barbezange
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot–Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Louis Jones
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot–Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, The Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Ofer Isakov
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gershon Celniker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot–Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot–Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
With the advent of advanced sequencing technology, studies of RNA viruses have shown that genetic diversity can contribute to both attenuation and virulence and the paradigm is that this is controlled by the error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Since wild-type yellow fever virus (YFV) strain Asibi has genetic diversity typical of a wild-type RNA virus, while 17D virus vaccine has limited diversity, it provides a unique opportunity to investigate RNA population theory in the context of a well-characterized live attenuated vaccine. Utilizing infectious clone-derived viruses, we show that genetic diversity of RNA viruses is complex and that multiple genes, including structural genes and NS2B and NS4B genes also contribute to genetic diversity. We suggest that the replication complex as a whole, rather than only RdRp, drives genetic diversity, at least for YFV. One paradigm to explain the complexity of viral RNA populations is that the low fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) drives high mutation rates and consequently genetic diversity. Like most RNA viruses, wild-type yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is error-prone due to the lack of proofreading by the virus-encoded RdRp. However, there is evidence that replication of the live attenuated YF vaccine virus 17D, derived from wild-type strain Asibi, is less error-prone than wild-type RNA viruses. Recent studies comparing the genetic diversity of wild-type Asibi and 17D vaccine virus found that wild-type Asibi has the typical heterogeneous population of an RNA virus, while there is limited intra- and interpopulation variability of 17D vaccine virus. Utilizing chimeric and mutant infectious clone-derived viruses, we show that high and low genetic diversity profiles of wild-type Asibi virus and vaccine virus 17D, respectively, are multigenic. Introduction of either structural (pre-membrane and envelope) genes or NS2B or NS4B substitutions into the Asibi and 17D backbone resulted in altered variant population, nucleotide diversity, and mutation frequency compared to the parental viruses. Additionally, changes in genetic diversity of the chimeric and mutant viruses correlated with the phenotype of multiplication kinetics in human alveolar A549 cells. Overall, the paradigm that only the error-prone RdRp controls genetic diversity needs to be expanded to address the role of other genes in genetic diversity, and we hypothesize that it is the replication complex as a whole and not the RdRp alone that controls genetic diversity.
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19
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Wu IC, Liu WC, Chang TT. Applications of next-generation sequencing analysis for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma-associated hepatitis B virus mutations. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:51. [PMID: 29859540 PMCID: PMC5984823 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful and high-throughput method for the detection of viral mutations. This article provides a brief overview about optimization of NGS analysis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations, and hepatocarcinogenesis of relevant mutations. MAIN BODY For the application of NGS analysis in the genome of HBV, four noteworthy steps were discovered in testing. First, a sample-specific reference sequence was the most effective mapping reference for NGS. Second, elongating the end of reference sequence improved mapping performance at the end of the genome. Third, resetting the origin of mapping reference sequence could probed deletion mutations and variants at a certain location with common mutations. Fourth, using a platform-specific cut-off value to distinguish authentic minority variants from technical artifacts was found to be highly effective. One hundred and sixty-seven HBV single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were found to be studied previously through a systematic literature review, and 12 SNVs were determined to be associated with HCC by meta-analysis. From comprehensive research using a HBV genome-wide NGS analysis, 60 NGS-defined HCC-associated SNVs with their pathogenic frequencies were identified, with 19 reported previously. All the 12 HCC-associated SNVs proved by meta-analysis were confirmed by NGS analysis, except for C1766T and T1768A which were mainly expressed in genotypes A and D, but including the subgroup analysis of A1762T. In the 41 novel NGS-defined HCC-associated SNVs, 31.7% (13/41) had cut-off values of SNV frequency lower than 20%. This showed that NGS could be used to detect HCC-associated SNVs with low SNV frequency. Most SNV II (the minor strains in the majority of non-HCC patients) had either low (< 20%) or high (> 80%) SNV frequencies in HCC patients, a characteristic U-shaped distribution pattern. The cut-off values of SNV frequency for HCC-associated SNVs represent their pathogenic frequencies. The pathogenic frequencies of HCC-associated SNV II also showed a U-shaped distribution. Hepatocarcinogenesis induced by HBV mutated proteins through cellular pathways was reviewed. CONCLUSION NGS analysis is useful to discover novel HCC-associated HBV SNVs, especially those with low SNV frequency. The hepatocarcinogenetic mechanisms of novel HCC-associated HBV SNVs defined by NGS analysis deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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20
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Choi YM, Lee SY, Kim BJ. Naturally occurring hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase mutations related to potential antiviral drug resistance and liver disease progression. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1708-1724. [PMID: 29713126 PMCID: PMC5922991 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual number of deaths caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is estimated as 887000. The reported prevalence of HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation prior to treatment is varied and the impact of preexisting mutations on the treatment of naïve patients remains controversial, and primarily depends on geographic factors, HBV genotypes, HBeAg serostatus, HBV viral loads, disease progression, intergenotypic recombination and co-infection with HIV. Different sensitivity of detection methodology used could also affect their prevalence results. Several genotype-dependent HBV RT positions that can affect the emergence of drug resistance have also been reported. Eight mutations in RT (rtL80I, rtD134N, rtN139K/T/H, rtY141F, rtM204I/V, rtF221Y, rtI224V, and rtM309K) are significantly associated with HCC progression. HBeAg-negative status, low viral load, and genotype C infection are significantly related to a higher frequency and prevalence of preexisting RT mutations. Preexisting mutations are most frequently found in the A-B interdomain of RT which overlaps with the HBsAg “a” determinant region, mutations of which can lead to simultaneous viral immune escape. In conclusion, the presence of baseline RT mutations can affect drug treatment outcomes and disease progression in HBV-infected populations via modulation of viral fitness and host-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
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21
