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Landolfi JA, Gaffney PM, McManamon R, Gottdenker NL, Ellis AE, Rech RR, Han S, Lowenstine LJ, Agnew D, Garner MM, McAloose D, Hollinger C, St Leger J, Terrell SP, Duncan M, Pessier AP. Reproductive tract neoplasia in adult female Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1131-1141. [PMID: 34269107 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211031843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted a lower-than-expected prevalence of neoplasia in elephants and suggested mechanisms for cancer resistance. But despite infrequent reports in the literature, uterine neoplasia is common in managed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This study is an archival review of reproductive tract neoplasia in 80 adult female Asian elephant mortalities in managed care facilities in the United States from 1988 to 2019. Neoplasms occurred in 64/80 (80%) of cases. Most were in the uterus (63/64; 98%) with only a single case of ovarian neoplasia. Myometrial leiomyomas were present in 57/63 (90%) cases with uterine neoplasia. Uterine adenocarcinoma was present in 8/63 (13%) cases. Remaining cases included endometrial adenoma (2), focal carcinoma in situ in endometrial polyps (1), anaplastic carcinoma (1), endometrial hemangioma (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET; 1), and angiosarcoma (1). One case with uterine adenocarcinoma had a separate pelvic mass histologically characterized as an anaplastic sarcoma. Distant metastases were documented in 5/8 (63%) cases of uterine adenocarcinoma, and in the uterine anaplastic carcinoma, PNET, and angiosarcoma. Four uterine adenocarcinomas and one carcinoma in situ were examined immunohistochemically for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and estrogen receptor. In all, neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative, and in 2 cases were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor. Results show that female reproductive tract neoplasia, particularly of the uterus, is common in Asian elephants and is not limited to leiomyomas. Importantly, uterine neoplasms have the potential to impact fecundity and may represent obstacles to conservation in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Dalen Agnew
- 70726Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Denise McAloose
- 2015Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P Pessier
- 7114San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA.,6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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2
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Pearson VR, Bosse JB, Koyuncu OO, Scherer J, Toruno C, Robinson R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Enquist LW, Rall GF. Identification of African Elephant Polyomavirus in wild elephants and the creation of a vector expressing its viral tumor antigens to transform elephant primary cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244334. [PMID: 33544724 PMCID: PMC7864673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild elephant populations are declining rapidly due to rampant killing for ivory and body parts, range fragmentation, and human-elephant conflict. Wild and captive elephants are further impacted by viruses, including highly pathogenic elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Moreover, while the rich genetic diversity of the ancient elephant lineage is disappearing, elephants, with their low incidence of cancer, have emerged as a surprising resource in human cancer research for understanding the intrinsic cellular response to DNA damage. However, studies on cellular resistance to transformation and herpesvirus reproduction have been severely limited, in part due to the lack of established elephant cell lines to enable in vitro experiments. This report describes creation of a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, derived from a wild isolate of African Elephant Polyomavirus (AelPyV-1), that can be used to create immortalized lines of elephant cells. This isolate was extracted from a trunk nodule biopsy isolated from a wild African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in Botswana. The AelPyV-1 genome contains open-reading frames encoding the canonical large (LTag) and small (STag) tumor antigens. We cloned the entire early region spanning the LTag and overlapping STag genes from this isolate into a high-copy vector to construct a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, which effectively transformed primary elephant endothelial cells. We expect that the potential of this reagent to transform elephant primary cells will, at a minimum, facilitate study of elephant-specific herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R. Pearson
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- RESIST Cluster of Excellence, Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School, Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Julian Scherer
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cristhian Toruno
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Abegglen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Glenn F. Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Swanepoel H, Crafford J, Quan M. A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020017. [PMID: 33499429 PMCID: PMC7912165 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. In order to keep track of these diseases, it may be necessary to consider adding a “Wildlife disease and infection” category to the World Organisation for Animal Health-listed diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Swanepoel
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Crafford
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142
