1
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López-Chicón P, Rodríguez Martínez JI, Castells-Sala C, Lopez-Puerto L, Ruiz-Ponsell L, Fariñas O, Vilarrodona A. Pericardium decellularization in a one-day, two-step protocol. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05086-x. [PMID: 39251464 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Scaffolds used in tissue engineering can be obtained from synthetic or natural materials, always focusing the effort on mimicking the extracellular matrix of human native tissue. In this study, a decellularization process is used to obtain an acellular, biocompatible non-cytotoxic human pericardium graft as a bio-substitute. An enzymatic and hypertonic method was used to decellularize the pericardium. Histological analyses were performed to determine the absence of cells and ensure the integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In order to measure the effect of the decellularization process on the tissue's biological and mechanical properties, residual genetic content and ECM biomolecules (collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan) were quantified and the tissue's tensile strength was tested. Preservation of the biomolecules, a residual genetic content below 50 ng/mg dry tissue, and maintenance of the histological structure provided evidence for the efficacy of the decellularization process, while preserving the ECM. Moreover, the acellular tissue retains its mechanical properties, as shown by the biomechanical tests. Our group has shown that the acellular pericardial matrix obtained through the super-fast decellularization protocol developed recently retains the desired biomechanical and structural properties, suggesting that it is suitable for a broad range of clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P López-Chicón
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau; SGR1113), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Rodríguez Martínez
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau; SGR1113), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Castells-Sala
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau; SGR1113), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Lopez-Puerto
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Ruiz-Ponsell
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau; SGR1113), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Fariñas
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau; SGR1113), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Vilarrodona
- Barcelona Tissue Bank, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST, GenCAT), Passeig Taulat 116, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Montagner G, Barbazza A, Lugas AT, Terzini M, Serino G, Bignardi C, Cacciatore M, Vida VL, Padalino MA, Trojan D. Decellularized cryopreserved human pericardium: a validation study towards tissue bank practice. Cell Tissue Bank 2024; 25:401-410. [PMID: 36696047 PMCID: PMC11142958 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-023-10072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pericardial patches are currently used as reconstructive material in cardiac surgery for surgical treatment of cardiac septal defects. Autologous pericardial patches, either treated with glutaraldehyde or not, can be used as an alternative to synthetic materials or xenograft in congenital septal defects repair. The availability of an allogenic decellularized pericardium could reduce complication during and after surgery and could be a valid alternative. Decellularization of allogenic tissues aims at reducing the immunogenic reaction that might trigger inflammation and tissue calcification over time. The ideal graft for congenital heart disease repair should be biocompatible, mechanically resistant, non-immunogenic, and should have the ability to growth with the patients. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the efficacy of a new decellularization protocol of homologous pericardium, even after cryopreservation. The technique has proven to be suitable as a tissue bank procedure and highly successful in the removal of cells and nucleic acids content, but also in the preservation of collagen and biomechanical properties of the human pericardium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Tancredi Lugas
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Terzini
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Serino
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Bignardi
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Matilde Cacciatore
- Unità Operativa Complessa Anatomia Patologica, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Ospedale Di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Vladimiro L Vida
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo A Padalino
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diletta Trojan
- Fondazione Banca Dei Tessuti del Veneto Onlus, Treviso, Italy
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3
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Birbach M, Fedorowicz M, Gałkowska EM, Powirska A, Kozłowski M, Mozol K, Wasiak A, Maruszewski B, Kansy A. Using cryopreserved allogeneic pericardium to repair congenital heart defects in children. Cell Tissue Bank 2024; 25:99-109. [PMID: 37792171 PMCID: PMC10902029 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-023-10089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Patches prepared from autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic tissues are widely used in the repair of congenital heart defects in children. Since 2002, cryopreserved allogeneic pericardial patches have been prepared in our institution as an alternative to commercially available patches. This study retrospectively reviewed donor and patient data concerning cryopreservation time and the clinical use of the pericardium in 382 children who were operated on at a single center between 2004 and 2021. There were 177 donors: 98 males and 79 females. The median donor age was 13 years (range: 1 month to 53 years) and the median cryopreservation time was 72 days (range: 3-685). There were 382 pediatric patients: 224 males and 158 females. The median patient age was 1 month (range: 3 days to 17.8 years). The patches were used for primary surgeries in 228 patients and for reoperations in 154. The patches were implanted into the right heart or venous circulation in 209 patients, the left heart or arterial circulation in 246 patients, and both sides of the circulatory system in 73. Extracardiac patch implantation was performed in 339 patients, intracardiac in 79 patients, and both intracardiac and extracardiac in 36 patients. Our study presents a single-center experience in the use of cryopreserved allogeneic pericardium. The pericardium can be used on the systemic and pulmonary sides of the circulatory system, in either extracardiac or intracardiac positions. However, there is no uniform strategy for selecting the "patch of choice" for correcting congenital heart defects in children, especially since there are few studies comparing several types of patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Birbach
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
- Allograft Heart Valve Cryobank, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Fedorowicz
- Allograft Heart Valve Cryobank, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa M Gałkowska
- Allograft Heart Valve Cryobank, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Powirska
- Allograft Heart Valve Cryobank, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kozłowski
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mozol
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wasiak
