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Behar-Cohen F, Jaisser F, Zhao M. Letter to the Editor From Behar-Cohen et al.: "The Cortisol Response of Male and Female Choroidal Endothelial Cells: Implications for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2204-e2205. [PMID: 34922389 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin Ophthalmopole, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
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Zola M, Mejlachowicz D, Gregorio R, Naud MC, Jaisser F, Zhao M, Behar-Cohen F. Chronic Systemic Dexamethasone Regulates the Mineralocorticoid/Glucocorticoid Pathways Balance in Rat Ocular Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031278. [PMID: 35163201 PMCID: PMC8836134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a retinal disease affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. This is a recognized side-effect of glucocorticoids (GCs), administered through nasal, articular, oral and dermal routes. However, CSCR does not occur after intraocular GCs administration, suggesting that a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) brake could play a role in the mechanistic link between CSCR and GS. The aim of this study was to explore this hypothesis. To induce HPA brake, Lewis rats received a systemic injection of dexamethasone daily for five days. Control rats received saline injections. Baseline levels of corticosterone were measured by Elisa at baseline and at 5 days in the serum and the ocular media and dexamethasone levels were measured at 5 days in the serum and ocular media. The expression of genes encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), and the 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) enzymes 1 and 2 were quantified in the neural retina and in RPE/ choroid. The expression of MR target genes was quantified in the retina (Scnn1A (encoding ENac-α, Kir4.1 and Aqp4) and in the RPE/choroid (Shroom 2, Ngal, Mmp9 and Omg, Ptx3, Plaur and Fosl-1). Only 10% of the corticosterone serum concentration was measured in the ocular media. Corticosterone levels in the serum and in the ocular media dropped after 5 days of dexamethasone systemic treatment, reflecting HPA axis brake. Whilst both GR and MR were downregulated in the retina without MR/GR imbalance, in the RPE/choroid, both MR/GR and 11β-hsd2/11β-hsd1 ratio increased, indicating MR pathway activation. MR-target genes were upregulated in the RPE/ choroid but not in the retina. The psychological stress induced by the repeated injection of saline also induced HPA axis brake with a trend towards MR pathway activation in RPE/ choroid. HPA axis brake causes an imbalance of corticoid receptors expression in the RPE/choroid towards overactivation of MR pathway, which could favor the occurrence of CSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zola
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtalmopôle, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Dan Mejlachowicz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Raquel Gregorio
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marie-Christine Naud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, 75006 Paris, France; (M.Z.); (D.M.); (R.G.); (M.-C.N.); (F.J.); (M.Z.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtalmopôle, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Behar-Cohen F, Zhao M. Mineralocorticoid pathway in retinal health and diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3190-3204. [PMID: 34877649 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the retina, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is expressed in retinal and choroidal vessels and in cells from neural and glial origins. Like in the brain, the major ligand of the MR is cortisol and the MR/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) balance regulates the activation of the MR pathway. Experimental MR pathway activation using either pharmacological agents or transgenic manipulation favors retinal and choroidal pathology. In various models of retinal diseases, such as glaucomatous neuropathy, retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy and choroidal neovascularization, MR antagonism exerts beneficial effects, demonstrating its potential in the treatment of major blinding retinal diseases. But specific formulations are required to optimize the bioavailability of MR antagonists in various compartments of the eye and molecular biomarkers of MR pathway activation remain to be identify in humans to select patients amenable to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Behar-Cohen
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin Ophtalmopole, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From physiopathology of retinal diseases to clinical advances, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inserm, From physiopathology of retinal diseases to clinical advances, Paris, France
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Racic T, Chang A, Fernando N, Brandli A, Natoli R, Penfold P, Provis JM, Rutar M. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of the corticosteroid fludrocortisone in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108765. [PMID: 34509498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of outer retinal degenerations has been linked to the elevation of cytokines that orchestrate pro-inflammatory responses within the retinal milieu, and which are thought to play a role in diseases such as geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of AMD. Here we sought investigate the anti-inflammatory and mechanistic properties of fludrocortisone (FA), as well as triamcinolone acetonide (TA), on Müller cell-mediated cytokine expression in response to inflammatory challenge. In addition, we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of FA and TA in a photo-oxidative damage (PD), a model of outer retinal degeneration. Expression of CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 with respect to FA and TA were assessed in Müller cells in vitro, following