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Sadeghi A, Niknam M, Momeni-Moghaddam MA, Shabani M, Aria H, Bastin A, Teimouri M, Meshkani R, Akbari H. Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:456. [PMID: 37876013 PMCID: PMC10599071 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in pathological conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The management of insulin resistance requires better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms to prevent secondary complications, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent evidence regarding the etiological mechanisms behind insulin resistance emphasizes the role of energy imbalance and neurohormonal dysregulation, both of which are closely regulated by autophagy. Autophagy is a conserved process that maintains homeostasis in cells. Accordingly, autophagy abnormalities have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, T2DM, obesity, and CVDs. Thus, there may be a link between autophagy and insulin resistance. Therefore, the interaction between autophagy and insulin function will be examined in this review, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asie Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Bastin
- Clinical Research Development Center "The Persian Gulf Martyrs" Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Scervino MVM, Fortes MAS, Vitzel KF, de Souza DR, Murata GM, Santana GO, da Silva EB, Levada‐Pires AC, Kuwabara WMT, Loureiro TCA, Curi R. Autophagy signaling in hypertrophied muscles of diabetic and control rats. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1709-1722. [PMID: 37470707 PMCID: PMC10476571 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a vital role in cell homeostasis by eliminating nonfunctional components and promoting cell survival. Here, we examined the levels of autophagy signaling proteins after 7 days of overload hypertrophy in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of control and diabetic rats. We compared control and 3-day streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an experimental model for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). EDL muscles showed increased levels of basal autophagy signaling proteins. The diabetic state did not affect the extent of overload-induced hypertrophy or the levels of autophagy signaling proteins (p-ULK1, Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg12-5, Atg7, Atg3, LC3-I and II, and p62) in either muscle. The p-ULK-1, Beclin-1, and p62 protein expression levels were higher in the EDL muscle than in the soleus before the hypertrophic stimulus. On the contrary, the soleus muscle exhibited increased autophagic signaling after overload-induced hypertrophy, with increases in Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg12-5, Atg7, Atg3, and LC3-I expression in the control and diabetic groups, in addition to p-ULK-1 in the control groups. After hypertrophy, Beclin-1 and Atg5 levels increased in the EDL muscle of both groups, while p-ULK1 and LC3-I increased in the control group. In conclusion, the baseline EDL muscle exhibited higher autophagy than the soleus muscle. Although TDM1 promotes skeletal muscle mass loss and strength reduction, it did not significantly alter the extent of overload-induced hypertrophy and autophagy signaling proteins in EDL and soleus muscles, with the two groups exhibiting different patterns of autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. M. Scervino
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
| | - Marco A. S. Fortes
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
- Departmento de NutriçãoCentro Universitário AvantisBalneário CamburiúBrazil
| | - Kaio F. Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of HealthMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Diego R. de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
- Departamento de Projetos de Pesquisa e EnsinoEscola de Educação Física da Polícia Militar do Estado de São PauloBrazil
| | - Gilson M. Murata
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
| | - Giovanna O. Santana
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
| | - Eliane B. da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
| | - Adriana C. Levada‐Pires
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
| | - Wilson M. T. Kuwabara
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
| | - Tatiana C. A. Loureiro
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte (ICAFE)Universidade Cruzeiro do SulSão PauloBrazil
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloBrazil
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Ding R, Wang X, Chen W, Li Z, Wei AL, Wang QB, Nie AH, Wang LL. WX20120108, a novel IAP antagonist, induces tumor cell autophagy via activating ROS-FOXO pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1466-1479. [PMID: 31316176 PMCID: PMC6889436 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and some IAP antagonists were found to regulate autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. WX20120108 is an analogue of GDC-0152 (a known IAP antagonist) and displays more potent anti-tumor and autophagy-regulating activity in tumor cells, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying WX20120108-induced autophagy. Using molecular docking and fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) competitive assay, we first demonstrated that WX20120108, acting as an IAP antagonist, bound to the XIAP-BIR3, XIAP BIR2-BIR3, cIAP1 BIR3, and cIAP2 BIR3 domains with high affinities. In six cancer cell lines, WX20120108 inhibited the cell proliferation with potencies two to ten-fold higher than that of GDC-0152. In HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells, WX20120108 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and activated TNFα-dependent extrinsic apoptosis. On the other hand, WX20120108 induced autophagy in HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. We revealed that WX20120108 selectively activated Foxo3, evidenced by Foxo3 nuclear translocation in both gene modified cell line and HeLa cells, as well as the upregulated expression of Foxo3-targeted genes (Bnip3, Pik3c3, Atg5, and Atg4b), which played a key role in autophagy initiation. WX20120108-induced autophagy was significantly suppressed when Foxo3 gene was silenced. WX20120108 dose-dependently increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells, and WX20120108-induced Foxo3 activation was completely blocked in the presence of catalase, a known ROS scavenger. However, WX20120108-induced ROS generation was not affected by cIAP1/2 or XIAP gene silencing. In conclusion, WX20120108-induced autophagy relies on activating ROS-Foxo3 pathway, which is independent of IAPs. This finding provides a new insight into the mechanism of IAP antagonist-mediated regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ai-Li Wei
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qing-Bin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ai-Hua Nie
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, 100850, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China.