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Zhang X, Li M, Xi H, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xu X. Pre-existing mutations related to tenofovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue drugs treatment by ultra-deep pyrosequencing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70264-70275. [PMID: 27602500 PMCID: PMC5342551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The dynamics of resistance-associated mutations under combination therapy were explored. Methods A total of 46 patients were classified into adefovir (n=14) and entecavir (n=32) groups. In the adefovir (ADV) group, six patients receiving combined therapy were DNA-positive after more than 3 years of therapy. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing was used to analyze the dynamics of multi-drugs resistance mutations. Results At baseline, all 46 treatment-naïve patients harbored rtA181V/T substitutions (1.2%-4.6%) and rtN236T substitutions (1.6%-6.1%). In the ADV group, eight patients with long-term treatment were consecutively HBV DNA-positive for more than 3 years. During treatment, the rtA181T resistance-associated site appeared with increasing frequency in six of eight patients (NOs. 1-6), and two patients (NOs.4 and 8) carrying the rtA181T resistance mutations increasingly showed high levels of rtN236T. One patient (NO. 8) experienced virological breakthrough. Other known pre-existing mutations showed no dynamic fluctuations, including in rtA194T, rtP177G, rtF249A, and rtD263E. In addition to the common substitutions, some previously unknown amino acid substitutions, such as rtD134N, rtL145M/S, rtF151Y/L, rtR153Q, and rtS223A, should be further studied. Conclusions HBV-resistance substitutions conferring to nucleoside analogs are present at baseline. The dynamics of the HBV RT-region quasispecies variation are heterogeneous and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Minran Li
- Division of Liver Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050023, China
| | - Hongli Xi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Renwen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
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22
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Rajoriya N, Combet C, Zoulim F, Janssen HLA. How viral genetic variants and genotypes influence disease and treatment outcome of chronic hepatitis B. Time for an individualised approach? J Hepatol 2017; 67:1281-1297. [PMID: 28736138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global problem. Several HBV genotypes exist with different biology and geographical prevalence. Whilst the future aim of HBV treatment remains viral eradication, current treatment strategies aim to suppress the virus and prevent the progression of liver disease. Current strategies also involve identification of patients for treatment, namely those at risk of progressive liver disease. Identification of HBV genotype, HBV mutants and other predictive factors allow for tailoured treatments, and risk-surveillance pathways, such as hepatocellular cancer screening. In the future, these factors may enable stratification not only of treatment decisions, but also of patients at risk of higher relapse rates when current therapies are discontinued. Newer technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, to assess drug-resistant or immune escape variants and quasi-species heterogeneity in patients, may allow for more information-based treatment decisions between the clinician and the patient. This article serves to discuss how HBV genotypes and genetic variants impact not only upon the disease course and outcomes, but also current treatment strategies. Adopting a personalised genotypic approach may play a role in future strategies to combat the disease. Herein, we discuss new technologies that may allow more informed decision-making for response guided therapy in the battle against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rajoriya
- Toronto Centre for Liver Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Christophe Combet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69XXX, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69XXX, France; Department of Hepatology, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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23
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Bayliss J, Yuen L, Rosenberg G, Wong D, Littlejohn M, Jackson K, Gaggar A, Kitrinos KM, Subramanian GM, Marcellin P, Buti M, Janssen HLA, Gane E, Sozzi V, Colledge D, Hammond R, Edwards R, Locarnini S, Thompson A, Revill PA. Deep sequencing shows that HBV basal core promoter and precore variants reduce the likelihood of HBsAg loss following tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gut 2017; 66:2013-2023. [PMID: 27534671 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss are important clinical outcomes for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treated with antiviral therapy. To date, there have been few studies that have evaluated viral sequence markers predicting serological response to nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) treatment. DESIGN We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) and quantitative HBV serology (HBeAg and HBsAg) to identify viral sequence markers associated with serological response to long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy among HBeAg-positive patients. In the GS-US-174-0103 study, approximately half the patients seroconverted to anti-HBe by week 192 and 11% of patients exhibited HBsAg loss, the closest outcome to functional cure. The frequency of HBV variants that have previously been associated with HBV clinical outcomes was evaluated. HBV viral diversity in baseline sequences generated by NGS was calculated using Shannon entropy. RESULTS NGS analysis of HBV sequences from 157 patients infected with genotypes A to D showed the frequency of variants in the basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions varied by genotype and that these mutations were associated with the absence of HBsAg loss. This was the case even when mutations were present at frequencies below the threshold of detection by population sequencing. Increased viral diversity across the HBV genome as determined by NGS was also associated with reduced likelihood of HBsAg loss. CONCLUSION Patients with detectable BCP and/or PC variants and higher viral diversity have a lower probability of HBsAg loss during long-term NA therapy. Strategies to achieve functional cure of HBV infection through combination therapy should consider using NGS to stratify patients according to BCP/PC sequence. Consideration should also be given to earlier initiation of therapy prior to the emergence of BCP/PC variants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00116805; Post result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Bayliss
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lilly Yuen
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillian Rosenberg
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren Wong
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen Jackson
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Valle d'Hebron (Ciberehd) University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Center for Liver Diseases, Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vitina Sozzi
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danni Colledge
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Hammond
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosalind Edwards
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A Revill
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Xu X, Xiang K, Su M, Li Y, Ji W, Li Y, Zhuang H, Li T. HBV Drug Resistance Substitutions Existed before the Clinical Approval of Nucleos(t)ide Analogues: A Bioinformatic Analysis by GenBank Data Mining. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080199. [PMID: 28749433 PMCID: PMC5580456 DOI: 10.3390/v9080199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance (NUCr) substitution frequencies in the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied extensively after the clinical approval of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs; year of approval 1998). We aimed to study NUCr substitutions in HBV RT sequences obtained before 1998 and better understand the evolution of RT sequences without NUC pressures. Our strategy was to retrieve HBV sequences from GenBank deposited before 1998. The initial search used the keywords "hepatitis B virus" or "HBV" and 1139 sequences were found. Data analyses included information extraction: sequence quality control and amino acid substitution analysis on 8 primary NUCr and 3 secondary substitution codons. Three hundred and ninety-four RT-containing sequences of 8 genotypes from 25 countries in 4 continents were selected. Twenty-seven (6.9%) sequences were found to harbor substitutions at NUCr-related codons. Secondary substitutions (rtL80V and rtV173G/A/L) occurred more frequently than primary NUCr substitutions (rtI169L; rtA181G; T184A/S; rtS202T/R; rtM204L and rtM250K). Typical amino acid substitutions associated with NUCr were of rtL80V, rtV173L and rtT184A/S. We confirm the presence of naturally occurring typical HBV NUCr substitutions with very low frequencies, and secondary substitutions are more likely to occur than primary NUCr substitutions without the selective pressure of NUCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Mingze Su
