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Cochrane S, Rajagopal R, Sheffield D, Stewart F, Hathaway L, Barnes NM, Qureshi O, Gordon J. Impact of a varied set of stimuli on a suite of immunological parameters within peripheral blood mononuclear cells: toward a non-animal approach for assessing immune modulation by materials intended for human use. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1335110. [PMID: 38737195 PMCID: PMC11082367 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1335110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In toxicology, steps are being taken towards more mechanism-focused and human relevant approaches to risk assessment, requiring new approaches and methods. Additionally, there is increasing emphasis by regulators on risk assessment of immunotoxicity. Methods: Here we present data from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) system whereby a varied set of stimuli, including those against the TCR and Toll-like receptors, enable readouts of cytokine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production with monocyte, T cell and B cell viability, proliferation, and associated activation markers. In addition to results on the impact of the stimuli used, initial profiling data for a case study chemical, curcumin, is presented, illustrating how the system can be used to generate information on the impact of exogenous materials on three major constituent immune cell subsets for use in risk assessment and to direct follow-on studies. Results: The different stimuli drove distinct responses, not only in relation to the "quantity" of the response but also the "quality". Curcumin had a limited impact on the B cell parameters measured, with the stimuli used, and it was noted that in contrast to T cells where there was either no impact or a reduction in viability and proliferation with increasing concentration, for B cells there was a small but significant increase in both measurements at curcumin concentrations below 20 µM. Similarly, whilst expression of activation markers by T cells was reduced by the highest concentration of curcumin, they were increased in B cells. Curcumin only impacted the viability of stimulated monocytes at the highest concentration and had differential impact on different activation markers. Levels of all cytokines and PGE2 were reduced at higher concentrations. Discussion: Although the platform has certain limitations, it nevertheless enables assessment of healthy baseline monocyte, T-, and B-cell responses, and scrutiny of the impact of different stimuli to detect potential immune suppression or enhancement from exogenous materials. In the case of curcumin, a pattern of responses indicative of immune suppressive / anti-inflammatory effects was detected. It is an accessible, highly modifiable system that can be used to screen materials and guide further studies, providing a holistic, integrated picture of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cochrane
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Ramya Rajagopal
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - David Sheffield
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Stewart
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Hathaway
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Barnes
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Napoleon JV, Zhang B, Luo Q, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Design, Synthesis, and Targeted Delivery of an Immune Stimulant that Selectively Reactivates Exhausted CAR T Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113341. [PMID: 35088497 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated significant promise in suppressing hematopoietic cancers, their applications in treating solid tumors have been limited by onset of CAR T cell exhaustion that accompanies continuous CAR T cell exposure to tumor antigen. To address this limitation, we have exploited the abilities of recently designed universal CARs to bind fluorescein and internalize a fluorescein-TLR7 agonist conjugate by CAR-mediated endocytosis. We demonstrate here that anti-fluorescein CAR-mediated uptake of a fluorescein-TLR7-3 conjugate can reactivate exhausted CAR T cells, leading to dramatic reduction in T cell exhaustion markers (PD-1+ Tim-3+ ) and shrinkage of otherwise resistant tumors without inducing systemic activation of the immune system. We conclude that CAR T cell exhaustion can be reversed by administration of a CAR-targeted TLR7 agonist, thereby enabling the CAR T cells to successfully treat solid tumors without incurring the systemic toxicity that commonly accompanies administration of nontargeted TLR7 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Victor Napoleon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Boning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Napoleon JV, Zhang B, Luo Q, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Design, Synthesis, and Targeted Delivery of an Immune Stimulant that Selectively Reactivates Exhausted CAR T Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Victor Napoleon
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery720 Clinic Dr, 47907 West lafayette UNITED STATES
| | - Boning Zhang
- Purdue University Chemistry Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery720 Clinic Dr, 47907 West Lafayette, UNITED STATES
| | - Qian Luo
- Purdue University Chemistry Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery720 Clinic Dr, 47907 West lafayette UNITED STATES
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue University Chemistry Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery720 Clinic Dr, 47907 West Lafayette UNITED STATES
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry 720 clinic Dr 47907 West Lafayette UNITED STATES
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4
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Kasimsetty S, Hawkes A, DeWolf SE, Welch A, McKay DB. Blockade of T cell activation induced by the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is bypassed by TLR2 signals. Transpl Immunol 2021; 65:101348. [PMID: 33706865 PMCID: PMC10425202 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger adaptive inflammatory responses and as such are attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation of inflammation. In order to develop effective therapies however we need to understand the complexities of PRR signaling and clarify how individual PRRs contribute to an inflammatory response in a given cell type. Data from our lab and others have shown that cross-talk occurs between different PRR family members that directs T cell responses to a particular stimuli. It is well-established that the cell surface toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provides a potent costimulatory signal for TCR-stimulated T cell activation. We have shown that signaling through the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (Nod1 and Nod2) also provides important signals for T cell activation, and that when both Nod1 and Nod 2 are deleted stimulated T cells undergo activation-induced cell death. This study found that TLR2 costimulation could bypass the defect induced by the simultaneous absence of Nods1 and 2 in both antibody- and antigen-stimulated T cells. Since blocking one set of PRR-mediated responses can be overcome by signaling through another PRR family member, then effective therapeutic immune blockade strategies will likely require a multi-pronged approach in order to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kasimsetty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alana Hawkes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Sean E DeWolf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alexander Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
