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Rosa CH, Monteiro CP, Barata C, Espada MC, Valamatos MJ, Bento A, Minhalma RJ, Reis JF. Cardiorespiratory and muscle oxygenation responses to voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume in upper body repeated sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05569-1. [PMID: 39138688 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volumes (VHL) during upper body repeated sprints (RS) on performance, metabolic markers and muscle oxygenation in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes. METHODS Eighteen male well-trained athletes performed two randomized RS sessions, one with normal breathing (RSN) and another with VHL (RS-VHL), on an arm cycle ergometer, consisting of two sets of eight all-out 6-s sprints performed every 30 s. Peak (PPO), mean power output (MPO), and RS percentage decrement score were calculated. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), gas exchange, and muscle oxygenation of the long head of the triceps brachii were continuously recorded. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was measured at the end of each set. Bench press throw peak power (BPPP) was recorded before and after the RS protocol. RESULTS Although SpO2 was not different between conditions, PPO and MPO were significantly lower in RS-VHL. V ˙ E, HR, [La], and RER were lower in RS-VHL, and VO2 was higher in RS-VLH than in RSN. Muscle oxygenation was not different between conditions nor was its pattern of change across the RS protocol influenced by condition. [La] was lower in RS-VHL than in RSN after both sets. CONCLUSION Performance was significantly lower in RS-VHL, even though SPO2 was not consistent with hypoxemia. However, the fatigue index was not significantly affected by VHL, nor was the neuromuscular upper body power after the RS-VHL protocol. Additionally, [La] was lower, and oxygen consumption was higher in RS-VHL, suggesting a higher aerobic contribution in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóvão H Rosa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Barata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mário C Espada
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Setúbal, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valamatos
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Bento
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Minhalma
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Educacao e Comunicacao, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Filipa Reis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
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Rojas DHG, Wizenberg AM, Rivera PM, Proppe CE, Lawson JE, Stock MS, Stout JR, Billaut F, Hill EC. Acute Effects of Sprint Interval Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Neuromuscular and Muscle Function. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2024; 24:38-46. [PMID: 38427367 PMCID: PMC10910201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BFR) applied during sprint interval training (SIT) on performance and neuromuscular function. METHODS Fifteen men completed a randomized bout of SIT with CBFR, IBFR, and without BFR (No-BFR), consisting of 2, 30-s maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer with a resistance of 7.5% of body mass. Concentric peak torque (CPT), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, and muscle thickness (MT) were measured before and after SIT, including surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded during the strength assessments. Peak and mean revolutions per minute (RPM) were measured during SIT and power output was examined relative to physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT). RESULTS CPT and MVIC torque decreased from pre-SIT (220.3±47.6 Nm and 355.1±72.5 Nm, respectively) to post-SIT (147.9±27.7 Nm and 252.2±45.5 Nm, respectively, all P<0.05), while MT increased (1.77±0.31 cm to 1.96±0.30 cm). sEMG mean power frequency decreased during CPT (-12.8±10.5%) and MVIC (-8.7±10.2%) muscle actions. %PWCFT was greater during No-BFR (414.2±121.9%) than CBFR (375.9±121.9%). CONCLUSION SIT with or without BFR induced comparable alterations in neuromuscular fatigue and sprint performance across all conditions, without affecting neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ethan C. Hill
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Space Institute Partnership, Research Parkway, FL, USA
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Solsona R, Dériaz R, Albert S, Chamoux M, Lloria-Varella J, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Impact of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and neuromuscular responses to a multiple-set repeated sprint exercise. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1339284. [PMID: 38357500 PMCID: PMC10864669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1339284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Repeated sprint cycling exercises (RSE) performed under systemic normobaric hypoxia (HYP) or with blood flow restriction (BFR) are of growing interest. To the best of our knowledge, there is no stringent consensus on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between systemic HYP and BFR during RSE. Thus, this study assessed cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses to multiple sets of RSE under HYP or with BFR. Methods: According to a crossover design, fifteen men completed RSE (three sets of five 10-s sprints with 20 s of recovery) in normoxia (NOR), HYP, and with bilaterally-cuffed BFR at 45% of resting arterial occlusive pressure during sets in NOR. Power output, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were assessed. Results: Average peak and mean powers were lower in BFR (dz = 0.87 and dz = 1.23, respectively) and HYP (dz = 0.65 and dz = 1.21, respectively) compared to NOR (p < 0.001). The percentage decrement of power output was greater in BFR (dz = 0.94) and HYP (dz = 0.64) compared to NOR (p < 0.001), as well as in BFR compared to NOR (p = 0.037, dz = 0.30). The percentage decrease of maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors after the session was greater in BFR compared to NOR and HYP (p = 0.011, dz = 0.78 and p = 0.027, dz = 0.75, respectively). Accumulated ventilation during exercise was higher in HYP and lower in BFR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.51, and p < 0.001, dz = 0.71, respectively). Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in HYP (p < 0.001, dz = 1.47). Heart rate was lower in BFR during exercise and recovery (p < 0.001, dz = 0.82 and p = 0.012, dz = 0.43, respectively). Finally, aerobic contribution was reduced in HYP compared to NOR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.46) and BFR (p = 0.005, dz = 0.33). Discussion: Thus, this study indicates that power output during RSE is impaired in HYP and BFR and that BFR amplifies neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, HYP did not impair neuromuscular function but enhanced the ventilatory response along with reduced oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Roméo Dériaz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Simon Albert
- University of Rennes, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Rennes, France
| | - Maxime Chamoux
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Jaume Lloria-Varella
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
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Woorons X, Daussin F, Combes A, Mucci P. Physiological Responses to Supramaximal Running Exercise with End-Expiratory Breath Holding up to the Breaking Point. J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:111-123. [PMID: 38380296 PMCID: PMC10875693 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the physiological responses to repeated running exercise performed at supramaximal intensity and with end-expiratory breath holding (EEBH) up to the breaking point. Eight male runners participated in two running testing sessions on a motorized treadmill. In the first session, participants performed two sets of 8 repetitions at 125% of maximal aerobic velocity and with maximum EEBH. Each repetition started at the onset of EEBH and ended at its release. In the second session, participants replicated the same procedure, but with unrestricted breathing (URB). The change in cerebral and muscle oxygenation (Δ[Hbdiff]), total haemoglobin concentration (Δ[THb]) and muscle reoxygenation were continuously assessed. End-tidal oxygen (PETO2) and carbon dioxide pressure (PETCO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were also measured throughout exercise.On average, EEBH was maintained for 10.1 ± 1 s. At the breaking point of EEBH, PETO2 decreased to 54.1 ± 8 mmHg, whereas PETCO2 increased to 74.8 ± 3.1 mmHg. At the end of repetitions, SpO2 (nadir values 74.9 ± 5.0 vs. 95.7 ± 0.8%) and HR were lower with EEBH than with URB. Cerebral and muscle Δ[Hbdiff] were also lower with EEBH, whereas this condition induced higher cerebral and muscle Δ[THb] and greater muscle reoxygenation. This study showed that performing repeated bouts of supramaximal running exercises with EEBH up to the breaking point induced a fall in arterial, cerebral and muscle oxygenation compared with the URB condition. These phenomena were accompanied by increases in regional blood volume likely resulting from compensatory vasodilation to preserve oxygen delivery to the brain and muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Woorons
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Daussin
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Adrien Combes
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Mucci
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
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Billaut F, Demers MR, Hibbert A. Performance Kinetics During Repeated Sprints is Influenced by Knowledge of Task Endpoint and Associated Peripheral Fatigue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:987-998. [PMID: 37649870 PMCID: PMC10464754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of exercise intensity allows an athlete to perform an exercise in the fastest possible time while avoiding debilitating neuromuscular fatigue development. This phenomenon is less studied during intermittent activities. To investigate anticipatory and real-time regulation of motor output and neuromuscular fatigue during repeated-sprint exercise, twelve males randomly performed one (S1), two (S2), four (S4) and six (S6) sets of five 5-s cycling sprints. Mechanical work and electromyographic activity were assessed during sprints. Potentiated quadriceps twitch force (ΔQtw,pot) and central activation ratio (QCAR) were quantified from response to supra-maximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation pre-vs post-exercise. Compared with S1, mechanical work developed in the first sprint and in the entire first set was reduced in S6 (-7.8% and -5.1%, respectively, P < 0.05). Work developed in the last set was similar in S4 and S6 (P = 0.82). Similar results were observed for EMG activity. The QCAR was also more reduced in S4 (-5.8%, P < 0.05) and S6 (-8.3%, P < 0.05) than in S1. However, ΔQtw,pot was not significantly different across all trials (-33.1% to -41.9%, P = 0.46). Perceived exhaustion increased across sprints to reach a maximal and similar level in S2, S4 and S6 (all 19.2, P < 0.01 vs S1). These results suggest that the regulation of performance, exerted at the beginning and continuously during repeated sprints, is based on the task endpoint, presumably to avoid excessive peripheral muscle and associated conscious overwhelming sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | | | - Andrew Hibbert
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA
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Wang A, Brothers RM, Hurr C. Application of blood flow restriction in hypoxic environment augments muscle deoxygenation without compromising repeated sprint exercise performance. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:728-739. [PMID: 36934386 PMCID: PMC10988449 DOI: 10.1113/ep091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does applying blood flow restriction during the rest periods of repeated sprint exercise in a hypoxic environment lead to greater local hypoxia within exercising muscles without compromising training workload? What is the main finding and its importance? Repeated sprint exercise with blood flow restriction administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia within the exercised muscles without a reduction in power output. The maintained power output might be due to elevated neuromuscular activation. Accordingly, the proposed repeated sprint exercise in the current study may be an effective training modality. ABSTRACT Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is a popular training modality for a wide variety of athletic activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle deoxygenation and RSE performance. Twelve healthy young men performed a standard RSE training modality (five sets of 10 s maximal sprint with a 60 s rest) under four different conditions: (1) normoxic control (NC), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); (2) normoxic BFR (NB), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg); (3) hypoxic control (HC), hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); and (4) hypoxic BFR (HB): hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg). BFR was only administered during the rest period of the respective RSE trials. In the local exercising muscles, muscle oxygen saturation (Sm O 2 $\textit{Sm}{O}_{2}$ ) and neuromuscular activity were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and surface electromyography, respectively. SmO2 was lower in systemic hypoxia conditions relative to normoxia conditions (P < 0.05). A rther decrease in SmO2 was observed in HB relative to HC (Set 1: HC 70.0 ± 17.5 vs. HB 57.4 ± 11.3%, P = 0.001; Set 4: HC 67.5 ± 14.6 vs. HB 57.0 ± 12.0%, P = 0.013; Set 5: HC 61.0 ± 15.3 vs. HB 47.7 ± 11.9%, P < 0.001). No differences in RSE performance were observed between any of the conditions (P > 0.05). Interestingly, an elevated neuromuscular activity was seen in response to the BFR, particularly during conditions of systemic hypoxia (P < 0.05). Thus, RSE with BFR administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia without compromising training workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Wang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
