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Muñoz-Labrador A, Hernandez-Hernandez O, Moreno FJ. A review of the state of sweeteners science: the natural versus artificial non-caloric sweeteners debate. Stevia rebaudiana and Siraitia grosvenorii into the spotlight. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1080-1102. [PMID: 39103281 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2254929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity and certain non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as: cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, has been mainly attributed to an excess of sugar consumption. Although the potential benefits of the synergetic use of sweeteners have been known for many years, recent development based on synthesis strategies to produce sucrose-like taste profiles is emerging where biocatalyst approaches may be preferred to produce and supply specific sweetener compounds. From a nutritional standpoint, high-intensity sweeteners have fewer calories than sugars while providing a major sweet potency, placing them in the spotlight as valuable alternatives to sugar. Due to the modern world awareness and incidence of metabolic diseases, both food research and growing markets have focused on two generally regarded as safe (GRAS) groups of compounds: the sweet diterpenoid glycosides present on the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and, more recently, on the cucurbitane triterpene glycosides present on the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii. In spite of their flavor advantages, biological benefits, including: antidiabetic, anticancer, and cardiovascular properties, have been elucidated. The present bibliographical review dips into the state-of-the-art of sweeteners and their role in human health as sugar replacements, as well as the biotransformation methods for steviol gylcosides and mogrosides apropos of enzymatic technology to update and locate the discoveries to date in the scientific literature to help boost the continuity of research efforts of the ongoing sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lee CY, So YS, Yoo SH, Lee BH, Seo DH. Impact of artificial sweeteners and rare sugars on the gut microbiome. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2047-2064. [PMID: 39130663 PMCID: PMC11315849 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative sugars are often used as sugar substitutes because of their low calories and glycemic index. Recently, consumption of these sweeteners in diet foods and beverages has increased dramatically, raising concerns about their health effects. This review examines the types and characteristics of artificial sweeteners and rare sugars and analyzes their impact on the gut microbiome. In the section on artificial sweeteners, we have described the chemical structures of different sweeteners, their digestion and absorption processes, and their effects on the gut microbiota. We have also discussed the biochemical properties and production methods of rare sugars and their positive and negative effects on gut microbial communities. Finally, we have described how artificial sweeteners and rare sugars alter the gut microbiome and how these changes affect the gut environment. Our observations aim to improve our understanding regarding the potential health implications of the consumption of artificial sweeteners and low-calorie sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang So
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
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3
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Kearns ML, Reynolds CM. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners on fertility, maternal and child health outcomes: a review of human and animal studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38433591 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that an unhealthy diet greatly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. While fat intake is typically associated with the onset of obesity and its comorbidities, there is increasing evidence linking sugar, particularly high fructose corn syrup, to the global rise in obesity rates. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of added sugar intake during pregnancy on mother and child have been clearly outlined. Guidelines advising pregnant women to avoid food and beverages with high fat and sugar have led to an increase in consumption of 'diet' or 'light' options. Examination of some human birth cohort studies shows that heavy consumption (at least one beverage a day) of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) containing beverages has been associated with increased risk of preterm birth and increased weight/BMI in male offspring independent of maternal weight, which appears to be offset by breastfeeding for 6 months. Rodent models have shown that NNS exposure during pregnancy can impact maternal metabolic health, adipose tissue function, gut microbiome profiles and taste preference. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multifaceted and further research, particularly in a translational setting is required to fully understand the effects of NNS on maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Therefore, this review examines maternal sweetener intakes and their influence on fertility, maternal health outcomes and offspring outcomes in human cohort studies and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kearns
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Wu HT, Chiang CC, Wang CT, Chen YH, Hsu SY, Chen YC. Consumption of the nonnutritive sweetener acesulfame potassium increases central precocious puberty risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132529. [PMID: 37738850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of precocious puberty and the consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) is rapidly growing worldwide. However, the effects of NNSs on precocious puberty remain unclear. We examined the impact of acesulfame potassium (AceK), one of the most widely used NNS, on central precocious puberty (CPP) development using ex vivo and in vitro studies. 884 girls aged 6-12 were enrolled with complete AceK consumption data and CPP outcome assessment in the Taiwan Pubertal Longitudinal Study from 2018 to 2022. After adjustment for confounders, compared with no AceK consumption, AceK consumption at more than the median dose was associated with higher CPP risk in girls (odds ratio = 1.88, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-3.06; p for trend = 0.003). In rats, AceK consumption from in-utero to post-weaning stages accelerated puberty onset, accompanied by increased brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression. Intracerebroventricular AceK injection also induced early puberty onset in rats. In N44 hypothalamic neuron cells, AceK treatment increased reactive oxygen species production, which led to protein kinase A (PKA) activation and increased GnRH expression. These findings suggest that prepubertal girls should consume soft drinks or food products containing AceK more cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Hwa Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Chen
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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5
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Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, Moore H, Dymond A, Bartlett SE. The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 38201905 PMCID: PMC10780393 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, n = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, n = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, n = 2059). All cohort studies and eight of the nine cross-sectional studies found significant positive correlations between added sugar consumption and risk of cognitive impairment. Four studies identified reduced risk of cognitive impairment associated with natural fructose-containing foods. The majority of randomised control trials assessed short-term glucose facilitation effects on cognitive outcomes. The results from these studies suggest the need for a tightly regulated blood glucose level, dependent on individualised physiological factors, for optimal cognitive function. A meta-analysis of a subset of studies that assessed the impact of glucose on recall found improvements in immediate free recall compared to controls (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the potentially detrimental effect of excessive, long-term, or prenatal added sugar consumption on cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine the specific effects of free and added sugars on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Melanie J. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Eva Kemps