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Retraction: Autophagy in Muscle of Glucose-Infusion Hyperglycemia Rats and Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemia Rats via Selective Activation of m-TOR or FoxO3. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223144. [PMID: 31545846 PMCID: PMC6756508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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de Vasconcelos DAA, Giesbertz P, de Souza DR, Vitzel KF, Abreu P, Marzuca-Nassr GN, Fortes MAS, Murata GM, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Daniel H, Pithon-Curi TC. Oral L-glutamine pretreatment attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy induced by 24-h fasting in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:202-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ong SB, Lee WH, Shao NY, Ismail NI, Katwadi K, Lim MM, Kwek XY, Michel NA, Li J, Newson J, Tahmasebi S, Rehman J, Kodo K, Jang HR, Ong SG. Calpain Inhibition Restores Autophagy and Prevents Mitochondrial Fragmentation in a Human iPSC Model of Diabetic Endotheliopathy. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:597-610. [PMID: 30799273 PMCID: PMC6411483 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes and endothelial dysfunction remains unclear, particularly the association with pathological activation of calpain, an intracellular cysteine protease. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs) to investigate the effects of diabetes on vascular health. Our results indicate that iPSC-ECs exposed to hyperglycemia had impaired autophagy, increased mitochondria fragmentation, and was associated with increased calpain activity. In addition, hyperglycemic iPSC-ECs had increased susceptibility to cell death when subjected to a secondary insult-simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury (sIRI). Importantly, calpain inhibition restored autophagy and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, concurrent with maintenance of ATP production, normalized reactive oxygen species levels and reduced susceptibility to sIRI. Using a human iPSC model of diabetic endotheliopathy, we demonstrated that restoration of autophagy and prevention of mitochondrial fragmentation via calpain inhibition improves vascular integrity. Our human iPSC-EC model thus represents a valuable platform to explore biological mechanisms and new treatments for diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nur Izzah Ismail
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairunnisa Katwadi
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mim-Mim Lim
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Xiu-Yi Kwek
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Nathaly Anto Michel
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiajun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jordan Newson
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kazuki Kodo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hye Ryoun Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351 Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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7
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Sase K, Kitaoka Y, Tsukahara C, Takagi H. Involvement of Beclin‑1 in axonal protection by short‑term hyperglycemia against TNF‑induced optic nerve damage. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5455-5460. [PMID: 30365082 PMCID: PMC6236285 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 serves a pivotal role in autophagosome formation. A previous study demonstrated that streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia (HG) ameliorates axonal loss induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with upregulation of autophagy in rats. The aim of present study was to examine whether Beclin-1 is involved in this autophagy machinery. Immunoblot analysis of optic nerves demonstrated that HG upregulated Beclin-1 protein expression when compared with normoglycemia (NG). Intravitreal administration of TNF did not alter the optic nerve Beclin-1 expression in NG nor in HG. Beclin-1 immunoreactivity was revealed to be mainly in astrocytes in optic nerves; however, it was also observed in the neurofilaments of the HG group. Morphometric analysis revealed that HG appeared to have substantial ameliorative effects on axon loss and this ameliorative effect was partially prevented by Beclin-1 small interfering RNA. These results indicated that Beclin-1 may exist in neurons and glia in optic nerves and increased Beclin-1 expression may be at least partially associated with axonal protection by HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216‑8511, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216‑8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216‑8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216‑8511, Japan
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Yang B, Sun J, Yuan Y, Sun Z. Effects of atorvastatin on autophagy in skeletal muscles of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:753-761. [PMID: 29245171 PMCID: PMC6031525 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Atorvastatin is usually used to decrease the amount of fatty substances in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it can cause side-effects, such as breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. The present study focused on the effects of atorvastatin on autophagy of the skeletal muscles in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes in rats in the diabetic (D) and atorvastatin (T) groups was induced using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). Next, rats in the T group were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, intragastric administration), whereas rats in the control and D groups were given water. Additionally, the rats in T and D groups were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet for 10 weeks. Subsequently, the histopathological changes, and expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I/-II and p62 in the skeletal muscle specimens in the three groups were