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5
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Chadha J, Nandi D, Atri Y, Nag A. Significance of human microbiome in breast cancer: Tale of an invisible and an invincible. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:112-127. [PMID: 32717337 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome is a mysterious treasure of the body playing endless important roles in the well-being of the host metabolism, digestion, and immunity. On the other hand, it actively participates in the development of a variety of pathological conditions including cancer. With the Human Microbiome Project initiative, metagenomics, and next-generation sequencing technologies in place, the last decade has witnessed immense explorations and investigations on the enigmatic association of breast cancer with the human microbiome. However, the connection between the human microbiome and breast cancer remains to be explored in greater detail. In fact, there are several emerging questions such as whether the host microbiota contributes to disease initiation, or is it a consequence of the disease is an irrevocably important question that demands a valid answer. Since the microbiome is an extremely complex community, gaps still remain on how this vital microbial organ plays a role in orchestrating breast cancer development. Nevertheless, undeniable evidence from studies has pinpointed the presence of specific microbial elements of the breast and gut to play a role in governing breast cancer. It is still unclear if an alteration in microbiome/dysbiosis leads to breast cancer or is it vice versa. Though specific microbial signatures have been detected to be associated with various breast cancer subtypes, the structure and composition of a core "healthy" microbiome is yet to be established. Probiotics seem to be a promising antidote for targeted prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Interestingly, these microbial communities can serve as potential biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, thereby leading to the rise of a completely new era of personalized medicine. This review is a humble attempt to summarize the research findings on the human microbiome and its relation to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Deeptashree Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Yama Atri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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6
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Untapped "-omics": the microbial metagenome, estrobolome, and their influence on the development of breast cancer and response to treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:287-300. [PMID: 31646389 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, there is an increasingly complex understanding of the role of gastrointestinal and local breast microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the microbiome's role in breast carcinogenesis, discussing modifiable risk factors that may affect breast cancer risk by inducing dysbiosis as well as recent sequencing data illustrating breast cancer subtype-specific differences in local breast tissue microbiota. We outline how the 'estrobolome,' the aggregate of estrogen-metabolizing enteric bacterial genes, may affect the risk of developing postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We also discuss the microbiome's potent capacity for anticancer therapy activation and deactivation, an important attribute of the gastrointestinal microbiome that has yet to be harnessed clinically.
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7
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Stark R, Wesselink TH, Behr FM, Kragten NAM, Arens R, Koch-Nolte F, van Gisbergen KPJM, van Lier RAW. T RM maintenance is regulated by tissue damage via P2RX7. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/30/eaau1022. [PMID: 30552101 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are noncirculating immune cells that contribute to the first line of local defense against reinfections. Their location at hotspots of pathogen encounter frequently exposes TRM to tissue damage. This history of danger-signal exposure is an important aspect of TRM-mediated immunity that has been overlooked so far. RNA profiling revealed that TRM from liver and small intestine express P2RX7, a damage/danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptor that is triggered by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, NAD+). We confirmed that P2RX7 protein was expressed in CD8+ TRM but not in circulating T cells (TCIRC) across different infection models. Tissue damage induced during routine isolation of liver lymphocytes led to P2RX7 activation and resulted in selective cell death of TRM P2RX7 activation in vivo by exogenous NAD+ led to a specific depletion of TRM while retaining TCIRC The effect was absent in P2RX7-deficient mice and after P2RX7 blockade. TCR triggering down-regulated P2RX7 expression and made TRM resistant to NAD-induced cell death. Physiological triggering of P2RX7 by sterile tissue damage during acetaminophen-induced liver injury led to a loss of previously acquired pathogen-specific local TRM in wild-type but not in P2RX7 KO T cells. Our results highlight P2RX7-mediated signaling as a critical pathway for the regulation of TRM maintenance. Extracellular nucleotides released during infection and tissue damage could deplete TRM locally and free niches for new and infection-relevant specificities. This suggests that the recognition of tissue damage promotes persistence of antigen-specific over bystander TRM in the tissue niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wesselink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Sharbafi MH, Assadiasl S, Pour‐reza‐gholi F, Barzegari S, Mohammadi Torbati P, Samavat S, Nicknam MH, Amirzargar A. TLR‐2, TLR‐4 and MyD88 genes expression in renal transplant acute and chronic rejections. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:427-436. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pour‐reza‐gholi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Barzegari