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bohdan Maruszewski
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kansy
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Alhejailan RS, Garoffolo G, Raveendran VV, Pesce M. Cells and Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103398. [PMID: 37240504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After more than 20 years following the introduction of regenerative medicine to address the problem of cardiac diseases, still questions arise as to the best cell types and materials to use to obtain effective clinical translation. Now that it is definitively clear that the heart does not have a consistent reservoir of stem cells that could give rise to new myocytes, and that there are cells that could contribute, at most, with their pro-angiogenic or immunomodulatory potential, there is fierce debate on what will emerge as the winning strategy. In this regard, new developments in somatic cells' reprogramming, material science and cell biophysics may be of help, not only for protecting the heart from the deleterious consequences of aging, ischemia and metabolic disorders, but also to boost an endogenous regeneration potential that seems to be lost in the adulthood of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saud Alhejailan
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gloria Garoffolo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vineesh Vimala Raveendran
- Cell Biology Department, King's Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
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5
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van der Valk DC, Fomina A, Uiterwijk M, Hooijmans CR, Akiva A, Kluin J, Bouten CV, Smits AI. Calcification in Pulmonary Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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6
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Influence of inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy on mechanical properties of human pericardium. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:730-739. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119221077739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different devices for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have been developed for the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock. However, all of them are associated with direct blood contact, the need for anticoagulation and bleeding complications. To overcome these limitations the pericardial sac got into the focus as a promising implantation site for MCS. For this purpose, further knowledge about the mechanical properties of human pericardium is required. In this prospective, monocentric, experimental pilot study 56 samples of human pericardium were extracted postmortem from 13 critically ill patients. After preparation of test specimens uniaxial tensile tests were performed. The primary end points were load at fracture per sample width and strain at fracture. Acute inflammation was assessed by blood levels of C-reactive protein, white blood count and procalcitonin measured at several times during hospital stay. Inflammatory load was estimated by area under the inflammatory curves. Correlation and regression analysis were used to assess the relationship of primary end points to inflammation, comorbidities and postmortem time to preparation. Human pericardium showed a load at fracture per sample width of 1.95 [1.38–2.94] N/mm (median [inter quartile range]) and a strain at fracture of 89.29 [73.84–135.23] %. Markers of acute inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy did not correlate to load or strain at fracture. However, strain at fracture increased with higher body mass index and an increasing number of postmortem days. In contrast, higher patient age was associated with a lower strain at fracture. Inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy did not influence mechanical properties of human pericardium.
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7
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Rizzi S, Ragazzini S, Pesce M. Engineering Efforts to Refine Compatibility and Duration of Aortic Valve Replacements: An Overview of Previous Expectations and New Promises. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863136. [PMID: 35509271 PMCID: PMC9058060 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of pharmacological treatments to reduce or retard the progression of cardiac valve diseases makes replacement with artificial prostheses (mechanical or bio-prosthetic) essential. Given the increasing incidence of cardiac valve pathologies, there is always a more stringent need for valve replacements that offer enhanced performance and durability. Unfortunately, surgical valve replacement with mechanical or biological substitutes still leads to disadvantages over time. In fact, mechanical valves require a lifetime anticoagulation therapy that leads to a rise in thromboembolic complications, while biological valves are still manufactured with non-living tissue, consisting of aldehyde-treated xenograft material (e.g., bovine pericardium) whose integration into the host fails in the mid- to long-term due to unresolved issues regarding immune-compatibility. While various solutions to these shortcomings are currently under scrutiny, the possibility to implant fully biologically compatible valve replacements remains elusive, at least for large-scale deployment. In this regard, the failure in translation of most of the designed tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) to a viable clinical solution has played a major role. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the TEHVs developed until now, and critically analyze their strengths and limitations emerging from basic research and clinical trials. Starting from these aspects, we will also discuss strategies currently under investigation to produce valve replacements endowed with a true ability to self-repair, remodel and regenerate. We will discuss these new developments not only considering the scientific/technical framework inherent to the design of novel valve prostheses, but also economical and regulatory aspects, which may be crucial for the success of these novel designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rizzi
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Stefano Rizzi
| | - Sara Ragazzini
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maurizio Pesce
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8
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Grab M, Stieglmeier F, Emrich J, Grefen L, Leone A, König F, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Customized 3D printed bioreactors for decellularization-High efficiency and quality on a budget. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1477-1490. [PMID: 34219220 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization (DC) of biomaterials with bioreactors is widely used to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering. This study uses 3D printing to develop efficient but low-cost DC bioreactors. Two bioreactors were developed to decellularize pericardial patches and vascular grafts. Flow profiles and pressure distribution inside the bioreactors were optimized by steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Printing materials were evaluated by cytotoxicity assessment. Following evaluation, all parts of the bioreactors were 3D printed in a commercial fused deposition modeling printer. Samples of bovine pericardia and porcine aortae were decellularized using established protocols. An immersion and agitation setup was used as a control. With histological assessment, DNA quantification and biomechanical testing treatment effects were evaluated. CFD analysis of the pericardial bioreactor revealed even flow and pressure distribution in between all pericardia. The CFD analysis of the vessel bioreactor showed increased intraluminal flow rate and pressure compared to the vessel's outside. Cytotoxicity assessment of the used printing material revealed no adverse effect on the tissue. Complete DC was achieved for all samples using the 3D printed bioreactors while DAPI staining revealed residual cells in aortic vessels of the control group. Histological analysis showed no structural changes in the decellularized samples. Additionally, biomechanical properties exhibited no significant change compared to native samples. This study presents a novel approach to manufacturing highly efficient and low budget 3D printed bioreactors for the DC of biomaterials. When compared to standard protocols, the bioreactors offer a cost effective, fast, and reproducible approach, which vastly improves the DC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Grab