analyzed. RESULTS Rats in the T group had reduced lipid droplets, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05) levels than those in the D group. Disordered atrophic myocytes, incrassated vascular walls and decreased cross-sectional area of type I fibers were found using hematoxylin-eosin and adenosine triphosphatase staining in the D and T groups. The messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of LC3-II and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were increased in the T group compared with those in the other groups (P < 0.05), whereas the protein level of p62 showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin enhanced the autophagy level of skeletal muscles to decrease lipid deposition, which possibly exacerbated myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyZhongda HospitalInstitute of DiabetesSchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of EndocrinologyZhongda HospitalInstitute of DiabetesSchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of EndocrinologyZhongda HospitalInstitute of DiabetesSchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of EndocrinologyZhongda HospitalInstitute of DiabetesSchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Han K, Jia N, Zhong Y, Shang X. S14G‐humanin alleviates insulin resistance and increases autophagy in neurons of APP/PS1 transgenic mouse. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3111-3117. [PMID: 29058763 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningPeople's Republic of China
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouLiaoningPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouLiaoningPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouLiaoningPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Shang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningPeople's Republic of China
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Cho DK, Choi DH, Cho JY. Effect of treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle autophagy in rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:26-34. [PMID: 29036763 PMCID: PMC5643208 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on body weight, blood biochemistry, and autophagy. [Methods] Triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, and glucose levels were measured, the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score was calculated, and the soleus muscle was analyzed for autophagy-related factors (Beclin-1, p62, LC3, Lamp-2) in rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Eight-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 35 weeks and then subjected to 10 weeks of treadmill exercise. The experimental group was divided into a Normal Diet-Sedentary (ND-SED, n=8) group, an (High-Fat Diet-Sedentary (HF-SED, n=8) group, and an High-Fat Diet + Treadmill Exercise (HF-TE, n=8) group. The intensity of treadmill exercise was set as 8 m/min for 5 min, 11 m/min for 5 min, 15 m/min for 20 min, and 11 m/min for the last 5 minutes. A glucose tolerance test was performed at the 2nd and 8th week of exercise by sampling of tail blood. [Results] With endurance exercise, the HFTE group showed a significant decrease in body weight, with improved blood biochemical indices and HOMA-IR scores, in comparison with the HF-SED group. However, there was no significant difference in Beclin-1, p62, LC3, and Lamp-2 proteins as measured by autophagic flux in the soleus muscle. [Conclusion] Treadmill exercise induced improvements in body weight, body fat, and biochemical indicators of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, but had no effect on autophagy in soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Keun Cho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Choi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Cho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li H, Liu S, Yuan H, Niu Y, Fu L. Sestrin 2 induces autophagy and attenuates insulin resistance by regulating AMPK signaling in C2C12 myotubes. Exp Cell Res 2017; 354:18-24. [PMID: 28300563 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle serves a critical role in the development of insulin resistance (IR), whereas the precise mechanism of the process remains unknown. Recently, the evolutionarily conserved, stress-inducible protein Sestrin2 (Sesn2) has been proposed to play a protective role against obesity-induced IR and diabetes. Activation of Sesn2 may activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) accompanied by suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may ultimately lead to autophagy induction. In view of the potential protective effects of autophagy on the physiological and the pathological regulatory processes via the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism, we investigated the effects of Sesn2 on the components of the insulin signaling pathway and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in palmitate-induced insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes. We showed that Sesn2 effectively restored the impaired insulin signaling. Moreover, autophagic activity decreased in response to palmitate, whereas Sesn2 significantly reversed the palmitate-suppressed autophagic signaling in this context. Our findings further revealed that Sesn2-induced autophagy contributed to restore the impaired insulin signaling through the activation of AMPK signal. Even in the presence of palmitate, Sesn2 up-regulation maintained insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism via AMPK-dependent autophagic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hairui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yanmei Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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12