| | - R. Matthew Brothers
- Integrative Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCollege of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Schega L. Acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes in response to repeated cycling sprint exercise combined with systemic and local hypoxia in young males. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114217. [PMID: 37127074 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes during repeated sprint exercise (RSE) under normobaric hypoxia and with blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen active males completed standardized RSE (6 × 10s cycling sprints with 30s passive rest) in three randomized conditions: under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2∼14.4%, HYP), normoxia (FiO2∼20.9%, SHAM), and with BFR (40% arterial occlusion pressure). The percentage decrement score of power output (Sdec) was used to quantify motor performance fatigue. During RSE, muscle oxygenation and activity of the right quadriceps were measured. Perceived motor fatigue, physical strain, affective valence, and arousal were queried after each sprint. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) and peripheral oxygenation (SpO2) were measured before and after RSE. Sdec was greater in HYP and BFR compared to SHAM (p≤0.008). BFR decreased mean power output (p<0.001) and muscle activity (p=0.027) compared to SHAM. Muscle oxygenation was lower in BFR during each rest (p≤0.005) and in HYP during rest 4 (p=0.006) compared to SHAM. HYP increased BLC and decreased SpO2 compared to BFR (p<0.001) and SHAM (p=0.002). There were no differences between conditions for any rating scale (p≥0.060). HYP and BFR increased motor performance fatigue but with different physiological responses, whereas perceptual responses were unaffected during RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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Deguire S, Billaut F, Bieuzen F. Time Decay in the Performance Benefits From Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in World-Class Short-Track Speed Skaters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37185453 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In short-track speed skating, athletes need to possess specific physiological capabilities to perform explosive starts and to finish races with faster lap times than their opponents. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) can enhance repeated-sprint ability and high-intensity performance. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between on- and off-ice performance indicators for training and testing purposes and how these are optimized with RSH in world-class short-track speed skaters including world and Olympic champions. METHODS RSH training was administered for 3 consecutive weeks, 3 times per week, at 3500 m of simulated altitude. Testing sessions (on-ice: 3-lap, 27-lap; off-ice: cycling incremental test, 7-s and 30-s Wingate) were performed immediately before and 2 and 4 weeks after RSH to determine the time course of decay. RESULTS On-ice top speed showed a small and possibly beneficial change of ∼0.9% for the women and large and almost certain ∼0.7% improvement for the men 2 weeks post-RSH. Cycling peak power showed a moderate and probable ∼5.4% improvement for the men 2 weeks after RSH. These adaptations reverted to baseline 4 weeks post-RSH. Wingate average power showed a small and possibly beneficial gain (∼3.4%) in performance 4 weeks post-RSH. CONCLUSION Although scientific controls could not be added due to the extremely high caliber of these athletes and low sample size of the national team, this study suggests that cycling RSH can be added immediately after on-ice training and can transfer into meaningful improvements on the ice in both male and female skaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deguire
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC,Canada
| | - François Bieuzen
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction: A Novel Approach to Improve Repeated-Sprint Ability? Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Korivand S, Jalili N, Gong J. Experiment protocols for brain-body imaging of locomotion: A systematic review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1051500. [PMID: 36937690 PMCID: PMC10014824 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1051500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human locomotion is affected by several factors, such as growth and aging, health conditions, and physical activity levels for maintaining overall health and well-being. Notably, impaired locomotion is a prevalent cause of disability, significantly impacting the quality of life of individuals. The uniqueness and high prevalence of human locomotion have led to a surge of research to develop experimental protocols for studying the brain substrates, muscle responses, and motion signatures associated with locomotion. However, from a technical perspective, reproducing locomotion experiments has been challenging due to the lack of standardized protocols and benchmarking tools, which impairs the evaluation of research quality and the validation of previous findings. Methods This paper addresses the challenges by conducting a systematic review of existing neuroimaging studies on human locomotion, focusing on the settings of experimental protocols, such as locomotion intensity, duration, distance, adopted brain imaging technologies, and corresponding brain activation patterns. Also, this study provides practical recommendations for future experiment protocols. Results The findings indicate that EEG is the preferred neuroimaging sensor for detecting brain activity patterns, compared to fMRI, fNIRS, and PET. Walking is the most studied human locomotion task, likely due to its fundamental nature and status as a reference task. In contrast, running has received little attention in research. Additionally, cycling on an ergometer at a speed of 60 rpm using fNIRS has provided some research basis. Dual-task walking tasks are typically used to observe changes in cognitive function. Moreover, research on locomotion has primarily focused on healthy individuals, as this is the scenario most closely resembling free-living activity in real-world environments. Discussion Finally, the paper outlines the standards and recommendations for setting up future experiment protocols based on the review findings. It discusses the impact of neurological and musculoskeletal factors, as well as the cognitive and locomotive demands, on the experiment design. It also considers the limitations imposed by the sensing techniques used, including the acceptable level of motion artifacts in brain-body imaging experiments and the effects of spatial and temporal resolutions on brain sensor performance. Additionally, various experiment protocol constraints that need to be addressed and analyzed are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Korivand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Nader Jalili
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Jiaqi Gong
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Gong
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Gutknecht AP, Gonzalez-Figueres M, Brioche T, Maurelli O, Perrey S, Favier FB. Maximizing anaerobic performance with repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: In search of an optimal altitude based on pulse oxygen saturation monitoring. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010086. [PMID: 36311239 PMCID: PMC9597871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) leads to great improvements in anaerobic performance. However, there is no consensus about the optimal level of hypoxia that should be used during training to maximize subsequent performances. This study aimed to establish whether such an optimal altitude can be determined and whether pulse oxygen saturation during RSH is correlated with training-induced improvement in performance. Methods: Peak and mean power outputs of healthy young males [age (mean ± SD) 21.7 ± 1.4 years] were measured during a Wingate (30 s) and a repeated-sprint ability (RSA; 10 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery) test before and after RSH. Participants performed six cycling sessions comprising three sets of 8 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of either 1,500 m, 2,100 m, or 3,200 m (n = 7 per group). Heart rate variability was assessed at rest and during recovery from Wingate test before and after RSH. Results: The subjective rating of perceived exertion and the relative exercise intensity during training sessions did not differ between the three groups, contrary to pulse oxygen saturation (p < 0.001 between each group). Mean and peak power outputs were significantly increased in all groups after training, except for the mean power in the RSA test for the 3200 m group. Change in mean power on RSA test (+8.1 ± 6.6%) was the only performance parameter significantly correlated with pulse oxygen saturation during hypoxic training (p < 0.05, r = 0.44). The increase in LnRMSSD during recovery from the Wingate test was enhanced after training in the 1,500 m (+22%) but not in the two other groups (≈– 6%). Moreover, the increase in resting heart rate with standing after training was negatively correlated with SpO2 (p < 0.01, r =–0.63) suggesting that hypoxemia level during training differentially altered autonomic nervous system activity. Conclusion: These data indicate that RSH performed as early as 1,500 m of altitude is effective in improving anaerobic performance in moderately trained subjects without strong association with pulse oxygen saturation monitoring during training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - François B. Favier
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: François B. Favier,
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12
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Cyr-Kirk S, Billaut F. Hyperoxia Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability and the Associated Training Load in Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:817280. [PMID: 35359505 PMCID: PMC8963206 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.817280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of hyperoxic gas breathing (HYP) on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and on the associated training load (TL). Thirteen team- and racquet-sport athletes performed 6-s all-out sprints with 24-s recovery until exhaustion (power decrement ≥ 15% for two consecutive sprints) under normoxic (NOR: FIO2 0.21) and hyperoxic (HYP: FIO2 0.40) conditions in a randomized, single-blind and crossover design. The following variables were recorded throughout the tests: mechanical indices, arterial O2 saturation (SpO2), oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle with near-infrared spectroscopy, and electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles. Session TL (work × rate of perceived exertion) and neuromuscular efficiency (work/EMG [Electromyography]) were calculated. Compared with NOR, HYP increased SpO2 (2.7 ± 0.8%, Cohen's effect size ES 0.55), the number of sprints (14.5 ± 8.6%, ES 0.28), the total mechanical work (13.6 ± 6.8%, ES 0.30), and the session TL (19.4 ± 7.0%, ES 0.33). Concomitantly, HYP increased the amplitude of muscle oxygenation changes during sprints (25.2 ± 11.7%, ES 0.36) and recovery periods (26.1 ± 11.4%, ES 0.37), as well as muscle recruitment (9.9 ± 12.1%, ES 0.74), and neuromuscular efficiency (6.9 ± 9.0%, ES 0.24). It was concluded that breathing a hyperoxic mixture enriched to 40% O2 improves the total work performed and the associated training load during an open-loop RSA session in trained athletes. This ergogenic impact may be mediated by metabolic and neuromuscular alterations.