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Stieglmeier
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Emrich
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Grefen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariane Leone
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian König
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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9
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Nouri Barkestani M, Naserian S, Uzan G, Shamdani S. Post-decellularization techniques ameliorate cartilage decellularization process for tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420983562. [PMID: 33738088 PMCID: PMC7934046 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420983562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the current lack of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches, tissue engineering (TE) has attracted much attention during the last decades providing new hopes for the treatment of several degenerative disorders. Tissue engineering is a complex procedure, which includes processes of decellularization and recellularization of biological tissues or functionalization of artificial scaffolds by active cells. In this review, we have first discussed those conventional steps, which have led to great advancements during the last several years. Moreover, we have paid special attention to the new methods of post-decellularization that can significantly ameliorate the efficiency of decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). We propose a series of post-decellularization procedures to overcome the current shortcomings such as low mechanical strength and poor bioactivity to improve decellularized ECM scaffold towards much more efficient and higher integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, France.,CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sara Shamdani
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
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10
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Harnessing Mechanosensation in Next Generation Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101419. [PMID: 33036467 PMCID: PMC7599461 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the cells to sense mechanical cues is an integral component of ”social” cell behavior inside tissues with a complex architecture. Through ”mechanosensation” cells are in fact able to decrypt motion, geometries and physical information of surrounding cells and extracellular matrices by activating intracellular pathways converging onto gene expression circuitries controlling cell and tissue homeostasis. Additionally, only recently cell mechanosensation has been integrated systematically as a crucial element in tissue pathophysiology. In the present review, we highlight some of the current efforts to assess the relevance of mechanical sensing into pathology modeling and manufacturing criteria for a next generation of cardiovascular tissue implants.
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11
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Amadeo F, Barbuto M, Bernava G, Savini N, Brioschi M, Rizzi S, Banfi C, Polvani G, Pesce M. Culture Into Perfusion-Assisted Bioreactor Promotes Valve-Like Tissue Maturation of Recellularized Pericardial Membrane. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:80. [PMID: 32478099 PMCID: PMC7235194 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation of tissue-engineered valve replacements is a strategy to overcome the limitations of the current valve prostheses, mechanical, or biological. In an effort to set living pericardial material for aortic valve reconstruction, we have previously assessed the efficiency of a recellularization strategy based on a perfusion system enabling mass transport and homogenous distribution of aortic valve-derived "interstitial" cells inside decellularized pericardial material. In the present report, we show that alternate perfusion promoted a rapid growth of valve cells inside the pericardial material and the activity of a proliferation-supporting pathway, likely controlled by the YAP transcription factor, a crucial component of the Hippo-dependent signaling cascade, especially between 3 and 14 days of culture. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of protein content in the tissue constructs showed deposition of valve proteins in the decellularized pericardium with a high variability at day 14 and a reproducible tissue maturation at 21 days. These results represent a step forward in the definition of strategies to produce a fully engineered tissue for replacing the calcified leaflets of failing aortic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amadeo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Barbuto
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bernava
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicla Savini
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizzi
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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12
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Inci I, Norouz Dizaji A, Ozel C, Morali U, Dogan Guzel F, Avci H. Decellularized inner body membranes for tissue engineering: A review. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:1287-1368. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1751523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Inci
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Dentistry Services, Dental Prosthetics Technology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Araz Norouz Dizaji
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Ozel
- Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ugur Morali
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dogan Guzel
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avci
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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13