simulation with IL-1β or TNF-α. The dependency of this effect on mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid signaling was also interrogated for both TA and TA via co-incubation with steroid receptor antagonists. For the PD model, C57BL/6 mice were intravitreally injected with FA or TA, and changes in retinal pathology were assessed via electroretinogram (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). FA and TA were found to dramatically reduce the expression of CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 in Müller glia in vitro after inflammatory challenge with IL-1β or TNF-α (P < 0.05). Though FA acts as both a mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor agonist, co-incubation with selective steroid antagonists revealed that the suppressive effect of FA on CCL2, IL-6, and IL-8 expression is mediated by glucocorticoid signaling (P < 0.05). In PD, intravitreal FA was found to ameliorate outer-retinal atrophy as measured by ERG and OCT (P < 0.05), while TA had no significant effect (P > 0.05). Our data indicate potent anti-inflammatory and mechanistic properties of corticosteroids, specifically FA, in suppressing inflammation and neurodegeneration degeneration associated with outer retinal atrophy. Taken together, our findings indicate that corticosteroids such as FA may have value as a potential therapeutic for outer retinal degenerations where such pro-inflammatory factors are implicated, including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Racic
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Sydney Retina Clinic & Day Surgery, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Alice Brandli
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Philip Penfold
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan M Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Dahmana N, Kowalczuk L, Gabriel D, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R, Kalia YN. Ocular Biodistribution of Spironolactone after a Single Intravitreal Injection of a Biodegradable Sustained-Release Polymer in Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:59-69. [PMID: 31751144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release formulations for ocular delivery are of increasing interest given their potential to significantly improve treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop a sustained-release formulation of spironolactone (SPL) using a biodegradable and injectable polymer, hexyl-substituted poly-lactic acid (hexPLA) and (ii) to investigate the ocular biodistribution and tolerability of SPL and its metabolites in rats in vivo over 1 month following a single intravitreal injection (IVT inj). The concentrations of SPL and its two principal active metabolites, 7α-thiomethylspironolactone and canrenone (CAN), in the different ocular compartments were determined at different time points (3, 7, and 31 days after IVT inj) using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Systemic exposure following a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA formulation was evaluated by quantifying SPL and its metabolites in the plasma. Ocular tolerability of the formulation was evaluated using in vivo retinal imaging and histology. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release of SPL from 5% SPL-hexPLA for up to 65 days. In vivo studies showed that SPL and its metabolites were detected in all ocular tissues at 3 and 7 days post-IVT inj. At 31 days post-IVT inj, SPL and CAN were mainly detected in the retina. These results also highlighted the clearance pathway of SPL and its metabolite involving the anterior and posterior routes in the first week (days 3 and 7), then mainly the posterior segment in the last week (day 31). This study showed that a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA in rats enabled sustained delivery of therapeutic amounts of SPL for up to 1 month to the retina without systemic exposure. This formulation may be of interest for the local treatment of diseases involving overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the chorioretina such as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles , Avenue de France 15 , 1004 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Doris Gabriel
- Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris , INSERM U1138, Team Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris , France.,Hôpital Cochin - Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Ophtalmopole , Paris , France
| | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.,Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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Caroccia B, Seccia TM, Piazza M, Prisco S, Zanin S, Iacobone M, Lenzini L, Pallafacchina G, Domening O, Poglitsch M, Rizzuto R, Rossi GP. Aldosterone Stimulates Its Biosynthesis Via a Novel GPER-Mediated Mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6316-6324. [PMID: 31125081 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates an aldosterone secretagogue effect of 17β-estradiol in human HAC15 adrenocortical cells after estrogen receptor β blockade. Because GPER mediates mineralocorticoid receptor-independent aldosterone effects in other cell types, we hypothesized that aldosterone could modulate its own synthesis via GPER activation. METHODS HAC15 cells were exposed to aldosterone in the presence or absence of canrenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and/or of the selective GPER antagonist G36. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA and protein levels changes were the study end points. Similar experiments were repeated in strips obtained ex vivo from aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and in GPER-silenced HAC15 cells. RESULTS Aldosterone markedly increased CYP11B2 mRNA and protein expression (vs untreated samples, P < 0.001) in both models by acting via GPER, because these effects were abolished by G36 (P < 0.01) and not by canrenone. GPER-silencing (P < 0.01) abolished the aldosterone-induced increase of CYP11B2, thus proving that aldosterone acts via GPER to augment the step-limiting mitochondrial enzyme (CYP11B2) of its synthesis. Angiotensin II potentiated the GPER-mediated effect of aldosterone on CYP11B2. Coimmunoprecipitation studies provided evidence for GPER-angiotensin type-1 receptor heterodimerization. CONCLUSION We propose that this autocrine-paracrine mechanism could enhance aldosterone biosynthesis under conditions of immediate physiological need in which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated as, for example, hypovolemia. Moreover, as APA overexpresses GPER this mechanism could contribute to the aldosterone excess that occurs in primary aldosteronism in a seemingly autonomous fashion from angiotensin II.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/metabolism