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13
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Yamaguchi K, Kasai N, Hayashi N, Yatsutani H, Girard O, Goto K. Muscle Oxygenation during Repeated Cycling Sprints in a Combined Hot and Hypoxic Condition. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:708-714. [PMID: 35088397 DOI: 10.1055/a-1495-5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combined hot and hypoxic environment on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated cycling sprints. In a single-blind, counterbalanced, cross-over research design, 10 male athletes performed three sets of 3 × 10-s maximal pedaling interspersed with 40-s recovery between sprints under four different environments. Each condition consisted of a control (CON; 20°C, 20.9% FiO2), normobaric hypoxia (HYP; 20°C, 14.5% FiO2), hot (HOT; 35°C, 20.9% FiO2), and combined hot and normobaric hypoxia (HH; 35°C, 14.5% FiO2). Power output and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation were measured. Peak power output was significantly higher in HOT (892±27 W) and HH (887±24 W) than in CON (866±25 W) and HYP (859±25 W) during the first set (p<0.05). The increase in total hemoglobin during recovery periods was larger in HH than in HYP (p<0.05), while change in tissue saturation index was smaller in HYP than in CON and HOT (p<0.05). The findings suggest that the combination of hot and hypoxia during repeated cycling sprints presented different characteristics for muscle metabolism and power output compared to temperature or altitude stressor alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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14
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Vasquez-Bonilla AA, Rojas-Valverde D, González-Custodio A, Timón R, Olcina G. Tent versus Mask-On Acute Effects during Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214879. [PMID: 34768399 PMCID: PMC8584473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint in hypoxia (RSH) is used to improve supramaximal cycling capacity, but little is known about the potential differences between different systems for creating normobaric hypoxia, such as a chamber, tent, or mask. This study aimed to compare the environmental (carbon dioxide (CO2) and wet-globe bulb temperature (WGBT)), perceptual (pain, respiratory difficulty, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)), and external (peak and mean power output) and internal (peak heart rate (HRpeak), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate and glucose) workload acute effects of an RSH session when performed inside a tent versus using a mask. Twelve well-trained cyclists (age = 29 ± 9.8 years, VO2max = 70.3 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) participated in this single-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Participants completed four sessions of three sets of five repetitions × 10 s:20 s (180 s rest between series) of all-out in different conditions: normoxia in a tent (RSNTent) and mask-on (RSNMask), and normobaric hypoxia in a tent (RSHTent) and mask-on (RSHMask). CO2 and WGBT levels increased steadily in all conditions (p < 0.01) and were lower when using a mask (RSNMask and RSHMask) than when inside a tent (RSHTent and RSNTent) (p < 0.01). RSHTent presented lower SpO2 than the other three conditions (p < 0.05), and hypoxic conditions presented lower SpO2 than normoxic ones (p < 0.05). HRpeak, RPE, blood lactate, and blood glucose increased throughout the training, as expected. RSH could lead to acute conditions such as hypoxemia, which may be exacerbated when using a tent to simulate hypoxia compared to a mask-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vasquez-Bonilla
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
| | - Adrián González-Custodio
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
| | - Rafael Timón
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
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15
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Marshall PW, Finn HT, Enoka RM. Declines in muscle contractility and activation during isometric contractions of the knee extensors vary with contraction intensity and exercise volume. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2096-2106. [PMID: 34411379 DOI: 10.1113/ep089788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is there a critical threshold beyond which the loss of muscle contractility is regulated by the level of muscle activation during single-limb exercise of differing intensities and volumes? What is the main finding and its importance? Plateaus in the decline in muscle contractility during single-limb knee extension depended on both exercise volume and contraction intensity. A plateau was only evident with an increase in exercise volume. Muscle activation increased and did not decline despite substantial reductions in contractility. The findings indicate that the decrease in muscle contractility exhibited by resistance-trained men during the performance of submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensors was not regulated by the level of muscle activation. ABSTRACT Our study examined the influence of contraction intensity and exercise volume on changes in muscle contractility and activation of the knee extensor muscles. Maximal voluntary torque (MVT) and rate of change in torque, surface electromyograms, voluntary activation, V-waves and quadriceps resting twitch measures were assessed in 10 resistance-trained men during two experimental sessions. Each session began with an initial baseline series of contractions at a fixed intensity of 40% or 80% MVT. The 40%-only session continued with five contractions to task failure at 40% MVT. The 80% session continued with five contractions to failure each at 80%, 60% and 40% MVT. Greater reductions in MVT were observed during the baseline contractions of the 40%-only session compared with the 80% session at each matched-volume time point (P < 0.05), with similar changes in twitch values (P < 0.001). MVT and twitch values plateaued at each intensity during the 80% session and were significantly different across intensities: 80% > 60% > 40% (P < 0.001). There were no differences for measures during the five contractions at 40% MVT performed on the different days, despite a greater volume of exercise performed prior to the 40% MVT during the 80% session. At each contraction intensity, a plateau in contractility loss was observed as more contractions were performed. We found that initial increases in muscle activation were maintained in the presence of increases in exercise volume and, in contrast to the critical-threshold hypothesis, did not decline in parallel with reductions in muscle contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Marshall
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Performance Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harrison T Finn
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Kong Z, Hu M, Sun S, Zou L, Shi Q, Jiao Y, Nie J. Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise at Different Hypoxia Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158171. [PMID: 34360464 PMCID: PMC8346060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of performing sprint interval training (SIT) under hypoxic conditions on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition have been well-documented, yet data is still lacking regarding affective responses to SIT under hypoxia. This study aimed to compare affective responses to SIT exercise under different oxygen conditions. Nineteen active males participated in three sessions of acute SIT exercise (20 repetitions of 6 s of all-out cycling bouts interspersed with 15 s of passive recovery) under conditions of normobaric normoxia (SL: PIO2 150 mmHg, FIO2 0.209), moderate hypoxia (MH: PIO2 117 mmHg, FIO2 0.154, simulating an altitude corresponding to 2500 m), and severe hypoxia (SH: PIO2 87 mmHg, FIO2 0.112, simulating an altitude of 5000 m) in a randomized order. Perceived exertions (RPE), affect, activation, and enjoyment responses were recorded before and immediately after each SIT session. There were no significant differences across the three conditions in RPE or the measurements of affective responses, despite a statistically lower SpO2 (%) in severe hypoxia. Participants maintained a positive affect valence and reported increased activation in all the three SIT conditions. Additionally, participants experienced a medium level of enjoyment after exercise as indicated by the exercise enjoyment scale (EES) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). These results indicated that performing short duration SIT exercise under severe hypoxia could be perceived as pleasurable and enjoyable as performing it under normoxia in active male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-8730
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Yubo Jiao
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
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17
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Tong TK, Tao ED, Chow BC, Baker JS, Jiao JJ. Acute performance responses to repeated treadmill sprints in hypoxia with varying inspired oxygen fractions, exercise-to-recovery ratios and recovery modalities. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1933-1942. [PMID: 33730209 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For optimizing the quality of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia, the differences in the acute performance responses to a single session of repeated-sprint exercise with various (i) inspired oxygen fractions; (ii) exercise-to-recovery (E:R) ratios and (iii) recovery modalities were examined. METHODS Ten male participants performed three sets, 5 × 5-s all-out treadmill sprints, E:R ratio of 1:5, passive recovery, in seven trials randomly. In four of the seven trials, hypoxic levels were set corresponding to sea level (SL1:5P), 1500 (1.5K1:5P), 2500 (2.5K1:5P), and 3500 m (3.5K1:5P), respectively. In a further two trials, the hypoxic level of 3.5K1:5P was maintained, while the E:R ratio was reduced to 1:4 (3.5K1:4P) and 1:3 (3.5K1:3P), respectively. In the last trial, the passive recovery mode of 3.5K1:5P was changed to active (3.5K1:5A). RESULTS In comparison to SL1:5P, the averaged peak velocity (P-Vel), mean velocity (M-Vel), and velocity decrement score (Sdec) of the sprints, and the cumulative HR-based training impulse (cTRIMP) in 1.5K1:5P and 2.5K1:5P were well maintained. Minor decrement in the M-Vel was found in 3.5K1:5P. Conversely, lowered E:R ratio in 3.5K1:4P and 3.5K1:3P significantly reduced the P-Vel (≥ -2.3%, Cohen's d ≥ 0.43) and M-Vel (≥ -2.4%, ≥ 0.49), and in 3.5K1:3P altered the Sdec (107%, ≥ 0.96), and cTRIMP (-16%, 1.39), when compared to 3.5K1:5P. Furthermore, mild reductions in M-Vel (-2.6%, 0.5) was observed in 3.5K1:5A using the active recovery mode. Other variables did not change. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that a 3.5K1:5P marginally maintained sea-level training loads, and as a result, could maximally optimize the training stress of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas K Tong
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Emma D Tao
- Physical Education Department, Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning, China
| | - Bik C Chow
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jojo J Jiao
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness DLB110, L1, David C. Lam Bldg. Shaw Campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, Renfrew Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Performance, Metabolic, and Neuromuscular Consequences of Repeated Wingates in Hypoxia and Normoxia: A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1208–1212. [PMID: 33607624 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with normoxia, repeated short (5-10 s) sprints (>10 efforts) with incomplete recovery (≤30 s) in hypoxia likely cause substantial performance reduction accompanied by larger metabolic disturbances and magnitude of neuromuscular fatigue. However, the effects of hypoxia on performance of repeated long (30 s) "all-out" efforts with near complete recovery (4.5 min) and resulting metabolic and neuromuscular adjustments remain unclear. PURPOSE The intention was to compare acute performance, metabolic, and neuromuscular responses across repeated Wingates between hypoxia and normoxia. METHODS On separate visits, 6 male participants performed 4 × 30-second Wingate efforts with 4.5-minute recovery in either hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen: 0.145) or normoxia. Responses to exercise (muscle and arterial oxygenation trends, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration) and the integrity of neuromuscular function in the knee extensors were assessed for each exercise bout. RESULTS Mean (P = .80) and peak (P = .92) power outputs, muscle oxygenation (P = .88), blood lactate concentration (P = .72), and perceptual responses (all Ps > .05) were not different between conditions. Arterial oxygen saturation was significantly lower, and heart rate higher, in hypoxia versus normoxia (P < .001). Maximal voluntary contraction force and peripheral fatigue indices (peak twitch force and doublets at low and high frequencies) decreased across efforts (all Ps < .001) irrespective of conditions (all Ps > .05). CONCLUSION Despite heightened arterial hypoxemia and cardiovascular solicitation, hypoxic exposure during 4 repeated 30-second Wingate efforts had no effect on performance and accompanying metabolic and neuromuscular adjustments.
