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Adhikari S, Efremova MV, Spaeth P, Koopmans B, Lavrijsen R, Orrit M. Single-Particle Photothermal Circular Dichroism and Photothermal Magnetic Circular Dichroism Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5093-5103. [PMID: 38578845 PMCID: PMC11066954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-particle photothermal circular dichroism (PT CD) and photothermal magnetic circular dichroism (PT MCD) microscopy have shown strong promise for diverse applications in chirality and magnetism. Photothermal circular dichroism microscopy measures direct differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by a chiral nanoobject and thus can measure a pure circular dichroism signal, which is free from the contribution of circular birefringence and linear dichroism. Photothermal magnetic circular dichroism, which is based on the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect, can probe the magnetic properties of a single nanoparticle (of sizes down to 20 nm) optically. Single-particle measurements enable studies of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of magnetism at the nanoscale. Both PT CD and PT MCD have already found applications in chiral plasmonics and magnetic nanomaterials. Most importantly, the advent of these microscopic techniques opens possibilities for many novel applications in biology and nanomaterial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria V. Efremova
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Materials, AMOLF; Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Koopmans
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Lavrijsen
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Chevrier DM, Juhin A, Menguy N, Bolzoni R, Soto-Rodriguez PED, Kojadinovic-Sirinelli M, Paterson GA, Belkhou R, Williams W, Skouri-Panet F, Kosta A, Le Guenno H, Pereiro E, Faivre D, Benzerara K, Monteil CL, Lefevre CT. Collective magnetotaxis of microbial holobionts is optimized by the three-dimensional organization and magnetic properties of ectosymbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216975120. [PMID: 36848579 PMCID: PMC10013862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216975120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, symbiosis and the concept of holobiont-a host entity with a population of symbionts-have gained a central role in our understanding of life functioning and diversification. Regardless of the type of partner interactions, understanding how the biophysical properties of each individual symbiont and their assembly may generate collective behaviors at the holobiont scale remains a fundamental challenge. This is particularly intriguing in the case of the newly discovered magnetotactic holobionts (MHB) whose motility relies on a collective magnetotaxis (i.e., a magnetic field-assisted motility guided by a chemoaerotaxis system). This complex behavior raises many questions regarding how magnetic properties of symbionts determine holobiont magnetism and motility. Here, a suite of light-, electron- and X-ray-based microscopy techniques [including X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD)] reveals that symbionts optimize the motility, the ultrastructure, and the magnetic properties of MHBs from the microscale to the nanoscale. In the case of these magnetic symbionts, the magnetic moment transferred to the host cell is in excess (102 to 103 times stronger than free-living magnetotactic bacteria), well above the threshold for the host cell to gain a magnetotactic advantage. The surface organization of symbionts is explicitly presented herein, depicting bacterial membrane structures that ensure longitudinal alignment of cells. Magnetic dipole and nanocrystalline orientations of magnetosomes were also shown to be consistently oriented in the longitudinal direction, maximizing the magnetic moment of each symbiont. With an excessive magnetic moment given to the host cell, the benefit provided by magnetosome biomineralization beyond magnetotaxis can be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Chevrier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Amélie Juhin
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), 75005Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), 75005Paris, France
| | - Romain Bolzoni
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Paul E. D. Soto-Rodriguez
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Mila Kojadinovic-Sirinelli
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Greig A. Paterson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZELiverpool, UK
| | - Rachid Belkhou
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Wyn Williams
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3JW, UK
| | - Fériel Skouri-Panet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), 75005Paris, France
| | - Artemis Kosta
- Plateforme de Microscopie de l'Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, FR3479, Campus CNRS, 13402Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Hugo Le Guenno
- Plateforme de Microscopie de l'Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, FR3479, Campus CNRS, 13402Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona08290, Spain
| | - Damien Faivre
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), 75005Paris, France
| | - Caroline L. Monteil
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Christopher T. Lefevre
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance13108, France
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3
