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M de Freitas Pereira R, de Oliveira Filho HS, C Duarte JL, R P Júnior F, de Sousa Lima T, Dos Santos KMOL, da Silva Pereira E, Jerônimo da Silva N, Bruno de Oliveira CJ, Leal de Araújo J, de Souza Mendonça F. Fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:1-5. [PMID: 38306731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae has been recovered from a wide variety of species, including reptiles, and has been linked to important clinical manifestations in snakes and lizards. We describe a case of concomitant fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with S. enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). At necropsy, the mucosa of the large intestine was covered by a focally extensive fibrinonecrotic exudate (diphtheritic pseudomembrane). The left testicle was enlarged, firm and diffusely expanded by a thick fibrinous yellow exudate. Polymerase chain reaction and conclusive antigenic testing indicated that the bacteria isolated from the lesions were S. enterica subsp houtenae, and the virulence genes InvA, slyA, stn and spvC were identified. This report reinforces that, although S. enterica subsp houtenae has been isolated from asymptomatic reptiles, it has the potential to cause life-threatening disease in snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M de Freitas Pereira
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Hodias S de Oliveira Filho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José L C Duarte
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R P Júnior
- Department of Wild Animals, Cesmac University Center, Highway Divaldo Suruagy S/N, Marechal Deodoro-AL, 57081-350, Brazil
| | - Telma de Sousa Lima
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Kin M O L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nádyra Jerônimo da Silva
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Celso J Bruno de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Souza Mendonça
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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Wang W, Liu F, Li H, Li M, Hu Y, Li F, Xiao J, Dong Y. Emergence and genomic characteristics of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella in pet turtles and children with diarrhoea. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001164. [PMID: 38170193 PMCID: PMC10868623 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pet turtles are a well-recognized source of human salmonellosis, posing a threat to human health, particularly children who commonly keep pet turtles. To date, the genomic characteristics of Salmonella among pet turtles and children has not been well described. We investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and genomic characteristics of Salmonella from pet turtles in Beijing, China. In total, 9.6 % (46/480) of pet turtles were positive for Salmonella with S. Thompson being the dominant serovar (19/46) in 2019. Moreover, 80.4 % of Salmonella were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 60.7 % were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline (ASSuT). We further compared the genomes of S. Thompson isolates from pet turtles (n=19) with those from children with diarrhoea (n=28) in the same region and year, most of which were sequence type (ST)26, with one novel ST7937 identified from a child-associated isolate. S. Thompson isolates from children with diarrhoea exhibited less resistance than isolates from pet turtles. Most MDR isolates possessed multiple AMR genes, including the AmpC β-lactamase-encoding genes bla DHA-15 and bla DHA-1 which co-occurred with the IncA/C and IncHI plasmid replicon types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the bla DHA-15 gene has been detected from Salmonella. Several pet turtle-associated S. Thompson isolates comprised phylogenetically close clusters with those from children with diarrhoea (<20 SNP differences). Bayesian analysis demonstrated that the Chinese ST26 S. Thompson strains had a recent evolutionary history and evolved into two major clades, with one clade acquiring various resistant plasmids. Our findings revealed the emergence of MDR Salmonella among pet turtles in China and provided evidence for the interspecies transmission of S. Thompson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
- Division IV of Food Safety Standards, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Menghan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujie Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
- Division IV of Food Safety Standards, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
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Pees M, Brockmann M, Steiner N, Marschang RE. Salmonella in reptiles: a review of occurrence, interactions, shedding and risk factors for human infections. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1251036. [PMID: 37822870 PMCID: PMC10562597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1251036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are considered a part of the normal reptile gut microbiota, but have also been associated with disease in reptiles. Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) can pose a serious health threat to humans, especially children, and an estimated 6% of human sporadic salmonellosis cases have been attributed to direct or indirect contact with reptiles, although the exact number is not known. Two literature searches were conducted for this review. The first evaluated reports of the prevalence of Salmonella in the intestinal tracts of healthy reptiles. Salmonella were most commonly detected in snakes (56.0% overall), followed by lizards (36.9%) and tortoises (34.2%), with lower detection rates reported for turtles (18.6%) and crocodilians (9%). Reptiles in captivity were significantly more likely to shed Salmonella than those sampled in the wild. The majority of Salmonella strains described in reptiles belonged to subspecies I (70.3%), followed by subspecies IIIb (29.7%) and subspecies II (19.6%). The second literature search focused on reports of RAS, revealing that the highest number of cases was associated with contact with turtles (35.3%), followed by lizards (27.1%) and snakes (20.0%). Reptiles associated with RAS therefore did not directly reflect prevalence of Salmonella reported in healthy representatives of a given reptile group. Clinical symptoms associated with RAS predominantly involved the gastrointestinal tract, but also included fever, central nervous symptoms, problems with circulation, respiratory symptoms and others. Disease caused by Salmonella in reptiles appears to be dependent on additional factors, including stress, inadequate husbandry and hygiene, and other infectious agents. While it has been suggested that reptile serovars may cause more severe disease than human-derived strains, and some data is available on invasiveness of individual strains in cell culture, limited information is available on potential mechanisms influencing invasiveness and immune evasion in reptiles and in RAS. Strategies to mitigate the spread of Salmonella through reptiles and to reduce RAS focus mostly on education and hygiene, and have often been met with some success, but additional efforts are needed. Many aspects regarding Salmonella in reptiles remain poorly understood, including the mechanisms by which Salmonella persist in reptile hosts without causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Natalie Steiner