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yutang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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25
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Jansen L, Welkers MRA, van Dort KA, Takkenberg RB, Lopatin U, Zaaijer HL, de Jong MD, Reesink HW, Kootstra NA. Viral minority variants in the core promoter and precore region identified by deep sequencing are associated with response to peginterferon and adefovir in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:87-95. [PMID: 28754258 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations are associated with responses to interferon-based treatment in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Here, we identify viral minority variants in these regions and assess association with response to peginterferon-alfa (Peg-IFN) and adefovir combination therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ultra-deep pyrosequencing analysis of the BCP and PC region was performed for 89 CHB patients (42 HBeAg-positive; 47 HBeAg-negative), at baseline and during treatment. Specifically, associations of individual positions with the HBeAg-negative phenotype were studied, as well as the association of the most prevalent mutations with combined response in HBeAg-positive and -negative patients at week 72 (HBeAg negativity, HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL and ALT normalization at 24 weeks of treatment-free follow-up). RESULTS The mutations most strongly correlated with the HBeAg-negative phenotype were at positions 1762/1764 and 1896/1899 in the BCP and PC region, respectively. No major changes in nucleotide composition of these positions were observed during treatment. In HBeAg-negative patients, a combined presence of 1764A and 1896A was correlated with lower ALT levels (p = 0.004), whereas the presence of 1899A was correlated with higher age (p = 0.030), lower HBV-DNA level (p = 0.036), and previous IFN therapy (p = 0.032). The presence of 1764A/1896A or the absence of 1899A at baseline, was associated with lower response rates, after adjustment for HBV genotype (p = 0.031 and p = 0.017) and HBsAg level (p = 0.035 and p = 0.022). CONCLUSION We identified novel correlations between common BCP and PC variants with response to Peg-IFN and adefovir in HBeAg-negative patients. Ultimately, this may guide the selection of those patients most likely to benefit from Peg-IFN-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jansen
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Experimental Immunology, AMC, UvA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - R Bart Takkenberg
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uri Lopatin
- Assembly Pharmaceuticals, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Hendrik W Reesink
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Experimental Immunology, AMC, UvA, The Netherlands
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26
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Evolution of multi-drug resistant HCV clones from pre-existing resistant-associated variants during direct-acting antiviral therapy determined by third-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45605. [PMID: 28361915 PMCID: PMC5374541 DOI: 10.1038/srep45605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance-associated variant (RAV) is one of the most significant clinical challenges in treating HCV-infected patients with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). We investigated the viral dynamics in patients receiving DAAs using third-generation sequencing technology. Among 283 patients with genotype-1b HCV receiving daclatasvir + asunaprevir (DCV/ASV), 32 (11.3%) failed to achieve sustained virological response (SVR). Conventional ultra-deep sequencing of HCV genome was performed in 104 patients (32 non-SVR, 72 SVR), and detected representative RAVs in all non-SVR patients at baseline, including Y93H in 28 (87.5%). Long contiguous sequences spanning NS3 to NS5A regions of each viral clone in 12 sera from 6 representative non-SVR patients were determined by third-generation sequencing, and showed the concurrent presence of several synonymous mutations linked to resistance-associated substitutions in a subpopulation of pre-existing RAVs and dominant isolates at treatment failure. Phylogenetic analyses revealed close genetic distances between pre-existing RAVs and dominant RAVs at treatment failure. In addition, multiple drug-resistant mutations developed on pre-existing RAVs after DCV/ASV in all non-SVR cases. In conclusion, multi-drug resistant viral clones at treatment failure certainly originated from a subpopulation of pre-existing RAVs in HCV-infected patients. Those RAVs were selected for and became dominant with the acquisition of multiple resistance-associated substitutions under DAA treatment pressure.
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27
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Long QX, Hu JL, Huang AL. Deep Sequencing of the Hepatitis B Virus Genome: Analysis of Multiple Samples by Implementation of the Illumina Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1540:211-218. [PMID: 27975319 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6700-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quasispecies variation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was believed to be a viral response to antiviral treatment and host immune pressure. Sanger sequencing was previously the classic approach for quasispecies analysis, but this method was also time-consuming and laborious. Ultra-deep sequencing has been widely used in viral quasispecies research, especially for low-frequency mutation detection. Here we present a multiple samples deep sequencing method employing the Illumina platform to detect HBV quasispecies variation in patient-derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Xin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Medical Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Medical Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Medical Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.
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28
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Deep-Sequence Identification and Role in Virus Replication of a JC Virus Quasispecies in Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01335-16. [PMID: 27795410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01335-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a DNA virus causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunodeficient patients. In the present study, 22 genetic quasispecies with more than 1.5% variant frequency were detected in JCV genomes from six clinical samples of PML by next-generation sequencing. A mutation from A to C at nucleotide (nt) 3495 in JCV Mad1 resulting in a V-to-G amino acid substitution at amino acid (aa) position 392 of the large T antigen (TAg) was identified in all six cases of PML at 3% to 19% variant frequencies. Transfection of JCV Mad1 DNA possessing the V392G substitution in TAg into IMR-32 and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells resulted in dramatically decreased production of JCV-encoded proteins. The virus DNA copy number was also reduced in supernatants of the mutant virus-transfected cells. Transfection of the IMR-32 and HEK293 cells with a virus genome containing a revertant mutation recovered viral production and protein expression. Cotransfection with equal amounts of wild-type genome and mutated JCV genome did not reduce the expression of viral proteins or viral replication, suggesting that the mutation did not have any dominant-negative function. Finally, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TAg was expressed in all six pathological samples in which the quasispecies were detected. In conclusion, the V392G amino acid substitution in TAg identified frequently in PML lesions has a function in suppressing JCV replication, but the frequency of the mutation was restricted and its role in PML lesions was limited. IMPORTANCE DNA viruses generally have lower mutation frequency than RNA viruses, and the detection of quasispecies in JCV has rarely been reported. In the present study, a next-generation sequencer identified a JCV quasispecies with an amino acid substitution in the T antigen in patients with PML. In vitro studies showed that the mutation strongly repressed the expression of JC viral proteins and reduced the viral replication. However, because the frequency of the mutation was low in each case, the total expression of virus proteins was sustained in vivo. Thus, JC virus replicates in PML lesions in the presence of a mutant virus which is able to repress virus replication.