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Alexander Dymond
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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Hadidi S, Varmira K, Soltani L. Evaluation of DNA damage induced by acesulfame potassium: spectroscopic, molecular modeling simulations and toxicity studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:6262-6271. [PMID: 35916031 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) is a widely used artificial sweetener that has been reported to interact with DNA and cause important genetic damage. However, the type of interaction mechanism is unknown. This study provides an approach to understanding the in vitro mechanism of Ace-K interaction with Ct-DNA using spectroscopic methods combined with molecular simulations. The hypochromic effect as obtained from UV-Vis spectra indicated the formation of the DNA-Ace-K complex in the minor groove. Further evidence for groove binding mode comes from the decrease in Hoechst-DNA fluorescence caused by increasing Ace-K concentrations, alongside no detectable change in MB-DNA emission band intensity. A negative value of ΔH and ΔS represents the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between Ace-K and DNA. Based on the molecular docking, Ace-K was located between the guanine10 and 16 in DNA minor groove and stabilized by two hydrogen bonds and one π-Sulfur interaction. In vitro cell culture results showed that about 5 mg/mL of Ace-K caused the death of 85% of HUVEC cells after 48 h. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Hadidi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kambiz Varmira
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Soltani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Alharthi SAS, Alaisayi KHA, Alalawi LYS, Alamri ROS, Abu-Elfotuh K, Alenazi TS, Amirthalingam P, Albariqi HAH, Mohammed AA, Alsubayti N, Hamdan AME, Kozman MR. The consumption pattern and perception of using artificial sweeteners among the public in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1166868. [PMID: 37427264 PMCID: PMC10323410 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and weight gain have become major problems worldwide. Thus, several forms of alternative intense sweeteners are extensively used, offering a non-caloric sweet taste. To the best of our knowledge, no research has studied either the consumption pattern or the perception of using artificial sweeteners in Saudi Arabia. Objectives Our research aimed to study the usage pattern of such artificial sweeteners in the Tabuk region and estimate the knowledge of and attitudes toward their usage among the population. Methods A cross-sectional study promoted on multiple social media platforms and face-to-face interviews in different malls and hospitals in the Tabuk region. We grouped the participants into two major groups: the users and the non-users of artificial sweeteners. Each group has been subdivided into a healthy subgroup and those with a medical record subgroup. Participants' characteristics and their choice of sweeteners were analyzed using bivariate analysis. The age, gender, and education level of the participants were adjusted using binary logistic regression in order to adjust for potential confounders. Results A total of 2,760 participants were included in our study. We found that more than 59% of the participants that were over 45 years old were non-hospitalized non-hospitalized diseased irrespective of their usage of artificial sweeteners. Furthermore, females, graduates, diabetics were significantly high irrespective of their subgroup. Moreover, Steviana® is the most commonly used artificial sweetener. In addition, healthy participants showed a greater perception of the usage and adverse effects of artificial sweeteners. Furthermore, bivariate analysis using logistic regression revealed significant associations (p < 0.05) with confounders such as gender, age, and education level. Conclusion Educational programs and nutritional advice for the safe consumption and the daily permissible doses of artificial sweeteners are essential and should be directed specifically at females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tahani S. Alenazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Asmaa A. Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M. E. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magy R. Kozman
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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Maudsley S, Schrauwen C, Harputluoğlu İ, Walter D, Leysen H, McDonald P. GPR19 Coordinates Multiple Molecular Aspects of Stress Responses Associated with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108499. [PMID: 37239845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a significant role in controlling biological paradigms such as aging and aging-related disease. We have previously identified receptor signaling systems that are specifically associated with controlling molecular pathologies associated with the aging process. Here, we have identified a pseudo-orphan GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPR19), that is sensitive to many molecular aspects of the aging process. Through an in-depth molecular investigation process that involved proteomic, molecular biological, and advanced informatic experimentation, this study found that the functionality of GPR19 is specifically linked to sensory, protective, and remedial signaling systems associated with aging-related pathology. This study suggests that the activity of this receptor may play a role in mitigating the effects of aging-related pathology by promoting protective and remedial signaling systems. GPR19 expression variation demonstrates variability in the molecular activity in this larger process. At low expression levels in HEK293 cells, GPR19 expression regulates signaling paradigms linked with stress responses and metabolic responses to these. At higher expression levels, GPR19 expression co-regulates systems involved in sensing and repairing DNA damage, while at the highest levels of GPR19 expression, a functional link to processes of cellular senescence is seen. In this manner, GPR19 may function as a coordinator of aging-associated metabolic dysfunction, stress response, DNA integrity management, and eventual senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Metabolism & Physiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Research & Development, 2445 Technology Forest, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
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Hayes AMR, Tsan L, Kao AE, Schwartz GM, Décarie-Spain L, Tierno Lauer L, Klug ME, Schier LA, Kanoski SE. Early Life Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Impacts Energy Balance during Adulthood. Nutrients 2022; 14:4709. [PMID: 36432396 PMCID: PMC9694170 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Children frequently consume beverages that are either sweetened with sugars (sugar-sweetened beverages; SSB) or low-calorie sweeteners (LCS). Here, we evaluated the effects of habitual early life consumption of either SSB or LCS on energy balance later during adulthood. Male and female rats were provided with chow, water, and a solution containing either SSB (sucrose), LCS (acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) or stevia), or control (no solution) during the juvenile and adolescent periods (postnatal days 26-70). SSB or LCS consumption was voluntary and restricted within the recommended federal daily limits. When subsequently maintained on a cafeteria-style junk food diet (CAF; various high-fat, high-sugar foods) during adulthood, ACE-K-exposed rats demonstrated reduced caloric consumption vs. the controls, which contributed to lower body weights in female, but not male, ACE-K rats. These discrepant intakes and body weight effects in male ACE-K rats are likely to be based on reduced gene expression of thermogenic indicators (UCP1, BMP8B) in brown adipose tissue. Female stevia-exposed rats did not differ from the controls in terms of caloric intake or body weight, yet they consumed more SSB during CAF exposure in adulthood. None of the SSB-exposed rats, neither male nor female, differed from the controls in terms of total adult caloric consumption or body weight measures. The collective results reveal that early life LCS consumption alters sugar preference, body weight, and gene expression for markers of thermogenesis during adulthood, with both sex- and sweetener-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. R. Hayes
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alicia E. Kao