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Santana-Hernández KM, Rodríguez-Ponce E, Medina IR, Acosta-Hernández B, Priestnall SL, Vega S, Marin C, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Marco-Fuertes A, Ayats T, García Beltrán T, Lupiola-Gómez PA. One Health Approach: Invasive California Kingsnake ( Lampropeltis californiae) as an Important Source of Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Salmonella Clones on Gran Canaria Island. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1790. [PMID: 37889724 PMCID: PMC10251910 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the reptile population has led to a rise in the number of zoonotic infections due to close contact with reptiles, with reptile-associated salmonellosis being particularly relevant. California kingsnake invasion not only threatens the endemic reptile population of the island of Gran Canaria (Spain) but also poses serious public health problems by spreading zoonotic pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence, genetic diversity, and AMR among Salmonella spp. strains isolated from California kingsnakes in Gran Canaria Island (Spain). Of 73 invasive individuals captured, 20.5% carried Salmonella spp., belonging to different subspecies and serovars, with subsp. salamae as the most abundant. Pulsed-field electrophoresis showed high genetic diversity among subsp. salamae isolates, and among these, 73.3% showed resistance to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. In conclusion, the present study revealed the importance of wild invasive California kingsnakes as reservoirs of drug-resistant Salmonella spp. that could pose a direct threat to livestock and humans. Identification of drug-resistant Salmonella strains in wildlife provides valuable information on potential routes of transmission that involve risks to public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Santana-Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
| | - Eligia Rodríguez-Ponce
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
| | - Inmaculada Rosario Medina
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa García Beltrán
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Pablo A. Lupiola-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
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Olvera-Ramírez AM, McEwan NR, Stanley K, Nava-Diaz R, Aguilar-Tipacamú G. A Systematic Review on the Role of Wildlife as Carriers and Spreaders of Campylobacter spp. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1334. [PMID: 37106897 PMCID: PMC10135385 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide. Research in the context of infection arising from transmission from other humans and other vertebrates has been extensive. A large fraction of these investigations has focused on domestic animals; however, there are also a number of publications which either totally, or at least in part, consider the role of wild or feral animals as carriers or spreaders of Campylobacter spp. Here, we carry out a systematic review to explore the role played by wild vertebrates as sources of Campylobacter spp. with a compilation of prevalence data for more than 150 species including reptiles, mammals and birds. We found that numerous vertebrate species can act as carriers of Campylobacter species, but we also found that some host specificity may exist, reducing the risk of spread from wildlife to domestic animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Margarita Olvera-Ramírez
- Cuerpo Académico Salud Animal y Microbiología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
| | - Neil Ross McEwan
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karen Stanley
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Remedios Nava-Diaz
- Posdoctoral CONACyT Program, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- Cuerpo Académico Salud Animal y Microbiología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
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Muñoz-Ibarra E, Molina-López RA, Durán I, Garcias B, Martín M, Darwich L. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Exotic Pets: The Situation in the Iberian Peninsula. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151912. [PMID: 35953901 PMCID: PMC9367532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance in exotic pets has not been widely studied. The close contact of this type of animal with the human population increases the risk of untreatable bacterial infections, which represent a veterinary and human public health challenge. We analyze the database of microbiological diagnoses and the bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials in exotic pets from the Iberian Peninsula. We found that the most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp., while in reptiles, they were the Pseudomonas spp. In addition, Pseudomonas showed the highest levels of resistance among the three animal groups, and on the other hand, the multidrug resistance level was significant in Enterobacterales. Most of the bacteria we found have zoonotic importance. The prevalent bacteria are resistant to antimicrobials that have been described as critical for human use, implying that the threat of antimicrobial resistance extends not only to domestic and companion animals but also to humans due to the potential transmission of resistant genes. Once seen from the lens of the One-Health paradigm, these findings are concerning, as they highlight the risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant genes between different individuals and their environments. In order to prevent antibiotic resistance, we encourage the development of joint work between animal and human health specialists. Abstract Literature related to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in exotic pets is minimal, being essential to report objective data on this topic, which represents a therapeutic challenge for veterinary medicine and public health. Between 2016 and 2020, laboratory records of 3156 exotic pet specimens’ microbiological diagnoses and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were examined. The samples were classified into three animal classes: birds (n = 412), mammalia (n = 2399), and reptilian (n = 345). The most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were Staphylococcus spp. (15% and 16%), while in reptiles they were Pseudomonas spp. (23%). Pseudomonas was the genus with the highest levels of AMR in all animal groups, followed by Enterococcus spp. By contrast, Gram-positive cocci and Pasteurella spp. were the most sensitive bacteria. Moreover, in reptiles, Stenotrophomonas spp., Morganella spp., and Acinetobacter spp. presented high levels of AMR. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolates from reptiles (21%), birds (17%), and mammals (15%). The Enterobacterales had the highest MDR levels: S. marcescens (94.4%), C. freundii (50%), M. morganii (47.4%), K. pneumoniae (46.6%), E. cloacae (44%), and E. coli (38.3%). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa strains was 8%, detecting one isolate with an XDR profile. Regarding antimicrobial use, many antibiotics described as critically important for human use had significant AMR prevalence in bacteria isolated from exotic pets. Under the One-Health approach, these results are alarming and of public health concern since potential transmission of AMR bacteria and genes can occur from exotic pets to their owners in both senses. For this reason, the collaboration between veterinarians and public health professionals is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Muñoz-Ibarra
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Rafael A. Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Inma Durán
- Departamento de Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, 08037 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Biel Garcias
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Marga Martín