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/pathology
- Adrenocortical Adenoma/drug therapy
- Adrenocortical Adenoma/metabolism
- Adrenocortical Adenoma/pathology
- Aldosterone/biosynthesis
- Aldosterone/pharmacology
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Canrenone/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Brasilina Caroccia
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Piazza
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Selene Prisco
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Zanin
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Livia Lenzini
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pallafacchina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Paukszto L, Mikolajczyk A, Szeszko K, Smolinska N, Jastrzebski JP, Kaminski T. Transcription analysis of the response of the porcine adrenal cortex to a single subclinical dose of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1228-1245. [PMID: 31520703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin which can participate in the induction of inflammatory responses. LPS may also play a significant role in some neurodegenerative, oncological and metabolic disorders. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of a subclinical low single dose of LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis administrated in vivo on the transcriptome of porcine adrenal cortex cells, especially gene expression levels, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) profiles, alternative splicing events and RNA editing sites using RNA-seq technology. The subclinical dose of LPS changed the expression of 354 genes, 27 lncRNA loci and other unclassified RNAs. An analysis of alternative splicing events revealed 104 genes with differentially expressed splice junction sites, and the single nucleotide variant calling approach supported the identification of 376 canonical RNA editing candidates and 7249 allele-specific expression variants. The obtained results suggest that the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, may play a more important role than the Toll-like signaling pathway after the administration of a subclinical dose of LPS. Single subclinical dose of LPS can affect the expression profiles of genes coding peptide hormones, steroidogenic enzymes and transcriptional factors, and modulate the endocrine functions of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anita Mikolajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Karol Szeszko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jan P Jastrzebski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Effect of acute and chronic aldosterone exposure on the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complex in rodents. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107747. [PMID: 31394103 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidences show that aldosterone and/or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) over-activation by glucocorticoids can be deleterious to the retina and to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid complex. However, the exact molecular mechanisms driving these effects remain poorly understood and pathological consequences of chronic exposure of the retina and RPE/choroid to aldosterone have not been completely explored. We aimed to decipher the transcriptomic regulation in the RPE-choroid complex in rats in response to acute intraocular aldosterone injection and to explore the consequences of systemic chronic aldosterone exposure on the morphology and the gene regulation in RPE/choroid in mice. High dose of aldosterone (100 nM) was intravitreously injected in Lewis rat eyes in order to yield an aldosterone dose able to induce a molecular response at the apical side of the RPE-choroid complex. The posterior segment morphology was evaluated in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and 24 h after aldosterone injection. Rat RPE-choroid complexes were used for RNA sequencing and analysis. Uninephrectomy/aldosterone/salt (NAS) model was created in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. After 6 weeks, histology of mouse posterior segments were observed ex vivo. Gene expression in the RPE-choroid complex was analyzed using quantitative PCR. Acute intravitreous injection of aldosterone induced posterior segment inflammation observed on OCT. RNA sequencing of rat RPE-choroid complexes revealed up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and RNA procession, and down-regulation of genes involved in synaptic activity, muscle contraction, cytoskeleton, cell junction and transporters. Chronic aldosterone/salt exposure in NAS model induces retinal edema, choroidal vasodilation and RPE cell dysfunction and migration. Quantitative PCR showed deregulation of genes involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, particularly the NOX pathway, angiogenesis and cell contractility. Both rodent models share some common phenotypes and molecular regulations in the RPE-choroid complex that could contribute to pachychoroid epitheliopathy in humans. The difference in inflammatory status relies on different intraocular or systemic route of aldosterone administration and on the different doses of aldosterone exposed to the RPE-choroid complex.