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Grace M. Schwartz
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Logan Tierno Lauer
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Molly E. Klug
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Schier
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF-252, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Tsan L, Chometton S, Hayes AM, Klug ME, Zuo Y, Sun S, Bridi L, Lan R, Fodor AA, Noble EE, Yang X, Kanoski SE, Schier LA. Early-life low-calorie sweetener consumption disrupts glucose regulation, sugar-motivated behavior, and memory function in rats. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157714. [PMID: 36099052 PMCID: PMC9714783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption in children has increased dramatically due to its widespread presence in the food environment and efforts to mitigate obesity through sugar replacement. However, mechanistic studies on the long-term impact of early-life LCS consumption on cognitive function and physiological processes are lacking. Here, we developed a rodent model to evaluate the effects of daily LCS consumption (acesulfame potassium, saccharin, or stevia) during adolescence on adult metabolic, behavioral, gut microbiome, and brain transcriptomic outcomes. Results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption impacts normal postoral glucose handling and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in the absence of weight gain. Furthermore, adolescent LCS consumption yielded long-term reductions in lingual sweet taste receptor expression and brought about alterations in sugar-motivated appetitive and consummatory responses. While early-life LCS consumption did not produce robust changes in the gut microbiome, brain region-specific RNA-Seq analyses reveal LCS-induced changes in collagen- and synaptic signaling-related gene pathways in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, respectively, in a sex-dependent manner. Collectively, these results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption has long-lasting implications for glucoregulation, sugar-motivated behavior, and hippocampal-dependent memory in rats, which may be based in part on changes in nutrient transporter, sweet taste receptor, and central gene pathway expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna M.R. Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Molly E. Klug
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yanning Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lana Bridi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rae Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Schier
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Iizuka K. Is the Use of Artificial Sweeteners Beneficial for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus? The Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Sweeteners. Nutrients 2022; 14:4446. [PMID: 36364710 PMCID: PMC9655943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been developed as substitutes for sugar. Sucralose, acesulfame K (ACE K), aspartame, and saccharin are artificial sweeteners. Previously, artificial sweeteners were thought to be effective in treating obesity and diabetes. Human meta-analyses have reported that artificial sweeteners have no effect on body weight or glycemic control. However, recent studies have shown that artificial sweeteners affect glucose absorption in the intestinal tract as well as insulin and incretin secretion in humans and animals. Moreover, artificial sweeteners alter the composition of the microbiota and worsen the glycemic control owing to changes in the gut microbiota. The early intake of ACE K was also shown to suppress the taste response to sugar. Furthermore, a large cohort study showed that high artificial sweetener intake was associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular risk, coronary artery disease risk, cerebrovascular risk, and cancer risk. The role of artificial sweeteners in the treatment of diabetes and obesity should be reconsidered, and the replacement of sugar with artificial sweeteners in patients will require the long-term tracking of not only intake but also changes in blood glucose and weight as well as future guidance based on gut bacteria data. To utilize the beneficial properties of artificial sweeteners in treatment, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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12
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Morales-Ríos EI, García-Machorro J, Briones-Aranda A, Gómez-Pliego R, Espinosa-Raya J. Effect of Long-term Intake of Nutritive and Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Metabolic Health and Cognition in Adult Male Rats. J Med Food 2022; 25:1059-1065. [PMID: 35951019 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of long-term intake of nutritive sweeteners (NSs) and non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on body weight, food and energy intake, blood pressure, metabolic parameters, and memory retention in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10 per group): control (water),10% sucrose (SUC), aspartame (ASP), sucralose (SCA), stevia (STV), and 5% xylitol (XYL). Pure NSs (SUC and XYL) and NNSs were added to the drinking water for 18 weeks. ASP, SCA, and STV dosage was based on the estimated daily intake limit: 4.1, 2.0, and 3.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Chronic access to NNSs did not result in any difference in total weight gain of the rats, while it was significantly elevated in the SUC group compared with the control and NNSs groups. Food intake was significantly lower in all NNSs groups compared with SUC and control groups. Sweetened beverage intake volumes were significantly diminished in all NNSs groups compared with intake in SUC and control groups. Total calories consumed were lower for the STV and XYL groups compared with all other groups. Blood pressure and glucose metabolism did not differ significantly between the groups. All sweeteners increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. Short-term memory was significantly impaired in the ASP group in the novel object recognition task, while long-term memory was impaired in SUC and STV groups. These metabolic and behavioral results suggest that the long-term intake of NSs or NNSs can be associated with peripheral and central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Iván Morales-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Briones-Aranda
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas, México
| | - Raquel Gómez-Pliego
- Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Judith Espinosa-Raya
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Leysen H, Walter D, Clauwaert L, Hellemans L, van Gastel J, Vasudevan L, Martin B, Maudsley S. The Relaxin-3 Receptor, RXFP3, Is a Modulator of Aging-Related Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4387. [PMID: 35457203 PMCID: PMC9027355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the aging process our body becomes less well equipped to deal with cellular stress, resulting in an increase in unrepaired damage. This causes varying degrees of impaired functionality and an increased risk of mortality. One of the most effective anti-aging strategies involves interventions that combine simultaneous glucometabolic support with augmented DNA damage protection/repair. Thus, it seems prudent to develop therapeutic strategies that target this combinatorial approach. Studies have shown that the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase activating protein GIT2 (GIT2) acts as a keystone protein in the aging process. GIT2 can control both DNA repair and glucose metabolism. Through in vivo co-regulation analyses it was found that GIT2 forms a close coexpression-based relationship with the relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3). Cellular RXFP3 expression is directly affected by DNA damage and oxidative stress. Overexpression or stimulation of this receptor, by its endogenous ligand relaxin 3 (RLN3), can regulate the DNA damage response and repair processes. Interestingly, RLN3 is an insulin-like peptide and has been shown to control multiple disease processes linked to aging mechanisms, e.g., anxiety, depression, memory dysfunction, appetite, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the various roles of RXFP3/RLN3 signaling in aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
| | - Lore Clauwaert
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
| | - Lieselot Hellemans
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
- SGS Belgium, Intercity Business Park, Generaal De Wittelaan 19-A5, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (L.C.); (L.H.); (J.v.G.)