- Department of health information technology, Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadi Torbati
- Department of Pathology Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Shiva Samavat
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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9
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Belhaj R, Kaabachi W, Khalfallah I, Hamdi B, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Gene Variants, mRNA and NOD1/2 Protein Levels in Tunisian Childhood Asthma. Lung 2019; 197:377-385. [PMID: 30874883 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a common respiratory childhood disease that results from an interaction between genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. The implication of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 1 and 2 (NOD1/CARD4, NOD2/CARD15) was highlighted in many inflammatory diseases. METHODS In this case-control study, we analyzed the association of three NOD2 polymorphisms and one NOD1 variant, in 338 Tunisian asthmatic children and 425 healthy Controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We also assessed NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR and ELISA techniques. RESULTS The homozygous AA genotype of rs2075820 was a risk factor for asthma (OR 2.39). The influence of the E266K variant in the presence of the heterozygous AG genotype was higher in male than female groups. The homozygous AA genotype was a risk factor associated with asthma, for patients aged between 6 and 18 years OR 2.39, IC95% (1.04-5.49) p < 0.01. The mRNA expression of NOD1, but not NOD2, was enhanced in asthma patients compared to Controls. We noted a significant difference between asthmatics and healthy controls in NOD1 protein expression (asthma patients : 31.18 ± 10.9 pg/ml, Controls: 20.10 ± 2.58 pg/ml; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The NOD1 rs2075820 variant was associated with a higher childhood asthma risk and the NOD1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Belhaj
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikbel Khalfallah
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Basma Hamdi
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Agnes Hamzaoui
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.,Unit Research Homeostasis and Cell dysfunction, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunisia, Tunisia
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10
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Schmolka N, Papotto PH, Romero PV, Amado T, Enguita FJ, Amorim A, Rodrigues AF, Gordon KE, Coroadinha AS, Boldin M, Serre K, Buck AH, Gomes AQ, Silva-Santos B. MicroRNA-146a controls functional plasticity in γδ T cells by targeting NOD1. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/23/eaao1392. [PMID: 29728425 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are major providers of proinflammatory cytokines. They are preprogrammed in the mouse thymus into distinct subsets producing either interleukin-17 (IL-17) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which segregate with CD27 expression. In the periphery, CD27- γδ (γδ27-) T cells can be induced under inflammatory conditions to coexpress IL-17 and IFN-γ; the molecular basis of this functional plasticity remains to be determined. On the basis of differential microRNA (miRNA) expression analysis and modulation in γδ T cell subsets, we identified miR-146a as a thymically imprinted post-transcriptional brake to limit IFN-γ expression in γδ27- T cells in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of biochemical purification of Argonaute 2-bound miR-146a targets, we identified Nod1 to be a relevant mRNA target that regulates γδ T cell plasticity. In line with this, Nod1-deficient mice lacked multifunctional IL-17+ IFN-γ+ γδ27- cells and were more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Our studies establish the miR-146a/NOD1 axis as a key determinant of γδ T cell effector functions and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schmolka
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro H Papotto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Vargas Romero
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Amado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Katrina E Gordon
- Institute of Immunology and Infection and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mark Boldin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Karine Serre
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Anita Q Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. .,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Mechanisms of Inflammasome Signaling, microRNA Induction and Resolution of Inflammation by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:267-302. [PMID: 31123893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome-controlled transcription and subsequent cleavage-mediated activation of mature IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines exemplify a crucial innate immune mechanism to combat intruding pathogens. Helicobacter pylori represents a predominant persistent infection in humans, affecting approximately half of the population worldwide, and is associated with the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β plays a central role in gastric tumorigenesis. Infection by H. pylori was recently reported to stimulate the inflammasome both in cells of the mouse and human immune systems. Using mouse models and in vitro cultured cell systems, the bacterial pathogenicity factors and molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation have been analyzed. On the one hand, it appears that H. pylori-stimulated IL-1β production is triggered by engagement of the immune receptors TLR2 and NLRP3, and caspase-1. On the other hand, microRNA hsa-miR-223-3p is induced by the bacteria, which controls the expression of NLRP3. This regulating effect by H. pylori on microRNA expression was also described for more than 60 additionally identified microRNAs, indicating a prominent role for inflammatory and other responses. Besides TLR2, TLR9 becomes activated by H. pylori DNA and further TLR10 stimulated by the bacteria induce the secretion of IL-8 and TNF, respectively. Interestingly, TLR-dependent pathways can accelerate both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during H. pylori infection. Balancing from a pro-inflammation to anti-inflammation phenotype results in a reduction in immune attack, allowing H. pylori to persistently colonize and to survive in the gastric niche. In this chapter, we will pinpoint the role of H. pylori in TLR- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent signaling together with the differential functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the impact of microRNAs on H. pylori-host interaction will be discussed, and its role in resolution of infection versus chronic infection, as well as in gastric disease development.