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Xiao Y, Wang H, Feng L, Pan J, Chen Z, Wang H, Yang S, Shen Q, Wang X, Shan T, Zhang W. Fecal, oral, blood and skin virome of laboratory rabbits. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2847-2856. [PMID: 33034764 PMCID: PMC7546134 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the fecal, oral, blood, and skin virome of 10 laboratory rabbits using a viral metagenomic method. In the oral samples, we detected a novel polyomavirus (RabPyV), and phylogenetic analysis based on the large T antigen, VP1 and VP2 regions indicated that the novel strain might have undergone a recombination event. Recombination analysis based on related genomes confirmed that RabPyV is a multiple recombinant between rodent-like and avian-like polyomaviruses. In fecal samples, three partial or complete genome sequences of viruses belonging to the families Picobirnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Microviridae and Coronaviridae were characterized, and phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the predicted amino acid sequences of viral proteins. This study increases the amount of genetic information on viruses present in laboratory rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Cho M, Kim H, Son HS. Codon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species. Virol J 2019; 16:137. [PMID: 31727090 PMCID: PMC6854729 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have a wide range of hosts, from humans to fish, and their effects on hosts vary. The differences in the infection characteristics of PyV with respect to the host are assumed to be influenced by the biochemical function of the LT-Ag protein, which is related to the cytopathic effect and tumorigenesis mechanism via interaction with the host protein. Methods We carried out a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns of large T-antigens (LT-Ags) of PyVs isolated from various host species and their functional domains and sequence motifs. Parity rule 2 (PR2) and neutrality analysis were applied to evaluate the effects of mutation and selection pressure on codon usage bias. To investigate evolutionary relationships among PyVs, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis, and a correspondence analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values was performed. Results Nucleotide composition analysis using LT-Ag gene sequences showed that the GC and GC3 values of avian PyVs were higher than those of mammalian PyVs. The effective number of codon (ENC) analysis showed host-specific ENC distribution characteristics in both the LT-Ag gene and the coding sequences of its domain regions. In the avian and fish PyVs, the codon diversity was significant, whereas the mammalian PyVs tended to exhibit conservative and host-specific evolution of codon usage bias. The results of our PR2 and neutrality analysis revealed mutation bias or highly variable GC contents by showing a narrow GC12 distribution and wide GC3 distribution in all sequences. Furthermore, the calculated RSCU values revealed differences in the codon usage preference of the LT-AG gene according to the host group. A similar tendency was observed in the two functional domains used in the analysis. Conclusions Our study showed that specific domains or sequence motifs of various PyV LT-Ags have evolved so that each virus protein interacts with host cell targets. They have also adapted to thrive in specific host species and cell types. Functional domains of LT-Ag, which are known to interact with host proteins involved in cell proliferation and gene expression regulation, may provide important information, as they are significantly related to the host specificity of PyVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, 815 Gyeonhwon-ro, Munmak, Wonju, Gangwondo, 24695, South Korea
| | - Hyeon S Son
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,SNU Bioinformatics Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Van Doorslaer K, Kraberger S, Austin C, Farkas K, Bergeman M, Paunil E, Davison W, Varsani A. Fish polyomaviruses belong to two distinct evolutionary lineages. J Gen Virol 2018. [PMID: 29517483 PMCID: PMC5982132 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polyomaviridae is a diverse family of circular double-stranded DNA viruses. Polyomaviruses have been isolated from a wide array of animal hosts. An understanding of the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of these viruses is essential to understanding the pathogenicity of polyomaviruses. Using a high throughput sequencing approach, we identified a novel polyomavirus in an emerald notothen (Trematomus bernacchii) sampled in the Ross sea (Antarctica), expanding the known number of fish-associated polyomaviruses. Our analysis suggests that polyomaviruses belong to three main evolutionary clades; the first clade is made up of all recognized terrestrial polyomaviruses. The fish-associated polyomaviruses are not monophyletic, and belong to two divergent evolutionary lineages. The fish viruses provide evidence that the evolution of the key viral large T protein involves gain and loss of distinct domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Bio5 Institute, and the University of Arizona Cancer Center University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Charlotte Austin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography Bangor University Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Melissa Bergeman
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Emma Paunil
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - William Davison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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7
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Qi D, Shan T, Liu Z, Deng X, Zhang Z, Bi W, Owens JR, Feng F, Zheng L, Huang F, Delwart E, Hou R, Zhang W. A novel polyomavirus from the nasal cavity of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Virol J 2017; 14:207. [PMID: 29078783 PMCID: PMC5658932 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomaviruses infect a wide variety of mammalian and avian hosts with a broad spectrum of outcomes including asymptomatic infection, acute systemic disease, and tumor induction. Methods Viral metagenomics and general PCR methods were used to detected viral nucleic acid in the samples from a diseased and healthy giant pandas. Results A novel polyomavirus, the giant panda polyomavirus 1 (GPPyV1) from the nasal cavity of a dead giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was characterized. The GPPyV1 genome is 5144 bp in size and reveals five putative open-reading frames coding for the classic small and large T antigens in the early region, and the VP1, VP2 and VP3 capsid proteins in the late region. Phylogenetic analyses of the large T antigen of the GPPyV1 indicated GPPyV1 belonged to a putative new species within genus Deltapolyomavirus, clustering with four human polyomavirus species. The GPPyV1 VP1 and VP2 clustered with genus Alphapolyomavirus. Our epidemiologic study indicated that this novel polyomavirus was also detected in nasal swabs and fecal samples collected from captive healthy giant pandas. Conclusion A novel polyomavirus was detected in giant pandas and its complete genome was characterized, which may cause latency infection in giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Wenlei Bi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Jacob Robert Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Lisong Zheng