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14
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Lin CH, Li HY, Wang SH, Chen YH, Chen YC, Wu HT. Consumption of Non-Nutritive Sweetener, Acesulfame Potassium Exacerbates Atherosclerosis through Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in ApoE -/- Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113984. [PMID: 34836239 PMCID: PMC8618357 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, and non-nutritive sweetener, such as acesulfame potassium (AceK) has been used to combat obesity. However, the effects of AceK on cardiovascular disease are still unclear. In this study, high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed ApoE-/- mice had dysregulated plasma lipid profile, and developed atherosclerosis, determined by atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta. Supplement of AceK in HCD worsened the dyslipidemia and increased atherosclerotic plaque, as compared with HCD-fed ApoE-/- mice. Since treatment of AceK in RAW264.7 macrophages showed no significant effects on inflammatory cytokine expressions, we then investigated the impacts of AceK on lipid metabolism. We found that AceK consumption enhanced hepatic lipogenesis and decreased β-oxidation in ApoE-/- mice. In addition, AceK directly increased lipogenesis and decreased β-oxidation in HepG2 cells. Taken together, a concurrent consumption of AceK exacerbated HCD-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE-/- mice, and AceK might increase the risk of atherosclerosis under HCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Lin
- Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Huei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Yue-Hwa Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5205); Fax: +886-6-2353660
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15
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Cao G, González J, Ortiz Fragola JP, Muller A, Tumarkin M, Moriondo M, Azzato F, Blanco MV, Milei J. Structural changes in endocrine pancreas of male Wistar rats due to chronic cola drink consumption. Role of PDX-1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243340. [PMID: 34115756 PMCID: PMC8195359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this work was to analyze the structural changes of the pancreatic islets in rats, after 6 month consuming regular and light cola for 6 months. Also, we have analyzed the possible role of PDX-1 in that process. Finally, with the available knowledge, we propose a general working hypothesis that explains the succession of phenomena observed. Previously, we reported evidence showing that chronic cola consumption in rats impairs pancreatic metabolism of insulin and glucagon and produces some alterations typically observed in the metabolic syndrome, with an increase in oxidative stress. Of note It is worth mentioning that no apoptosis nor proliferation of islet cells could be demonstrated. In the present study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups to and given free access to freely drink regular cola (C), light cola (L), or water (W, control). We assessed the impact of the three different beverages in on glucose tolerance, lipid levels, creatinine levels and immunohistochemical changes addressed for the expression of insulin, glucagon, PDX-1 and NGN3 in islet cells, to evaluate the possible participation of PDX-1 in the changes observed in α and β cells after 6 months of treatment. Moreover, we assessed by stereological methods, the mean volume of islets (Vi) and three important variables: the fractional β -cell area, the cross-sectional area of alpha (A α-cell) and beta cells (A β-cell), and the number of β and α cell per body weight. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple t-test or by Kruskal-Wallis test, then followed by Dunn's test (depending on distribution). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Cola drinking caused impaired glucose tolerance as well as fasting hyperglycemia (mean:148; CI:137-153; p<0.05 vs W) and an increase of in insulin immunolabeling (27.3±19.7; p<0.05 vs W and L). Immunohistochemical expression for PDX-1 was significantly high in C group compared to W (0.79±0.71; p<0.05). In this case, we observed cytoplasmatic and nuclear localization. Likewise, a mild but significant decrease of in Vi was detected after 6 months in C compared to W group (8.2±2.5; p<0.05). Also, we observed a significant decrease of in the fractional β cell area (78.2±30.9; p<0.05) compared to W. Accordingly, a reduced mean value of islet α and β cell number per body weight (0.05±0.02 and 0.08±0.04 respectively; both p<0.05) compared to W was detected. Interestingly, consumption of light cola increased the Vi (10.7±3.6; p<0.05) compared to W. In line with this, a decreased cross-sectional area of β-cells was observed after chronic consumption of both, regular (78.2±30.9; p<0.05) and light cola (110.5±24.3; p<0.05), compared to W. As for, NGN3, it was negative in all three groups. Our results support the idea that PDX-1 plays a key role in the dynamics of the pancreatic islets after chronic consumption of sweetened beverages. In this experimental model, the loss of islets cells might be attributed to autophagy, favored by the local metabolic conditions and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cao
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de La Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián González
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Ortiz Fragola
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica Muller
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Tumarkin
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Moriondo
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Azzato
- Facultad de Medicina, Sexta Cátedra de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Vazquez Blanco
- Facultad de Medicina, Sexta Cátedra de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Milei
- Facultad de Medicina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Sexta Cátedra de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Masood MI, Hauke NT, Nasim MJ, Sarfraz M, Naseem M, Schäfer KH. Neural stem cell-based in vitro bioassay for the assessment of neurotoxic potential of water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:72-86. [PMID: 33334539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture activities, industrialization and growing numbers of wastewater treatment plants along river banks collectively contribute to the elevated levels of neurotoxic pollutants in natural water reservoirs across Europe. We established an in vitro bioassay based upon neural stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of raw wastewater, treated sewage effluent, groundwater and drinking water. The toxic potential of water samples was evaluated employing viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration assays. We found that raw wastewater could reduce the viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and decreased the neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, neuronal neurite growth, astrocyte growth and cell migration. Treated sewage water also showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration. Our results indicated that relatively high concentrations of nitrogenous substances, pesticides, mercuric compounds, bisphenol-A, and phthalates, along with some other pollutants in raw wastewater and treated sewage water, might be the reason for the neuroinhibitory effects of these water samples. Our model successfully predicted the neurotoxicity of water samples collected from different sources and also revealed that the incomplete removal of contaminants from wastewater can be problematic for the developing nervous system. The presented data also provides strong evidence that more effective treatments should be used to minimize the contamination of water before release into major water bodies which may be considered as water reservoirs for human usage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Natalie Tamara Hauke
- Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany; Abwasserverband Bergstrasse, Altau 10, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87550, Pakistan
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany.
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17
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Pang MD, Goossens GH, Blaak EE. The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:598340. [PMID: 33490098 PMCID: PMC7817779 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.598340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor diet is one of the leading causes for non-communicable diseases. Due to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, there is a strong focus on dietary overconsumption and energy restriction. Many strategies focus on improving energy balance to achieve successful weight loss. One of the strategies to lower energy intake is refraining from sugars and replacing them with artificial sweeteners, which maintain the palatability without ingesting calories. Nevertheless, the safety and health benefits of artificial sweeteners consumption remain a topic of debate within the scientific community and society at large. Notably, artificial sweeteners are metabolized differently from each other due to their different properties. Therefore, the difference in metabolic fate of artificial sweeteners may underlie conflicting findings that have been reported related to their effects on body weight control, glucose homeostasis, and underlying biological mechanisms. Thus, extrapolation of the metabolic effects of a single artificial sweetener to all artificial sweeteners is not appropriate. Although many rodent studies have assessed the metabolic effects of artificial sweeteners, long-term studies in humans are scarce. The majority of clinical studies performed thus far report no significant effects or beneficial effects of artificial sweeteners on body weight and glycemic control, but it should be emphasized that the study duration of most studies was limited. Clearly, further well-controlled, long-term human studies investigating the effects of different artificial sweeteners and their impact on gut microbiota, body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Pang
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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18
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Razieh Zereshki, Noori A, Pilevarian AA. The Effect of Maternal Exposure to Acesulfame Potassium (Acesulfame-K) on the Development of the Male Gonad in Adult Rats. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Mbambo NP, Dlamini SN, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Comparative effects of commonly used commercially available non-nutritive sweeteners on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13453. [PMID: 32869881 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in diabetes models have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Hence, we conducted a comparative study on the effects of commercial table-top NNS on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. Normal animals were fed for 5 weeks with aqueous solutions of aspartame-, sucralose-, stevia-, sodium cyclamate- and saccharin-based commercial NNS at concentrations equivalent to the sweetness of 10% sucrose solution and thereafter food intake, blood glucose, lipid profile, and biochemical parameters were measured. Aspartame adversely affected blood cholesterols, while cyclamate increased food intake and weight gain. Stevia reduced weight gain and exhibited insulinotropic effects. These data in normal rats hypothetically suggest that stevia-based NNS may help in glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Further clinical studies are, however, required to confirm the results of this study. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The use of NNS is becoming more popular, especially for individuals with diabetes. However, while there are several commercial table-top NNS available in the market, little is known about how they affect most diabetes-related parameters of consumers, as most of the previous studies on NNS have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Therefore, we comparatively studied the effects of some commercially available table-top forms of the different NNS (aspartame, sucralose, cyclamate, saccharin, and stevia) on diabetes-related parameters in normal rats. These findings in normal rats suggested that some commercially available NNSs like stevia-based NNS may be suitable for glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, these finding in normal rats is subject to additional corroborative clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Prosperity Mbambo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphiwe Ndumiso Dlamini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Center on Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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20