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Oxygen availability affects exercise capacity, but not neuromuscular fatigue characteristics of knee extensors, during exhaustive intermittent cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:95-107. [PMID: 32995960 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of different hypoxia severities on exercise capacity, cardio-respiratory, tissue oxygenation and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics in response to exhaustive intermittent cycling. METHODS Eleven well-trained cyclists, repeated supra-maximal cycling efforts of 15 s (30% of anaerobic power reserve, 609 ± 23 W), interspersed with 45 s of passive rest until task failure. The exercise was performed on separate days in normoxia (SL; simulated altitude/end-exercise arterial oxygen saturation = 0 m/~ 96%), moderate (MH; 2200 m/~ 90%) and severe (SH; 4200 m/~ 79%) hypoxia in a cross-over design. Neuromuscular tests, including brief (5 s) and sustained (30 s) maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the knee extensors, were performed at baseline and exhaustion. RESULTS Exercise capacity decreased with hypoxia severity (23 ± 9, 16 ± 6 and 9 ± 3 cycle efforts in SL, MH and SH, respectively; P < 0.001; η2 = 0.72). Both cerebral (P < 0.001; η2 = 0.86) and muscle (P < 0.01; η2 = 0.54) oxygenation decreased throughout the exercise, independent of condition (P ≥ 0.45; η2 ≥ 0.14). Compared to SL, muscle oxygenation was globally lower in MH and SH (P = 0.011; η2 = 0.36). Cardiovascular solicitation neared maximal values at exhaustion in all conditions. Peak twitch amplitude with single and paired electrical stimuli (P < 0.001; η2 ≥ 0.87), maximal torque (P < 0.001; η2 ≥ 0.48) and voluntary activation measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (P ≤ 0.034; η2 ≥ 0.31) during brief and sustained MVCs were all reduced at exhaustion, independent of condition (P ≥ 0.196; η2 ≥ 0.15). CONCLUSION Despite reduced exercise capacity with increasing severity of hypoxia during exhaustive intermittent cycling, neuromuscular fatigue characteristics were not different at task failure and cardiovascular solicitation neared maximum values.
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20
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McKeown DJ, McNeil CJ, Simmonds MJ, Kavanagh JJ. Time course of neuromuscular responses to acute hypoxia during voluntary contractions. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1855-1868. [PMID: 32869906 DOI: 10.1113/ep088887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How does acute hypoxia alter central and peripheral fatigue during brief and sustained maximal voluntary muscle contractions? What is the main finding and its importance? Perception of fatigue during muscle contractions was increased progressively for 2 h after hypoxic exposure. However, an increase in motor cortex excitability and a decrease in voluntary activation of skeletal muscle were observed across the entire protocol when performing brief (3 s) maximal contractions. These adaptations were abolished if the brief contraction was held for a duration of 20 s, which was presumably attributable to a successful redistribution of blood to overcome the reduced oxygen content. ABSTRACT Few studies have examined the time course of changes in the motor system after acute exposure to hypoxia. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how acute hypoxia affects corticospinal excitability, voluntary activation (VA) and the perception of fatigue during brief (3 s) and sustained (20 s) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Fourteen healthy individuals (23 ± 2.2 years of age; four female) were exposed to hypoxia and sham conditions. During hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation was titrated over a 15 min period and remained at 80% during testing. Corticospinal excitability and VA were assessed before titration (Pre), 0, 1 and 2 h after. At each time point, the brief and sustained elbow flexion MVCs were performed. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Superimposed and resting twitches were obtained from motor point stimulation of biceps brachii to calculate the level of VA, and ratings of perceived fatigue were obtained with a modified CR-10 Borg scale. A condition-by-time interaction was detected for the CR-10 Borg scale, whereby perception of fatigue increased progressively throughout the hypoxia protocol. However, main effects of MEP area and VA indicated that corticospinal excitability increased, and VA of the biceps brachii decreased, throughout the hypoxia protocol. Given that these changes in MEP area and VA were seen only when performing the brief MVCs (and not during the sustained MVCs), performing longer contractions might overcome reduced oxygen content by redirecting blood flow to active areas of the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McKeown
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Marshall PW, Metcalf E, Hagstrom AD, Cross R, Siegler JC, Enoka RM. Changes in Fatigue Are the Same for Trained Men and Women after Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:196-204. [PMID: 31343516 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure changes in fatigue and knee-extensor torque in the 48 h after trained men and women completed a full-body resistance exercise session. METHODS Eight trained women (mean ± SD: age, 25.6 ± 5.9 yr; height, 1.68 ± 0.06 m; mass, 71.0 ± 8.6 kg) and eight trained men (age, 25.5 ± 6.2 yr; height, 1.79 ± 0.05 m; mass, 86.4 ± 9.8 kg) performed a full-body resistance exercise session based on real-world athletic practice. Measurements were performed before and after the exercise session, as well as 1, 24, and 48 h after the session. Fatigue and pain were measured with standardized self-report measures. Maximal isometric contractions with the knee extensors and superimposed femoral nerve stimulation were performed to examine maximal torque, rate of torque development, voluntary activation, and muscle contractility. Two sets of 10 isokinetic contractions (60°·s) with the knee extensors were performed during the protocol with use of near-infrared spectroscopy to assess muscle oxygenation. EMG were recorded from two quadriceps muscles during all isometric and isokinetic contractions. RESULTS Fatigue was increased from baseline for both sexes until 48 h after training (P < 0.001). Maximal torque and evoked twitch amplitudes were similarly reduced after exercise for men and women (P < 0.001). Voluntary activation and EMG amplitudes were unchanged after the training session. Muscle oxygenation was 13.3% ± 17.4% (P = 0.005) greater for women during the isokinetic repetitions, and the values were unchanged after the training session. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show similar changes in the fatigue reported by trained men and women in the 48 h after a training session involving full-body resistance exercises. Sex differences in muscle oxygenation during exercise do not influence the reductions in muscle force, activation, or contractility after the training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Marshall
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | - Emily Metcalf
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Rebecca Cross
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jason C Siegler
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, AUSTRALIA
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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Townsend N, Brocherie F, Millet GP, Girard O. Central and peripheral muscle fatigue following repeated‐sprint running in moderate and severe hypoxia. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:126-138. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Townsend
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance French Institute of Sport Paris France
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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Self-Regulated Force and Neuromuscular Responses During Fatiguing Isometric Leg Extensions Anchored to a Rating of Perceived Exertion. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2020; 44:343-350. [PMID: 31494754 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the fatigue-related patterns of responses for electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and force during a sustained isometric muscle action anchored to RPE = 5. Ten men (22.9 ± 2.0 year) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) prior to and following an isometric leg extension muscle action, which was sustained for a maximal time-limit of 5 min or until it could not be maintained at RPE = 5 (actual time-limit). EMG amplitude (AMP), EMG mean power-frequency (MPF), MMG AMP, MMG MPF, and force values were determined every 5% of the actual time-limit. Regression analyses were used to examine the neuromuscular parameters and force responses, and a t test was used to examine MVIC. The pretest MVIC (62.4 ± 14.3 kg) was significantly (p < 0.001; d = 1.07) greater than posttest (47.9 ± 12.8 kg). The percent decline in force during the sustained isometric muscle action was 47.5 ± 19.6%, and there was a significant, negative force versus time relationship (p < 0.001; R = - 0.980). There was a significant, negative EMG AMP versus time relationship (p < 0.001; R = -0.789), but no significant (p > 0.05) relationships for EMG MPF, MMG AMP, or MMG MPF versus time. The findings indicated that it was necessary to reduce force and EMG AMP to maintain RPE = 5. We hypothesize that the maintenance of RPE = 5 was initially accomplished by an anticipatory feedforward mechanism and then continuous integrations of afferent feedback, which resulted in reductions of EMG AMP and force, due to reductions in neural drive, to attenuate the impact of metabolic byproducts.