- Liziping Nature Reserve, YaAn, Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 625499, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Liziping Nature Reserve, YaAn, Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 625499, China
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Korup-Schulz SV, Lucke C, Moens U, Schmuck R, Ehlers B. Large T antigen variants of human polyomaviruses 9 and 12 and seroreactivity against their N terminus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:704-714. [PMID: 28113048 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour antigens (TAgs) of mammalian polyomaviruses (PyVs) are key proteins responsible for modulating the host cell cycle and are involved in virus replication as well as cell transformation and tumour formation. Here we aimed to identify mRNA sequences of known and novel TAgs encoded by the recently discovered human polyomaviruses 9 and 12 (HPyV9 and HPyV12) in cell culture. Synthetic viral genomes were transfected into human and animal cell lines. Gene expression occurred in most cell lines, as measured by quantitative PCR of cDNA copies of mRNA encoding major structural protein VP1. Large TAg- and small TAg-encoding mRNAs were detected in all cell lines, and additional spliced mRNAs were identified encoding TAg variants of 145 aa (HPyV9) and 84 aa (HPyV12). Using as antigens in ELISA the N-terminal 78 aa common to all respective TAg variants of HPyV9 and HPyV12, seroreactivity of 100 healthy blood donors, 54 patients with malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and 32 patients with non-malignant diseases of the GIT was analysed. For comparison, the corresponding TAg N termini of BK PyV (BKPyV) and Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV) were included. Frequent reactivity against HPyV9, HPyV12 and BKPyV TAgs, but not MCPyV TAg, was observed in all tested groups. This indicates expression activity of the early region of three human PyVs in healthy and diseased subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Verena Korup-Schulz
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Lucke
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rosa Schmuck
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Complete Sequence of the Smallest Polyomavirus Genome, Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) Polyomavirus 1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/3/e00391-16. [PMID: 27198025 PMCID: PMC4888995 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00391-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are known to infect mammals and birds. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis identified the first polyomavirus from a cartilaginous fish, the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis). Giant guitarfish polyomavirus 1 (GfPyV1) has typical polyomavirus genome organization, but is the smallest polyomavirus genome (3.96 kb) described to date.
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de Sales Lima FE, Cibulski SP, Witt AA, Franco AC, Roehe PM. Genomic characterization of two novel polyomaviruses in Brazilian insectivorous bats. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1831-6. [PMID: 25963124 PMCID: PMC7086640 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two novel genomes comprising ≈4.9 kb were identified by next-generation sequencing from pooled organs of Tadarida brasiliensis bats. The overall nucleotide sequence identities between the viral genomes characterized here were less than 80% in comparison to other polyomaviruses (PyVs), members of the family Polyomaviridae. The new genomes display the archetypal organization of PyVs, which includes open reading frames for the regulatory proteins small T antigen (STAg) and large T antigen (LTAg), as well as capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. In addition, an alternate ORF was identified in the early genome region that is conserved in a large monophyletic group of polyomaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed similar clustering with group of PyVs detected in Otomops and Chaerephon bats and some species of monkeys. In this study, the genomes of two novel PyVs were detected in bats of a single species, demonstrating that these mammals can harbor genetically diverse polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esmaile de Sales Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90050-170, Brazil,
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The role of Merkel cell polyomavirus and other human polyomaviruses in emerging hallmarks of cancer. Viruses 2015; 7:1871-901. [PMID: 25866902 PMCID: PMC4411681 DOI: 10.3390/v7041871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, dsDNA viruses that are common in mammals, including humans. All polyomaviruses encode the large T-antigen and small t-antigen proteins that share conserved functional domains, comprising binding motifs for the tumor suppressors pRb and p53, and for protein phosphatase 2A, respectively. At present, 13 different human polyomaviruses are known, and for some of them their large T-antigen and small t-antigen have been shown to possess oncogenic properties in cell culture and animal models, while similar functions are assumed for the large T- and small t-antigen of other human polyomaviruses. However, so far the Merkel cell polyomavirus seems to be the only human polyomavirus associated with cancer. The large T- and small t-antigen exert their tumorigenic effects through classical hallmarks of cancer: inhibiting tumor suppressors, activating tumor promoters, preventing apoptosis, inducing angiogenesis and stimulating metastasis. This review elaborates on the putative roles of human polyomaviruses in some of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. The reciprocal interactions between human polyomaviruses and the immune system response are discussed, a plausible role of polyomavirus-encoded and polyomavirus-induced microRNA in cancer is described, and the effect of polyomaviruses on energy homeostasis and exosomes is explored. Therapeutic strategies against these emerging hallmarks of cancer are also suggested.