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Bast BO, Rickert U, Schneppenheim J, Cossais F, Wilms H, Arnold P, Lucius R. Aldosterone exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS stimulated microglia. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00826. [PMID: 30302409 PMCID: PMC6174543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, studies on microglia cell function in chronic neuro-inflammation and neuronal necrosis pointed towards an eminent role of these cells in Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease. It was found, that microglia cell activity can be stimulated towards a pro- or an anti-inflammatory profile, depending on the stimulating signals. Therefore, investigation of receptors expressed by microglia cells and ligands influencing their activation state is of eminent interest. A receptor found to be expressed by microglia cells is the mineralocorticoid receptor. One of its ligands is Aldosterone, a naturally produced steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex, which mainly induces homeostatic and renal effects. We evaluated if the addition of Aldosterone to LPS stimulated microglia cells changes their inflammatory profile. Therefore, we assessed the levels of nitric oxide (NO), iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2 in untreated, LPS-treated and LPS/Aldosterone-treated microglia cells. Furthermore we analyzed p38-MAP-Kinase and NFκB signaling within these cells. Our results indicate that the co-stimulation with Aldosterone leads to a decrease of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory effect and thus renders Aldosterone an anti-inflammatory agent in our model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Ole Bast
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Uta Rickert
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janna Schneppenheim
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - François Cossais
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Henrik Wilms
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 4th Street, 79430 Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Touchard E, Benard R, Bigot K, Laffitte JD, Buggage R, Bordet T, Behar-Cohen F. Non-viral ocular gene therapy, pEYS606, for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis: Preclinical evaluation of the medicinal product. J Control Release 2018; 285:244-251. [PMID: 30009894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is the first cause of blindness that can be cured if optimal anti-inflammatory therapy can be achieved. Systemic anti-TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) agents have been recently approved for NIU but no local delivery of anti-TNF is available. For sustained production of secreted therapeutic proteins into the eye, non-viral gene therapy using plasmid electrotransfer in the ciliary muscle has been proposed. In this paper, we report the development steps of pEYS606, a clinical-grade plasmid DNA, devoid of antiobiotic selection gene, encoding a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the soluble p55 TNF-α receptor linked to the human IgG1 Fc domain (hTNFR-Is/hIgG1 or Protein 6), with high affinity for human TNF-α, for non-viral gene transfer into the ocular ciliary muscle. Electrotransfer of pEYS606 in the ciliary muscle significantly reduced ocular inflammation in two well-established rat models of uveitis, the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) and the experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In addition, in EAU, a significant protection of photoreceptors was demonstrated after pEYS606 treatment. The improved pharmacokinetic profile of intraocularly-secreted protein as compared to direct intravitreous injection of recombinant protein allowed to demonstrate Protein 6 efficacy at very low concentrations. Based on these results, a phase I/II clinical trial is conducted [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03308045].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Benard
- Eyevensys, SAS, 33 Avenue du Maine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karine Bigot
- Eyevensys, SAS, 33 Avenue du Maine, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Eyevensys, SAS, 33 Avenue du Maine, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; AP-HP Hôpitaux de Paris, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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11
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldo-Keto Reductases: Multifunctional Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes and Inflammatory Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:173-202. [PMID: 30362099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several blinding diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. However, possible mechanisms linking the action of AR to these diseases are not well understood. As DR and cataract are among the leading causes of blindness in the world, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay their onset. Studies with AR inhibitors and gene-targeted mice have demonstrated that the action of AR is also linked to cancer onset and progression. In this review we examine possible mechanisms that relate AR to molecular signaling cascades and thus explain why AR inhibition is an effective strategy against colon cancer as well as diseases of the eye such as uveitis, cataract, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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12