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Changes in the quadriceps spinal reflex pathway after repeated sprint cycling are not influenced by ischemic preconditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1189-1202. [PMID: 32239310 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on changes in muscle force, activation, and the spinal reflex pathway during and after repeated sprint cycling. METHODS Eight recreationally active men (high-intensity cardiorespiratory training > 3 times per week, > 6 months) completed two exercise sessions (5 sets of 5 cycling sprints, 150% max W), preceded by either IPC (3 × 5 min leg occlusions at 220 mmHg) or SHAM (3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg). Knee extensor maximal force and rate of force were measured before (PRE), immediately post (POST), 1H, and 24H after cycling. Twitch interpolation and resting potentiated twitches were applied to estimate voluntary activation and muscle contractility, respectively. Quadriceps H-reflex recruitment curves were collected at all time-points using 10 Hz doublet stimulation to allow estimation of H-reflex post-activation depression. Surface electromyograms and tissue oxygenation (via near-infrared spectroscopy) were continuously recorded during cycling. RESULTS IPC did not affect any measure of neuromuscular function or performance during cycling. Maximal force and muscle contractility were significantly lower at POST and 1H compared to PRE and 24H by up to 50% (p < 0.01). Maximal force was lower than PRE at 24H by 8.7% (p = 0.028). Voluntary activation and rate of force were unchanged. A rightwards shift was observed for the H-reflex recruitment curve POST, and post-activation depression was higher than all other time-points at 24H (p < 0.05). Muscle activation and oxygenation decreased during cycling. CONCLUSIONS IPC has a nominal effect on mechanisms associated with neuromuscular function during and after exercise in healthy populations.
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MIRA JOSÉ, FLOREANI MIRCO, SAVOLDELLI ALDO, AMERY KHALED, KORAL JEROME, ORANCHUK DUSTINJ, MESSONNIER LAURENTA, RUPP THOMAS, MILLET GUILLAUMEY. Neuromuscular Fatigue of Cycling Exercise in Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1888-1899. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Soo J, Billaut F, Bishop DJ, Christian RJ, Girard O. Neuromuscular and perceptual responses during repeated cycling sprints-usefulness of a "hypoxic to normoxic" recovery approach. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:883-896. [PMID: 32086600 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the consequence of varying hypoxia severity during an initial set of repeated cycling sprints on performance, neuromuscular fatigability, and exercise-related sensations during a subsequent set of repeated sprints in normoxia. METHODS Nine active males performed ten 4-s sprints (recovery = 30 s) at sea level (SL; FiO2 ~ 0.21), moderate (MH; FiO2 ~ 0.17) or severe normobaric hypoxia (SH; FiO2 ~ 0.13). This was followed, after 8 min of passive recovery, by five 4-s sprints (recovery = 30 s) in normoxia. RESULTS Mean power decrement during Sprint 10 was exacerbated in SH compared to SL and MH (- 34 ± 12%, - 22 ± 13%, - 25 ± 14%, respectively, p < 0.05). Sprint performance during Sprint 11 recovered to that of Sprint 1 in all conditions (p = 0.267). All exercise-related sensations at Sprint 11 recovered significantly compared to Sprint 1, with no difference for Set 2 (p > 0.05). Ratings of overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing, and limb discomfort were exacerbated during Set 1 in SH versus SL (p < 0.05). Compared to SL, the averaged MPO value for Set 2 was 5.5 ± 3.0% (p = 0.003) lower in SH. Maximal voluntary force and twitch torque decreased similarly in all conditions immediately after Set 1 (p < 0.05), without further alterations after Set 2. Peripheral and cortical voluntary activation values did not change (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Exercise-related sensations, rather than neuromuscular function integrity, may play a pivotal role in influencing performance of repeated sprints and its recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Soo
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ryan J Christian
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Girard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar. .,School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Intermittent Hypoxic Training at Lactate Threshold Intensity Improves Aiming Performance in Well-Trained Biathletes with Little Change of Cardiovascular Variables. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1287506. [PMID: 31662969 PMCID: PMC6778904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1287506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on aiming performance and aerobic capacity in biathletes. Fourteen male biathletes were randomly divided into a hypoxia group (H) (n = 7), which trained three times per week in a normobaric hypoxic environment (FiO2 = 16.5%, 2000 m a.s.l.) with lactate threshold intensity (LT) determined in hypoxia, and a control group (C) (n = 7), which exercised under normoxic conditions with LT intensity determined in normoxia. The training program included three weekly microcycles, followed by three days of recovery. The main part of the interval workout consisted of four 7 min (1st week), 8 min (2nd week), or 9 min (3rd week) running bouts at treadmill separated by 2 minutes of active recovery. After the warm-up and during the rest between the bouts, the athletes performed aiming to the target in the standing position with a sporting rifle (20 s). The results showed that the IHT caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in retention time in the target at rest (RT9rest) by 14.4% in hypoxia, whereas RT postincremental test (RT9post) increased by 27.4% in normoxia and 26.7% in hypoxia. No significant changes in this variable were found in group C. Additionally, the capillary oxygen saturation at the end of the maximal effort (SO2capillary max) in hypoxia increased significantly (p < 0.001) by ∼4% after IHT. The maximal workload during the incremental test (WRmax) in normoxia also increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 6.3% after IHT. Furthermore, in absolute and relative values of VO2max in normoxia, there was a propensity (p < 0.07) for increasing this value by 5% in group H. In conclusion, the main findings of this study showed a significant improvement in resting and postexercise aiming performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, the results demonstrated beneficial effects of the IHT protocol on aerobic capacity of biathletes.
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Rodriguez RF, Townsend NE, Aughey RJ, Billaut F. Muscle oxygenation maintained during repeated-sprints despite inspiratory muscle loading. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222487. [PMID: 31536522 PMCID: PMC6752892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A high work of breathing can compromise limb oxygen delivery during sustained high-intensity exercise. However, it is unclear if the same is true for intermittent sprint exercise. This project examined the effect of adding an inspiratory load on locomotor muscle tissue reoxygenation during repeated-sprint exercise. Ten healthy males completed three experiment sessions of ten 10-s sprints, separated by 30-s of passive rest on a cycle ergometer. The first two sessions were “all-out’ efforts performed without (CTRL) or with inspiratory loading (INSP) in a randomised and counterbalanced order. The third experiment session (MATCH) consisted of ten 10-s work-matched intervals. Tissue saturation index (TSI) and deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb) of the vastus lateralis and sixth intercostal space was monitored with near-infrared spectroscopy. Vastus lateralis reoxygenation (ΔReoxy) was calculated as the difference from peak HHb (sprint) to nadir HHb (recovery). Total mechanical work completed was similar between INSP and CTRL (effect size: -0.18, 90% confidence limit ±0.43), and differences in vastus lateralis TSI during the sprint (-0.01 ±0.33) and recovery (-0.08 ±0.50) phases were unclear. There was also no meaningful difference in ΔReoxy (0.21 ±0.37). Intercostal HHb was higher in the INSP session compared to CTRL (0.42 ±0.34), whilst the difference was unclear for TSI (-0.01 ±0.33). During MATCH exercise, differences in vastus lateralis TSI were unclear compared to INSP for both sprint (0.10 ±0.30) and recovery (-0.09 ±0.48) phases, and there was no meaningful difference in ΔReoxy (-0.25 ±0.55). Intercostal TSI was higher during MATCH compared to INSP (0.95 ±0.53), whereas HHb was lower (-1.09 ±0.33). The lack of difference in ΔReoxy between INSP and CTRL suggests that for intermittent sprint exercise, the metabolic O2 demands of both the respiratory and locomotor muscles can be met. Additionally, the similarity of the MATCH suggests that ΔReoxy was maximal in all exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón F. Rodriguez
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Robert J. Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of kinesiology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Yamaguchi K, Kasai N, Sumi D, Yatsutani H, Girard O, Goto K. Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Double-Poling Sprint Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:743. [PMID: 31275162 PMCID: PMC6591374 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared upper limb muscle oxygenation responses during repeated double-poling sprint exercise in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia. Eight male kayakers completed a repeated double-poling sprint exercise (3 × 3 × 20-s maximal sprints, 40-s passive recovery, 5-min rest) in either hypoxia (HYP, FiO2 = 14.5%) or normoxia (NOR, FiO2 = 20.9%). Power output, muscle oxygenation of triceps brachii muscle (using near infrared spectroscopy), arterial oxygen saturation, and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored. Mean power output tended to be lower (-5.2%; P = 0.06) in HYP compared with NOR, while arterial oxygen saturation (82.9 ± 0.9% vs. 90.5 ± 0.8%) and systemic oxygen uptake (1936 ± 140 vs. 2408 ± 83 mL⋅min-1) values were lower (P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in deoxygenated hemoglobin (241.7 ± 46.9% vs. 175.8 ± 27.2%) and total hemoglobin (138.0 ± 18.1% vs. 112.1 ± 6.7%) were greater in HYP in reference to NOR (P < 0.05). Despite moderate hypoxia exacerbating exercise-induced elevation in blood perfusion of active upper limb musculature, power output during repeated double-poling exercise only tended to be lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Neuromuscular evaluation of arm-cycling repeated sprints under hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1533-1545. [PMID: 31011807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction (BFR) on an arm-cycling repeated sprint ability test (aRSA) and its impact on elbow flexor neuromuscular function. METHODS Fourteen volunteers performed an aRSA (10 s sprint/20 s recovery) to exhaustion in four randomized conditions: normoxia (NOR), normoxia plus BFR (NBFR), hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13, HYP) and hypoxia plus BFR (HBFR). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force (Db10), and electromyographic responses from the elbow flexors [biceps brachii (BB)] to electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained to assess neuromuscular function. Main effects of hypoxia, BFR, and interaction were analyzed on delta values from pre- to post-exercise. RESULTS BFR and hypoxia decreased the number of sprints during aRSA with no significant cumulative effect (NOR 16 ± 8; NBFR 12 ± 4; HYP 10 ± 3 and HBFR 8 ± 3; P < 0.01). MVC decrease from pre- to post-exercise was comparable whatever the condition. M-wave amplitude (- 9.4 ± 1.9% vs. + 0.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.01) and Db10 force (- 41.8 ± 4.7% vs. - 27.9 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01) were more altered after aRSA with BFR compared to without BFR. The exercise-induced increase in corticospinal excitability was significantly lower in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions (e.g., BB motor evoked potential at 75% of MVC: - 2.4 ± 4.2% vs. + 16.0 ± 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION BFR and hypoxia led to comparable aRSA performance impairments but with distinct fatigue etiology. BFR impaired the muscle excitation-contraction coupling whereas hypoxia predominantly affected corticospinal excitability indicating incapacity of the corticospinal pathway to adapt to fatigue as in normoxia.