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Dong H, Zhou B, Kang H, Jin W, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Sun J, Wang S, Zhao G, Hou J, He Y. Small surface antigen variants of HBV associated with responses to telbivudine treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients. Antivir Ther 2016; 22:43-51. [PMID: 27583985 DOI: 10.3851/imp3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues are widely used to treat chronic HBV infection, but drug resistance is common. The role of HBV surface gene variants in drug resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues is unknown. We are trying to investigate the dynamics of S gene mutations and how they relate to a patient's virological response in this study. METHODS Thirty patients with chronic hepatitis B were enrolled and serum samples were collected at multiple time points during treatment with telbivudine (LdT). The coding regions of the small surface antigen (S-HBsAg) were amplified and sequenced using the 454 GS FLX+ System. RESULTS Sequencing results revealed different dynamics of non-synonymous mutations, such as sL9P, sN40S, sG44E, sW172*, sW182* and sS187F, between patients with a complete virological response and those with a partial virological response. The viral population heterogeneity decreased at week 12 of LdT treatment in patients with a complete virological response, with a concomitant decline in non-synonymous mutations (from an average of 14 to 9.9 per sample) and an increase in the frequencies of major variants (from 14.3% to 40.4%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the decrease in viral population heterogeneity at an early stage of LdT treatment was associated with the subsequent optimal virological response, and the early appearance of some specific mutations, such as sG44E, sW172* and sW182*, is a potential indicator of a partial virological response in continuing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weirong Jin
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Shenyou Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Shanghai Shenyou Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyue Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yungang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Gregori J, Perales C, Rodriguez-Frias F, Esteban JI, Quer J, Domingo E. Viral quasispecies complexity measures. Virology 2016; 493:227-37. [PMID: 27060566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutant spectrum dynamics (changes in the related mutants that compose viral populations) has a decisive impact on virus behavior. The several platforms of next generation sequencing (NGS) to study viral quasispecies offer a magnifying glass to study viral quasispecies complexity. Several parameters are available to quantify the complexity of mutant spectra, but they have limitations. Here we critically evaluate the information provided by several population diversity indices, and we propose the introduction of some new ones used in ecology. In particular we make a distinction between incidence, abundance and function measures of viral quasispecies composition. We suggest a multidimensional approach (complementary information contributed by adequately chosen indices), propose some guidelines, and illustrate the use of indices with a simple example. We apply the indices to three clinical samples of hepatitis C virus that display different population heterogeneity. Areas of virus biology in which population complexity plays a role are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Gregori
- Roche Diagnostics, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Liver Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Celia Perales
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Liver Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biochemistry Unit, Virology Unit, Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan I Esteban
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Liver Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Liver Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Marathe BM, Wong SS, Vogel P, Garcia-Alcalde F, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Najera I, Govorkova EA. Combinations of Oseltamivir and T-705 Extend the Treatment Window for Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26742. [PMID: 27221530 PMCID: PMC4879667 DOI: 10.1038/srep26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-influenza therapy depends on administering drugs soon after infection, which is often impractical. We assessed whether combinations of oseltamivir (a neuraminidase inhibitor) and T-705 (a nonspecific inhibitor of viral polymerases) could extend the window for treating lethal infection with highly pathogenic A(H5N1) influenza virus in mice. Combination therapy protected 100% of mice, even when delayed until 96 h postinoculation. Compared to animals receiving monotherapy, mice receiving combination therapy had reduced viral loads and restricted viral spread in lung tissues, limited lung damage, and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Next-generation sequencing showed that virus populations in T-705–treated mice had greater genetic variability, with more frequent transversion events, than did populations in control and oseltamivir-treated mice, but no substitutions associated with resistance to oseltamivir or T-705 were detected. Thus, combination therapy extended the treatment window for A(H5N1) influenza infection in mice and should be considered for evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Fernando Garcia-Alcalde
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Isabel Najera
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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Mordecai GJ, Wilfert L, Martin SJ, Jones IM, Schroeder DC. Diversity in a honey bee pathogen: first report of a third master variant of the Deformed Wing Virus quasispecies. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1264-73. [PMID: 26574686 PMCID: PMC5029213 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of emerging RNA viruses is hampered by the high mutation and replication rates that enable these viruses to operate as a quasispecies. Declining honey bee populations have been attributed to the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and its affiliation with Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). In the current study we use next-generation sequencing to investigate the DWV quasispecies in an apiary known to suffer from overwintering colony losses. We show that the DWV species complex is made up of three master variants. Our results indicate that a new DWV Type C variant is distinct from the previously described types A and B, but together they form a distinct clade compared with other members of the Iflaviridae. The molecular clock estimation predicts that Type C diverged from the other variants ∼319 years ago. The discovery of a new master variant of DWV has important implications for the positive identification of the true pathogen within global honey bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon J Mordecai
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Prevalence of mutations in HBV DNA polymerase gene associated with nucleos(t)ide resistance in treatment-naive patients with Chronic Hepatitis B in Central China. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:173-8. [PMID: 26876337 PMCID: PMC9427582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There are a lot of disagreements in the studies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase mutation rate associated with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This is the first study aimed to investigate the prevalence of spontaneous HBV resistance mutations in Central China. Methods This study included treatment-naive patients with CHB from June 2012 to May 2015 receiving care at the Institute of Liver Disease in Central China. All patients completed a questionnaire covering different aspects, such as family medical history, course of liver disease, medication history, alcohol use, among others. Mutations in HBV DNA polymerase associated with NAs resistance were detected using INNO-LiPA assay. Results 269 patients were infected with HBV genotype B (81.4%), C (17.9%), and both B and C (0.7%). Mutations in HBV DNA polymerase were detected in 24 patients (8.9%) including rtM204I/V (n = 6), rtN236T (n = 5), rtM250V (n = 2), rtL180M (n = 2), rtT184G (n = 1), rtM207I (n = 1), rtS202I (n = 1), rtM204V/I & rtL180M (n = 5), and rtM204I & rtM250V (n = 1). Conclusion Spontaneous HBV resistance mutations in HBV DNA polymerase were found in treatment-naive patients with CHB in Central China. These findings suggest that we should analyze HBV DNA polymerase resistance mutation associated with NAs before giving antiviral therapy such as lamivudine (LAM), adefovir (ADV), and telbivudine (LdT).