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Mela DJ, McLaughlin J, Rogers PJ. Perspective: Standards for Research and Reporting on Low-Energy ("Artificial") Sweeteners. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:484-491. [PMID: 31925418 PMCID: PMC7231577 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely differing views exist among experts, policy makers, and the general public with regard to the potential risks and benefits of reduced- or low-energy sweeteners (LES) in the diet. These views are informed and influenced by different types of research in LES, with differing hypotheses, designs, interpretation, and communication. Given the high level of interest in LES, and the public health relevance of the research evidence base, it is important that all aspects of the research process are framed and reported in an appropriate and balanced manner. In this Perspective, we identify and give examples of a number of issues relating to research and reviews on LES, which may contribute toward apparent inconsistencies in the content and understanding of the totality of evidence. We conclude with a set of recommendations for authors, reviewers and journal editors, as general guidance to improve and better standardize the quality of LES research design, interpretation, and reporting. These focus on clarity of underlying hypotheses, characterization of exposures, and the placement and weighting of new research within the wider context of related prior work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John McLaughlin
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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21
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Glendinning JI, Hart S, Lee H, Maleh J, Ortiz G, Ryu YS, Sanchez A, Shelling S, Williams N. Low-calorie sweeteners cause only limited metabolic effects in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R70-R80. [PMID: 31693385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00245.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are widespread concerns that low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) cause metabolic derangement. These concerns stem in part from prior studies linking LCS consumption to impaired glucose tolerance in humans and rodents. Here, we examined this linkage in mice. In experiment 1, we provided mice with chow, water, and an LCS-sweetened solution (saccharin, sucralose, or acesulfame K) for 28 days and measured glucose tolerance and body weight across the exposure period. Exposure to the LCS solutions did not impair glucose tolerance or alter weight gain. In experiment 2, we provided mice with chow, water, and a solution containing saccharin, glucose, or a mixture of both for 28 days, and tested for metabolic changes. Exposure to the saccharin solution increased the insulinemic response of mice to the glucose challenge, and exposure to the saccharin + glucose solution increased the rate of glucose uptake during the glucose challenge. However, neither of these test solutions altered glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma triglycerides, or percent body fat. In contrast, exposure to the glucose solution increased glucose tolerance, early insulin response, insulin sensitivity, and percent body fat. We conclude that whereas the LCS-containing solutions induced a few metabolic changes, they were modest compared with those induced by the glucose solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie Hart
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hyunseo Lee
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Maleh
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gabriella Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Young Sang Ryu
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Abdias Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Shelling
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Niki Williams
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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22
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Malbert CH, Horowitz M, Young RL. Low-calorie sweeteners augment tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of obesity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2380-2391. [PMID: 31338548 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Whether low-calorie sweeteners (LCS), such as sucralose and acesulfame K, can alter glucose metabolism is uncertain, particularly given the inconsistent observations relating to insulin resistance in recent human trials. We hypothesized that these discrepancies are accounted for by the surrogate tools used to evaluate insulin resistance and that PET 18FDG, given its capacity to quantify insulin sensitivity in individual organs, would be more sensitive in identifying changes in glucose metabolism. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of LCS on whole-body and organ-specific glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of morbid obesity. METHODS Twenty mini-pigs with morbid obesity were fed an obesogenic diet enriched with LCS (sucralose 1 mg/kg/day and acesulfame K 0.5 mg/kg/day, LCS diet group), or without LCS (control group), for 3 months. Glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were determined for the duodenum, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and brain using dynamic PET 18FDG scanning together with direct measurement of arterial input function. Body composition was also measured using CT imaging and energy metabolism quantified with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS The LCS diet increased subcutaneous abdominal fat by ≈ 20% without causing weight gain, and reduced insulin clearance by ≈ 40%, while whole-body glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were unchanged. In contrast, glucose uptake in the duodenum, liver and brain increased by 57, 66 and 29% relative to the control diet group (P < 0.05 for all), while insulin sensitivity increased by 53, 55 and 28% (P < 0.05 for all), respectively. In the brain, glucose uptake increased significantly only in the frontal cortex, associated with improved metabolic connectivity towards the hippocampus and the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS In miniature pigs, the combination of sucralose and acesulfame K is biologically active. While not affecting whole-body insulin resistance, it increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in specific tissues, mimicking the effects of obesity in the adipose tissue and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, Department of Human Nutrition, INRA, 16, le clos, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australia Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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23
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Machek SB, Willoughby DS. Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Implications for Consumption in Athletic Populations. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Praveena SM, Cheema MS, Guo HR. Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners as an emerging contaminant in environment: A global review and risks perspectives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:699-707. [PMID: 30580164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Generally, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners are widely utilized as sugar substitute in various applications. With various applications, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners are now being recognized as emerging contaminants with high water persistence and are chemically stable in environment. Although non-nutritive artificial sweeteners were documented on their occurrence in environment, yet their potential impacts to environment and human health remain ambiguous. Therefore, this review was prepared to provide a more comprehensive insight of non-nutritive artificial sweeteners in environment matrixes by highlighting special concerns on human health and environmental risks. Precisely, this review monitors the exploration of non-nutritive artificial sweeteners occurrences as an emerging contaminants in environment worldwide and their associated risks to human as well as environment. At present, there are a total of 24 non-nutritive artificial sweeteners' studies with regards to their occurrence in the environment from 38 locations globally, spanning across Europe including United Kingdoms, Canada, United States and Asia. Overall, the quantitative findings suggested that the occurrence of non-nutritive artificial sweeteners is present in surface water, tap water, groundwater, seawater, lakes and atmosphere. Among these environmental matrixes, surface water was found as the most studied matrix involving non-nutritive artificial sweeteners. However, findings on non-nutritive artificial sweeteners impacts on human health and environment are limited to understanding its overall potential impacts and risks. Additionally, this review also serves as a framework for future monitoring plans and environmental legislative to better control these emerging contaminants in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Manraj Singh Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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25
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Zhang M, Yang X, Xu W, Cai X, Wang M, Xu Y, Yu P, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Chen J, Yang J, Zhu X. Evaluation of the effects of three sulfa sweeteners on the lifespan and intestinal fat deposition in C. elegans. Food Res Int 2019; 122:66-76. [PMID: 31229125 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High sugar content in beverage or food can affect the aging process, and thus natural/artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes. However, whether sweeteners have such adverse effects as sugar remains to be clarified. Therefore, in the current study, three sulfa sweeteners, namely, saccharin sodium salt hydrate (SAC2), sodium cyclamate (CYC3) and acesulfame potassium (AceK4) were evaluated for their effects on the lifespan, deposition of lipofuscin, exercise activity, food intake, and intestinal fat deposition (IFD5) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans6). It was shown that SAC at 0.3 and 10 mg/mL shortened the lifespan of C. elegans and impaired the exercise capacity, while at other concentrations no significant effects were observed. In contrast, CYC at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. On the other hand, AceK at 1 mg/mL increased the lifespan of C. elegans, and could decrease both lipofuscin deposition and IFD in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicated that although SAC, CYC, and AceK all belong to the sulfa sweeteners, each has distinct effects on different physiological activities associated with aging, at least in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mingxiang Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peilin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Xinqiang Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China.