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Rodriguez RF, Townsend NE, Aughey RJ, Billaut F. Respiratory muscle oxygenation is not impacted by hypoxia during repeated-sprint exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 260:114-121. [PMID: 30453086 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether exercise hyperpnoea contributes to an impairment of locomotor muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated-sprint exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. Subjects performed ten 10-s sprints, separated by 30 s of passive rest while breathing either a normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (15% O2) gas mixture. Muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis and intercostal muscles was examined with near-infrared spectroscopy. Sprint and recovery vastus lateralis deoxyhaemoglobin was elevated in hypoxia by 9.2% (90% confidence interval 0.2 to 18.0) and 14.1% (90% CL 4.9 to 23.3%) compared to normoxia, respectively. There were no clear differences in respiratory muscle deoxyhaemoglobin (-0.1%, 90% CL -2.9 to 0.9%) or oxyhaemoglobin (0.9%, 90% CL -0.8 to 2.6%) between conditions. Maintenance of respiratory muscle oxygenation may contribute to the rise of vastus lateralis deoxyhaemoglobin in hypoxia during intermittent sprint cycling. This manuscript presents data which extends the fact that oxygen competition could be a limiting factor of exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón F Rodriguez
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - François Billaut
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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32
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Collins BW, Pearcey GE, Buckle NC, Power KE, Button DC. Neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise: underlying physiology and methodological considerations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1166-1175. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue occurs when an individual’s capacity to produce force or power is impaired. Repeated sprint exercise requires an individual to physically exert themselves at near-maximal to maximal capacity for multiple short-duration bouts, is extremely taxing on the neuromuscular system, and consequently leads to the rapid development of neuromuscular fatigue. During repeated sprint exercise the development of neuromuscular fatigue is underlined by a combination of central and peripheral fatigue. However, there are a number of methodological considerations that complicate the quantification of the development of neuromuscular fatigue. The main goal of this review is to synthesize the results from recent investigations on the development of neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise. Hence, we summarize the overall development of neuromuscular fatigue, explain how recovery time may alter the development of neuromuscular fatigue, outline the contributions of peripheral and central fatigue to neuromuscular fatigue, and provide some methodological considerations for quantifying neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W. Collins
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gregory E.P. Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Natasha C.M. Buckle
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Willis SJ, Alvarez L, Borrani F, Millet GP. Oxygenation time course and neuromuscular fatigue during repeated cycling sprints with bilateral blood flow restriction. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13872. [PMID: 30295004 PMCID: PMC6174122 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate changes in peripheral and cerebral oxygenation, cardiorespiratory, and performance differences, as well as neuromuscular fatigue across multiple levels of blood flow restriction (BFR) during a repeated cycling sprint test to exhaustion (RST). Participants performed three RST (10-sec maximal sprints with 20-sec recovery until exhaustion) with measurements of power output and V̇O2peak as well as oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) of the vastus lateralis and prefrontal cortex. Neuromuscular fatigue was assessed by femoral nerve stimulation to evoke the vastus lateralis. Tests were conducted with proximal lower limb bilateral vascular occlusion at 0%, 45%, and 60% of resting pulse elimination pressure. Total work decreased with BFR (52.5 ± 22.9% at 45%, 68.6 ± 32.6% at 60%, P < 0.01 compared with 0%) as V̇O2peak (12.6 ± 9.3% at 45%, 18.2 ± 7.2% at 60%, compared with 0%, P < 0.01). Decreased changes in muscle deoxyhemoglobin (∆[HHb]) during sprints were demonstrated at 60% compared to 0% (P < 0.001). Changes in total hemoglobin concentrations (∆[tHb]) increased at both 45% and 60% compared with 0% (P < 0.001). Cerebral ∆[tHb] increased toward exhaustion (P < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation level (VAL), and root mean square (RMS)/M-wave ratio decreased at 60% compared with 0% (P < 0.001, all). MVC and VAL decreased between 45% and 60% (P < 0.05, both). The application of BFR during RST induced greater changes in tissue perfusion (via blood volume, ∆[tHb]) suggesting a possible stimulus for vascular blood flow regulation. Additionally, high-intensity sprint exercise with partial ischemia may challenge cerebral blood flow regulation and influence local fatigue development due to protection of cerebral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Willis
- Institute of Sport SciencesFaculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Alvarez
- Institute of Sport SciencesFaculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport SciencesFaculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport SciencesFaculty of Biology and MedicineUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Lopes-Silva JP, Santos JFDS, Franchini E. Can caffeine supplementation reverse the effect of time of day on repeated-sprint exercise performance? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:187-193. [PMID: 30058345 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate if caffeine can reduce the negative influence of diurnal variations on repeated-sprint performance, in addition to investigating if caffeine in the afternoon would potentiate performance compared with the morning. Thirteen physically active men took part in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and crossover study. All participants underwent a repeated-sprint ability test (10 × 6 s cycle sprints, with 30 s of rest) at 60 min after ingestion of either 5 mg·kg-1 or placebo under 4 different conditions: morning with caffeine ingestion, morning with placebo ingestion, afternoon with caffeine ingestion, and afternoon with placebo ingestion. Total work, peak power (PP) and anaerobic power reserve (APR) were assessed. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were also measured during the repeated-sprint test. Total work (+8%, d = 0.2, small), PP (+6%, d = 0.2), and APR (+9%, d = 0.2) were significantly higher in the afternoon when compared with morning. However, physiological responses were not different between caffeine and placebo conditions. Repeated-sprint (10 × 6 s cycle sprint) performance was influenced by time of day, with lower performance in the morning compared with the afternoon. However, caffeine supplementation did not prevent the reduction in performance in the morning or improve performance in the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- a High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.,b School of Physical Education, University Center Cesmac, Maceió, Alagoas, 57051-530, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- a High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.,c Physical Education Department, Health and Biological Science Faculty, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina - Minas Gerais 39803-371, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- a High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.,d Combat Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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Alhammoud M, Morel B, Girard O, Racinais S, Sevrez V, Germain A, Chamu T, Hautier C. Hypoxia and Fatigue Impair Rapid Torque Development of Knee Extensors in Elite Alpine Skiers. Front Physiol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 30140231 PMCID: PMC6094991 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of acute hypoxia on maximal and explosive torque and fatigability in knee extensors of skiers. Twenty-two elite male alpine skiers performed 35 maximal, repeated isokinetic knee extensions at 180°s-1 (total exercise duration 61.25 s) in normoxia (NOR, FiO2 0.21) and normobaric hypoxia (HYP, FiO2 0.13) in a randomized, single-blind design. Peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) from 0 to 100 ms and associated Vastus Lateralis peak EMG activity and rate of EMG rise (RER) were determined for each contraction. Relative changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the VL muscle were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Peak torque and peak EMG activity did not differ between conditions and decreased similarly with fatigue (p < 0.001), with peak torque decreasing continuously but EMG activity decreasing significantly after 30 contractions only. Compared to NOR, RTD, and RER values were lower in HYP during the first 12 and 9 contractions, respectively (both p < 0.05). Deoxyhemoglobin concentration during the last five contractions was higher in HYP than NOR (p = 0.050) but the delta between maximal and minimal deoxyhemoglobin for each contraction was similar in HYP and NOR suggesting a similar muscle O2 utilization. Post-exercise heart rate (138 ± 24 bpm) and blood lactate concentration (5.8 ± 3.1 mmol.l-1) did not differ between conditions. Arterial oxygen saturation was significantly lower (84 ± 4 vs. 98 ± 1%, p < 0.001) and ratings of perceived exertion higher (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 1, p < 0.001) in HYP than NOR. In summary, hypoxia limits RTD via a decrease in neural drive in elite alpine skiers undertaking maximal repeated isokinetic knee extensions, but the effect of hypoxic exposure is negated as fatigue develops. Isokinetic testing protocols for elite alpine skiers should incorporate RTD and RER measurements as they display a higher sensitivity than peak torque and EMG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Alhammoud
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Le Mans University, Le Mans, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Violaine Sevrez
- French National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Chamu
- Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital La Sauvegarde, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Rodriguez RF, Townsend NE, Aughey RJ, Billaut F. Influence of averaging method on muscle deoxygenation interpretation during repeated-sprint exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2263-2271. [PMID: 29883534 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a common tool used to study oxygen availability and utilization during repeated-sprint exercise. However, there are inconsistent methods of smoothing and determining peaks and nadirs from the NIRS signal, which make interpretation and comparisons between studies difficult. To examine the effects of averaging method on deoxyhaemoglobin concentration ([HHb]) trends, nine males performed ten 10-s sprints, with 30 seconds of recovery, and six analysis methods were used for determining peaks and nadirs in the [HHb] signal. First, means were calculated over predetermined windows in the last 5 and 2 seconds of each sprint and recovery period. Second, moving 5-seconds and 2-seconds averages were also applied, and peaks/nadirs were determined for each 40-seconds sprint/recovery cycle. Third, a Butterworth filter was used to smooth the signal, and the resulting signal output was used to determine peaks and nadirs from predetermined time points and a rolling approach. Correlation and residual analysis showed that the Butterworth filter attenuated the "noise" in the signal, while maintaining the integrity of the raw data (r = .9892; mean standardized residual -9.71 × 103 ± 3.80). Means derived from predetermined windows, irrespective of length and data smoothing, underestimated the magnitude of peak and nadir [HHb] compared to a rolling mean approach. Consequently, sprint-induced metabolic changes (inferred from Δ[HHb]) were underestimated. Based on these results, we suggest using a digital filter to smooth NIRS data, rather than an arithmetic mean, and a rolling approach to determine peaks and nadirs for accurate interpretation of muscle oxygenation trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Rodriguez