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Zhao M, Rodríguez-Villagra E, Kowalczuk L, Le Normand M, Berdugo M, Levy-Boukris R, El Zaoui I, Kaufmann B, Gurny R, Bravo-Osuna I, Molina-Martínez IT, Herrero-Vanrell R, Behar-Cohen F. Tolerance of high and low amounts of PLGA microspheres loaded with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in retinal target site. J Control Release 2017; 266:187-197. [PMID: 28947395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) contributes to retinal/choroidal homeostasis. Excess MR activation has been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Systemic administration of MR antagonist (MRA) reduces subretinal fluid and choroidal vasodilation, and improves the visual acuity in CSCR patients. To achieve long term beneficial effects in the eye while avoiding systemic side-effects, we propose the use of biodegradable spironolactone-loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (MSs). In this work we have evaluated the ocular tolerance of MSs containing spironolactone in rat' eyes. As previous step, we have also studied the tolerance of the commercial solution of canrenoate salt, active metabolite of spironolactone. PLGA MSs allowed in vitro sustained release of spironolactone for 30days. Rat eyes injected with high intravitreous concentration of PLGA MSs (10mg/mL) unloaded and loaded with spironolactone maintained intact retinal lamination at 1month. However enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining and activated microglia/macrophages witness retinal stress were observed. ERG also showed impaired photoreceptor function. Intravitreous PLGA MSs concentration of 2mg/mL unloaded and loaded with spironolactone resulted well tolerated. We observed reduced microglial/macrophage activation in rat retina compared to high concentration of MSs with normal retinal function according to ERG. Spironolactone released from low concentration of MSs was active in the rat retina. Low concentration of spironolactone-loaded PLGA MSs could be a safe therapeutic choice for chorioretinal disorders in which illicit MR activation could be pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Villagra
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; PharmaceuticalInnovation in Ophthalmology (Research Group), Fundación para la Investigación-HCSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manon Le Normand
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Berdugo
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Rinath Levy-Boukris
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Ikram El Zaoui
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Kaufmann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; PharmaceuticalInnovation in Ophthalmology (Research Group), Fundación para la Investigación-HCSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene T Molina-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; PharmaceuticalInnovation in Ophthalmology (Research Group), Fundación para la Investigación-HCSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; PharmaceuticalInnovation in Ophthalmology (Research Group), Fundación para la Investigación-HCSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17: From Physiopathology of Retinal Diseases to Clinical Advances, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Aldosterone and Vascular Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Murine Endotoxic and Human Septic Shock*. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e954-e962. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Long-lasting devices releasing steroids have been approved recently for macular edema of various origins. Identification of the retina as a novel mineralo-sensitive tissue also raises new therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, the over activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway has been shown to cause fluid accumulation in the retina, choroidal vasodilation, and to promote retinal neovascularization in hypoxic conditions. These findings indicate that MR antagonists could have beneficial effects in the treatment of retinal diseases. Central serous chorioretinopathy is a retinal disease associated with choroidal vasodilation and subretinal fluid that affects mostly men with type A personality and occurrence has been associated with steroid intake. In several independent studies, MR antagonists have shown beneficial effects, significantly reducing subretinal fluid in eyes of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients. SUMMARY The role of MR in retinal disorder is emerging and the potential association with psychological traits is considered. The place of MR antagonists for retinal diseases treatment is discussed.
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Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging Roles of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pathology: Toward New Paradigms in Clinical Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:49-75. [PMID: 26668301 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone are the principal modulators of hormone-regulated renal sodium reabsorption. In addition to the kidney, there are several other cells and organs expressing MR, in which its activation mediates pathologic changes, indicating potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological MR antagonism. Steroidal MR antagonists have been used for decades to fight hypertension and more recently heart failure. New therapeutic indications are now arising, and nonsteroidal MR antagonists are currently under development. This review is focused on nonclassic MR targets in cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic, ocular, and cutaneous diseases. The MR, associated with other risk factors, is involved in organ fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging; for example, in the kidney and heart MR mediates hormonal tissue-specific ion channel regulation. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of MR expression/activity that have been documented in hypertension may also present significant risk factors in other diseases and be susceptible to MR antagonism. Excess mineralocorticoid signaling, mediated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids binding, now appears deleterious in the progression of pathologies that may lead to end-stage organ failure and could therefore benefit from the repositioning of pharmacological MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jaisser
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| | - N Farman