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Liu P, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Bai J, Zhu K, Benzerara K, Menguy N, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Pan Y, Li J. Key gene networks that control magnetosome biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac238. [PMID: 36654913 PMCID: PMC9840458 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of phylogenetically and morphologically diverse prokaryotes that have the capability of sensing Earth's magnetic field via nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. These crystals are enclosed within intracellular membranes or organelles known as magnetosomes and enable a sensing function known as magnetotaxis. Although MTB were discovered over half a century ago, the study of the magnetosome biogenesis and organization remains limited to a few cultured MTB strains. Here, we present an integrative genomic and phenomic analysis to investigate the genetic basis of magnetosome biomineralization in both cultured and uncultured strains from phylogenetically diverse MTB groups. The magnetosome gene contents/networks of strains are correlated with magnetic particle morphology and chain configuration. We propose a general model for gene networks that control/regulate magnetosome biogenesis and chain assembly in MTB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rongrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinling Bai
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris 75005, France
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Marcano L, Orue I, Gandia D, Gandarias L, Weigand M, Abrudan RM, García-Prieto A, García-Arribas A, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Valencia S. Magnetic Anisotropy of Individual Nanomagnets Embedded in Biological Systems Determined by Axi-asymmetric X-ray Transmission Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7398-7408. [PMID: 35472296 PMCID: PMC9878725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications has increased. Among others, magnetic nanostructures can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases, to locally destroy cancer cells, to deliver drugs at specific positions, and to guide (and track) stem cells to damaged body locations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. All these applications rely on the magnetic properties of the nanomagnets which are mostly determined by their magnetic anisotropy. Despite its importance, the magnetic anisotropy of the individual magnetic nanostructures is unknown. Currently available magnetic sensitive microscopic methods are either limited in spatial resolution or in magnetic field strength or, more relevant, do not allow one to measure magnetic signals of nanomagnets embedded in biological systems. Hence, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications must rely on mean values obtained after averaging samples containing thousands of dissimilar entities. Here we present a hybrid experimental/theoretical method capable of working out the magnetic anisotropy constant and the magnetic easy axis of individual magnetic nanostructures embedded in biological systems. The method combines scanning transmission X-ray microscopy using an axi-asymmetric magnetic field with theoretical simulations based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The validity of the method is demonstrated by determining the magnetic anisotropy constant and magnetic easy axis direction of 15 intracellular magnetite nanoparticles (50 nm in size) biosynthesized inside a magnetotactic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Marcano
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Gandia
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandarias
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radu Marius Abrudan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física
Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Arribas
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Le Nagard L, Yu L, Rajkotwala M, Barkley S, Bazylinski DA, Hitchcock AP, Fradin C. Misalignment between the magnetic dipole moment and the cell axis in the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Phys Biol 2019; 16:066008. [PMID: 31181559 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While most quantitative studies of the motion of magnetotactic bacteria rely on the premise that the cells' magnetic dipole moment is aligned with their direction of motility, this assumption has so far rarely been challenged. Here we use phase contrast microscopy to detect the rotational diffusion of non-motile cells of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 around their magnetic moment, showing that in this species the magnetic dipole moment is, in fact, not exactly aligned with the cell body axis. From the cell rotational trajectories, we are able to infer the misalignment between cell magnetic moment and body axis with a precision of better than 1°, showing that it is, on average, 6°, and can be as high as 20°. We propose a method to correct for this misalignment, and perform a non-biased measurement of the magnetic moment of single cells based on the analysis of their orientation distribution. Using this correction, we show that magnetic moment strongly correlates with cell length. The existence of a range of misalignments between magnetic moment and cell axis in a population implies that the orientation and trajectories of magnetotactic bacteria placed in external magnetic fields is more complex than generally assumed, and might show some important cell-to-cell differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Le Nagard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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6
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Kowalska JK, Nayyar B, Rees JA, Schiewer CE, Lee SC, Kovacs JA, Meyer F, Weyhermüller T, Otero E, DeBeer S. Iron L 2,3-Edge X-ray Absorption and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Studies of Molecular Iron Complexes with Relevance to the FeMoco and FeVco Active Sites of Nitrogenase. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8147-8158. [PMID: 28653855 PMCID: PMC5516708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
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Herein, a systematic study of a series
of molecular iron model complexes has been carried out using Fe L2,3-edge X-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray magnetic circular
dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopies. This series spans iron complexes
of increasing complexity, starting from ferric and ferrous tetrachlorides
([FeCl4]−/2–), to ferric and ferrous
tetrathiolates ([Fe(SR)4]−/2–),
to diferric and mixed-valent iron–sulfur complexes [Fe2S2R4]2–/3–.