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - R J Aughey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F Billaut
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of kinesiology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Girard O, Bishop DJ, Racinais S. M-wave normalization of EMG signal to investigate heat stress and fatigue. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:518-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pearcey GEP, Noble SA, Munro B, Zehr EP. Spinal Cord Excitability and Sprint Performance Are Enhanced by Sensory Stimulation During Cycling. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:612. [PMID: 29326570 PMCID: PMC5741677 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord excitability, as assessed by modulation of Hoffmann (H-) reflexes, is reduced with fatiguing isometric contractions. Furthermore, spinal cord excitability is reduced during non-fatiguing arm and leg cycling. Presynaptic inhibition of Ia terminals is believed to contribute to this suppression of spinal cord excitability. Electrical stimulation to cutaneous nerves reduces Ia presynaptic inhibition, which facilitates spinal cord excitability, and this facilitation is present during arm cycling. Although it has been suggested that reducing presynaptic inhibition may prolong fatiguing contractions, it is unknown whether sensory stimulation can alter the effects of fatiguing exercise on performance or spinal cord excitability. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to determine if sensory stimulation can interfere with fatigue-related suppression of spinal cord excitability, and alter fatigue rates during cycling sprints. Thirteen participants randomly performed three experimental sessions that included: unloaded cycling with sensory stimulation (CONTROL + STIM), sprints with sensory stimulation (SPRINT + STIM) and sprints without stimulation (SPRINT). Seven participants also performed a fourth session (CONTROL), which consisted of unloaded cycling. During SPRINT and SPRINT + STIM, participants performed seven, 10 s cycling sprints interleaved with 3 min rest. For CONTROL and CONTROL + STIM, participants performed unloaded cycling for ~30 min. During SPRINT + STIM and CONTROL + STIM, participants received patterned sensory stimulation to nerves of the right foot. H-reflexes and M-waves of the right soleus were evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at multiple time points throughout exercise. Sensory stimulation facilitated soleus H-reflexes during unloaded cycling, whereas sprints suppressed soleus H-reflexes. While receiving sensory stimulation, there was less suppression of soleus H-reflexes and slowed reduction in average power output, compared to sprints without stimulation. These results demonstrate that sensory stimulation can substantially mitigate the fatiguing effects of sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E P Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Steven A Noble
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Bridget Munro
- Nike Exploration Team Sport Research Laboratory, Nike Inc., Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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40
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Deb SK, Brown DR, Gough LA, Mclellan CP, Swinton PA, Andy Sparks S, Mcnaughton LR. Quantifying the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise performance and capacity: A systematic review and meta-regression. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:243-256. [PMID: 29220311 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1410233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise capacity and performance, which includes continuous and intermittent forms of exercise. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted with a three-level mixed effects meta-regression. The ratio of means method was used to evaluate main effects and moderators providing practical interpretations with percentage change. DATA SOURCES A systemic search was performed using three databases (Google scholar, PubMed and SPORTDiscus). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Inclusion was restricted to investigations that assessed exercise performance (time trials (TTs), sprint and intermittent exercise tests) and capacity (time to exhaustion test, TTE) with acute hypoxic (<24 h) exposure and a normoxic comparator. RESULTS Eighty-two outcomes from 53 studies (N = 798) were included in this review. The results show an overall reduction in exercise performance/capacity -17.8 ± 3.9% (95% CI -22.8% to -11.0%), which was significantly moderated by -6.5 ± 0.9% per 1000 m altitude elevation (95% CI -8.2% to -4.8%) and oxygen saturation (-2.0 ± 0.4%; 95% CI -2.9% to -1.2%). TT (-16.2 ± 4.3%; 95% CI -22.9% to -9%) and TTE (-44.5 ± 6.9%; 95% CI -51.3% to -36.7%) elicited a negative effect, whilst indicating a quadratic relationship between hypoxic magnitude and both TTE and TT performance. Furthermore, exercise less than 2 min exhibited no ergolytic effect from acute hypoxia. Summary/Conclusion: This review highlights the ergolytic effect of acute hypoxic exposure, which is curvilinear for TTE and TT performance with increasing hypoxic levels, but short duration intermittent and sprint exercise seem to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy K Deb
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Daniel R Brown
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- c School of Health Sciences , Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen , UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lars R Mcnaughton
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK.,d Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science , University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Acute effects of repeated cycling sprints in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2433-2443. [PMID: 29032393 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the acute responses to repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL). METHODS Nine well-trained subjects performed two sets of eight 6-s sprints on a cycle ergometer followed by 24 s of inactive recovery. RSE was randomly carried out either with normal breathing (RSN) or with VHL (RSH-VHL). Peak (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) of each sprint were measured. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR), gas exchange and muscle concentrations of oxy-([O2Hb]) and deoxyhaemoglobin/myoglobin ([HHb]) were continuously recorded throughout exercise. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was measured at the end of the first (S1) and second set (S2). RESULTS There was no difference in PPO and MPO between conditions in all sprints. Arterial oxygen saturation (87.7 ± 3.6 vs 96.9 ± 1.8% at the last sprint) and HR were lower in RSH-VHL than in RSN during most part of exercise. The changes in [O2Hb] and [HHb] were greater in RSH-VHL at S2. Oxygen uptake was significantly higher in RSH-VHL than in RSN during the recovery periods following sprints at S2 (3.02 ± 0.4 vs 2.67 ± 0.5 L min-1 on average) whereas [La] was lower in RSH-VHL at the end of exercise (10.3 ± 2.9 vs 13.8 ± 3.5 mmol.L-1; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that performing RSE with VHL led to larger arterial and muscle deoxygenation than with normal breathing while maintaining similar power output. This kind of exercise may be worth using for performing repeated sprint training in hypoxia.
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Girard O, Billaut F, Christian RJ, Bradley PS, Bishop DJ. Exercise-related sensations contribute to decrease power during repeated cycle sprints with limited influence on neural drive. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2171-2179. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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O'bryan SJ, Billaut F, Taylor JL, Rouffet DM. Knee extensor fatigue developed during high-intensity exercise limits lower-limb power production. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1030-1037. [PMID: 28718344 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1349922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between changes in vastii electromyography (EMG) and knee extensor fatigue during high-intensity cycling, and the subsequent effect on lower-limb power and intermuscular coordination during all-out cycling. On two separate days, participants completed 30-s all-out cycling or 10-min of high-intensity cycling followed by 30-s all-out cycling. EMG for gluteus maximus (GMAX), rectus femoris (RF), vastii (VAS), hamstrings (HAM) and gastrocnemius (GAS); co-activation for GMAX/RF, VAS/HAM and VAS/GAS; isometric maximal voluntary force (IMVF) and resting twitch (RT) of the knee extensors were measured. VAS EMG increases during high-intensity cycling (6% to 14%, P < 0.05) were negatively correlated (r = -0.791, P < 0.05) with knee extensor IMVF decreases (-2% to-36%, P < 0.05) following the exercise. Knee extensor IMVF decreases were positively correlated (r = 0.757, P < 0.05) with all-out cycling power reductions (0% to -27%, P < 0.05). VAS/GAS co-activation did not change (P > 0.05) during all-out cycling while VAS and GAS EMG decreased. Larger increase in VAS EMG during high-intensity cycling was associated with greater knee extensor fatigue and larger power reduction during all-out cycling. High VAS/GAS co-activation potentially limited power reduction induced by knee extensor fatigue during all-out cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J O'bryan
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - François Billaut
- b Département de kinésiologie , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Janet L Taylor
- c Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - David M Rouffet
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,d Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Harvey L, Bousson M, McLellan C, Lovell D. The Effect of Previous Wingate Performance Using one Body Region on Subsequent Wingate Performance Using a Different Body Region. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:119-126. [PMID: 28469750 PMCID: PMC5384059 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30 second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is the gold standard measure of anaerobic performance. The present investigation aimed to determine if a previous WAnT using one body region significantly affected a subsequent WAnT using a different body region. Twelve male university students (n = 12, 23 ± 2 years, 84 ± 16.1 kg, 178.5 ± 7.4 cm) volunteered to complete two repeated WAnT protocols (either lower body WAnT followed by an upper body WAnT or vice versa) on two separate testing occasions. The upper body WAnT was conducted on a modified electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer using a flywheel braking force corresponding to 5% bodyweight. The lower body WAnT was conducted on an electronically braked cycle ergometer using a flywheel braking force corresponding to 7.5% bodyweight. Participants had a 1 minute rest period for transition between WAnTs. Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation. No significant differences were identified in power indices for the lower body between 30 s WAnTs. When the upper body WAnT was performed 2nd, absolute peak power (p < 0.01), mean power (p < 0.001) and relative mean power (p < 0.001) were significantly lower compared to when the upper body WAnT was performed 1st. The value of maximum revolutions per minute was significantly lower (p < 0.001) when the upper body WAnT was performed after the lower body WAnT, compared to when it was performed 1st (193.3 ± 11.4 1st vs 179.8 ± 14.4 2nd). Previous upper body sprint exercise does not significantly affect lower body sprint exercise; however, previous lower body sprint exercise severely compromises subsequent upper body sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Harvey
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Bousson
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris McLellan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dale Lovell