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12
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Layunta E, Latorre E, Forcén R, Grasa L, Plaza MA, Arias M, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. NOD1 downregulates intestinal serotonin transporter and interacts with other pattern recognition receptors. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4183-4193. [PMID: 29030987 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an essential gastrointestinal modulator whose effects regulate the intestinal physiology. 5-HT effects depend on extracellular 5-HT bioavailability, which is controlled by the serotonin transporter (SERT) expressed in both the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes. SERT is a critical target for regulating 5-HT levels and consequently, modulating the intestinal physiology. The deregulation of innate immune receptors has been extensively studied in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where an exacerbated defense response to commensal microbiota is observed. Interestingly, many innate immune receptors seem to affect the serotonergic system, demonstrating a new way in which microbiota could modulate the intestinal physiology. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the effects of NOD1 activation on SERT function, as well as NOD1's interaction with other immune receptors such as TLR2 and TLR4. Our results showed that NOD1 activation inhibits SERT activity and expression in Caco-2/TC7 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. A negative feedback between 5-HT and NOD1 expression was also described. The results showed that TLR2 and TLR4 activation seems to regulate NOD1 expression in Caco-2/TC7 cells. To assess the extend of cross-talk between NOD1 and TLRs, NOD1 expression was measured in the intestinal tract (ileum and colon) of wild type mice and mice with individual knockouts of TLR2, and TLR4 as well as double knockout TLR2/TLR4 mice. Hence, we demonstrate that NOD1 acts on the serotonergic system decreasing SERT activity and molecular expression. Additionally, NOD1 expression seems to be modulated by 5-HT and other immune receptors as TLR2 and TLR4. This study could clarify the relation between both the intestinal serotonergic system and innate immune system, and their implications in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Forcén
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A Plaza
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Biomedical Research Center of Aragon (CIBA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José E Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Dolasia K, Bisht MK, Pradhan G, Udgata A, Mukhopadhyay S. TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:3-19. [PMID: 29193992 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1397656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. It has a varied and large collection of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can tackle the pathogens promptly and effectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are members of the PRR family that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play pivotal roles to mediate defense against infections from bacteria, fungi, virus and various other pathogens. In this review, we discuss the critical roles of TLRs and NLRs in the regulation of host immune-effector functions such as cytokine production, phagosome-lysosome fusion, inflammasome activation, autophagy, antigen presentation, and B and T cell immune responses that are known to be essential for mounting a protective immune response against the pathogens. This review may be helpful to design TLRs/NLRs based immunotherapeutics to control various infections and pathophysiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Dolasia
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Manoj K Bisht
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Atul Udgata
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
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14
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Bai L, Liang W, Chen M, Cissé Y, Liu J, Su Y, Yu J, Liu Q. Effect of lentivirus-mediated gene silencing, targeting toll-like receptor 2, on corneal allograft transplantation in rats. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kasimsetty SG, Shigeoka AA, Scheinok AA, Gavin AL, Ulevitch RJ, McKay DB. Lack of Both Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Proteins 1 and 2 Primes T Cells for Activation-Induced Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1196-1205. [PMID: 28652394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-containing proteins Nod1 and Nod2 play important roles in the innate immune response to pathogenic microbes, but mounting data suggest these pattern recognition receptors might also play key roles in adaptive immune responses. Targeting Nod1 and Nod2 signaling pathways in T cells is likely to provide a new strategy to modify inflammation in a variety of disease states, particularly those that depend on Ag-induced T cell activation. To better understand how Nod1 and Nod2 proteins contribute to adaptive immunity, this study investigated their role in alloantigen-induced T cell activation and asked whether their absence might impact in vivo alloresponses using a severe acute graft versus host disease model. The study provided several important observations. We found that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 primed T cells for activation-induced cell death. T cells from Nod1 × 2-/- mice rapidly underwent cell death upon exposure to alloantigen. The Nod1 × 2-/- T cells had sustained p53 expression that was associated with downregulation of its negative regulator MDM2. In vivo, mice transplanted with an inoculum containing Nod1 × 2-/- T cells were protected from severe graft versus host disease. The results show that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is associated with accelerated T cell death upon alloantigen encounter, suggesting these proteins might provide new targets to ameliorate T cell responses in a variety of inflammatory states, including those associated with bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Alana A Shigeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Andrew A Scheinok
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Amanda L Gavin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard J Ulevitch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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16
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Tao Z, Zhu C, Song W, Xu W, Zhang S, Liu H, Li H. Inductive expression of the NOD1 signalling pathway in chickens infected with Salmonella pullorum. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:242-250. [PMID: 28084794 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken. 2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues. 3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8. 4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered. 5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tao