This test set of compounds is used to evaluate the sensitivity of
both Fe L2,3-edge XAS and XMCD spectroscopy to oxidation
state and ligation changes. It is demonstrated that the energy shift
and intensity of the L2,3-edge XAS spectra depends on both
the oxidation state and covalency of the system; however, the quantitative
information that can be extracted from these data is limited. On the
other hand, analysis of the Fe XMCD shows distinct changes in the
intensity at both L3 and L2 edges, depending
on the oxidation state of the system. It is also demonstrated that
the XMCD intensity is modulated by the covalency of the system. For
mononuclear systems, the experimental data are correlated with atomic
multiplet calculations in order to provide insights into the experimental
observations. Finally, XMCD is applied to the tetranuclear heterometal–iron–sulfur
clusters [MFe3S4]3+/2+ (M = Mo, V),
which serve as structural analogues of the FeMoco and FeVco active
sites of nitrogenase. It is demonstrated that the XMCD data can be
utilized to obtain information on the oxidation state distribution
in complex clusters that is not readily accessible for the Fe L2,3-edge XAS data alone. The advantages of XMCD relative to
standard K-edge and L2,3-edge XAS are highlighted. This
study provides an important foundation for future XMCD studies on
complex (bio)inorganic systems. A systematic Fe L2,3-edge X-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism
(XMCD) study of iron tetrachlorides ([FeCl4]−/2−), iron tetrathiolates ([Fe(SR)4]−/2−), diferric and mixed-valent iron−sulfur dimers [Fe2S2R4]2−/3− and heterometal−iron−sulfur
tetramers [MFe3S4]3+/2+ (M = Mo,
V) is reported. The changes in XAS and XMCD energies and intensities
across this set of complexes are presented together with atomic multiplet
calculations. The advantages of XMCD as an electronic structure probe
of complex clusters are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Kowalska
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Brahamjot Nayyar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Julian A Rees
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Christine E Schiewer
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Tammannstraβe 4, D-37007 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonny C Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Julie A Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Franc Meyer
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Tammannstraβe 4, D-37007 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edwige Otero
- SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers , 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Measuring spectroscopy and magnetism of extracted and intracellular magnetosomes using soft X-ray ptychography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8219-E8227. [PMID: 27930297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610260114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the chemistry and magnetism of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is an important aspect of understanding the biomineralization mechanism and function of the chains of magnetosomes (Fe3O4 nanoparticles) found in such species. Images and X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of magnetosomes extracted from, and magnetosomes in, whole Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1 cells have been recorded using soft X-ray ptychography at the Fe 2p edge. A spatial resolution of 7 nm is demonstrated. Precursor-like and immature magnetosome phases in a whole MV-1 cell were visualized, and their Fe 2p spectra were measured. Based on these results, a model for the pathway of magnetosome biomineralization for MV-1 is proposed. Fe 2p X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra have been derived from ptychography image sequences recorded using left and right circular polarization. The shape of the XAS and XMCD signals in the ptychographic absorption spectra of both sample types is identical to the shape and signals measured with conventional bright-field scanning transmission X-ray microscope. A weaker and inverted XMCD signal was observed in the ptychographic phase spectra of the extracted magnetosomes. The XMCD ptychographic phase spectrum of the intracellular magnetosomes differed from the ptychographic phase spectrum of the extracted magnetosomes. These results demonstrate that spectro-ptychography offers a superior means of characterizing the chemical and magnetic properties of MTB at the individual magnetosome level.
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8
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Fan J, Sun Z, Zhang J, Huang Q, Yao S, Zong Y, Kohmura Y, Ishikawa T, Liu H, Jiang H. Quantitative Imaging of Single Unstained Magnetotactic Bacteria by Coherent X-ray Diffraction Microscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5849-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Fan
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingjie Huang
- School
of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengkun Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yunbing Zong
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yoshiki Kohmura
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1,
Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1,
Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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9
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Bennet M, Bertinetti L, Neely RK, Schertel A, Körnig A, Flors C, Müller FD, Schüler D, Klumpp S, Faivre D. Biologically controlled synthesis and assembly of magnetite nanoparticles. Faraday Discuss 2015; 181:71-83. [PMID: 25932467 PMCID: PMC4672721 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles have size- and shape-dependent magnetic properties. In addition, assemblies of magnetite nanoparticles forming one-dimensional nanostructures have magnetic properties distinct from zero-dimensional or non-organized materials due to strong uniaxial shape anisotropy. However, assemblies of free-standing magnetic nanoparticles tend to collapse and form closed-ring structures rather than chains in order to minimize their energy. Magnetotactic bacteria, ubiquitous microorganisms, have the capability to mineralize magnetite nanoparticles, the so-called magnetosomes, and to direct their assembly in stable chains via biological macromolecules. In this contribution, the synthesis and assembly of biological magnetite to obtain functional magnetic dipoles in magnetotactic bacteria are presented, with a focus on the assembly. We present tomographic reconstructions based on cryo-FIB sectioning and SEM imaging of a magnetotactic bacterium to exemplify that the magnetosome chain is indeed a paradigm of a 1D magnetic nanostructure, based on the assembly of several individual particles. We show that the biological forces are a major player in the formation of the magnetosome chain. Finally, we demonstrate by super resolution fluorescence microscopy that MamK, a protein of the actin family necessary to form the chain backbone in the bacteria, forms a bundle of filaments that are not only found in the vicinity of the magnetosome chain but are widespread within the cytoplasm, illustrating the dynamic localization of the protein within the cells. These very simple microorganisms have thus much to teach us with regards to controlling the design of functional 1D magnetic nanoassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bennet
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany .