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Zhang XX, Li MR, Cao Y, Zhang RW, Zhang Y, Li F, Xi HL, Xu XY. Dynamics of Genotypic Mutations of the Hepatitis B Virus Associated With Long-Term Entecavir Treatment Determined With Ultradeep Pyrosequencing: A Retrospective Observational Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2614. [PMID: 26825915 PMCID: PMC5291585 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to explore the evolution of genotypic mutations within the reverse transcriptase region in partial virological responders (PVRs) receiving long-term entecavir (ETV) treatment. A total of 32 patients were classified as completely virological responders (CVRs) (n = 12) or PVRs (n = 20). Five partial responders were hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA positive after long-term therapy, which lasted for >3 years. A total of 71 serum samples from these 32 patients were assayed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS): 32 samples were from all patients at baseline, and 39 were from PVRs with sequential inter-treatment. Approximately 84,708 sequences were generated per sample. At baseline, the quasispecies heterogeneity did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. The frequencies of substitutions indicating pre-existence of nucleos(t)ide analog resistant (NAr) mutants ranged from 0.10% to 6.70%, which did not statistically differ between groups either. However, the substitutions associated with the NAr mutants were significantly different from those associated with the non-NAr mutants in 13 patients; 6 of these patients were PVRs and the others were CVRs. Five patients were HBV DNA positive after regular ETV monotherapy for >3 years, and 4 of these patients underwent mild NAr substitution fluctuations (<20%). One patient developed virological breakthrough while bearing single, double, and triple (rtL180 M, rtM204 V, rtS202G) substitutions. In addition to the common substitutions, unknown amino acid substitutions, such as rtL145 M/S, rtF151Y/L, rtR153Q, rtI224 V, rtN248H, rtS223A, rtS256C, need to be further verified. NAr substitutions are observed at frequencies of 0.10% to 6.7% before therapy. Long-term ETV therapy generally results in virological responses, as long as the proportion of resistance mutations remains at a relatively low level. Genotypic resistance to ETV is detected in all PVRs receiving long-term ETV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Xia Zhang
- From the Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
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Yin F, Wu Z, Fang W, Wu C, Rayner S, Han M, Deng F, Du R, Liu J, Wang M, Wang H, Ning Q, Hu Z. Resistant mutations and quasispecies complexity of hepatitis B virus during telbivudine treatment. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3302-3312. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zeguang Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Simon Rayner
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Meifang Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruikun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Han N, Adams J, Fang W, Liu SQ, Rayner S. Investigation of the genotype III to genotype I shift in Japanese encephalitis virus and the impact on human cases. Virol Sin 2015; 30:277-89. [PMID: 26311492 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito borne disease and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific area. The causative agent, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can be phylogenetically classified into five genotypes based on nucleotide sequence. In recent years, genotype I (GI) has displaced genotype III (GIII) as the dominant lineage, but the mechanisms behind this displacement event requires elucidation. In an earlier study, we compared host variation over time between the two genotypes and observed that GI appears to have evolved to achieve more efficient infection in hosts in the replication cycle, with the tradeoff of reduced infectivity in secondary hosts such as humans. To further investigate this phenomenon, we collected JEV surveillance data on human cases and, together with sequence data, and generated genotype/case profiles from seven Asia-Pacific countries and regions to characterize the GI/GIII displacement event. We found that, when comprehensive and consistent vaccination and surveillance data was available, and the GIII to GI shift occurred within a well-defined time period, there was a statistically significant drop in JEV human cases. Our findings provide further support for the argument that GI is less effective in infecting humans, who represent a dead end host. However, experimental investigation is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. The study highlights the value of alternative approaches to investigation of epidemics, as well as the importance of effective data collection for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
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Liu WC, Lin CP, Cheng CP, Ho CH, Lan KL, Cheng JH, Yen CJ, Cheng PN, Wu IC, Li IC, Chang BCH, Tseng VS, Chiu YC, Chang TT. Aligning to the sample-specific reference sequence to optimize the accuracy of next-generation sequencing analysis for hepatitis B virus. Hepatol Int 2015. [PMID: 26208819 PMCID: PMC4722079 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies are crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is powerful for identifying viral quasispecies. To improve mapping quality and single nucleotide variant (SNV) calling accuracy in the NGS analysis of HBV, we compared different mapping references, including the sample-specific reference sequence, same genotype sequences and different genotype sequences, according to the sample. Methods Real Illumina HBV datasets from 86 patients, and simulated datasets from 158 HBV strains in the GenBank database, were used to assess mapping quality. SNV calling accuracy was evaluated using different mapping references to align Real Illumina datasets from a single HBV clone. Results Using the sample-specific reference sequence as a mapping reference produced the largest number of mappable reads and coverages. With a different genotype mapping reference, the consensus sequence derived from the Real Illumina datasets of the single HBV clone showed 21 false SNV callings in polymerase and surface genes, the regions most divergent between the mapping reference and this HBV clone. A ~6 % coverage of most of these false SNVs was yielded even with a same genotype mapping reference, but none with the sample-specific reference sequence. Conclusions Using sample-specific reference sequences as a mapping reference in NGS analysis optimized mapping quality and the SNV calling accuracy for HBV quasispecies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12072-015-9645-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chun-Pei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lun Lan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ji-Hong Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan.