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase mediates retinal microglia activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:565-71. [PMID: 27033597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinal microglia (RMG) are one of the major immune cells in charge of surveillance of inflammatory responses in the eye. In the absence of an inflammatory stimulus, RMG reside predominately in the ganglion layer and inner or outer plexiform layers. However, under stress RMG become activated and migrate into the inner nuclear layer (INL) or outer nuclear layer (ONL). Activated RMG in cell culture secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in a manner sensitive to downregulation by aldose reductase inhibitors. In this study, we utilized CX3CR1(GFP) mice carrying AR mutant alleles to evaluate the role of AR on RMG activation and migration in vivo. When tested on an AR(WT) background, IP injection of LPS induced RMG activation and migration into the INL and ONL. However, this phenomenon was largely prevented by AR inhibitors or in AR null mice, or was exacerbated in transgenic mice that over-express AR. LPS-induced increases in ocular levels of TNF-α and CX3CL-1 in WT mice were substantially lower in AR null mice or were reduced by AR inhibitor treatment. These studies demonstrate that AR expression in RMG may contribute to the proinflammatory phenotypes common to various eye diseases such as uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been used for decades in the treatment of ocular disorders via topical, periocular, and more recently intravitreal routes. However, their exact mechanisms of action on ocular tissues remain imperfectly understood. Fortunately, two recently approved intravitreal sustained-release drug delivery systems have opened new perspectives for these very potent drugs. To date, among other retinal conditions, their label includes diabetic macular edema, for which a long-lasting therapeutic effect has been demonstrated both morphologically and functionally in several randomized clinical trials. The rate of ocular complications of intravitreal sustained-release steroids, mainly cataract formation and intraocular pressure elevation, is higher than with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Yet, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these adverse effects and the search for the minimal efficient dose should help optimize their therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Daruich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 3 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
- INSERM, UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 3 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 3 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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Modulation of Immunity and Inflammation by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Aldosterone. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:652738. [PMID: 26448944 PMCID: PMC4581510 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand dependent transcription factor. MR has been traditionally associated with the control of water and electrolyte homeostasis in order to keep blood pressure through aldosterone activation. However, there is growing evidence indicating that MR expression is not restricted to vascular and renal tissues, as it can be also expressed by cells of the immune system, where it responds to stimulation or antagonism, controlling immune cell function. On the other hand, aldosterone also has been associated with proinflammatory immune effects, such as the release of proinflammatory cytokines, generating oxidative stress and inducing fibrosis. The inflammatory participation of MR and aldosterone in the cardiovascular disease suggests an association with alterations in the immune system. Hypertensive patients show higher levels of proinflammatory mediators that can be modulated by MR antagonism. Although these proinflammatory properties have been observed in other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects remain unknown. Here we review and discuss the scientific work aimed at determining the immunological role of MR and aldosterone in humans, as well as animal models.
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El Zaoui I, Behar-Cohen F, Torriglia A. Glucocorticoids Exert Direct Toxicity on Microvasculature: Analysis of Cell Death Mechanisms. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:441-53. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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20
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Wu CT, Wang ZH, Li ZQ, Wang LF. Effect of spironolactone on cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. World J Emerg Med 2014; 4:48-53. [PMID: 25215092 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have reported the effect of aldosterone receptor antagonist (ARA) on myocardial remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study was undertaken to investigate the preventive effect of ARA on myocardial remodeling after AMI. METHODS A total of 616 patients who had been admitted into the CCU of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2008 to January 2010 were studied prospectively. Only 528 patients were observed completely, including 266 of the control group and 262 of the treatment group. There was no statistical difference in age, gender, medical history, admission situation, and treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). The preventive effects of spironolactone on cardiac remodeling, left ventricular function, renal function and blood levels of potassium were evaluated by echocardiography, serum potassium and serum creatinine at one-month and one-year follow-up. RESULTS The echocardiography indicators such as LVESD, LVEDD, LVEF, LAD-ML and LAD-SI were significantly improved in the treatment group compared with the control group at one year (P<0.05). In the treatment group, LVESD, LVEDD, LVPWT, LVEF, LAD-ML and LAD-SI were more significantly improved at one year than one month (P<0.05, P=0.007 to LVEF), and in the control group LVEF was more significantly improved at one year than one month (P=0.0277). There were no significant differences in serum potassium and serum creatinine levels between the two groups. CONCLUSION On the basis of conventional treatment, the early combination of low-dose spironolactone (20 mg/d) could inhibit cardiac remodeling at late stage and prevent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Wang
- CCU, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhu-Qin Li
- CCU, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lan-Feng Wang