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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Abe D, Fukuoka Y, Horiuchi M. Muscle activities during walking and running at energetically optimal transition speed under normobaric hypoxia on gradient slopes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173816. [PMID: 28301525 PMCID: PMC5354415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy cost of transport per unit distance (CoT; J·kg-1·km-1) displays a U-shaped fashion in walking and a linear fashion in running as a function of gait speed (v; km·h-1). There exists an intersection between U-shaped and linear CoT-v relationships, being termed energetically optimal transition speed (EOTS; km·h-1). Combined effects of gradient and moderate normobaric hypoxia (15.0% O2) were investigated when walking and running at the EOTS in fifteen young males. The CoT values were determined at eight walking speeds (2.4–7.3 km·h-1) and four running speeds (7.3–9.4 km·h-1) on level and gradient slopes (±5%) at normoxia and hypoxia. Since an alteration of tibialis anterior (TA) activity has been known as a trigger for gait transition, electromyogram was recorded from TA and its antagonists (gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL)) for about 30 steps during walking and running corresponding to the individual EOTS in each experimental condition. Mean power frequency (MPF; Hz) of each muscle was quantified to evaluate alterations of muscle fiber recruitment pattern. The EOTS was not significantly different between normoxia and hypoxia on any slopes (ranging from 7.412 to 7.679 km·h-1 at normoxia and 7.516 to 7.678 km·h-1 at hypoxia) due to upward shifts (enhanced metabolic rate) of both U-shaped and linear CoT-v relationships at hypoxia. GM, but not GL, activated more when switching from walking to running on level and gentle downhill slopes. Significant decreases in the muscular activity and/or MPF were observed only in the TA when switching the gait pattern. Taken together, the EOTS was not slowed by moderate hypoxia in the population of this study. Muscular activities of lower leg extremities and those muscle fiber recruitment patterns are dependent on the gradient when walking and running at the EOTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Abe
- Center for Health and Sports Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Japan
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Gatterer H, Menz V, Untersteiner C, Klarod K, Burtscher M. Physiological Factors Associated With Declining Repeated Sprint Performance in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:211-216. [PMID: 28277432 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gatterer, H, Menz, V, Untersteiner, C, Klarod, K, and Burtscher, M. Physiological factors associated with declining repeated sprint performance in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 211-216, 2019-Performance loss in hypoxia might not only be caused by reduced oxygen availability, but might also be influenced by other factors, as for example, oxidative stress, perceived exertion, or breathing patterns. This study aimed to investigate the influence of these factors on running performance during hypoxic and normoxic shuttle-run sprinting. Eight male amateur soccer players performed shuttle-run sprints in hypoxia (FiO2 ∼14.8%) and normoxia (random order). Each session comprized 3 sets of 5 × 10 seconds back and forth sprints (4.5 m), with recovery times between repetitions and sets of 20 seconds and 5 minutes, respectively. Sprinting distance, acceleration patterns, heart rate (HR) and breathing frequency were measured during each session (Zephyr-PSM Training System). Redox state and lactate concentration ([La]) were determined before and after each session, whereas rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after the sprint sessions. Overall distance covered was similar during hypoxia and normoxia sprinting (Δ -8.3 ± 14.3 m, 95% CI -20.2 to 3.6, p > 0.05). During the third set, distance tended to be reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia (169 ± 6 m, 95% CI 164-174 vs. 175 ± 4 m, 95% CI 171-178, p = 0.070). Differences in breathing frequency during sprinting in hypoxia and normoxia were associated with individual reductions in sprinting distance (r = -0.792, p = 0.019). Despite a somewhat lower running distance during the third set and similar [La], RPE, HR, and redox responses, the preserved overall running distance indicates that the training stimulus might be enhanced in hypoxia compared with normoxia. Alteration of the respiratory patterns during repeated sprinting in hypoxia might be one factor, besides others, responsible for a potential performance loss. It could be hypothesized that respiratory pattern adaptations are involved in potential performance improvements after hypoxia repeated sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Kultida Klarod
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Thailand
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hibbert AW, Billaut F, Varley MC, Polman RCJ. No Influence of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Exercise-Induced Pain and 5-Km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28223939 PMCID: PMC5293800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Afferent information from exercising muscle contributes to the sensation of exercise-induced muscle pain. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) delivers low–voltage electrical currents to the skin, inhibiting nociceptive afferent information. The use of TENS in reducing perceptions of exercise-induced pain has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TENS on exercise-induced muscle pain, pacing strategy, and performance during a 5-km cycling time trial (TT). Methods: On three separate occasions, in a single-blind, randomized, and cross-over design, 13 recreationally active participants underwent a 30-min TENS protocol, before performing a 5-km cycling TT. TENS was applied to the quadriceps prior to exercise under the following conditions; control (CONT), placebo with sham TENS application (PLAC), and an experimental condition with TENS application (TENS). Quadriceps fatigue was assessed with magnetic femoral nerve stimulation assessing changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force at baseline, pre and post exercise. Subjective scores of exertion, affect and pain were taken every 1-km. Results: During TTs, application of TENS did not influence pain perceptions (P = 0.68, ηp2 = 0.03). There was no significant change in mean power (P = 0.16, ηp2 = 0.16) or TT duration (P = 0.17, ηp2 = 0.14), although effect sizes were large for these two variables. Changes in power output were not significant but showed moderate effect sizes at 500-m (ηp2 = 0.10) and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.10). Muscle recruitment as inferred by electromyography data was not significant, but showed large effect sizes at 250-m (ηp2 = 0.16), 500-m (ηp2 = 0.15), and 750-m (ηp2 = 0.14). This indicates a possible effect for TENS influencing performance up to 1-km. Discussion: These findings do not support the use of TENS to improve 5-km TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hibbert
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Kinesiology, University LavalQuebec, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Remco C J Polman
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Psychology Department, Bournemouth UniversityBournemouth, UK
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Scott BR, Goods PSR, Slattery KM. High-Intensity Exercise in Hypoxia: Is Increased Reliance on Anaerobic Metabolism Important? Front Physiol 2016; 7:637. [PMID: 28082907 PMCID: PMC5186758 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katie M Slattery
- New South Wales Institute of Sport Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia
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Monks MR, Compton CT, Yetman JD, Power KE, Button DC. Repeated sprint ability but not neuromuscular fatigue is dependent on short versus long duration recovery time between sprints in healthy males. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:600-605. [PMID: 27825551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During maximal intensity leg cycling sprints, previous research has shown that central and peripheral fatigue development occurs with various (<30s) short-duration recovery periods between sprints. The aim of the current study was to compare the development of neuromuscular fatigue during maximal intensity lower-body sprints interspersed with short and longer duration recovery periods. DESIGN Crossover study. METHODS Ten participants completed 10, 10s sprints interspersed with either 30 or 180s of recovery. Peak power outputs were measured for each sprint. Maximal force, voluntary activation (VA) and evoked contractile properties of the knee extensors were measured at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 5 and post-sprint 10. Perceived pain was also measured immediately following each sprint. RESULTS Peak power output was significantly lower by 16.1±4.2% (p<0.001) during sprint 10 with 30 compared to 180s of recovery. Irrespective of recovery time, maximal force, VA and potentiated twitch force decreased by 26.7±7.2% (p<0.005), 5.8±1.2% (p=0.025), 38.7±6.1% (p=0.003) respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. MVC and PT decreased by 17±4% (p<0.003) and 23±9% (p<0.002) respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 5. CONCLUSIONS Although decreases in peak power and increases in perceived pain were greater when sprints were interspersed with 30 compared to 180s of recovery, the development of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensors was similar. The results illustrate that peripheral fatigue developed early whereas central fatigue developed later in the sprint protocol, however the effect of recovery time on neuromuscular fatigue could be task specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Monks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Chris T Compton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Joseph D Yetman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada; BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada; BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, Canada.
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Milioni F, Vieira LHP, Barbieri RA, Zagatto AM, Nordsborg NB, Barbieri FA, Dos-Santos JW, Santiago PRP, Papoti M. Futsal Match-Related Fatigue Affects Running Performance and Neuromuscular Parameters but Not Finishing Kick Speed or Accuracy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:518. [PMID: 27872598 PMCID: PMC5097919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of futsal match-related fatigue on running performance, neuromuscular variables, and finishing kick speed and accuracy. Methods: Ten professional futsal players participated in the study (age: 22.2 ± 2.5 years) and initially performed an incremental protocol to determine maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max: 50.6 ± 4.9 mL.kg−1.min−1). Next, simulated games were performed, in four periods of 10 min during which heart rate and blood lactate concentration were monitored. The entire games were video recorded for subsequent automatic tracking. Before and immediately after the simulated game, neuromuscular function was measured by maximal isometric force of knee extension, voluntary activation using twitch interpolation technique, and electromyographic activity. Before, at half time, and immediately after the simulated game, the athletes also performed a set of finishing kicks for ball speed and accuracy measurements. Results: Total distance covered (1st half: 1986.6 ± 74.4 m; 2nd half: 1856.0 ± 129.7 m, P = 0.00) and distance covered per minute (1st half: 103.2 ± 4.4 m.min−1; 2nd half: 96.4 ± 7.5 m.min−1, P = 0.00) demonstrated significant declines during the simulated game, as well as maximal isometric force of knee extension (Before: 840.2 ± 66.2 N; After: 751.6 ± 114.3 N, P = 0.04) and voluntary activation (Before: 85.9 ± 7.5%; After: 74.1 ± 12.3%, P = 0.04), however ball speed and accuracy during the finishing kicks were not significantly affected. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that despite the decline in running performance and neuromuscular variables presenting an important manifestation of central fatigue, this condition apparently does not affect the speed and accuracy of finishing kicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Milioni
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Luiz H P Vieira
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaRio Claro, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaBauru, Brazil
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabio A Barbieri
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaRio Claro, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaBauru, Brazil
| | - Júlio W Dos-Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaRio Claro, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaBauru, Brazil
| | - Paulo R P Santiago
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Univ Estadual PaulistaRio Claro, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
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