| | | | - Vincent S Tseng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70403, Taiwan. .,Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wang YW, Shan X, Huang Y, Deng H, Huang WX, Zhang DZ, Chen J, Tang N, Shan YL, Guo JJ, Huang A. A novel baseline hepatitis B virus sequencing-based strategy for predicting adefovir antiviral response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:269-76. [PMID: 25983054 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is used as first-line monotherapy or rescue therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. In this study, we sought to identify nucleotide changes in the reverse transcriptase (RT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) at baseline and explore their predictive value for ADV antiviral response. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) was utilized to determine HBV genetic variability within the RT region at baseline and during a 48-week ADV therapy. According to the viral load at the end of ADV treatment, all patients were classified into responders (HBV DNA level reduction of ⩾ 3 log 10 IU/mL) and suboptimal responders (HBV DNA level reduction of <3 log 10 IU/mL). Based on UDPS data at baseline, we identified 11 nucleotide substitutions whose combination frequency was significantly associated with the antiviral response among 36 CHB patients in the study group. However, the baseline distribution and frequency of rt181 and rt236 substitutions known to confer ADV resistance was a poor predictor for the antiviral response. Compared with baseline serum HBeAg, HBV-DNA and ALT levels, the baseline HBV sequence-based model showed higher predictive accuracy for ADV response. In an independent cohort of 31 validation patients with CHB, the sequence-based model provided greater predictive potency than the HBeAg/HBV-DNA/ALT and the HBeAg/HBV-DNA/ALT/sequence combinations. Taken together, we confirm the presence of ADV resistance variants in treatment-naïve patients and firstly unravel the predictive value of the baseline mutations in the HBV RT region for ADV antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - You-Lan Shan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Matsumoto T, Shimizu T, Nishijima N, Ikeda A, Eso Y, Matsumoto Y, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Hepatic inflammation facilitates transcription-associated mutagenesis via AID activity and enhances liver tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:904-13. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Liao Y, Cai B, Li Y, Li L, Zhang J, An Y, Wang L. Incidence of natural resistance mutations in naïve chronic hepatitis B patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:252-61. [PMID: 25318660 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Studies focused on the naturally occurring resistance mutation rate in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients have set off a furious dispute. We conduct this meta-analysis to appraise the pooled incidence of spontaneous hepatitis B virus resistance mutations worldwide and its distribution. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure until December 31, 2013. Cross-sectional or case-control studies reporting incidence of natural resistance mutations in untreated CHB patients were included. Pooled incidence was performed in fixed- or random-effects models, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed. RESULTS A total of 106 studies were included involving 12,212 naive CHB patients. The summarized incidence of natural mutations worldwide was 5.73% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.85-6.61%), primary mutation rate 5.39% (95%CI: 4.54-6.24%), and secondary mutation rate 2.94% (95%CI: 1.59-4.29%). The pooled incidence reached up to 8.00% (95%CI: 6.63-9.38%) in China, higher than that in other countries (1.88% [95%CI: 1.06-2.69%]). Mutation rtM204V/I had the highest incidence of 4.89% (95%CI: 4.13-5.65%), and other primary mutations seldom spontaneously occurred. In subgroup analysis, genotype C hepatitis B virus infection, male, and hepatitis B antigen (HBeAg) negative patients had a slightly higher natural mutation rate. CONCLUSION The resistance mutations occurred frequently in untreated CHB patients, especially in China. The lamivudine resistance had the highest natural prevalence rate, while other nucleos(t)ide analogues showed rarely spontaneous resistance. Detecting the spontaneous resistance mutations will benefit the clinical management of CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jiang SW, Yao LP, Hu AR, Hu YR, Chen SX, Xiong T, Gao GS, Liang XY, Ding SX, Weng PJ. Resistant mutants induced by adefovir dipivoxil in hepatitis B virus isolates. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17100-17106. [PMID: 25493022 PMCID: PMC4258578 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the loci of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)-induced resistance in hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates and optimize the management of ADV-treated patients.
METHODS: Between June 2008 and August 2010, a cross-sectional control study was conducted comprising 79 patients with chronic HBV infection-related liver disease who had been administered ADV monotherapy. Patients underwent liver imaging. Serum DNA extracts were analyzed for HBV DNA levels, genotypes, and serology markers, and deep sequencing of the HBV P gene was performed.
RESULTS: ADV-resistant patients were found either with a single mutated locus, or with coexisting mutated loci. The most prevalent mutations were rtA181T, rtV214A, and rtN236T. Twenty-six patients had more than two mutated loci. The mutants were distributed among the patients without any significant affinity for gender, age, end-stage of liver disease, complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or HBV DNA levels. Patients with the rtA181T mutant were primarily infected with genotype C and e-antigen negative HBV, while patients with the rtN236T mutant were primarily infected by genotype B HBV (χ2 = 6.004, 7.159; P = 0.023, 0.007). The duration of treatment with ADV was shorter in the single mutant group compared with the multi-mutant group (t = 2.426, P = 0.018).
CONCLUSION: Drug-resistant HBV mutants are complex and diverse. Patients should receive the standard and first-line antiviral treatment, strictly comply with medication dosage, and avoid short-term withdrawal.