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (E.M.-I.); (B.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Colon VA, Lugsomya K, Lam HK, Wahl LC, Parkes RSV, Cormack CA, Horlbog JA, Stevens M, Stephan R, Magouras I. Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:912693. [PMID: 35937281 PMCID: PMC9353134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.912693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonians are recognized as a source of human salmonellosis through direct contact or consumption of their meat. Freshwater turtles sold for food are widely available in wet markets in Asia. In this pilot study, 50 turtles belonging to three species were randomly sampled from wet markets throughout Hong Kong. The turtles were humanely euthanised and their feces or the colon were sampled for Salmonella culture. The Salmonella isolates obtained were serotyped and examined for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The study reports a high prevalence (42%, 95% CI: 29.4–55.8) and considerable serotype diversity of Salmonella among turtles sold in wet markets. The most common among the 11 serotypes isolated were S. Oranienburg and S. Thompson, which have been reported in turtles previously. The serotype S. Manhattan is reported in chelonians for the first time. Resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol was common, despite the latter being banned from aquaculture in mainland China since 2002. Resistance against fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins which represent first-line treatment options for salmonellosis was also observed. The multidrug-resistance gene cfr is identified for the first time in Salmonella. This is a worrying finding as it indicates an expansion of the cfr reservoir and potential horizontal spread to other bacteria. The results of this study emphasize the need for close surveillance of Salmonella from turtles sold as food and better regulation of turtle farming to safeguard public health and improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Albane Colon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Kiu Lam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lloyd Christian Wahl
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca Sarah Victoria Parkes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Catherine Anne Cormack
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jule Anna Horlbog
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, National Reference Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria (NENT), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Ioannis Magouras
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8
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Marin C, Martín-Maldonado B, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Sevilla-Navarro S, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Montoro-Dasi L, Manzanares A, Ayats T, Mencía-Gutiérrez A, Jordá J, González F, Rojo-Solís C, Barros C, García-Párraga D, Vega S. Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Chelonians: Assessing Its Potential Risk in Zoological Institutions in Spain. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060264. [PMID: 35737316 PMCID: PMC9230454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is mostly noted as a food-borne pathogen, but contact with chelonians has also been reported as a source of infection. Moreover, high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been reported in Salmonella isolated from wild and captive reptiles. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Salmonella AMR carriage by chelonians admitted to two zoological institutions in Spain, characterizing the isolates to assess the Salmonella AMR epidemiology in wildlife. To this end, 152 chelonians from nine species were sampled upon their arrival at the zoological nuclei. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), isolates were serotyped and their AMR analysed according to the EU Decision 2013/652. Moreover, the genetic relationship of the isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results showed 19% (29/152) of the chelonians positive to Salmonella, all of them tortoises. For all isolates, 69% (20/29) were resistant and 34% (10/29) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. PFGE clustered isolates according to the serovar, confirming a low genetic diversity. In conclusion, this study shows a high presence of MDR Salmonella strains in tortoises at their entry into zoological nuclei. This condition highlights the need to establish Salmonella detection protocols for the entry of animals into these centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
- Grupo Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (B.M.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Grupo Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (B.M.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (F.G.)
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (A.M.); (T.A.)
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539 Les Alqueries, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
| | - Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
| | - Alicia Manzanares
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (A.M.); (T.A.)
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (A.M.); (T.A.)
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aida Mencía-Gutiérrez
- Grupo Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (B.M.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (F.G.)
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Jaume Jordá
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
| | - Fernando González
- Grupo Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (B.M.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (F.G.)
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solís
- Oceanogràfic Veterinary Services, Avanqua Oceanogàfic S.L., C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) nº1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (C.B.); (D.G.-P.)
| | - Carlos Barros
- Oceanogràfic Veterinary Services, Avanqua Oceanogàfic S.L., C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) nº1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (C.B.); (D.G.-P.)
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Oceanogràfic Veterinary Services, Avanqua Oceanogàfic S.L., C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) nº1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (C.B.); (D.G.-P.)
| | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (S.S.-N.); (L.L.-R.); (L.M.-D.); (J.J.); (S.V.)
- Grupo Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (B.M.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (F.G.)
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9
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Okabe H, Murai H, Takano S, Kanno S. Turtle-associated salmonellosis due to Salmonella Litchfield in a 57-day-old infant: a case report. J Rural Med 2021; 16:286-288. [PMID: 34707740 PMCID: PMC8527624 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2021-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 57-day-old boy presented with fever, watery diarrhea, and anorexia and was admitted
with suspected acute gastroenteritis. His laboratory data suggested low-level inflammation
and cholestasis. His stool culture was positive for Salmonella
Litchfield. With suspicion of bacterial infection, the patient received intravenous
ampicillin for 5 days. On the fifth day after admission, his inflammatory and cholestasis
markers normalized, and he was discharged from the hospital in good condition. His family
kept five Japanese pond turtles as pets for one year. As Salmonella
Litchfield was isolated from a swab sample of the turtle’s body. The patient was diagnosed
with turtle-associated salmonellosis. In conclusion, families, particularly those with
infants, should avoid keeping turtles in their homes. Pet shop owners and public health
authorities must provide appropriate information regarding Salmonella in
turtles.