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26
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Solis-Medina A, Martínez-Magaña JJ, Quintanar-Jurado V, Gallegos-Silva I, Juárez-Rojop IE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Hernández-Díaz Y, González-Castro TB, López-Narváez ML, Genis-Mendoza AD, Nicolini H. Astrogliosis and decreased neural viability as consequences of early consumption of aspartame and acesulfame potassium in male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:2031-2038. [PMID: 30264280 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are mainly used as substitutes for sucrose derivates. In this study, we analyzed if the chronic consumption of aspartame or acesulfame potassium at an early age, produces histological alterations, astrogliosis and decreased neuronal viability, in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hypothalamus of male Wistar rats. A histological analysis was performed on male Wistar rats that consumed aspartame or acesulfame potassium during 90 days, initiating the consumption of sweeteners immediately after weaning. The evaluation of neuronal morphology in different areas of the brain was performed with hematoxylin - eosin staining. To measure astrogliosis and neuronal viability, we used the immunohistochemical technique, with the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunomodulators (GFAP) and with neuronal-specific enolase (NSE). The consumption of aspartame or acesulfame potassium promoted morphological changes of neurons including increased pyknotic nuclei and vacuolization in all the brain areas studied. In hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hypothalamus, astrogliosis and reduction of neural viability were observed in sweeteners consumers in comparison with the control group. Chronic consumption of ASP and ACK from early stages of development and during long periods, may promote neural modifications, astrogliosis and decrease neuronal viability in prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayelly Solis-Medina
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Jaime Martínez-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Valeria Quintanar-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Histología y Microscopía LHiM, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ileana Gallegos-Silva
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Juan C Díaz-Zagoya
- División de Investigación, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Hernández-Díaz
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Secretaría de Salud, Periférico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, 14610, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Secretaría de Salud, Periférico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, 14610, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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27
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Santos PS, Caria CRP, Gotardo EMF, Ribeiro ML, Pedrazzoli J, Gambero A. Artificial sweetener saccharin disrupts intestinal epithelial cells' barrier function in vitro. Food Funct 2018; 9:3815-3822. [PMID: 29938270 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) is a dietary practice used by those who wish to lose weight or by patients on a sugar-restricted diet such as those with DM2. Although these substances are safe, possible biological interactions with the digestive tract, particularly in relation to intestinal permeability, have not been studied. Thus, the current work sought to investigate the action of different NNS on intestinal permeability using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model. METHODS AND RESULTS Caco-2 cells were incubated with acesulfame K, aspartame, saccharin, or sucralose at equimolar concentrations. Acesulfame K, aspartame, and sucralose did not disrupt monolayer integrity in the cells. However, saccharin increased paracellular permeability and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) via a non-cytotoxic mechanism. The levels of the tight junction protein claudin-1 were reduced in Caco-2 cells that had previously been exposed to saccharin. The inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was able to prevent the reduction in TEER induced by saccharin treatment. Thalidomide, as an inhibitor of ubiquitin ligase, was able to prevent the decrease in claudin-1 protein expression and the TEER reduction in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Saccharin disrupts monolayer integrity and alters paracellular permeability in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, via a mechanism involving NF-κB activation, resulting in the ubiquitination of the tight junction protein claudin-1. Saccharin consumption may potentially alter the intestinal integrity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Gonzalez-Rivera ML, Martinez-Morales F, Alonso-Castro AJ, Lopez-Rodriguez JF, Zapata-Morales JR, Aranda Romo S, Aragon-Martinez OH. Validated and rapid measurement of the ferric reducing antioxidant power in plasma samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Glycemic impact of non-nutritive sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:796-804. [PMID: 29760482 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are zero- or low-calorie alternatives to nutritive sweeteners, such as table sugars. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to quantitatively synthesize existing scientific evidence on the glycemic impact of NNSs. SUBJECTS/METHODS PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched. Two authors screened the titles and abstracts of candidate publications. The third author was consulted to resolve discrepancies. Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials, with a total of 741 participants, were included and their quality assessed. NNSs under examination included aspartame, saccharin, steviosides, and sucralose. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Meta-analysis was performed to estimate and track the trajectory of blood glucose concentrations over time after NNS consumption, and to test differential effects by type of NNS and participants' age, weight, and disease status. In comparison with the baseline, NNS consumption was not found to increase blood glucose level, and its concentration gradually declined over the course of observation following NNS consumption. The glycemic impact of NNS consumption did not differ by type of NNS but to some extent varied by participants' age, body weight, and diabetic status. CONCLUSIONS NNS consumption was not found to elevate blood glucose level. Future studies are warranted to assess the health implications of frequent and chronic NNS consumption and elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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30
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Effect of AceK (acesulfame potassium) on brain function under dietary restriction in mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Methyl aspartylphenylalanine, the pons and cerebellum in mice: An evaluation of motor, morphological, biochemical, immunohistochemical and apoptotic effects. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Chan CB, Hashemi Z, Subhan FB. The impact of low and no-caloric sweeteners on glucose absorption, incretin secretion, and glucose tolerance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:793-801. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of non-nutritive, low, or no-calorie sweeteners (LCS) is increasing globally. Previously thought to be physiologically inert, there is a growing body of evidence that LCS not only provide a sweet taste but may also elicit metabolic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides a brief overview of the chemical and receptor-binding properties and effects on chemosensation of different LCS but focuses on the extent to which LCS stimulates glucose transport, incretin and insulin secretion, and effects on glucose tolerance. Aspartame and sucralose both bind to a similar region of the sweet receptor. For sucralose, the data are contradictory regarding effects on glucose tolerance in humans and may depend on the food or beverage matrix and the duration of administration, as suggested by longer term rodent studies. For aspartame, there are fewer data. On the other hand, acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K) and saccharin have similar binding characteristics to each other but, while Ace-K may increase incretin secretion and glucose responses in humans, there are no data on saccharin except in rats, which show impaired glucose tolerance after chronic administration. Additional research, particularly of the effects of chronic consumption, is needed to provide concrete evidence for beneficial or detrimental effects of LCS on blood glucose regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Chan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Diabetes, Obesity and Nutrition Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2W 1S7, Canada