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Filová E, Staňková L, Eckhardt A, Svobodová J, Musílková J, Pala J, Hadraba D, Brynda E, Koňařík M, Pirk J, Bačáková L. Modification of human pericardium by chemical crosslinking. Physiol Res 2020; 69:49-59. [PMID: 31852209 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous and allogenic human pericardia used as biomaterials for cardiovascular surgery are traditionally crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. In this work, we have evaluated the resistivity to collagenase digestion and the cytotoxicity of human pericardium crosslinked with various concentrations of glutaraldehyde in comparison with pericardium crosslinked by genipin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, tannic acid, and in comparison with unmodified pericardium. Crosslinking retained the wavy-like morphology of native pericardium visualized by second harmonic generation microscopy. The collagenase digestion products were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, capillary electrophoresis, and a hydroxyproline assay. Glutaraldehyde and genipin crosslinking protected the native pericardium efficiently against digestion with collagenase III. Only low protection was provided by the other crosslinking agents. The cytotoxicity of crosslinked pericardium was evaluated using xCELLigence by monitoring the viability of porcine valve interstitial cells cultured in eluates from crosslinked pericardium. The highest cell index, reflecting both the number and the shape of the monitored cells was observed in eluates from genipin. Crosslinking pericardium grafts with genipin therefore seems to be a promising alternative procedure to the traditional crosslinking with glutaraldehyde, because it provides similarly high protection against degradation with collagenase, without cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Filová
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Musilkova J, Filova E, Pala J, Matejka R, Hadraba D, Vondrasek D, Kaplan O, Riedel T, Brynda E, Kucerova J, Konarik M, Lopot F, Jan Pirk, Bacakova L. Human decellularized and crosslinked pericardium coated with bioactive molecular assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:015008. [PMID: 31665713 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab52db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized human pericardium is under study as an allogenic material for cardiovascular applications. The effects of crosslinking on the mechanical properties of decellularized pericardium were determined with a uniaxial tensile test, and the effects of crosslinking on the collagen structure of decellularized pericardium were determined by multiphoton microscopy. The viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells seeded on decellularized human pericardium and on pericardium strongly and weakly crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and with genipin was evaluated by means of an MTS assay. The viability of the cells, measured by their metabolic activity, decreased considerably when the pericardium was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Conversely, the cell viability increased when the pericardium was crosslinked with genipin. Coating both non-modified pericardium and crosslinked pericardium with a fibrin mesh or with a mesh containing attached heparin and/or fibronectin led to a significant increase in cell viability. The highest degree of viability was attained for samples that were weakly crosslinked with genipin and modified by means of a fibrin and fibronectin coating. The results indicate a method by which in vivo endothelialization of human cardiac allografts or xenografts could potentially be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Musilkova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Lima EDO, Ferrasi AC, Kaasi A. Decellularization of Human Pericardium with Potential Application in Regenerative Medicine. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:18-19. [PMID: 31411289 PMCID: PMC6684195 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estela de Oliveira Lima
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - FMB - Depto. Clínica Médica, Botucatu, SP - Brazil
| | - Adriana Camargo Ferrasi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - FMB - Depto. Clínica Médica, Botucatu, SP - Brazil
| | - Andreas Kaasi
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisa, Inovação Tecnológica e Educação, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
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16
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Wollmann L, Suss P, Mendonça J, Luzia C, Schittini A, Rosa GWXD, Costa F, Tuon FF. Characterization of Decellularized Human Pericardium for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:11-17. [PMID: 31271596 PMCID: PMC6684174 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pericardium tissue allograft can be used for surgical repair in several
procedures. One of the tissue engineering strategies is the process of
decellularization. This process decreases immunogenic response, but it may
modify the natural extracellular matrix composition and behavior. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cell removal,
maintenance of extracellular matrix properties and mechanical integrity of
decellularized human pericardium using a low concentration solution of
sodium dodecyl sulfate. Methods Decellularization was performed with sodium dodecyl sulfate and
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Histological analysis, DNA quantification,
evaluation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen were performed. Biomechanical
assay was performed using tensile test to compare the decellularization
effects on tissue properties of tensile strength, elongation and elastic
modulus. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results There was reduction in visible nuclei present in pericardium tissue after
decellularization, but it retained collagen and elastin bundles similar to
fresh pericardium. The DNA contents of the decellularized pericardium were
significantly reduced to less than 511.23 ± 120.4 ng per mg of dry
weight (p < 0.001). The biomechanical assay showed no significant
difference for fresh or decellularized tissue. Conclusion The decellularization process reduces cell content as well as extracellular
matrix components without changing its biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wollmann
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
| | - Paula Suss
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
| | - João Mendonça
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
| | - Cesar Luzia
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Costa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
| | - Felipe F Tuon
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR - Brazil
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Structural and mechanical characteristics of collagen tissue coated with chitosan in a liquid CO 2/water system at different pressures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 94:213-221. [PMID: 30913517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan coatings of biological heart-valve prostheses enhance their biocompatibility, resistance to pathogenic microflora and lifetime. Collagen tissues can be coated with chitosan in aqueous solution acidified, to make chitosan soluble, with H2CO3 formed from a coexisting liquid CO2 phase under pressure. The advantage of H2CO3 is that it can be easily removed after the coating procedure. This study assessed the effects of 6-50 MPa CO2 pressure during the coating procedure on the structure and mechanical properties of the resulting biocomposite matrices. The dependence of chitosan adsorption on CO2 pressure was bell-shaped, reaching a maximum adsorption of 0.8 mass % at 40 MPa. Tissue surface became highly porous upon pressure treatment. At 50 MPa, the pores merged to form furrows with lengths of several hundred micrometers, accompanied by collagen fibril reorganisation. Chitosan coating did not affect tissue tensile strength in the axial direction, but increased it by 75% in the radial direction in the tissue coated at 50 MPa pressure. Strain at break, a measure of elasticity, increased in both directions by up to 100% upon coating with chitosan. CO2 pressure of 30-50 MPa seems thus optimal in terms of chitosan incorporation and tissue mechanical properties.