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10
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Guz L, Nowakiewicz A, Puk K, Zięba P, Gnat S, Matuszewski Ł. Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Aeromonas spp. Colonizing European Pond Turtles Emys orbicularis and Their Natural Environment. First Study from Poland. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102772. [PMID: 34679794 PMCID: PMC8532793 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to isolate and identify species belonging to the Aeromonas genus and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and virulence patterns of isolates colonizing European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from natural environment of Eastern Poland. In total, 74 turtles and 15 samples of water from their natural environment were examined. More than 40 strains were isolated and identified: A. bestiarum (n = 1), A. hydrophila (n = 13), A. allosaccharophila (n = 2), A. salmonicida (n = 3), and A. veronii (n = 23). The highest incidence of resistance was noted for ampicillin (100%) and sulfamethoxazole (62.0%), followed by erythromycin and colistin (both 40.5%). Moreover, eight strains were intermediately resistant to meropenem (19%). Most Aeromonas isolates were found to possess more than one virulence gene among fla, aer, hlyA, act, ela, alt, and ast. We showed that the population of free-living European pond turtles was highly colonized by Aeromonas spp. Such strains may be an infectious agent not only for the population of turtles but also for other species of animals inhabiting their natural environment. Moreover, the undesirable properties of water quality caused by the presence of drug-resistant aeromonads could have a negative impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Guz
- Sub-Department of Biology and Fish Diseases, Department of Parasitology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-60-08
| | - Krzysztof Puk
- Sub-Department of Biology and Fish Diseases, Department of Parasitology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Matuszewski
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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11
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Hernandez SM, Maurer JJ, Yabsley MJ, Peters VE, Presotto A, Murray MH, Curry S, Sanchez S, Gerner-Smidt P, Hise K, Huang J, Johnson K, Kwan T, Lipp EK. Free-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodies. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:674973. [PMID: 34368271 PMCID: PMC8339271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding Salmonella enterica. The rate and frequency of bacterial shedding are not fully understood, and most studies have focused on captive vs. free-living chelonians and often in relation to an outbreak. Their ecology and significance as sentinels are important to understanding Salmonella transmission. In 2012-2013, Salmonella prevalence was determined for free-living aquatic turtles in man-made ponds in Clarke and Oconee Counties, in northern Georgia (USA) and the correlation between species, basking ecology, demographics (age/sex), season, or landcover with prevalence was assessed. The genetic relatedness between turtle and archived, human isolates, as well as, other archived animal and water isolates reported from this study area was examined. Salmonella was isolated from 45 of 194 turtles (23.2%, range 14-100%) across six species. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (36%) than adults (20%), higher in females (33%) than males (18%), and higher in bottom-dwelling species (31%; common and loggerhead musk turtles, common snapping turtles) than basking species (15%; sliders, painted turtles). Salmonella prevalence decreased as forest cover, canopy cover, and distance from roads increased. Prevalence was also higher in low-density, residential areas that have 20-49% impervious surface. A total of 9 different serovars of two subspecies were isolated including 3 S. enterica subsp. arizonae and 44 S. enterica subsp. enterica (two turtles had two serotypes isolated from each). Among the S. enterica serovars, Montevideo (n = 13) and Rubislaw (n = 11) were predominant. Salmonella serovars Muenchen, Newport, Mississippi, Inverness, Brazil, and Paratyphi B. var L(+) tartrate positive (Java) were also isolated. Importantly, 85% of the turtle isolates matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of human isolates, including those reported from Georgia. Collectively, these results suggest that turtles accumulate Salmonella present in water bodies, and they may be effective sentinels of environmental contamination. Ultimately, the Salmonella prevalence rates in wild aquatic turtles, especially those strains shared with humans, highlight a significant public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Valerie E Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, United States
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maureen H Murray
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology and the Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shannon Curry
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peter Gerner-Smidt
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelley Hise
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joyce Huang
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kasey Johnson
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tiffany Kwan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Salmonella Infection in Turtles: A Risk for Staff Involved in Wildlife Management? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061529. [PMID: 34073932 PMCID: PMC8225080 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in the turtles housed in a regional wildlife rescue centre of Apulia, in southern Italy, to assess the presence of Salmonella serovars that may represent a risk for operators involved in wildlife management. Sixty-nine tortoises, of which 36 were males and 33 were females, belonging to different species (Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. h. boettgeri, T. graeca, and T. marginata) were tested. All the turtles were adults (34 between 6 and 10 years of age and 35 more than 10 years of age). Salmonella was statistically detected more frequently in T. hermanni hermanni. No differences of the infection prevalence related to animal gender or age were found. Two different species, S. enterica and S. bongori, three S. enterica subspecies (enterica, diarizonae, salamae), and five different serovars (Hermannswerder, Abony, Ferruch, Richmond, Vancouver) within the group S. enterica subspecies enterica were identified. Two Salmonella types with different combinations were simultaneously found in specimens of T. h. hermanni. Most of the detected Salmonella types may represent a potential risk for operators in wildlife rescue centres. Abstract Monitoring of infections that may be transmitted to humans by animals in wildlife rescue centres is very important in order to protect the staff engaged in rehabilitation practices. Salmonella may be a natural inhabitant of the intestinal tract of turtles, rarely causing disease. This may represent a potential risk for humans, increasing the sanitary risk for operators in wildlife rescue centres. In this paper, the occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella among terrestrial turtles housed in a wildlife rescue centre in Southern Italy was investigated, in order to assess the serovars more frequently carried by turtles and identify those that may represent a risk for operators involved in wildlife management. Sixty-nine adult turtles (Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. h. boettgeri, T. graeca, and T. marginata) were tested. Detection and serotyping of Salmonella strains were performed according to ISO 6579-1 and ISO/TR 6579-3:2013, respectively. The distribution of Salmonella spp. was significantly higher in T. hermanni hermanni than in other species, independent of the age and gender of the animals. Two different Salmonella species, S. enterica and S. bongori, three S. enterica subspecies (enterica, diarizonae, salamae), and five different serovars (Hermannswerder, Abony, Ferruch, Richmond, Vancouver) within the group S. enterica subspecies enterica were identified. Different combinations of Salmonella types were simultaneously found in specimens of T. h. hermanni. Most of detected Salmonella types may represent a potential risk for public health. Adopting correct animal husbandry procedures and informing on potential sanitary risks may be useful for minimising the risk of transmission of Salmonella to workers involved in wildlife management.