- CCU, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Couturier A, Bousquet E, Zhao M, Naud MC, Klein C, Jonet L, Tadayoni R, de Kozak Y, Behar-Cohen F. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor acts on retinal microglia/macrophage activation in a rat model of ocular inflammation. Mol Vis 2014; 20:908-20. [PMID: 24966662 PMCID: PMC4067232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibodies injected in the vitreous of rat eyes influence retinal microglia and macrophage activation. To dissociate the effect of anti-VEGF on microglia and macrophages subsequent to its antiangiogenic effect, we chose a model of acute intraocular inflammation. METHODS Lewis rats were challenged with systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and concomitantly received 5 µl of rat anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody (1.5 mg/ml) in the vitreous. Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype was used as the control. The effect of anti-VEGF was evaluated at 24 and 48 h clinically (uveitis scores), biologically (cytokine multiplex analysis in ocular media), and histologically (inflammatory cell counts on eye sections). Microglia and macrophages were immunodetected with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) staining and counted based on their differential shapes (round amoeboid or ramified dendritiform) on sections and flatmounted retinas using confocal imaging and automatic quantification. Activation of microglia was also evaluated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IBA1 coimmunostaining. Coimmunolocalization of VEGF receptor 1 and 2 (VEGF-R1 and R2) with IBA1 was performed on eye sections with or without anti-VEGF treatment. RESULTS Neutralizing rat anti-VEGF antibodies significantly decreased ocular VEGF levels but did not decrease the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) clinical score or the number of infiltrating cells and cytokines in ocular media (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1). Eyes treated with anti-VEGF showed a significantly decreased number of activated microglia and macrophages in the retina and the choroid and decreased iNOS-positive microglia. IBA1-positive cells expressed VEGF-R1 and R2 in the inflamed retina. CONCLUSIONS Microglia and macrophages expressed VEGF receptors, and intravitreous anti-VEGF influenced the microglia and macrophage activation state. Taking into account that anti-VEGF drugs are repeatedly injected in the vitreous of patients with retinal diseases, part of their effects could result from unsuspected modulation of the microglia activation state. This should be further studied in other ocular pathogenic conditions and human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Couturier
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bousquet
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Naud
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Klein
- Inserm, U1138, CICC, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jonet
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Ramin Tadayoni
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Yvonne de Kozak
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - F. Behar-Cohen
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases : Threrapeutic innovations, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France,Department of Ophtahlmology of Lausanne University, Jules Gonin Ophthalmic hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chang KC, Ponder J, Labarbera DV, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in retinal microglia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2853-61. [PMID: 24677107 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal microglia become activated in diabetes and produce pro-inflammatory molecules associated with changes in retinal vasculature and increased apoptosis of retinal neurons and glial cells. We sought to determine if the action of aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, contributes to activation of microglial cells. METHODS Involvement of AR in the activation process was studied using primary cultures of retinal microglia (RMG) isolated from wild-type and AR-null mice, or in mouse macrophage cultures treated with either AR inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed to AR. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Cell migration was measured using a transwell assay. Gelatin zymography was used to detect active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, while RMG-induced apoptosis of adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells was studied in a cell coculture system. RESULTS Aldose reductase inhibition or genetic deficiency substantially reduced lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced cytokine secretion from macrophages and RMG. Aldose reductase inhibition or deficiency also reduced the activation of MMP-9 and attenuated LPS-induced cell migration. Additionally, blockade of AR by sorbinil or through genetic means caused a reduction in the ability of activated RMG to induce apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the action of AR contributes to the activation of RMG. Inhibition of AR may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation associated with activation of RMG in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Mérida S, Sancho-Tello M, Navea A, Almansa I, Muriach M, Bosch-Morell F. An anti-interleukin-2 receptor drug attenuates T- helper 1 lymphocytes-mediated inflammation in an acute model of endotoxin-induced uveitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90216. [PMID: 24595020 PMCID: PMC3940780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Daclizumab, an anti-interleukin-2 receptor drug, in an experimental uveitis model upon a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide into Lewis rats, a valuable model for ocular acute inflammatory processes. The integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier was assessed 24 h after endotoxin-induced uveitis by evaluating two parameters: cell count and protein concentration in aqueous humors. The histopathology of all the ocular structures (cornea, lens, sclera, choroid, retina, uvea, and anterior and posterior chambers) was also considered. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of the aqueous humor samples were performed to quantify the levels of the different chemokine and cytokine proteins. Similarly, a biochemical analysis of oxidative stress-related markers was also assessed. The inflammation observed in the anterior chamber of the eyes when Daclizumab was administered with endotoxin was largely prevented since the aqueous humor protein concentration substantially lowered concomitantly with a significant reduction in the uveal and vitreous histopathological grading. Th1 lymphocytes-related cytokines, such as Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ, also significantly reduced with related anti-oxidant systems recovery. Daclizumab treatment in endotoxin-induced uveitis reduced Th1 lymphocytes-related cytokines, such as Interleukin-2 and Interferon gamma, by about 60–70% and presented a preventive role in endotoxin-induced oxidative stress. This antioxidant protective effect of Daclizumab may be related to several of the observed Daclizumab effects in our study, including IL-6 cytokine regulatory properties and a substantial concomitant drop in INFγ. Concurrently, Daclizumab treatment triggered a significant reduction in both the uveal histopathological grading and protein concentration in aqueous humors, but not in cellular infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Mérida
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Navea
- Oftalmología Médica, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Almansa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Muriach
- Unidad Predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
- Oftalmología Médica, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Mathieu C, Milla S, Mandiki SNM, Douxfils J, Kestemont P. In vivo response of some immune and endocrine variables to LPS in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis, L.) and modulation of this response by two corticosteroids, cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 167:25-34. [PMID: 24041989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the endocrine system, especially corticosteroids pathway, strongly interacts with immune system. On the other hand, in vivo co-stimulation of both systems is not well documented. To better understand this interaction, we decided to evaluate the in vivo effects of both stimulation of the immune system and co-stimulation of both systems in Eurasian perch juveniles. Fish were injected either with 10mgkg(-1) LPS, or with a combination of LPS and 0.8mgkg(-1) cortisol or LPS and 0.08mgkg(-1) 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and sampled 1, 3 or 7days after injection. LPS affected the immune system by increasing plasma lysozyme activity and blood neutrophils populations. During the same time-course, LPS decreased the proportion of a mixture of lymphocytes and thrombocytes in blood and TNF-α expression in spleen. Cortisol modulated the LPS-mediated response in TNF-α mRNA expression levels in spleen. Contrary to LPS alone, the association of LPS with DOC modulated the abundance of complement component 3 (C3) mRNA in spleen. On the other hand, LPS altered the corticotropic axis by decreasing mRNA expression levels of all corticosteroid receptors and of 11β-HSD-2 in spleen. Both corticosteroids injected were not able to balance these LPS-induced suppressive effects on corticosteroid receptors and 11β-HSD-2 expression levels in spleen. Contrary to LPS alone, the association of LPS with DOC modulated GR-1b expression in gills. These results indicated that LPS is a strong modulator of the corticosteroid receptors expression in spleen. Furthermore, we report for the first time a LPS-induced decrease of the mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Finally, corticosteroids were able to modulate the LPS-mediated response at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mathieu
- University of Namur (FUNDP), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Potent and multiple regulatory actions of microglial glucocorticoid receptors during CNS inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1546-57. [PMID: 24013726 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In CNS, glucocorticoids (GCs) activate both GC receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), whereas GR is widely expressed, the expression of MR is restricted. However, both are present in the microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain and their activation can lead to pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. We have therefore addressed the specific functions of GR in microglia. In mice lacking GR in macrophages/microglia and in the absence of modifications in MR expression, intraparenchymal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway resulted in exacerbated cellular lesion, neuronal and axonal damage. Global inhibition of GR by RU486 pre-treatment revealed that microglial GR is the principal mediator preventing neuronal degeneration triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and contributes with GRs of other cell types to the protection of non-neuronal cells. In vivo and in vitro data show GR functions in microglial differentiation, proliferation and motility. Interestingly, microglial GR also abolishes the LPS-induced delayed outward rectifier currents by downregulating Kv1.3 expression known to control microglia proliferation and oxygen radical production. Analysis of GR transcriptional function revealed its powerful negative control of pro-inflammatory effectors as well as upstream inflammatory activators. Finally, we analyzed the role of GR in chronic unpredictable mild stress and aging, both known to prime or sensitize microglia in vivo. We found that microglial GR suppresses rather than mediates the deleterious effects of stress or aging on neuronal survival. Overall, the results show that microglial GR acts on several key processes limiting pro-inflammatory actions of activated microglia.
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McCarthy CA, Widdop RE, Deliyanti D, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Brain and retinal microglia in health and disease: An unrecognized target of the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:571-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton; Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton; Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Devy Deliyanti
- Department of Immunology; Monash University; Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- Department of Immunology; Monash University; Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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