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18
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Preservation strategies for decellularized pericardial scaffolds for off-the-shelf availability. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:208-221. [PMID: 30342283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized biological scaffolds hold great promise in cardiovascular surgery. In order to ensure off-the-shelf availability, routine use of decellularized scaffolds requires tissue banking. In this study, the suitability of cryopreservation, vitrification and freeze-drying for the preservation of decellularized bovine pericardial (DBP) scaffolds was evaluated. Cryopreservation was conducted using 10% DMSO and slow-rate freezing. Vitrification was performed using vitrification solution (VS83) and rapid cooling. Freeze-drying was done using a programmable freeze-dryer and sucrose as lyoprotectant. The impact of the preservation methods on the DBP extracellular matrix structure, integrity and composition was assessed using histology, biomechanical testing, spectroscopic and thermal analysis, and biochemistry. In addition, the cytocompatibility of the preserved scaffolds was also assessed. All preservation methods were found to be suitable to preserve the extracellular matrix structure and its components, with no apparent signs of collagen deterioration or denaturation, or loss of elastin and glycosaminoglycans. Biomechanical testing, however, showed that the cryopreserved DBP displayed a loss of extensibility compared to vitrified or freeze-dried scaffolds, which both displayed similar biomechanical behavior compared to non-preserved control scaffolds. In conclusion, cryopreservation altered the biomechanical behavior of the DBP scaffolds, which might lead to graft dysfunction in vivo. In contrast to cryopreservation and vitrification, freeze-drying is performed with non-toxic protective agents and does not require storage at ultra-low temperatures, thus allowing for a cost-effective and easy storage and transport. Due to these advantages, freeze-drying is a preferable method for the preservation of decellularized pericardium. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical use of DBP scaffolds for surgical reconstructions or substitutions requires development of a preservation technology that does not alter scaffold properties during long-term storage. Conclusive investigation on adverse impacts of the preservation methods on DBP matrix integrity is still missing. This work is aiming to close this gap by studying three potential preservation technologies, cryopreservation, vitrification and freeze-drying, in order to achieve the off-the-shelf availability of DBP patches for clinical application. Furthermore, it provides novel insights for dry-preservation of decellularized xenogeneic scaffolds that can be used in the routine clinical cardiovascular practice, allowing the surgeon the opportunity to choose an ideal implant matching with the needs of each patient.
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Tissue-Engineered Grafts from Human Decellularized Extracellular Matrices: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124117. [PMID: 30567407 PMCID: PMC6321114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine involve many different artificial and biologic materials, frequently integrated in composite scaffolds, which can be repopulated with various cell types. One of the most promising scaffolds is decellularized allogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) then recellularized by autologous or stem cells, in order to develop fully personalized clinical approaches. Decellularization protocols have to efficiently remove immunogenic cellular materials, maintaining the nonimmunogenic ECM, which is endowed with specific inductive/differentiating actions due to its architecture and bioactive factors. In the present paper, we review the available literature about the development of grafts from decellularized human tissues/organs. Human tissues may be obtained not only from surgery but also from cadavers, suggesting possible development of Human Tissue BioBanks from body donation programs. Many human tissues/organs have been decellularized for tissue engineering purposes, such as cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, tendons, adipose tissue, heart, vessels, lung, dental pulp, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, gonads, uterus, childbirth products, cornea, and peripheral nerves. In vitro recellularizations have been reported with various cell types and procedures (seeding, injection, and perfusion). Conversely, studies about in vivo behaviour are poorly represented. Actually, the future challenge will be the development of human grafts to be implanted fully restored in all their structural/functional aspects.
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Li F, Su Y, Pi G, Ma PX, Lei B. Biodegradable, Biomimetic Elastomeric, Photoluminescent, and Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Polycitrate-Polypeptide-based Membrane toward Multifunctional Biomedical Implants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3027-3035. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yajuan Su
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Guofu Pi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, United States
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- Instrument Analysis Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
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Amadeo F, Boschetti F, Polvani G, Banfi C, Pesce M, Santoro R. Aortic valve cell seeding into decellularized animal pericardium by perfusion-assisted bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1481-1493. [PMID: 29702745 DOI: 10.1002/term.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal-derived pericardium is the elective tissue employed in manufacturing heart valve prostheses. The preparation of this tissue for biological valve production consists of fixation with aldehydes, which reduces, but not eliminates, the xenoantigens and the donor cellular material. As a consequence, especially in patients below 65-70 years of age, the employment of valve substitutes contaning pericardium is not indicated due to progressive calcification that causes tissue degeneration and recurrence of valve insufficiency. Decellularization with ionic or nonionic detergents has been proposed as an alternative procedure to prepare aldehyde- or xenoantigen-free pericardium for biological valve manufacturing. In the present contribution, we optimized a decellularization procedure that is permissive for seeding and culturing valve competent cells able to colonize and reconstitute a valve-like tissue. A high-efficiency cellularization was achieved by forcing cell penetration inside the pericardium matrix using a perfusion bioreactor. Because the decellularization procedure was found not to alter the collagen composition of the pericardial matrix and cells seeded in the tissue constructs consistently grew and acquired the phenotype of "quiescent" valve interstitial cells, our investigation sets a novel standard in pericardium application for tissue engineering of "living" valve implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amadeo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Straka F, Schornik D, Masin J, Filova E, Mirejovsky T, Burdikova Z, Svindrych Z, Chlup H, Horny L, Daniel M, Machac J, Skibová J, Pirk J, Bacakova L. A human pericardium biopolymeric scaffold for autologous heart valve tissue engineering: cellular and extracellular matrix structure and biomechanical properties in comparison with a normal aortic heart valve. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:599-634. [PMID: 29338582 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1429732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to compare the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and the biomechanical properties of human pericardium (HP) with the normal human aortic heart valve (NAV). HP tissues (from 12 patients) and NAV samples (from 5 patients) were harvested during heart surgery. The main cells in HP were pericardial interstitial cells, which are fibroblast-like cells of mesenchymal origin similar to the valvular interstitial cells in NAV tissue. The ECM of HP had a statistically significantly (p < 0.001) higher collagen I content, a lower collagen III and elastin content, and a similar glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content, in comparison with the NAV, as measured by ECM integrated density. However, the relative thickness of the main load-bearing structures of the two tissues, the dense part of fibrous HP (49 ± 2%) and the lamina fibrosa of NAV (47 ± 4%), was similar. In both tissues, the secant elastic modulus (Es) was significantly lower in the transversal direction (p < 0.05) than in the longitudinal direction. This proved that both tissues were anisotropic. No statistically significant differences in UTS (ultimate tensile strength) values and in calculated bending stiffness values in the longitudinal or transversal direction were found between HP and NAV. Our study confirms that HP has an advantageous ECM biopolymeric structure and has the biomechanical properties required for a tissue from which an autologous heart valve replacement may be constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Straka
- a Cardiology Centre and Cardiovascular Surgery Department , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic.,b Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering , Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - David Schornik
- b Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering , Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Masin
- a Cardiology Centre and Cardiovascular Surgery Department , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Elena Filova
- b Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering , Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Mirejovsky
- c Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Burdikova
- d Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Zdenek Svindrych
- e Department of Biology, W. M, Keck Center for Cellular Imaging , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Hynek Chlup
- f Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics , Czech Technical University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Horny
- f Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics , Czech Technical University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Matej Daniel
- f Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics , Czech Technical University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Machac
- g Institute of Botany CAS, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Pruhonice , Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Skibová
- h Department of Medical Statistics , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pirk
- a Cardiology Centre and Cardiovascular Surgery Department , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- b Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering , Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
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Tissue processing techniques for fabrication of covered stents for small-diameter vascular intervention. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:248-258. [PMID: 29101018 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Animal-derived pericardial tissue is a widely used biomaterial typically treated with glutaraldehyde (GA) to achieve immunological acceptance and long-term durability. However, GA fixation of biological tissue is associated with long-term failure due to degeneration and calcification. In this study, we evaluated two alternative tissue processing methods for the fabrication of pericardial tissue covered stents: detergent-based decellularization (decell) and limited exposure to GA (gentle-glut). Processed pericardial tissues were extensively characterized both in-vitro and in-vivo. Small-diameter covered stents were fabricated and the ability to seal perforation was evaluated in a flow circuit under physiological blood flow conditions. Results indicate that decell-treated tissue appeared with preserved architecture, tissue strength and stability. Gentle-glut tissue appeared with preserved architecture and increased tissue stability, compared to fresh, unprocessed tissue. Reduction of bioburden was demonstrated for both types of alternative treatments, as for GA fixation. Tensile testing demonstrated that both decell- and gentle-glut treated tissues respond better to low strain, as may occur during balloon inflation and stent deployment. Upon subcutaneous implantation in mice, gentle-glut and to a greater degree decell-treated tissue, elicit better host response, with evidence of active tissue remodeling and no detectable calcification, as compared with GA-treated tissue. Small-diameter stents covered with tissues from all groups successfully sealed perforation under physiological blood flow conditions in-vitro, without compromising flow. In summary, covered stents may perform better with pericardial tissue processed according to the methods described in this study. Adopting this methodology to other types of cardiovascular implants and tissues is also suggested. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pericardial tissue is a widely used biomaterial for cardiovascular implants, such as covered stents. The use of glutaraldehyde (GA) has become the method of choice for pericardial tissue fixation, making it immunologically acceptable in humans. However, GA-treated tissue is prone to several problems, such as degeneration and calcification that may lead to long-term failure. Here, we studied two alternative tissue processing techniques: fixative-free decellularization and limited exposure to GA. We've shown that both methods achieve better mechanical properties and promote better host acceptance, tissue remodeling and long-term durability. Since the availability of autologous tissue for transplantation is limited, these methods should be adopted for other types of cardiovascular devices, such as bioprosthetic valves, ultimately achieving better long-term results for patients.