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Møller AB, Kampmann U, Hedegaard J, Thorsen K, Nordentoft I, Vendelbo MH, Møller N, Jessen N. Altered gene expression and repressed markers of autophagy in skeletal muscle of insulin resistant patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43775. [PMID: 28252104 PMCID: PMC5333153 DOI: 10.1038/srep43775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-control study was designed to investigate the gene expression profile in skeletal muscle from severely insulin resistant patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (T2D), and to determine associated signaling pathways. Gene expression profiles were examined by whole transcriptome, strand-specific RNA-sequencing and associated signaling was determined by western blot. We identified 117 differentially expressed gene transcripts. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis related these differences to abnormal muscle morphology and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite a ~5-fold difference in plasma insulin, we did not observe any difference in phosphorylation of AKT or AS160, although other insulin-sensitive cascades, as mTOR/4EBP1, had retained their sensitivity. Autophagy-related gene (ATG14, RB1CC1/FIP200, GABARAPL1, SQSTM1/p62, and WIPI1) and protein (LC3BII, SQSTM1/p62 and ATG5) expression were decreased in skeletal muscle from the patients, and this was associated with a trend to increased phosphorylation of the insulin-sensitive regulatory transcription factor FOXO3a. These data show that gene expression is highly altered and related to mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal morphology in skeletal muscle from severely insulin resistant patients with T2D, and that this is associated with decreased expression of autophagy-related genes and proteins. We speculate that prolonged treatment with high doses of insulin may suppress autophagy thereby generating a vicious cycle maintaining insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hedegaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kasper Thorsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Vendelbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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13
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Audzeyenka I, Rogacka D, Piwkowska A, Rychlowski M, Bierla JB, Czarnowska E, Angielski S, Jankowski M. Reactive oxygen species are involved in insulin-dependent regulation of autophagy in primary rat podocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Sase K, Kitaoka Y, Munemasa Y, Kojima K, Takagi H. Axonal protection by short-term hyperglycemia with involvement of autophagy in TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:425. [PMID: 26578885 PMCID: PMC4623211 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports showed that short-term hyperglycemia protects optic nerve axons in a rat experimental hypertensive glaucoma model. In this study, we investigated whether short-term hyperglycemia prevents tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced optic nerve degeneration in rats and examined the role of autophagy in this axon change process. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated rat eyes, no significant difference in axon number between the normoglycemic (NG) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic (HG) groups was seen at 2 weeks. Substantial degenerative changes in the axons were noted 2 weeks after intravitreal injection of TNF in the NG group. However, the HG group showed significant protective effects on axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration compared with the NG group. This protective effect was significantly inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. Immunoblot analysis showed that the LC3-II level in the optic nerve was increased in the HG group compared with the NG group. Increased p62 protein levels in the optic nerve after TNF injection was observed in the NG group, and this increase was inhibited in the HG group. Electron microscopy showed that autophagosomes were increased in optic nerve axons in the HG group. Immunohistochemical study showed that LC3 was colocalized with nerve fibers in the retina and optic nerve in both the NG and HG groups. Short-term hyperglycemia protects axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. This axonal-protective effect may be associated with autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasunari Munemasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kaori Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
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15
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Ono T, Takada S, Kinugawa S, Tsutsui H. Curcumin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1052-63. [PMID: 25998196 DOI: 10.1113/ep085049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We sought to examine whether curcumin could ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that curcumin ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination without affecting protein synthesis. This favourable effect of curcumin was possibly due to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Curcumin may be beneficial for the treatment of muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Skeletal muscle atrophy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), especially in type 1 DM, which is associated with chronic inflammation. Curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric, has various biological actions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that curcumin could ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 DM. C57BL/6 J mice were injected with streptozotocin (200 mg kg(-1) i.p.; DM group) or vehicle (control group). Each group of mice was randomly subdivided into two groups of 10 mice each and fed a diet with or without curcumin (1500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) for 2 weeks. There were significant decreases in body weight, skeletal muscle weight and cellular cross-sectional area of the skeletal muscle in DM mice compared with control mice, and these changes were significantly attenuated in DM+Curcumin mice without affecting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Ubiquitination of protein was increased in skeletal muscle from DM mice and decreased in DM+Curcumin mice. Gene expressions of muscle-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 were increased in DM and inhibited in