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Jayasundara D, Saeed I, Maheswararajah S, Chang B, Tang SL, Halgamuge SK. ViQuaS: an improved reconstruction pipeline for viral quasispecies spectra generated by next-generation sequencing. Bioinformatics 2014; 31:886-96. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Widasari DI, Yano Y, Heriyanto DS, Utsumi T, Yamani LN, Rinonce HT, Wasityastuti W, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Okada R, Murakami Y, Tanahashi T, Azuma T, Hayashi Y. A deep-sequencing method detects drug-resistant mutations in the hepatitis B virus in Indonesians. Intervirology 2014; 57:384-92. [PMID: 25382636 DOI: 10.1159/000366420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term administration of a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B may encourage the emergence of viral mutations associated with drug resistance. Minor populations of viruses may exist before treatment, but are difficult to detect because of technological limitations. Identifying minor viral quasispecies should be useful in the clinical management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS Six treatment-naïve Indonesian patients with chronic HBV infection participated in this study. The polymerase region of the HBV genome, including regions with known drug-resistant mutations, was subjected to capillary sequencing and MiSeq sequencing (Illumina). Mutations were analyzed with Genomics Workbench software version 6.0.1 (CLC bio). RESULTS The mean mapping reads for the six samples was 745,654, and the mean number of amplified fragments ranged from 17,926 to 25,336 DNA reads. Several known drug-resistant mutations in the reverse transcriptase region were identified in all patients, although the frequencies were low (0.12-1.06%). The proportions of the total number of reads containing mutations I169L/M, S202R, M204I/L or N236S were >1.0%. CONCLUSION Several known NA-resistant mutations were detected in treatment-naïve patients in Indonesia using deep sequencing. Careful management of such patients is essential to prevent drug-resistant mutations from spreading to other patients.
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Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics of hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14615-14625. [PMID: 25356025 PMCID: PMC4209528 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the important global health problems today. Infection with HBV can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations including severe hepatic complications like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Presently, routine HBV screening and diagnosis is primarily based on the immuno-detection of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). However, identification of HBV DNA positive cases, who do not have detectable HBsAg has greatly encouraged the use of nucleic acid amplification based assays, that are highly sensitive, specific and are to some extent tolerant to sequence variation. In the last few years, the field of HBV molecular diagnostics has evolved rapidly with advancements in the molecular biology tools, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Recently, apart of PCR based amplification methods, a number of isothermal amplification assays, such as loop mediated isothermal amplification, transcription mediated amplification, ligase chain reaction, and rolling circle amplification have been utilized for HBV diagnosis. These assays also offer options for real time detection and integration into biosensing devices. In this manuscript, we review the molecular technologies that are presently available for HBV diagnostics, with special emphasis on isothermal amplification based technologies. We have also included the recent trends in the development of biosensors and use of next generation sequencing technologies for HBV.
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Liu J, Song H, Liu D, Zuo T, Lu F, Zhuang H, Gao F. Extensive recombination due to heteroduplexes generates large amounts of artificial gene fragments during PCR. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106658. [PMID: 25211143 PMCID: PMC4161356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial recombinants can be generated during PCR when more than two genetically distinct templates coexist in a single PCR reaction. These recombinant amplicons can lead to the false interpretation of genetic diversity and incorrect identification of biological phenotypes that do not exist in vivo. We investigated how recombination between 2 or 35 genetically distinct HIV-1 genomes was affected by different PCR conditions using the parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) assay and the next generation sequencing method. In a standard PCR condition, about 40% of amplicons in a PCR reaction were recombinants. The high recombination frequency could be significantly reduced if the number of amplicons in a PCR reaction was below a threshold of 1013–1014 using low thermal cycles, fewer input templates, and longer extension time. Heteroduplexes (each DNA strand from a distinct template) were present at a large proportion in the PCR products when more thermal cycles, more templates, and shorter extension time were used. Importantly, the majority of recombinants were identified in heteroduplexes, indicating that the recombinants were mainly generated through heteroduplexes. Since prematurely terminated extension fragments can form heteroduplexes by annealing to different templates during PCR amplification, recombination has a better chance to occur with samples containing different genomes when the number of amplicons accumulate over the threshold. New technologies are warranted to accurately characterize complex quasispecies gene populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Donglai Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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Inuzuka T, Ueda Y, Morimura H, Fujii Y, Umeda M, Kou T, Osaki Y, Uemoto S, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Reactivation from occult HBV carrier status is characterized by low genetic heterogeneity with the wild-type or G1896A variant prevalence. J Hepatol 2014; 61:492-501. [PMID: 24798622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Individuals negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but positive for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) are at risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation under immunosuppressive conditions. We investigated clinical features and viral genetics in patients with reactivation from occult HBV infection triggered by chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS Clinical courses of 14 individuals originally HBsAg-negative but anti-HBc-positive that experienced HBV reactivation were examined. Ultra-deep sequencing analysis of the entire HBV genome in serum was conducted. Prevalence of the G1896A variant in latently infected livers was determined among 44 healthy individuals that were HBsAg-negative but anti-HBc-positive. RESULTS In 14 cases, HBV reactivation occurred during (n=7) and after (n=7) termination of immunosuppressive therapy. Ultra-deep sequencing revealed that the genetic heterogeneity of reactivated HBV was significantly lower in patients with reactivation from occult HBV carrier status compared with that in patients from HBsAg carrier status. The reactivated viruses in each case were almost exclusively the wild-type G1896 or G1896A variant. The G1896A variant was detected in 42.9% (6/14) of cases, including two cases with fatal liver failure. The G1896A variant was observed in the liver tissue of 11.4% (5/44) of individuals with occult HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Reactivation from occult HBV infection is characterized by low genetic heterogeneity, with the wild-type G1896 or G1896A variant prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Morimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Osaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Shimizu T, Marusawa H, Matsumoto Y, Inuzuka T, Ikeda A, Fujii Y, Minamiguchi S, Miyamoto S, Kou T, Sakai Y, Crabtree JE, Chiba T. Accumulation of somatic mutations in TP53 in gastric epithelium with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:407-17.e3. [PMID: 24786892 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. To explore the genetic basis of gastric cancer that develops in inflamed gastric mucosa, we investigated genetic aberrations that latently accumulate in nontumorous gastric epithelium with H pylori infection. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of gastric tumors, noncancerous tissues with gastritis, and peripheral lymphocytes from 5 patients. We performed additional deep-sequencing analyses of selected tumor-related genes using 34 gastritis mucosal samples from patients with or without gastric cancer. We also performed deep sequencing analyses of gastric mucosal tissues from mice that express transgenic human TP53 and constitutively express activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA or AID) (human TP53 knock-in/AID-transgenic mice). RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing revealed that somatic mutations accumulated in various genes in inflamed gastric tissues. Additional deep-sequencing analyses of tissues from regions of gastritis confirmed nonsynonymous low-abundance mutations in TP53 in 15 cases (44.1%) and ARID1A in 5 cases (14.7%). The mutations that accumulated in gastric mucosal tissues with H pylori-induced gastritis, as well as gastric tumors, were predominantly C:G>T:A transitions in GpCpX motifs-a marker of cytidine deamination induced by AID. Constitutive expression of AID in the gastric mucosa of mice led to mutations in the human TP53, at amino acid coding positions identical to those detected in human gastric cancers. CONCLUSIONS Studies of gastric tumors and tissues from humans and mice indicate that somatic mutations accumulate in various genes in gastric mucosal tissues with H pylori infection. Increased cytidine deaminase activity in these tissues appears to promote the accumulation of these mutations and might promote gastric carcinogenesis in patients with H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Digestive Disease Center, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jean E Crabtree
- Leeds Institute Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Application of coamplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR sequencing for early detection of antiviral drug resistance mutations of hepatitis B virus. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3209-15. [PMID: 24951803 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00343-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside/nucleotide analogue for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hampered by the emergence of drug resistance mutations. Conventional PCR sequencing cannot detect minor variants of <20%. We developed a modified co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR (COLD-PCR) method for the detection of HBV minority drug resistance mutations. The critical denaturation temperature for COLD-PCR was determined to be 78°C. Sensitivity of COLD-PCR sequencing was determined using serially diluted plasmids containing mixed proportions of HBV reverse transcriptase (rt) wild-type and mutant sequences. Conventional PCR sequencing detected mutations only if they existed in ≥25%, whereas COLD-PCR sequencing detected mutations when they existed in 5 to 10% of the viral population. The performance of COLD-PCR was compared to conventional PCR sequencing and a line probe assay (LiPA) using 215 samples obtained from 136 lamivudine- or telbivudine-treated patients with virological breakthrough. Among these 215 samples, drug resistance mutations were detected in 155 (72%), 148 (69%), and 113 samples (53%) by LiPA, COLD-PCR, and conventional PCR sequencing, respectively. Nineteen (9%) samples had mutations detectable by COLD-PCR but not LiPA, while 26 (12%) samples had mutations detectable by LiPA but not COLD-PCR, indicating both methods were comparable (P = 0.371). COLD-PCR was more sensitive than conventional PCR sequencing. Thirty-five (16%) samples had mutations detectable by COLD-PCR but not conventional PCR sequencing, while none had mutations detected by conventional PCR sequencing but not COLD-PCR (P < 0.0001). COLD-PCR sequencing is a simple method which is comparable to LiPA and superior to conventional PCR sequencing in detecting minor lamivudine/telbivudine resistance mutations.
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Ninomiya M, Kondo Y, Niihori T, Nagashima T, Kogure T, Kakazu E, Kimura O, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Shimosegawa T. Sequential analysis of amino acid substitutions with hepatitis B virus in association with nucleoside/nucleotide analog treatment detected by deep sequencing. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:678-84. [PMID: 23701433 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Taking nucleoside/nucleotide analogs is a major antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection. The problem with this treatment is the selection for drug-resistant mutants. Currently, identification of genotypic drug resistance is conducted by molecular cloning sequenced by the Sanger method. However, this methodology is complicated and time-consuming. These limitations can be overcome by deep sequencing technology. Therefore, we performed sequential analysis of the frequency of drug resistance in one individual, who was treated with lamivudine on-and-off therapy for 2 years, by deep sequencing. The lamivudine-resistant mutations at rtL180M and rtM204V and the entecavir-resistant mutation at rtT184L were detected in the first subject. The lamivudine- and entecavir-resistant strain was still detected in the last subject. However, in the deep sequencing analysis, rt180 of the first subject showed a mixture in 76.9% of the methionine and in 23.1% of the leucine, and rt204 also showed a mixture in 69.0% of the valine and 29.8% of the isoleucine. During the treatment, the ratio of resistant mutations increased. At rt184, the resistant variants were detectable in 58.7% of the sequence, with the replacement of leucine by the wild-type threonine in the first subject. Gradually, entecavir-resistant variants increased in 82.3% of the leucine in the last subject. In conclusion, we demonstrated the amino acid substitutions of the serial nucleoside/nucleotide analog resistants. We revealed that drug-resistant mutants appear unchanged at first glance, but actually there are low-abundant mutations that may develop drug resistance against nucleoside/nucleotide analogs through the selection of dominant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ninomiya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Gregori J, Salicrú M, Domingo E, Sanchez A, Esteban JI, Rodríguez-Frías F, Quer J. Inference with viral quasispecies diversity indices: clonal and NGS approaches. Bioinformatics 2014; 30:1104-1111. [PMID: 24389655 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Given the inherent dynamics of a viral quasispecies, we are often interested in the comparison of diversity indices of sequential samples of a patient, or in the comparison of diversity indices of virus in groups of patients in a treated versus control design. It is then important to make sure that the diversity measures from each sample may be compared with no bias and within a consistent statistical framework. In the present report, we review some indices often used as measures for viral quasispecies complexity and provide means for statistical inference, applying procedures taken from the ecology field. In particular, we examine the Shannon entropy and the mutation frequency, and we discuss the appropriateness of different normalization methods of the Shannon entropy found in the literature. By taking amplicons ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) raw data as a surrogate of a real hepatitis C virus viral population, we study through in-silico sampling the statistical properties of these indices under two methods of viral quasispecies sampling, classical cloning followed by Sanger sequencing (CCSS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) such as UDPS. We propose solutions specific to each of the two sampling methods-CCSS and NGS-to guarantee statistically conforming conclusions as free of bias as possible. CONTACT josep.gregori@gmail.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Gregori
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Salicrú
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan I Esteban
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Frías
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Lab Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain, Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, Barcelona University, 08028, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Bioinformatics and Statistics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut Recerca (VHIR-HUVH), 08035, Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Biochemistry Unit. Virology Unit/Microbiology Department, HUVH, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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