| | - Zohre Hashemi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Fatheema B. Subhan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Bian X, Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178426. [PMID: 28594855 PMCID: PMC5464538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been widely used in the modern diet, and their observed effects on human health have been inconsistent, with both beneficial and adverse outcomes reported. Obesity and type 2 diabetes have dramatically increased in the U.S. and other countries over the last two decades. Numerous studies have indicated an important role of the gut microbiome in body weight control and glucose metabolism and regulation. Interestingly, the artificial sweetener saccharin could alter gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, raising questions about the contribution of artificial sweeteners to the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K), a FDA-approved artificial sweetener, is commonly used, but its toxicity data reported to date are considered inadequate. In particular, the functional impact of Ace-K on the gut microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of Ace-K on the gut microbiome and the changes in fecal metabolic profiles using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. We found that Ace-K consumption perturbed the gut microbiome of CD-1 mice after a 4-week treatment. The observed body weight gain, shifts in the gut bacterial community composition, enrichment of functional bacterial genes related to energy metabolism, and fecal metabolomic changes were highly gender-specific, with differential effects observed for males and females. In particular, ace-K increased body weight gain of male but not female mice. Collectively, our results may provide a novel understanding of the interaction between artificial sweeteners and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential role of this interaction in the development of obesity and the associated chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Martin B, Wang R, Cong WN, Daimon CM, Wu WW, Ni B, Becker KG, Lehrmann E, Wood WH, Zhang Y, Etienne H, van Gastel J, Azmi A, Janssens J, Maudsley S. Altered learning, memory, and social behavior in type 1 taste receptor subunit 3 knock-out mice are associated with neuronal dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11508-11530. [PMID: 28522608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 taste receptor member 3 (T1R3) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in sweet-taste perception. Besides the tongue, the T1R3 receptor is highly expressed in brain areas implicated in cognition, including the hippocampus and cortex. As cognitive decline is often preceded by significant metabolic or endocrinological dysfunctions regulated by the sweet-taste perception system, we hypothesized that a disruption of the sweet-taste perception in the brain could have a key role in the development of cognitive dysfunction. To assess the importance of the sweet-taste receptors in the brain, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of cortical and hippocampal tissues isolated from T1R3 knock-out (T1R3KO) mice. The effect of an impaired sweet-taste perception system on cognition functions were examined by analyzing synaptic integrity and performing animal behavior on T1R3KO mice. Although T1R3KO mice did not present a metabolically disrupted phenotype, bioinformatic interpretation of the high-dimensionality data indicated a strong neurodegenerative signature associated with significant alterations in pathways involved in neuritogenesis, dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, a significantly reduced dendritic spine density was observed in T1R3KO mice together with alterations in learning and memory functions as well as sociability deficits. Taken together our data suggest that the sweet-taste receptor system plays an important neurotrophic role in the extralingual central nervous tissue that underpins synaptic function, memory acquisition, and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Martin
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Rui Wang
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Wei-Na Cong
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Caitlin M Daimon
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Wells W Wu
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Bin Ni
- the Receptor Pharmacology Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Kevin G Becker
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - William H Wood
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Harmonie Etienne
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdelkrim Azmi
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Janssens
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- the Receptor Pharmacology Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, .,the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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35
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Fowler SPG. Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: Results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:517-523. [PMID: 27129676 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, pioneering animal studies conducted by investigators at Purdue University have provided evidence to support a central thesis: that the uncoupling of sweet taste and caloric intake by low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) can disrupt an animal's ability to predict the metabolic consequences of sweet taste, and thereby impair the animal's ability to respond appropriately to sweet-tasting foods. These investigators' work has been replicated and extended internationally. There now exists a body of evidence, from a number of investigators, that animals chronically exposed to any of a range of LCSs - including saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, or the combination of erythritol+aspartame - have exhibited one or more of the following conditions: increased food consumption, lower post-prandial thermogenesis, increased weight gain, greater percent body fat, decreased GLP-1 release during glucose tolerance testing, and significantly greater fasting glucose, glucose area under the curve during glucose tolerance testing, and hyperinsulinemia, compared with animals exposed to plain water or - in many cases - even to calorically-sweetened foods or liquids. Adverse impacts of LCS have appeared diminished in animals on dietary restriction, but were pronounced among males, animals genetically predisposed to obesity, and animals with diet-induced obesity. Impacts have been especially striking in animals on high-energy diets: diets high in fats and sugars, and diets which resemble a highly-processed 'Western' diet, including trans-fatty acids and monosodium glutamate. These studies have offered both support for, and biologically plausible mechanisms to explain, the results from a series of large-scale, long-term prospective observational studies conducted in humans, in which longitudinal increases in weight, abdominal adiposity, and incidence of overweight and obesity have been observed among study participants who reported using diet sodas and other LCS-sweetened beverages daily or more often at baseline. Furthermore, frequent use of diet beverages has been associated prospectively with increased long-term risk and/or hazard of a number of cardiometabolic conditions usually considered to be among the sequelae of obesity: hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, depression, kidney dysfunction, heart attack, stroke, and even cardiovascular and total mortality. Reverse causality does not appear to explain fully the increased risk observed across all of these studies, the majority of which have included key potential confounders as covariates. These have included body mass index or waist circumference at baseline; total caloric intake and specific macronutrient intake; physical activity; smoking; demographic and other relevant risk factors; and/or family history of disease. Whether non-LCS ingredients in diet beverages might have independently increased the weight gain and/or cardiometabolic risk observed among frequent consumers of LCS-sweetened beverages deserves further exploration. In the meantime, however, there is a striking congruence between results from animal research and a number of large-scale, long-term observational studies in humans, in finding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity, incidence of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and even total mortality among individuals with chronic, daily exposure to low-calorie sweeteners - and these results are troubling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States.