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - C Zhu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - W Song
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - W Xu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - S Zhang
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - H Liu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - H Li
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
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17
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RAGE-TLR Crosstalk Sustains Chronic Inflammation in Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1463-1476. [PMID: 28168427 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory reactions are consistenly present in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer type and are considered important factors that accelerate progression of the disease. Receptors of innate immunity participate in triggering and driving inflammatory reactions. For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE), major receptors of innate immunity, play a central role in perpetuation of inflammation. RAGE activation should be perceived as a primary mechanism which determines self-perpetuated chronic inflammation, and RAGE cooperation with TLRs amplifies inflammatory signaling. In this review, we highlight and discuss that RAGE-TLR crosstalk emerges as an important driving force of chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
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18
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Zhan Y, Seregin SS, Chen J, Chen GY. Nod1 Limits Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis by Regulating IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5121-9. [PMID: 27183588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation is a major risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. Nod1, a member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of pattern recognition receptors, is a bacterial sensor that has been previously demonstrated to reduce susceptibility of mice to chemically induced colitis and subsequent tumorigenesis, but the mechanism by which it mediates its protection has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that Nod1 expression in the hematopoietic cell compartment is critical for limiting inflammation-induced intestinal tumorigenesis. Specifically, Nod1-deficient T cells exhibit impaired IFN-γ production during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute inflammation in vivo, and administration of the Nod1 ligand KF1B enhances IFN-γ responses by anti-CD3-activated T cells in vitro. Absence of IFN-γ signaling results in increased inflammation-associated tumors in mice, and adoptive transfer of Nod1(-/-) or IFNγ(-/-) T cells into T cell-deficient mice results in increased tumorigenesis as compared with T cell-deficient mice that were adoptively transferred with wild-type T cells. Collectively, these results suggest a previously unappreciated role for the innate immune receptor Nod1 in suppressing colitis-associated tumorigenesis through a T cell-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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19
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Haile PA, Votta BJ, Marquis RW, Bury MJ, Mehlmann JF, Singhaus R, Charnley AK, Lakdawala AS, Convery MA, Lipshutz DB, Desai BM, Swift B, Capriotti CA, Berger SB, Mahajan MK, Reilly MA, Rivera EJ, Sun HH, Nagilla R, Beal AM, Finger JN, Cook MN, King BW, Ouellette MT, Totoritis RD, Pierdomenico M, Negroni A, Stronati L, Cucchiara S, Ziółkowski B, Vossenkämper A, MacDonald TT, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Casillas LN. The Identification and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-(tert-Butylsulfonyl)-N-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)quinolin-4-amine (GSK583), a Highly Potent and Selective Inhibitor of RIP2 Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4867-80. [PMID: 27109867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RIP2 kinase is a central component of the innate immune system and enables downstream signaling following activation of the pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Recently, several inhibitors of RIP2 kinase have been disclosed that have contributed to the fundamental understanding of the role of RIP2 in this pathway. However, because they lack either broad kinase selectivity or strong affinity for RIP2, these tools have only limited utility to assess the role of RIP2 in complex environments. We present, herein, the discovery and pharmacological characterization of GSK583, a next-generation RIP2 inhibitor possessing exquisite selectivity and potency. Having demonstrated the pharmacological precision of this tool compound, we report its use in elucidating the role of RIP2 kinase in a variety of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experiments, further clarifying our understanding of the role of RIP2 in NOD1 and NOD2 mediated disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Máire A Convery
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre , Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Negroni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University Hospital Umberto I , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Umberto I , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
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20
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Lakritz JR, Poutahidis T, Mirabal S, Varian BJ, Levkovich T, Ibrahim YM, Ward JM, Teng EC, Fisher B, Parry N, Lesage S, Alberg N, Gourishetti S, Fox JG, Ge Z, Erdman SE. Gut bacteria require neutrophils to promote mammary tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9387-96. [PMID: 25831236 PMCID: PMC4496224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that gastrointestinal tract microbiota modulate cancer development in distant non-intestinal tissues. Here we tested mechanistic hypotheses using a targeted pathogenic gut microbial infection animal model with a predilection to breast cancer. FVB-Tg(C3-1-TAg)cJeg/JegJ female mice were infected by gastric gavage with Helicobacter hepaticus at three-months-of-age putting them at increased risk for mammary tumor development. Tumorigenesis was multifocal and characterized by extensive infiltrates of myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils otherwise implicated in cancer progression in humans and animal models. To test whether neutrophils were important in etiopathogenesis in this bacteria-triggered model system, we next systemically depleted mice of neutrophils using thrice weekly intraperitoneal injections with anti-Ly-6G antibody. We found that antibody depletion entirely inhibited tumor development in this H. hepaticus-infected model. These data demonstrate that host neutrophil-associated immune responses to intestinal tract microbes significantly impact cancer progression in distal tissues such as mammary glands, and identify gut microbes as novel targets for extra-intestinal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lakritz