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13
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Kluba J, Linnenweber-Held S, Heim A, Ang AM, Raggub L, Broecker V, Becker JU, Schulz TF, Schwarz A, Ganzenmueller T. A rolling circle amplification screen for polyomaviruses other than BKPyV in renal transplant recipients confirms high prevalence of urinary JCPyV shedding. Intervirology 2015; 58:88-94. [PMID: 25677461 DOI: 10.1159/000369210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple novel human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been discovered in the last few years. These or other, unknown, nephrotropic HPyVs may potentially be shed in urine. METHODS To search for known and unknown HPyVs we investigated BKPyV-negative urine samples from 105 renal transplant recipients (RTR) by rolling circle amplification (RCA) analysis and quantitative JCPyV PCR. Clinical data was analysed to identify risk factors for urinary polyomavirus shedding. RESULTS In 10% (11/105) of the urine samples RCA with subsequent sequencing revealed JCPyV, but no other HPyV sequences. Using quantitative JCPyV PCR, 24% (25/105) of the samples tested positive. Overall sensitivities of RCA of 44% (11/25) in detecting JCPyV in JCPyV DNA-positive urine and 67% (10/15) for samples with JCPyV loads >10,000 copies/ml can be assumed. Despite frequent detectable urinary shedding of JCPyV in our cohort, this could not be correlated with clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION Routine urinary JCPyV monitoring in BKPyV-negative RTR without suspected polyomavirus-associated nephropathy might be of limited diagnostic value. As RCA works in a sequence-independent manner, detection of novel and known polyomaviruses shed in sufficient quantities is feasible. High-level shedding of HPyVs other than BKPyV or JCPyV in the urine of RTR is unlikely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Kluba
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Genome Sequence of a Fish-Associated Polyomavirus, Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) Polyomavirus 1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/1/e01476-14. [PMID: 25635011 PMCID: PMC4319505 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01476-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
All known polyomaviruses are associated with mammals or birds. Using virion enrichment, random-primed rolling circle amplification, and deep sequencing, we identified a polyomavirus associated with black sea bass (Centropristis striata). The virus has a variety of novel genetic features, suggesting a long evolutionary separation from polyomaviruses of terrestrial animals.
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15
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Hill SC, Murphy AA, Cotten M, Palser AL, Benson P, Lesellier S, Gormley E, Richomme C, Grierson S, Bhuachalla DN, Chambers M, Kellam P, Boschiroli ML, Ehlers B, Jarvis MA, Pybus OG. Discovery of a polyomavirus in European badgers (Meles meles) and the evolution of host range in the family Polyomaviridae. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1411-1422. [PMID: 25626684 PMCID: PMC4635489 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. However, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. Here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the European badger (Meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family Mustelidae, and within a European carnivoran. Although the virus was discovered serendipitously in the supernatant of a cell culture inoculated with badger material, we subsequently confirmed its presence in wild badgers. The European badger polyomavirus was tentatively named Meles meles polyomavirus 1 (MmelPyV1). The genome is 5187 bp long and encodes proteins typical of polyomaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses including all known polyomavirus genomes consistently group MmelPyV1 with California sea lion polyomavirus 1 across all regions of the genome. Further evolutionary analyses revealed phylogenetic discordance amongst polyomavirus genome regions, possibly arising from evolutionary rate heterogeneity, and a complex association between polyomavirus phylogeny and host taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisling A Murphy
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
| | | | | | - Phillip Benson
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
| | | | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.,Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK
| | - María-Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bovine Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, France
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Robert Koch Institute, Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Germany
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
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16