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13
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Zając M, Skarżyńska M, Lalak A, Kwit R, Śmiałowska-Węglińska A, Pasim P, Szulowski K, Wasyl D. Salmonella in Captive Reptiles and Their Environment-Can We Tame the Dragon? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051012. [PMID: 34066739 PMCID: PMC8151916 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are considered a reservoir of a variety of Salmonella (S.) serovars. Nevertheless, due to a lack of large-scale research, the importance of Reptilia as a Salmonella vector still remains not completely recognized. A total of 731 samples collected from reptiles and their environment were tested. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella in exotic reptiles kept in Poland and to confirm Salmonella contamination of the environment after reptile exhibitions. The study included Salmonella isolation and identification, followed by epidemiological analysis of the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Implementation of a pathway additional to the standard Salmonella isolation protocol led to a 21% increase in the Salmonella serovars detection rate. The study showed a high occurrence of Salmonella, being the highest at 92.2% in snakes, followed by lizards (83.7%) and turtles (60.0%). The pathogen was also found in 81.2% of swabs taken from table and floor surfaces after reptile exhibitions and in two out of three egg samples. A total of 918 Salmonella strains belonging to 207 serovars and serological variants were obtained. We have noted the serovars considered important with respect to public health, i.e., S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Kentucky. The study proves that exotic reptiles in Poland are a relevant reservoir of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-3419
| | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Anna Lalak
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Renata Kwit
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Śmiałowska-Węglińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Paulina Pasim
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Szulowski
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.L.); (R.K.); (A.Ś.-W.); (P.P.); (K.S.); (D.W.)
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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14
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Marin C, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Laso O, Villora-Gonzalez J, Vega S. Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:613718. [PMID: 33490138 PMCID: PMC7815585 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.613718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is widely considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogen infections, and ~6% of human salmonellosis cases are acquired after direct or indirect contact with reptiles. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health threats of the twenty-first century and has been reported in Salmonella strains isolated from pet reptiles, which could entail therapeutic consequences for their owners and breeders. The aim of this study was to assess Salmonella carriage by pet reptiles in pet shops and households, and their role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance, to inform the owners about the possible risks factors. During the period between January 2019 and December 2019, 54 reptiles from pet shops and 69 reptiles from households were sampled in the Valencian Region (Eastern Spain). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. The results of this study showed that 48% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carry Salmonella spp. All the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 72% were multidrug-resistant strains, the most frequently observed resistance patterns being gentamicin-colistin and gentamicin-colistin-ampicillin. The present study demonstrates that pet reptiles could be a source of human multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection. In this context, the most optimal prevention of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections necessarily involves strict control of the sanitary status of reptile pet shops and hygienic handling by the individual owners at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Omar Laso
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
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15
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Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:437. [PMID: 33176763 PMCID: PMC7659121 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the first case of canine Salmonella meningoencephalomyelitis and second case of canine Salmonella bacteriuria, as well as the first reported case of Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae in a dog. Case presentation Immunosuppressive treatment in a dog for a relapse of steroid-responsive meningitis and arteritis (SRMA) allowed for the opportunistic establishment of a bacteremia with Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae, ultimately causing meningoencephalomyelitis and subclinical bacteriuria. The bacterial infections were treated with a four-month course of amoxicillin; clinical treatment success was determined by serial negative urine cultures and lack of clinical signs correlated to the meningoencephalomyelitis. Conclusions Both the bacteriuria and meningoencephalomyelitis represented opportunistic infections in a dog immunosuppressed for SRMA. The clinical course of this infectious meningoencephalitis emphasizes the importance of differentiating relapse of initial disease from opportunistic infection occurring in a compromised central nervous system. The novel Salmonella species identified in this case acts as a reminder that infectious disease diagnostics should not be curbed by anecdotal prediction of routine pathogenic suspects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5.