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van Steenberghe M, Schubert T, Xhema D, Bouzin C, Guiot Y, Duisit J, Abdelhamid K, Gianello P. Enhanced vascular regeneration with chemically/physically treated bovine/human pericardium in rodents. J Surg Res 2017; 222:167-179. [PMID: 29273368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaraldehyde-treated pericardia for cardiovascular applications have poor long-term clinical results. The efficacy of a combined physical/chemical treatment to improve pericardium biocompatibility and vascular regeneration was assessed and compared with detergent treatment and two commercial bovine pericardia: PeriGuard (DGBP) and Edwards pericardium (nDGBP). The physical and chemical process was applied to bovine and human pericardia (DBP-DHP), and the detergent process was applied to bovine (DDBP). MATERIAL AND METHODS Native (NBP) and treated bovine tissues were assessed for decellularization (HE/DAPI/DNA/α-Gal and MHC-1 staining) and mechanical integrity ex vivo. Twenty Wistar rats received subcutaneous patches of each bovine tissue to assess immunogenic response up to 4 months (flow cytometry). Ten additional rats received four subcutaneous bovine-treated patches (one/condition) to evaluate the inflammatory reaction (CD3/CD68 immunostaining), calcification (von Kossa staining/calcium quantification), and integration assessment (Hematoxylin and eosin staining). Finally, 15 rodents received a patch on the aorta (DBP n = 5, DHP n = 5, and DGBP n = 5), and vascular biocompatibility and arterial wall regeneration were assessed after 4 months (CD3/CD68/CD31/ASMA and Miller staining). RESULTS DBP reached the higher level of decellularization, no immunogenic response whereas maintaining mechanical properties. DBP induced the lowest level grade of inflammation after 2 months (P < 0.05) concomitantly for better remodeling. No complications occurred with DBP and DHP where vascular regeneration was confirmed. Moreover, they induced a low level of CD3/CD68 infiltrations. CONCLUSIONS This process significantly reduces immunogenicity and improves biocompatibility of bovine and human pericardia for better vascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu van Steenberghe
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Schubert
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie de l'appareil locomoteur, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daela Xhema
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Université catholique de Louvain, IREC Imaging Platform (2IP), Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Guiot
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Service d'anatomopathologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Duisit
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Abdelhamid
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, polyclinique médicale universitaire, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche expérimentale et clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Brussels, Belgium
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Caballero A, Sulejmani F, Martin C, Pham T, Sun W. Evaluation of transcatheter heart valve biomaterials: Biomechanical characterization of bovine and porcine pericardium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:486-494. [PMID: 28826102 PMCID: PMC5614867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bovine pericardium (BP) has been identified as a choice biomaterial for the development of surgical bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) and transcatheter aortic valves (TAV). Porcine pericardium (PP) and younger BP have been suggested as candidates TAV leaflet biomaterials for smaller-profile devices due to their reduced thickness; however, their mechanical and structural properties remain to be fully characterized. This study characterized the material properties of chemically treated thick (PPK) and thin (PPN) PP, as well as fetal (FBP), calf (CBP) and adult (ABP) BP tissues in order to better understand their mechanical behavior. METHODS Planar biaxial testing and uniaxial failure testing methods were employed to quantify tissue mechanical responses and failure properties. Fiber characteristics were examined using histological analysis. RESULTS ABP and CBP tissues were significantly stiffer and stronger than the younger FBP tissues. Histological analysis revealed a significantly larger concentration of thin immature collagen fibers in the FBP tissues than in the ABP and CBP tissues. While PP tissues were thinnest, they were stiffer and less extensible than the BP tissues. CONCLUSIONS Due to comparable mechanical properties but significantly reduced thickness, CBP tissue may be a more suitable material for TAV manufacturing than ABP tissue. FBP tissue, despite its reduced thickness and higher flexibility, was weaker and should be studied in more detail. Although PP tissues are the thinnest, they were least extensible and failed at earlier strain than BP tissues. The differences between PP and BP tissues should be further investigated and suggest that they should not be used interchangeably in the manufacturing of TAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caballero
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Fatiesa Sulejmani
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caitlin Martin
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thuy Pham
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Chaschin IS, Bakuleva NP, Grigoriev TE, Krasheninnikov SV, Nikitin LN. Collagen tissue treated with chitosan solution in H 2 O/CO 2 mixtures: Influence of clathrates hydrates on the structure and mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 67:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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van Steenberghe M, Schubert T, Guiot Y, Bouzin C, Bollen X, Gianello P. Enhanced vascular biocompatibility of decellularized xeno-/allogeneic matrices in a rodent model. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 18:249-262. [PMID: 28238108 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde preservation is the gold standard for cardiovascular biological prosthesis. However, secondary calcifications and the absence of tissue growth remain major limitations. Our study assessed in vitro and in vivo the biocompatibility of human (fascia lata, pericardium) and porcine tissues (pericardium, peritoneum) treated with a physicochemical procedure for decellularization and non-conventional pathogens inactivation. Biopsies were performed before and after treatment to assess decellularization (HE/Dapi staining/DNA quantification/MHC I/alpha gal immunostaining) and mechanical integrity. Forty-five rats received an abdominal aortic patch of native cryopreserved tissues (n = 20), treated tissues (n = 20) or glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium (GBP, control, n = 5). Grafts were explanted at 4 weeks and processed for HE/von Kossa staining and immunohistochemistries for lymphocytes (CD3)/macrophages (CD68) histomorphometry. 95% of decellularization was obtained for all tissues except for fascia lata (75%). Mechanical properties were slightly altered. In the in vivo model, a significant increase of CD3 and CD68 infiltrations was found in native and control implants in comparison with decellularized tissues (p < 0.05). Calcifications were found in 3 controls. Decellularized tissues were recolonized. GBP showed the most inflammatory response. This physicochemical treatment improves the biocompatibility of selected xeno/allogeneic tissues in comparison with their respective native cryopreserved tissues and with GBP. Incomplete decellularization is associated with a significantly higher inflammatory response. Our treatment is a promising tool in the field of tissue decellularization and tissue banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Steenberghe
- Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 55, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Cardiac Surgery Department, University Clinical Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - T Schubert
- Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 55, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie de l'appareil locomoteur, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Unité de thérapie tissulaire et cellulaire de l'appareil locomoteur, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Guiot
- Service d'anatomopathologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Bouzin
- Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - X Bollen
- Secteur des Sciences et Technologies, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Centre de Recherche en Energie et Mécatronique (CEREM), Université catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant, 2 L5-04-01, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P Gianello
- Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation (CHEX), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 55, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Rallapalli S, Liman AM, Guhathakurta S. Hemocompatibility and surface properties of bovine pericardial patches: Effects of gamma sterilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aguiari P, Fiorese M, Iop L, Gerosa G, Bagno A. Mechanical testing of pericardium for manufacturing prosthetic heart valves. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 22:72-84. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivv282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Santoro R, Consolo F, Spiccia M, Piola M, Kassem S, Prandi F, Vinci MC, Forti E, Polvani G, Fiore GB, Soncini M, Pesce M. Feasibility of pig and human-derived aortic valve interstitial cells seeding on fixative-free decellularized animal pericardium. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:345-56. [PMID: 25809726 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium of animal origin is the elective material for the fabrication of bio-prosthetic valves for surgical replacement of insufficient/stenotic cardiac valves. However, the pericardial tissue employed to this aim undergoes severe calcification due to chronic inflammation resulting from a non-complete immunological compatibility of the animal-derived pericardial tissue resulting from failure to remove animal-derived xeno-antigens. In the mid/long-term, this leads to structural deterioration, mechanical failure, and prosthesis leaflets rupture, with consequent need for re-intervention. In the search for novel procedures to maximize biological compatibility of the pericardial tissue into immunocompetent background, we have recently devised a procedure to decellularize the human pericardium as an alternative to fixation with aldehydes. In the present contribution, we used this procedure to derive sheets of decellularized pig pericardium. The decellularized tissue was first tested for the presence of 1,3 α-galactose (αGal), one of the main xenoantigens involved in prosthetic valve rejection, as well as for mechanical tensile behavior and distensibility, and finally seeded with pig- and human-derived aortic valve interstitial cells. We demonstrate that the decellularization procedure removed the αGAL antigen, maintained the mechanical characteristics of the native pig pericardium, and ensured an efficient surface colonization of the tissue by animal- and human-derived aortic valve interstitial cells. This establishes, for the first time, the feasibility of fixative-free pericardial tissue seeding with valve competent cells for derivation of tissue engineered heart valve leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Consolo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Spiccia
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Piola
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samer Kassem
- Divisione di Cardiochirurgia, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Prandi
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Forti
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Sezione cardiovascolare, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Monica Soncini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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31
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Du Y, Ge J, Shao Y, Ma PX, Chen X, Lei B. Development of silica grafted poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrates) hybrid elastomers with highly tunable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2986-3000. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By a facile polymerization, we synthesized a series of silica grafted poly (1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (SPOC) hybrid elastomers with highly tunable physicochemical properties and bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Du
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Juan Ge
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
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Pavan PG, Pachera P, Tiengo C, Natali AN. Biomechanical behavior of pericardial human tissue: a constitutive formulation. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2014; 228:926-34. [PMID: 25224743 DOI: 10.1177/0954411914551853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to present a constitutive model suitable to interpret the biomechanical response of human pericardial tissues. The model is consistent with the need of describing large strains, anisotropy, almost incompressibility, and time-dependent effects. Attention is given to human pericardial tissue because of the increased interest in its application as a substitute in reconstructive surgery. Specific, even limited, experimental investigation has been performed on human samples taken from surgical grafts in order to verify the capability of the constitutive model in supplying a correct description of tissue mechanical response. Experimental data include uni-axial tensile tests and stress relaxation tests up to 300 s, developed along different directions of the tissue. The grafts tested show different mechanical characteristics for what concern the level of anisotropy of the tissue. The constitutive model proposed shows to adapt to the different configurations of the human pericardium grafts, as emerged by experimental data considered, and it is capable to describe the variability of the mechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero G Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Centre of Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pachera
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Centre of Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Tiengo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arturo N Natali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Centre of Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Gallyamov MO, Chaschin IS, Khokhlova MA, Grigorev TE, Bakuleva NP, Lyutova IG, Kondratenko JE, Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Khokhlov AR. Collagen tissue treated with chitosan solutions in carbonic acid for improved biological prosthetic heart valves. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 37:127-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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