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany .
| | - Robert K. Neely
- The University of Birmingham , School of Chemistry , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK
| | - Andreas Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH , Training , Application and Support Center , Carl-Zeiss-Str. 22 , 73447 Oberkochen , Germany
| | - André Körnig
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany .
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia) , C/Faraday 9 , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Frank D. Müller
- Universität Bayreuth , Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie , Universitätssstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Universität Bayreuth , Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie , Universitätssstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Department of Theory and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany .
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10
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Eder SHK, Gigler AM, Hanzlik M, Winklhofer M. Sub-micrometer-scale mapping of magnetite crystals and sulfur globules in magnetotactic bacteria using confocal Raman micro-spectrometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107356. [PMID: 25233081 PMCID: PMC4169400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ferrimagnetic mineral magnetite Fe3O4 is biomineralized by magnetotactic microorganisms and a diverse range of animals. Here we demonstrate that confocal Raman microscopy can be used to visualize chains of magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria, even though magnetite is a poor Raman scatterer and in bacteria occurs in typical grain sizes of only 35-120 nm, well below the diffraction-limited optical resolution. When using long integration times together with low laser power (<0.25 mW) to prevent laser induced damage of magnetite, we can identify and map magnetite by its characteristic Raman spectrum (303, 535, 665 cm(-1)) against a large autofluorescence background in our natural magnetotactic bacteria samples. While greigite (cubic Fe3S4; Raman lines of 253 and 351 cm(-1)) is often found in the Deltaproteobacteria class, it is not present in our samples. In intracellular sulfur globules of Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum (Nitrospirae), we identified the sole presence of cyclo-octasulfur (S8: 151, 219, 467 cm(-1)), using green (532 nm), red (638 nm) and near-infrared excitation (785 nm). The Raman-spectra of phosphorous-rich intracellular accumulations point to orthophosphate in magnetic vibrios and to polyphosphate in magnetic cocci. Under green excitation, the cell envelopes are dominated by the resonant Raman lines of the heme cofactor of the b or c-type cytochrome, which can be used as a strong marker for label-free live-cell imaging of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, as well as an indicator for the redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan H. K. Eder
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Gigler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Munich, Germany
| | - Marianne Hanzlik
- Department of Chemistry, Elektronenmikroskopie, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Dynes JJ, Korber DR, Hitchcock AP. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy for speciation, quantitation and nano-eco-toxicology of nanomaterials. J Microsc 2014; 261:130-47. [PMID: 25088794 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for methods that provide simultaneous detection, identification, quantitation and visualization of nanomaterials at their interface with biological and environmental systems. The approach should allow speciation as well as elemental analysis. Using the intrinsic X-ray absorption properties, soft X-ray scanning transmission X-ray spectromicroscopy (STXM) allows characterization and imaging of a broad range of nanomaterials, including metals, oxides and organic materials, and at the same time is able to provide detailed mapping of biological components. Thus, STXM offers considerable potential for application to research on nanomaterials in biology and the environment. The potential and limitations of STXM in this context are discussed using a range of examples, focusing on the interaction of nanomaterials with microbial cells, biofilms and extracellular polymers. The studies outlined include speciation and mapping of metal-containing nanomaterials (Ti, Ni, Cu) and carbon-based nanomaterials (multiwalled carbon nanotubes, C60 fullerene). The benefits of X-ray fluorescence detection in soft X-ray STXM are illustrated with a study of low levels of Ni in a natural river biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J J Dynes
- Canadian Light Source Inc, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - D R Korber
- Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - A P Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Talà A, Delle Side D, Buccolieri G, Tredici SM, Velardi L, Paladini F, De Stefano M, Nassisi V, Alifano P. Exposure to static magnetic field stimulates quorum sensing circuit in luminescent Vibrio strains of the Harveyi clade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100825. [PMID: 24960170 PMCID: PMC4069165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the evidence of electron-dense magnetic inclusions with polyhedral shape in the cytoplasm of Harveyi clade Vibrio strain PS1, a bioluminescent bacterium living in symbiosis with marine organisms, led us to investigate the behavior of this bacterium under exposure to static magnetic fields ranging between 20 and 2000 Gauss. When compared to sham-exposed, the light emission of magnetic field-exposed bacteria growing on solid medium at 18°C ±0.1°C was increased up to two-fold as a function of dose and growth phase. Stimulation of bioluminescence by magnetic field was more pronounced during the post-exponential growth and stationary phase, and was lost when bacteria were grown in the presence of the iron chelator deferoxamine, which caused disassembly of the magnetic inclusions suggesting their involvement in magnetic response. As in luminescent Vibrio spp. bioluminescence is regulated by quorum sensing, possible effects of magnetic field exposure on quorum sensing were investigated. Measurement of mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase real time-PCR demonstrated that luxR regulatory gene and luxCDABE operon coding for luciferase and fatty acid reductase complex were significantly up-regulated in magnetic field-exposed bacteria. In contrast, genes coding for a type III secretion system, whose expression was negatively affected by LuxR, were down-regulated. Up-regulation of luxR paralleled with down-regulation of small RNAs that mediate destabilization of luxR mRNA in quorum sensing signaling pathways. The results of experiments with the well-studied Vibrio campbellii strain BB120 (originally classified as Vibrio harveyi) and derivative mutants unable to synthesize autoinducers suggest that the effects of magnetic fields on quorum sensing may be mediated by AI-2, the interspecies quorum sensing signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelfia Talà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Domenico Delle Side
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Buccolieri
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Velardi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Paladini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nassisi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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13
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Nadkarni R, Barkley S, Fradin C. A comparison of methods to measure the magnetic moment of magnetotactic bacteria through analysis of their trajectories in external magnetic fields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82064. [PMID: 24349185 PMCID: PMC3861366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria possess organelles called magnetosomes that confer a magnetic moment on the cells, resulting in their partial alignment with external magnetic fields. Here we show that analysis of the trajectories of cells exposed to an external magnetic field can be used to measure the average magnetic dipole moment of a cell population in at least five different ways. We apply this analysis to movies of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 cells, and compare the values of the magnetic moment obtained in this way to that obtained by direct measurements of magnetosome dimension from electron micrographs. We find that methods relying on the viscous relaxation of the cell orientation give results comparable to that obtained by magnetosome measurements, whereas methods relying on statistical mechanics assumptions give systematically lower values of the magnetic moment. Since the observed distribution of magnetic moments in the population is not sufficient to explain this discrepancy, our results suggest that non-thermal random noise is present in the system, implying that a magnetotactic bacterial population should not be considered as similar to a paramagnetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Nadkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Solomon Barkley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cécile Fradin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Analysis of magnetosome chains in magnetotactic bacteria by magnetic measurements and automated image analysis of electron micrographs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7755-62. [PMID: 24096429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02143-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) align along the Earth's magnetic field by the activity of intracellular magnetosomes, which are membrane-enveloped magnetite or greigite particles that are assembled into well-ordered chains. Formation of magnetosome chains was found to be controlled by a set of specific proteins in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and other MTB. However, the contribution of abiotic factors on magnetosome chain assembly has not been fully explored. Here, we first analyzed the effect of growth conditions on magnetosome chain formation in M. gryphiswaldense by electron microscopy. Whereas higher temperatures (30 to 35°C) and high oxygen concentrations caused increasingly disordered chains and smaller magnetite crystals, growth at 20°C and anoxic conditions resulted in long chains with mature cuboctahedron-shaped crystals. In order to analyze the magnetosome chain in electron microscopy data sets in a more quantitative and unbiased manner, we developed a computerized image analysis algorithm. The collected data comprised the cell dimensions and particle size and number as well as the intracellular position and extension of the magnetosome chain. The chain analysis program (CHAP) was used to evaluate the effects of the genetic and growth conditions on magnetosome chain formation. This was compared and correlated to data obtained from bulk magnetic measurements of wild-type (WT) and mutant cells displaying different chain configurations. These techniques were used to differentiate mutants due to magnetosome chain defects on a bulk scale.
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