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 54124
| | - Sheyla Mirabal
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bernard J Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yassin M Ibrahim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ellen C Teng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brett Fisher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Lesage
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Natalie Alberg
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sravya Gourishetti
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are a family of receptors that are used to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns, which initiate immune responses to resolve infections and repair damaged tissues. Abnormalities in PRR activation will unavoidably lead to excessive inflammation. RECENT ADVANCES Although multiple pathophysiological processes are involved in cardiovascular disease, recent studies have highlighted the importance of innate PRRs, in particular, Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, in mediating inflammatory responses and cardiovascular function. CRITICAL ISSUES The functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of PRRs in cardiovascular diseases are still largely unknown. In particular, controversies exist on the certainty of these detrimental or beneficial effects of some PRRs in different diseased states or different experimental animal models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Considering that the molecular mechanisms for individual PRR to regulate cellular function are complex and multiple PRRs are activated simultaneously or synergistically, a better understanding of the function of individual PRRs and the interplay of PRRs will provide unexpected opportunities to develop new therapies for cardiovascular disease by modulation of an innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan, China
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22
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Collaborative action of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors as modulators of the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:432785. [PMID: 25525300 PMCID: PMC4267164 DOI: 10.1155/2014/432785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sensing of pathogenic bacteria by the host immune system is important to develop effective mechanisms to kill the invader. Microbial recognition, activation of signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms are sequential events that must be highly controlled to successfully eliminate the pathogen. Host recognizes pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Some of these PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs and NLRs are PRRs that play a key role in recognition of extracellular and intracellular bacteria and control the inflammatory response. The activation of TLRs and NLRs by their respective ligands activates downstream signaling pathways that converge on activation of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) or interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules. The goal of this review is to discuss how the TLRs and NRLs signaling pathways collaborate in a cooperative or synergistic manner to counteract the infectious agents. A deep knowledge of the biochemical events initiated by each of these receptors will undoubtedly have a high impact in the design of more effective strategies to control inflammation.
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Abstract
NLRs are a class of cytoplasmic PRRs with various functions, ranging from pathogen/damage sensing to the modulation of inflammatory signaling and transcriptional control of MHC and related genes. In addition, some NLRs have been implicated in preimplantation and prenatal development. NLRP12 (also known as RNO, PYPAF7, and Monarch-1), a member of the family containing an N-terminal PYD, a NBD, and a C-terminal LRR region, is one of the first described NLR proteins whose role remains controversial. The interest toward NLRP12 has been boosted by its recent involvement in colon cancer, as well as in the protection against some severe infections, such as that induced by Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. As NLRP12 is mainly expressed by the immune cells, and its expression is down-regulated in response to pathogen products and inflammatory cytokines, it has been predicted to play a role as a negative regulator of the inflammatory response. Herein, we present an overview of the NLR family and summarize recent insights on NLRP12 addressing its contribution to inflammatory signaling, host defense, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tuncer
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Charles Darwin", Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Charles Darwin", Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Charles Darwin", Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
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24
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Xin Z, Wu X. Aspergillus fumigatus triggers innate immune response via NOD1 signaling in human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:170-8. [PMID: 25108222 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious vision-threatening disease caused by fungi after corneal epithelium damage. We have previously shown a role of cell surface TLRs in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. In the present study we showed that Human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to A. fumigatus elicited an inflammatory response consisting in increased interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and innate defense molecules hBD2 and LL37 in a time-dependent manner. In this study we further investigated the role of intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD)-like receptors, NOD1 in innate immune and inflammatory response to A. fumigatus. We showed that NOD1 and its downstream signaling molecules RIP2 and NF-κB p65 are expressed in HCECs challenged with either NOD1 specific ligand iE-DAP or A. fumigatus. More importantly, NOD1 knockdown attenuated A. fumigatus-triggered the expression of NOD1, and downstream signaling effectors RIP2 and NF-κB p65, as well as the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, and the production of hBD2 and LL37. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that NOD1 is a prominent factor of innate immune and inflammatory response in HCECs against A. fumigatus, suggesting that NOD1 might be a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China
| | - Jiayin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhaoting Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China.