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Liu Y, Ma T, Liu J, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Guo H, Wang S, Xu R. Bioinformatics analysis and genetic diversity of the poliovirus. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1724-1731. [PMID: 25261065 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.081992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliomyelitis, a disease which can manifest as muscle paralysis, is caused by the poliovirus, which is a human enterovirus and member of the family Picornaviridae that usually transmits by the faecal-oral route. The viruses of the OPV (oral poliovirus attenuated-live vaccine) strains can mutate in the human intestine during replication and some of these mutations can lead to the recovery of serious neurovirulence. Informatics research of the poliovirus genome can be used to explain further the characteristics of this virus. In this study, sequences from 100 poliovirus isolates were acquired from GenBank. To determine the evolutionary relationship between the strains, we compared and analysed the sequences of the complete poliovirus genome and the VP1 region. The reconstructed phylogenetic trees for the complete sequences and the VP1 sequences were both divided into two branches, indicating that the genetic relationships of the whole poliovirus genome and the VP1 sequences are very similar. This branching indicates that the virulence and pathogenicity of poliomyelitis may be associated with the VP1 region. Sequence alignment of the VP1 region revealed numerous mutation sites in which mutation rates of >30 % were detected. In a group of strains recorded in the USA, mutation sites and mutation types were the same and this may be associated with their distribution in the evolutionary tree and their genetic relationship. In conclusion, the genetic evolutionary relationships of poliovirus isolate sequences are determined to a great extent by the VP1 protein, and poliovirus strains located on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree contain the same mutation spots and mutation types. Hence, the genetic characteristics of the VP1 region in the poliovirus genome should be analysed to identify the transmission route of poliovirus and provide the basis of viral immunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Huijun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Shujing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
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17
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Zhang W, Li L, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Delwart E. What is for dinner? Viral metagenomics of US store bought beef, pork, and chicken. Virology 2014; 468-470:303-310. [PMID: 25217712 PMCID: PMC4252299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the metagenomics-derived viral sequences detected in beef, pork, and chicken purchased from stores in San Francisco. In beef we detected four previously reported viruses (two parvoviruses belonging to different genera, an anellovirus, and one circovirus-like virus) and one novel bovine polyomavirus species (BPyV2-SF) whose closest relatives infect primates. Detection of porcine hokovirus in beef indicated that this parvovirus can infect both ungulate species. In pork we detected four known parvoviruses from three genera, an anellovirus, and pig circovirus 2. Chicken meat contained numerous gyrovirus sequences including those of chicken anemia virus and of a novel gyrovirus species (GyV7-SF). Our results provide an initial characterization of some of the viruses commonly found in US store-bought meats which included a diverse group of parvoviruses and viral families with small circular DNA genomes. Whether any of these viruses can infect humans will require testing human sera for specific antibodies. Eukaryotic viral genomes in store-bought beef, pork, and chicken are identified. A novel bovine polyomavirus genome, closest to a group of viruses from primates, is sequenced. Porcine hokovirus is detected in beef samples. A small circovirus-like circular DNA genome in beef is genetically characterized. Several species of gyrovirus including a novel species are detected in chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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18
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Genome analysis of non-human primate polyomaviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:283-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Yamaguchi H, Kobayashi S, Maruyama J, Sasaki M, Takada A, Kimura T, Sawa H, Orba Y. Role of the C-terminal region of vervet monkey polyomavirus 1 VP1 in virion formation. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:637-44. [PMID: 24419975 PMCID: PMC4073331 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we detected novel vervet monkey polyomavirus 1 (VmPyV) in a vervet monkey.
Among amino acid sequences of major capsid protein VP1s of other polyomaviruses, VmPyV VP1
is the longest with additional amino acid residues in the C-terminal region. To examine
the role of VmPyV VP1 in virion formation, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) of
VmPyV VP1, because VLP is a useful tool for the investigation of the morphological
characters of polyomavirus virions. After the full-length VmPyV VP1 was subcloned into a
mammalian expression plasmid, the plasmid was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T
(HEK293T) cells. Thereafter, VmPyV VLPs were purified from the cell lysates of the
transfected cells via sucrose gradient sedimentation. Electron microscopic analyses
revealed that VmPyV VP1 forms VLPs with a diameter of approximately 50 nm that are
exclusively localized in cell nuclei. Furthermore, we generated VLPs consisting of the
deletion mutant VmPyV VP1 (ΔC VP1) lacking the C-terminal 116 amino acid residues and
compared its VLP formation efficiency and morphology to those of VLPs from wild-type VmPyV
VP1 (WT VP1). WT and ΔC VP1 VLPs were similar in size, but the number of ΔC VP1 VLPs was
much lower than that of WT VP1 VLPs in VP1-expressing HEK293T cells. These results suggest
that the length of VP1 is unrelated to virion morphology; however, the C-terminal region
of VmPyV VP1 affects the efficiency of its VLP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
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