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16
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Izquierdo-Rodriguez E, Martin-Carrillo N, Valladares B, Foronda P. Study of Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens of Atelerix algirus in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579602. [PMID: 33134361 PMCID: PMC7578256 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atelerix algirus is an invasive species in the Canary Islands (Spain). There are few studies about the zoonotic pathogens this species could be hosting; therefore, this study was focused on analyzing causative agents of diarrhea in humans in feces from hedgehogs. A total of 45 fecal samples obtained in Tenerife (Canary Islands) were analyzed in this study using Biofire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel with an integrated Biofire FilmArray system. Forty-two (93.33%) of the samples presented at least one of the pathogens detected by the panel. The prevalence of four bacteria stands out as for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (71.11%), Salmonella (66.67%), Clostridioides difficile (33.33%), and Campylobacter sp. (22.22%), all of which were widely distributed along Tenerife. Besides, other pathogens were found, Cryptosporidium sp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli lt/st in 6.66% of the animals, Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli in 4.44%, and Norovirus GI/GII, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Vibrio sp. in 2.22%. Of the hedgehogs, 26.66% were hosting just one pathogen, and the others showed coinfection: 24.44% hosted two, 31.11% hosted three, and 11.11% hosted four or more. The close contact with hedgehogs may imply the transmission of not only one causative agent of diarrhea but also multiple agents, since coinfection is highly prevalent. The lack of management measurements for this animal in the Canary Islands, the common habit of adopting hedgehogs from wildlife without veterinary control, and the fact that most of the hedgehogs studied belonged to highly populated areas imply a high risk of transmission of pathogens to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Izquierdo-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Natalia Martin-Carrillo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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MiSeq Sequencing of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae Isolates from a Dog Treated for Hind-Limb Paresis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/32/e00655-20. [PMID: 32763933 PMCID: PMC7409850 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00655-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of three clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq instrument. These isolates came from the urine and cerebrospinal fluid of a dog treated for hind-limb paresis with immunosuppressive drugs. S. enterica subsp. houtenae has also been implicated in brain infections in humans.
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Sevilla-Navarro S, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Ayats T, Jordá J, Marin C, Vega S. Characterization of Salmonella Frintrop isolated from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:742-746. [PMID: 32678976 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have reported the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in dromedary camels and its role in camelid-associated salmonellosis in humans, but little is known about the epidemiology of Campylobacter in dromedaries. Here, we investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 54 individuals were sampled from two different dromedary farms located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). While all the samples were Campylobacter-negative, Salmonella prevalence was 5.5% (3/54), and the only serovar isolated was S. Frintrop. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a low genetic diversity, with all isolates showing a nearly identical pulsotype (similarity >95%). Our results indicate that dromedary camels could not be a risk factor for Campylobacter human infection, but seems to be a reservoir for Salmonella transmission. Since camel riding has become one of the main touristic attractions in several countries, and its popularity has increased considerably in recent years, a mandatory control, especially for zoonotic pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella, should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain.,Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación de la Comunidad Valenciana, CECAV, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Jordá
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, Spain
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Abstract
Human infections caused by Salmonella Newport generally lead to gastrointestinal diseases. These infections are normally self-limiting; however, in certain cases, broad-spectrum antimicrobials are prescribed for the treatment. The Chinese National Foodborne Disease Surveillance Network has reported a gradual increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant S. Newport infections in humans. After careful evaluation of the dynamic relationship among the clinical findings, the age group, and the genomic sequence data, it was found that young patients represented the major group with persistent diarrhea, whereas adults were either asymptomatic or diarrheic. Furthermore, all these strains contained multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants, which limited the use of antimicrobials for human patients of all age groups. This analysis of the laboratory-confirmed cases, coupled with genetic analysis of the corresponding pathogen, revealed that antimicrobial treatment of persistent infections by S. Newport in infants and toddlers, and in asymptomatic or diarrheic adults, may not be successful. If the antimicrobials must be prescribed at all, they must be used with caution because of the presence of multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants in such strains. Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport) infections are gradually on the rise in China from the last decade. For humans’ infections, S. Newport has been ranked among the top five serovars responsible for persistent infections, globally. A total of 290 S. Newport strains with their relevant clinical metadata were analyzed, and the strains were subjected to whole-genome sequence analysis. Among these, 62.4% (n = 181) were from diarrheic patients and 28.9% (n = 84) were from asymptomatic individuals (including adults and youngsters) while 8.6% (n = 25) were from cases of persistent diarrhea in infants (28%, n = 7) and toddlers (72%, n = 18). The association between the sequence types (STs) and the variations in the clinical presentation was statistically significant (P = 0.0432), with ST46 causing diarrhea or representing asymptomatic patients and ST31 or ST68 causing persistent diarrhea. Genomic analysis revealed that the highest proportion of the isolates (98.5%, n = 279), primarily from patients with or without diarrhea rather than from asymptomatic individuals, carried antimicrobial resistance determinants corresponding to the aminoglycosides and beta-lactams, highlighting the need for cautionary usage of antimicrobials in such patients. These findings also suggest that cases of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection with symptoms of acute diarrhea or persistent diarrhea caused by S. Newport should be handled with caution, due to the high chance of development of an antimicrobial resistance phenotype that might lead to therapeutic failures. Together, S. Newport ST31 and ST46, which have the highest frequency of carriage of multidrug resistance, are potentially responsible for antimicrobial-resistant diarrhea/persistent diarrhea in infants and children, while adult humans are more likely to be (asymptomatic) carriers of the S. Newport strains. IMPORTANCE Human infections caused by Salmonella Newport generally lead to gastrointestinal diseases. These infections are normally self-limiting; however, in certain cases, broad-spectrum antimicrobials are prescribed for the treatment. The Chinese National Foodborne Disease Surveillance Network has reported a gradual increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant S. Newport infections in humans. After careful evaluation of the dynamic relationship among the clinical findings, the age group, and the genomic sequence data, it was found that young patients represented the major group with persistent diarrhea, whereas adults were either asymptomatic or diarrheic. Furthermore, all these strains contained multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants, which limited the use of antimicrobials for human patients of all age groups. This analysis of the laboratory-confirmed cases, coupled with genetic analysis of the corresponding pathogen, revealed that antimicrobial treatment of persistent infections by S. Newport in infants and toddlers, and in asymptomatic or diarrheic adults, may not be successful. If the antimicrobials must be prescribed at all, they must be used with caution because of the presence of multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants in such strains.