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25
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Dar AA, Patil RS, Chiplunkar SV. Insights into the Relationship between Toll Like Receptors and Gamma Delta T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:366. [PMID: 25132835 PMCID: PMC4116803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an important aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumor initiation, tumor progression and responses to therapy. The composition and characteristics of the tumor microenvironment vary widely and are important in determining the anti-tumor immune response. Successful immunization requires activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Generally, immune system is compromised in patients with cancer due to immune suppression, loss of tumor antigen expression and dysfunction of antigen presenting cells (APC). Thus, therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge. Certain cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs) and gamma delta (γδ) T cells are capable of driving potent anti-tumor responses. The property of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, high potential of cytokine release, tissue tropism and early activation in infections and malignant disease makes γδ T cells as an emerging candidate for immunotherapy. Various strategies are being developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses of γδ T cells and DCs one of them is the use of novel adjuvants like toll like receptors (TLR) agonists, which enhance γδ T cell function directly or through DC activation, which has ability to prime γδ T cells. TLR agonists are being used clinically either alone or in combination with tumor antigens and has shown initial success in both enhancing immune responses and eliciting anti-tumor activity. TLR activated γδ T cells and DCs nurture each other's activation. This provides a potent base for first line of defense and manipulation of the adaptive response against pathogens and cancer. The available data provides a strong rationale for initiating combinatorial therapy for the treatment of diseases and this review will summarize the application of adjuvants (TLRs) for boosting immune response of γδ T cells to treat cancer and infectious diseases and their use in combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Amin Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Rushikesh Sudam Patil
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Shubhada Vivek Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
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Danger signals in the initiation of the inflammatory response after myocardial infarction. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:206039. [PMID: 24363498 PMCID: PMC3864081 DOI: 10.1155/2013/206039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During myocardial infarction, sterile inflammation occurs. The danger model is a solid theoretic framework that explains this inflammation as danger associated molecular patterns activate the immune system. The innate immune system can sense danger signals through different pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) such as toll-like receptors, nod-like receptors and receptors for advanced glycation endproducts. Activation of a PRR results in the production of cytokines and the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury. Due to tissue damage and necrosis of cardiac cells, danger signals such as extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown products, mitochondrial DNA, heat shock proteins and high mobility box 1 are released. Matricellular proteins are non-structural proteins expressed in the ECM and are upregulated upon injury. Some members of the matricellular protein family (like tenascin-C, osteopontin, CCN1 and the galectins) have been implicated in the inflammatory and reparative responses following myocardial infarction and may function as danger signals. In a clinical setting, danger signals can function as prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarkers and for drug targeting. In this review we will provide an overview of the established knowledge on the role of danger signals in myocardial infarction and we will discuss areas of interest for future research.
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Shapira I, Sultan K, Lee A, Taioli E. Evolving concepts: how diet and the intestinal microbiome act as modulators of breast malignancy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:693920. [PMID: 24187630 PMCID: PMC3800670 DOI: 10.1155/2013/693920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in human physiology. Next-generation sequencing technologies, knockout and gnotobiotic mouse models, fecal transplant data and epidemiologic studies have accelerated our understanding of microbiome abnormalities seen in immune diseases and malignancies. Dysbiosis is the disturbed microbiome ecology secondary to external pressures such as host diseases, medications, diet and genetic conditions often leading to abnormalities of the host immune system. Specifically dysbiosis has been shown to lower circulating lymphocytes, and increase neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, a finding which has been associated with a decreased survival in women with breast cancers. Dysbiosis also plays a role in the recycling of estrogens via the entero-hepatic circulation, increasing estrogenic potency in the host, which is another leading cause of breast malignancy. Non-modifiable factors such as age and genetic mutations disrupt the microbiome, but modifiable factors such as diet may also lead to profound disruptions as well. A better understanding of dietary factors and how they disrupt the microbiome may lead to beneficial nutritional interventions for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Shapira
- Monter Cancer Center, Don Monti Division of Oncology and Division of Hematology, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, 450 Lakeville Road, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
| | - Keith Sultan
- Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Annette Lee
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics and Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Population Health-Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine and North Shore/LIJ Health System, 175 Community Drive, Room 203, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
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Reynolds JM, Dong C. Toll-like receptor regulation of effector T lymphocyte function. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:511-9. [PMID: 23886621 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The landmark discovery of pattern-recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), furthered our understanding on how the host rapidly responds to invading pathogens. For over a decade now, extensive research has demonstrated the crucial role of multiple TLRs in the detection of a broad range of molecules expressed by microbial pathogens as well as host-derived danger signals. TLR activation is the hallmark of the innate immune response. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates that cells of the adaptive immune response use these innate signaling pathways as well. This review discusses recent findings regarding TLR functionality in T lymphocytes with a specific emphasis on the promotion of T helper cell-dependent inflammation through direct TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin, Unit 906, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Innate receptors for adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:296-302. [PMID: 23659869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are commonly known as sensor proteins crucial for the early detection of microbial or host-derived stress signals by innate immune cells. Interestingly, some PRRs are also expressed and functional in cells of the adaptive immune system. These receptors provide lymphocytes with innate sensing abilities; for example, B cells express Toll-like receptors, which are important for the humoral response. Strikingly, certain other NOD-like receptors are not only highly expressed in adaptive immune cells, but also exert functions related specifically to adaptive immune system pathways, such as regulating antigen presentation. In this review, we will focus particularly on the current understanding of PRR functions intrinsic to B and T lymphocytes; a developing aspect of PRR biology.