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Androsova G, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:112. [PMID: 26106326 PMCID: PMC4460425 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly surgical patients frequently experience postoperative delirium (POD) and the subsequent development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Clinical features include deterioration in cognition, disturbance in attention and reduced awareness of the environment and result in higher morbidity, mortality and greater utilization of social financial assistance. The aging Western societies can expect an increase in the incidence of POD and POCD. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have been studied on the molecular level albeit with unsatisfying small research efforts given their societal burden. Here, we review the known physiological and immunological changes and genetic risk factors, identify candidates for further studies and integrate the information into a draft network for exploration on a systems level. The pathogenesis of these postoperative cognitive impairments is multifactorial; application of integrated systems biology has the potential to reconstruct the underlying network of molecular mechanisms and help in the identification of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Androsova
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Roland Krause
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Georg Winterer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medicine BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Bioinformatics core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of LuxembourgBelvaux, Luxembourg
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Burke MV, Small DM. Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:381-8. [PMID: 26048305 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption to weight gain and other negative health outcomes has prompted many individuals to resort to artificial, non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) substitutes as a means of reducing SSB intake. However, there is a great deal of controversy regarding the biological consequences of NNS use, with accumulating evidence suggesting that NNS consumption may influence feeding and metabolism via a variety of peripheral and central mechanisms. Here we argue that NNSs are not physiologically inert compounds and consider the potential biological mechanisms by which NNS consumption may impact energy balance and metabolic function, including actions on oral and extra-oral sweet taste receptors, and effects on metabolic hormone secretion, cognitive processes (e.g. reward learning, memory, and taste perception), and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Burke
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dana M Small
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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pH-triggered release of manganese from MnAu nanoparticles that enables cellular neuronal differentiation without cellular toxicity. Biomaterials 2015; 55:33-43. [PMID: 25934450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At high concentrations, manganese (Mn) promotes cellular neurodevelopment but causes toxicity. Here, we report that Mn ion at high concentrations can be delivered to pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance cellular neurodevelopment without toxicity. Mn(2+) release from AuNPs was designed to be pH-responsive so that low pH condition of the cell endosomes can trigger in situ release of Mn(2+) from AuNPs after cellular uptake of Mn-incorporated AuNPs (MnAuNPs). Due to the differences in reduction potentials of Mn and Au, only Mn ionized and released while Au remained intact when MnAuNPs were uptaken by cells. Compared to PC12 cells treated with a high concentration of free Mn(2+), PC12 cells treated with an equal concentration of MnAuNPs resulted in significantly enhanced cellular neurodevelopment with decreased apoptosis and necrosis. Treatment with a high concentration of free Mn(2+) led to an abrupt consumption of a large amount of ATP for the intracellular transport of Mn(2+) through the ion channel of the cell membrane and to mitochondrial damage caused by the high intracellular concentration of Mn(2+), both of which resulted in cell necrosis and apoptosis. In contrast, MnAuNP-treated cells consumed much smaller amount of ATP for the intracellular transport of MnAuNPs by endocytosis and showed pH-triggered in situ release of Mn(2+) from the MnAuNPs in the endosomes of the cells, both of which prevented the cell death caused by ATP depletion and mitochondrial damage. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of AuNPs as a vehicle for pH-responsive, intracellular delivery of metal ion, which may open a new window for drug delivery and clinical therapy.
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Abstract
Levels of obesity have reached epidemic proportions on a global scale, which has led to considerable increases in health problems and increased risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, cancer and diabetes mellitus. People with obesity consume more food than is needed to maintain an ideal body weight, despite the discrimination that accompanies being overweight and the wealth of available information that overconsumption is detrimental to health. The relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake throughout an individual's lifetime is far more complicated than previously thought. An improved comprehension of the relationships between taste, palatability, taste receptors and hedonic responses to food might lead to increased understanding of the biological underpinnings of energy acquisition, as well as why humans sometimes eat more than is needed and more than we know is healthy. This Review discusses the role of taste receptors in the tongue, gut, pancreas and brain and their hormonal involvement in taste perception, as well as the relationship between taste perception, overeating and the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Room 09B133, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Room 09B133, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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Araújo JR, Martel F, Keating E. Exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy and lactation: Impact in programming of metabolic diseases in the progeny later in life. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:196-201. [PMID: 25263228 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional environment during embryonic, fetal and neonatal development plays a crucial role in the offspring's risk of developing diseases later in life. Although non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) provide sweet taste without contributing to energy intake, animal studies showed that long-term consumption of NSS, particularly aspartame, starting during the perigestational period may predispose the offspring to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. In this paper, we review the impact of NNS exposure during the perigestational period on the long-term disease risk of the offspring, with a particular focus on metabolic diseases. Some mechanisms underlying NNS adverse metabolic effects have been proposed, such as an increase in intestinal glucose absorption, alterations in intestinal microbiota, induction of oxidative stress and a dysregulation of appetite and reward responses. The data reviewed herein suggest that NNS consumption by pregnant and lactating women should be looked with particular caution and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Keating
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, 4200-702 Porto, Portugal
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Logan AC, Jacka FN. Nutritional psychiatry research: an emerging discipline and its intersection with global urbanization, environmental challenges and the evolutionary mismatch. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:22. [PMID: 25060574 PMCID: PMC4131231 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 21st-century public health, rapid urbanization and mental health disorders are a growing global concern. The relationship between diet, brain function and the risk of mental disorders has been the subject of intense research in recent years. In this review, we examine some of the potential socioeconomic and environmental challenges detracting from the traditional dietary patterns that might otherwise support positive mental health. In the context of urban expansion, climate change, cultural and technological changes and the global industrialization and ultraprocessing of food, findings related to nutrition and mental health are connected to some of the most pressing issues of our time. The research is also of relevance to matters of biophysiological anthropology. We explore some aspects of a potential evolutionary mismatch between our ancestral past (Paleolithic, Neolithic) and the contemporary nutritional environment. Changes related to dietary acid load, advanced glycation end products and microbiota (via dietary choices and cooking practices) may be of relevance to depression, anxiety and other mental disorders. In particular, the results of emerging studies demonstrate the importance of prenatal and early childhood dietary practices within the developmental origins of health and disease concept. There is still much work to be done before these population studies and their mirrored advances in bench research can provide translation to clinical medicine and public health policy. However, the clear message is that in the midst of a looming global epidemic, we ignore nutrition at our peril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA 91302, USA
| | - Felice N Jacka
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT SRC, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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de Araujo IE. Contextual fear conditioning: connecting brain glucose sensing and hippocampal-dependent memories. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:834-5. [PMID: 24837619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E de Araujo
- John B Pierce Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Taste Receptor Gene Expression Outside the Gustatory System. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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