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Sodagari HR, Habib I, Shahabi MP, Dybing NA, Wang P, Bruce M. A Review of the Public Health Challenges of Salmonella and Turtles. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020056. [PMID: 32349343 PMCID: PMC7356221 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Although human salmonellosis is frequently associated with ingestion of contaminated foods of animal origin, contact with animals may also be a significant source of Salmonella infection, especially contact with turtles, which have shown to be an important reservoir of Salmonella, specifically through their intestinal tracts. Turtles are among the most common reptiles kept as house pets that may pose a public health risk associated with Salmonella exposure, especially among infants and young children. This review discusses the literature reporting the link between turtles and Salmonella as well as turtle-associated human salmonellosis in the last ten years. In most outbreaks, a high proportion of patients are children under five years of age, which indicates that children are at the greatest risk of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Therefore, turtles should not be preferred as recommended pets for children under five years of age. Reducing turtle stress to minimise Salmonella shedding as well as providing client education handouts at the points of sale of these animals may reduce the risk of transmitting such significant pathogen to humans. Further studies are required to investigate the role of both direct contact with turtles as well as indirect contact through cross-contamination in the transmission of turtles-associated Salmonella to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (N.A.D.); (P.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (N.A.D.); (P.W.); (M.B.)
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, UAE
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-501336803
| | | | - Narelle A. Dybing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (N.A.D.); (P.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (N.A.D.); (P.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (N.A.D.); (P.W.); (M.B.)
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21
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Ye Y, Yu W, Newman C, Buesching CD, Xu Y, Xiao X, Macdonald DW, Zhou Z. Effects of regional economics on the online sale of protected parrots and turtles in China. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Chun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal University Nanchong China
| | - Wen‐Hua Yu
- College of Life ScienceGuangzhou University Guangzhou China
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ya‐li Xu
- School of Land and ResourcesChina West Normal University Nanchong China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Lab Animal Research CenterHubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Zhao‐Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal University Nanchong China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Biodiversity Conservation (Sichuan Province)China West Normal University Nanchong China
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22
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De Luca C, Iraola G, Apostolakos I, Boetto E, Piccirillo A. Occurrence and diversity of Campylobacter species in captive chelonians. Vet Microbiol 2019; 241:108567. [PMID: 31928704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of Campylobacter species in chelonians. From July 2016 to September 2017, a total of 452 individuals from a large variety of tortoises (n = 366) and turtles/terrapins (n = 86) kept in private collections and breeding centres, wildlife rescue centres, zoos, pet shops, and veterinary clinics from Northern Italy was sampled and subjected to microbiological examination. Campylobacter genus and species confirmation was performed by single and multiplex PCRs. Out of 452 samples, five (1.1%) tested positive: three for C. iguaniorum (two Testudo graeca and one Testudo hermanni), one for C. fetus subsp. testudinum (Stigmochelys pardalis) and one for C. geochelonis (Testudo hermanni). This study suggests that Campylobacter spp. are not common in chelonians, but a variety of species can be detected in these hosts, including those potentially pathogenic for humans. Further studies are needed to understand the epidemiology and the pathogenic potential for both animals and humans of reptile-associated Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta De Luca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ilias Apostolakos
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Elena Boetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Goławska O, Zając M, Wasyl D, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Borzym E, Różański P, Rzeżutka A. MICROFLORA AND PARASITOFAUNA OF ALIEN AND INVASIVE TURTLE SPECIES. ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2017.56.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Lamas A, Miranda JM, Regal P, Vázquez B, Franco CM, Cepeda A. A comprehensive review of non-enterica subspecies of Salmonella enterica. Microbiol Res 2018; 206:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dissemination of intestinal pathogens between lambs and puppies in sheep farms. Small Rumin Res 2016; 141:5-10. [PMID: 32288209 PMCID: PMC7135787 DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus was detected in samples from lambs with diarrhoea. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae was isolated in samples from lambs with diarrhoea. Antibiotic resistance was detected in >60% of Escherichia coli strains isolated in the study. Escherichia coli with identical antibacterial resistance were detected in lambs and puppies.
Objectives of the present work were (i) to confirm pathogens implicated in cases of diarrhoea in newborn and young lambs in sheep farms in Greece and (ii) to investigate a possible relation in dissemination of pathogens between lambs and dogs present in the farm. Work was carried out in 22 sheep farms, with (i) flock size over 150 animals, (ii) presence of clinical signs of diarrhoea in lambs in the flock and (iii) close and continuous contact and movement of shepherd dogs within the animal shed of each farm. Faecal sample collection from lambs was performed within 48 h of onset of clinical signs and prior to administration of any antimicrobial or antiparasitic medication to lambs. Faecal samples were also collected from puppies in the farm. In total, samples were collected from 126 lambs and 58 puppies. Samples were processed by using established techniques for isolation of bacteria, detection of viruses and observation of protozoan oocycts. Escherichia coli isolates obtained during the study, were tested for antimicrobial resistance against a variety of antimicrobial agents. In total, 236 bacterial isolates were recovered from faecal samples of lambs and 165 isolates from faecal samples of puppies. E. coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism: 104 isolates from lambs and 109 isolates from puppies were recovered. Other bacteria isolated were Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., (lambs and puppies), Clostridium perfringens, Citrobacter freundi, Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (only lambs) and Streptococcus spp. (only puppies). Group A Rotavirus was detected in samples from lambs (2.5%) and Parvovirus in samples from puppies (5%). Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in samples from lambs and puppies. This is the first report of isolation of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae and of detection of Rotavirus from lambs in Greece. Rates of E. coli isolates from puppies resistant to antimicrobial agents were, in general, smaller than respective rates in isolates from lambs. Two pairs of isolates from the same farm (one from a lamb and one from a puppy) with identical patterns of resistance to antimicrobial agents were detected, which provides some evidence in support of a hypothesis that members of each pair might possibly have been spread from one animal species to the other.