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TLR2 and Nod2 mediate resistance or susceptibility to fatal intracellular Ehrlichia infection in murine models of ehrlichiosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58514. [PMID: 23526993 PMCID: PMC3602367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our murine models of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) have shown that severe and fatal ehrlichiosis is due to generation of pathogenic T cell responses causing immunopathology and multi-organ failure. However, the early events in the liver, the main site of infection, are not well understood. In this study, we examined the liver transcriptome during the course of lethal and nonlethal infections caused by Ixodes ovatus Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia muris, respectively. On day 3 post-infection (p.i.), although most host genes were down regulated in the two groups of infected mice compared to naïve counterparts, lethal infection induced significantly higher expression of caspase 1, caspase 4, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (Nod1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 10, and CCL7 compared to nonlethal infection. On day 7 p.i., lethal infection induced highly significant upregulation of type-1 interferon, several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which was associated with increased expression levels of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), Nod2, MyD88, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), Caspase 4, NLRP1, NLRP12, Pycard, and IL-1β, suggesting enhanced TLR signals and inflammasomes activation. We next evaluated the participation of TLR2 and Nod2 in the host response during lethal Ehrlichia infection. Although lack of TLR2 impaired bacterial elimination and increased tissue necrosis, Nod2 deficiency attenuated pathology and enhanced bacterial clearance, which correlated with increased interferon-γ and interleukin-10 levels and a decreased frequency of pathogenic CD8(+) T cells in response to lethal infection. Thus, these data indicate that Nod2, but not TLR2, contributes to susceptibility to severe Ehrlichia-induced shock. Together, our studies provide, for the first time, insight into the diversity of host factors and novel molecular pathogenic mechanisms that may contribute to severe HME.
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Nicolò C, Di Sante G, Procoli A, Migliara G, Piermattei A, Valentini M, Delogu G, Cittadini A, Constantin G, Ria F. M tuberculosis in the adjuvant modulates time of appearance of CNS-specific effector T cells in the spleen through a polymorphic site of TLR2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55819. [PMID: 23409051 PMCID: PMC3569447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DC deliver information regulating trafficking of effector T cells along T-cell priming. However, the role of pathogen-derived motives in the regulation of movement of T cells has not been studied. We hereinafter report that amount of M tuberculosis in the adjuvant modulates relocation of PLP139-151 specific T cells. In the presence of a low dose of M tuberculosis in the adjuvant, T cells (detected by CDR3 BV-BJ spectratyping, the so-called "immunoscope") mostly reach the spleen by day 28 after immunization ("late relocation") in the SJL strain, whereas T cells reach the spleen by d 14 with a high dose of M tuberculosis ("early relocation"). The C57Bl/6 background confers a dominant "early relocation" phenotype to F1 (SJL×C57Bl/6) mice, allowing early relocation of T cells in the presence of low dose M tuberculosis. A single non-synonymous polymorphism of TLR2 is responsible for "early/late" relocation phenotype. Egress of T lymphocytes is regulated by TLR2 expressed on T cells. Thus, pathogens engaging TLR2 on T cells regulate directly T-cell trafficking, and polymorphisms of TLR2 condition T-cell trafficking upon a limiting concentration of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolò
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Procoli
- Institute of Gynecology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliara
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Piermattei
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Achille Cittadini
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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