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Marin C, Vega S, Marco-Jiménez F. Tiny Turtles Purchased at Pet Stores are a Potential High Risk for Salmonella Human Infection in the Valencian Region, Eastern Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:455-60. [PMID: 27228194 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtles may be considered unsafe pets, particularly in households with children. This study aimed to assess Salmonella carriage by turtles in pet stores and in private ownership to inform the public of the potential health risk, enabling informed choices around pet selection. During the period between September and October 2013, 24 pet stores and 96 private owners were sampled in the Valencian Region (Eastern Spain). Salmonella identification procedure was based on ISO 6579: 2002 recommendations (Annex D). Salmonella strains were serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique. The rate of isolation of Salmonella was very high from pet store samples (75.0% ± 8.8%) and moderate for private owners (29.0% ± 4.6%). Serotyping revealed 18 different serotypes among two Salmonella enterica subspecies: S. enterica subsp. enterica and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae. Most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium (39.5%, 17/43) and Salmonella Pomona (9.3%, 4/43). Serotypes identified have previously been reported in turtles, and child Salmonella infections associate with pet turtle exposure. The present study clearly demonstrates that turtles in pet stores, as well as in private owners, could be a direct or indirect source of a high risk of human Salmonella infections. In addition, pet stores should advise their customers of the potential risks associated with reptile ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- 1 Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- 1 Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera , Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- 2 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , Valencia, Spain
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Multidrug-resistantSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 4,12:i:- Isolated from Asymptomatic Wildlife in a Catalonian Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Spain. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:759-63. [DOI: 10.7589/2015-01-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:687-720. [PMID: 26062576 PMCID: PMC4462680 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Heynol V, Heckers KO, Behncke H, Heusinger A, Marschang RE. Detection of Bacteria in Oral Swabs from Healthy Common Musk Turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and West African Mud Turtles (Pelusios castaneus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-25.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Heynol
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Kim O. Heckers
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Helge Behncke
- 2. Import-Export Peter Hoch GmbH, August-Jeanmaire-Str. 12, 79183 Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Anton Heusinger
- 1. Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence ofSalmonellaisolates from a wide variety of reptiles in Poland. A total of 374 faecal samples from chelonians, lizards and snakes were collected between 2009 and 2012. The nested, two-step PCR and multiplex PCR were performed to access the incidence and to characterizeSalmonellaisolates.Salmonellastrains were found in 122 of 374 samples (32.6%). Among the different reptilian species,Salmonellastrains were found in 58 samples from lizards (38.9%), 31 samples from snakes (28.7%) and 33 samples from chelonians (28.2%). Of the total of 122 strains, 72 belonged to the speciesSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica, 20 to the speciesS.entericasubs.salamaeorS.entericasubs.houtanae. The incidence ofS.entericasubs.diarizonaeandS.entericasubs.indicawas low, constituting less than 3.5% of the examined population. The findings show that reptiles can be considered as a reservoir forSalmonellaand hence could pose a zoonotic hazard. In addition, multiplex PCR assay is a rapid, specific and easy-to-perform method and might be applied for rapid screening of large numbers ofSalmonellasamples.
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31
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Giacomelli M, Piccirillo A. Pet reptiles as potential reservoir of Campylobacter species with zoonotic potential. Vet Rec 2014; 174:479. [PMID: 24722234 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Giacomelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, viale dell'Università, 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
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Marin C, Palomeque MD, Marco-Jiménez F, Vega S. Wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a source of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94191. [PMID: 24710464 PMCID: PMC3978023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of Campylobacter and Salmonella reservoirs in wildlife is a potential hazard to animal and human health; however, the prevalence of these species is largely unknown. Until now, only a few studies have evaluated the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures and based on a small number of birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in wild griffon vultures (n = 97) during the normal ringing programme at the Cinctorres Observatory in Eastern Spain. In addition, the effect of ages of individuals (juveniles, subadult and adult) on the presence were compared. Campylobacter was isolated from 1 of 97 (1.0%) griffon vultures and identified as C. jejuni. Salmonella was isolated from 51 of 97 (52.6%) griffon vultures. No significant differences were found between the ages of individuals for the presence of Salmonella. Serotyping revealed 6 different serovars among two Salmonella enterica subspecies; S. enterica subsp. enterica (n = 49, 96.1%) and S. enterica subsp. salamae (n = 2, 3.9%). No more than one serovar was isolated per individual. The serovars isolated were S. Typhimurium (n = 42, 82.3%), S. Rissen (n = 4, 7.8%), S. Senftenberg (n = 3, 5.9%) and S. 4,12:b[-] (n = 2, 3.9%). Our results imply that wild griffon vultures are a risk factor for Salmonella transmission, but do not seem to be a reservoir for Campylobacter. We therefore rule out vultures as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. Nevertheless, further studies should be undertaken in other countries to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Palomeque
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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