DM+Curcumin mice. Moreover, nuclear factor-κB activation, concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and oxidative stress were increased in the skeletal muscle from DM mice and inhibited in DM+Curcumin mice. Curcumin ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy in DM mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Curcumin may be beneficial for the treatment of muscle atrophy in type 1 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Unacylated ghrelin restores insulin and autophagic signaling in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2555-69. [PMID: 26228926 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle detrimentally affects insulin-stimulated disposal of glucose. Restoration of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle is important as muscle is one of the major sites for disposal of blood glucose. Recently, unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) has received attention in diabetic research due to its favorable actions on improving glucose tolerance, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. The investigation of UnAG has entered phase Ib clinical trial in type 2 diabetes and phase II clinical trial in hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the anti-diabetic actions of UnAG remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of UnAG on restoring the impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of db/db diabetic mice. Our results demonstrated that UnAG effectively restored the impaired insulin signaling in diabetic muscle. UnAG decreased insulin receptor substrate (IRS) phosphorylation, increased protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, and, hence, suppressed mTOR signaling. Consequently, UnAG enhanced Glut4 localization and increased PDH activity in the diabetic skeletal muscle. Intriguingly, our data indicated that UnAG normalized the suppressed autophagic signaling in diabetic muscle. In conclusion, our findings illustrated that UnAG restored the impaired insulin and autophagic signaling in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice, which are valuable to understand the underlying mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of UnAG at peripheral skeletal muscle level.
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17
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Zou H, Zhuo L, Han T, Hu D, Yang X, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Gu J, Bian J, Liu X, Liu Z. Autophagy and gap junctional intercellular communication inhibition are involved in cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:713-9. [PMID: 25778869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is known to induce hepatotoxicity, yet the underlying mechanism of how this occurs is not fully understood. In this study, Cd-induced apoptosis was demonstrated in rat liver cells (BRL 3A) with apoptotic nuclear morphological changes and a decrease in cell index (CI) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and autophagy in Cd-induced apoptosis was investigated. Cd significantly induced GJIC inhibition as well as downregulation of connexin 43 (Cx43). The prototypical gap junction blocker carbenoxolone disodium (CBX) exacerbated the Cd-induced decrease in CI. Cd treatment was also found to cause autophagy, with an increase in mRNA expression of autophagy-related genes Atg-5, Atg-7, Beclin-1, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) conversion from cytosolic LC3-I to membrane-bound LC3-II. The autophagic inducer rapamycin (RAP) prevented the Cd-induced CI decrease, while the autophagic inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) caused a further reduction in CI. In addition, CBX promoted Cd-induced autophagy, as well as changes in expression of Atg-5, Atg-7, Beclin-1 and LC3. CQ was found to block the Cd-induced decrease in Cx43 and GJIC inhibition, whereas RAP had opposite effect. These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a protective role during Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A cells during 6 h of experiment, while autophagy exacerbates Cd-induced GJIC inhibition which has a negative effect on cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Liling Zhuo
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, 277160, PR China
| | - Tao Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaokang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
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18
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Osman AAM, Dahlin LB, Thomsen NOB, Mohseni S. Autophagy in the posterior interosseous nerve of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an ultrastructural study. Diabetologia 2015; 58:625-32. [PMID: 25523623 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We addressed the question of whether the autophagy pathway occurs in human peripheral nerves and whether this pathway is associated with peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. METHODS By using electron microscopy, we evaluated the presence of autophagy-related structures and neuropathy in the posterior interosseous nerve of patients who had undergone carpal tunnel release and had type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in patients with no diabetes (controls). RESULTS Autophagy-related ultrastructures were observed in the samples taken from all patients of the three groups. The number of autophagy-associated structures was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the nerves of patients with type 1 than type 2 diabetes. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of fascicle area, diameter of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres, the density of myelinated and unmyelinated fibres and the g-ratio of myelinated fibres were performed. We found degeneration and regeneration of a few myelinated axons in controls, and a well-developed neuropathy with the loss of large myelinated axons and the presence of many small ones in patients with diabetes. The pathology in type 1 diabetes was more extensive than in type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results of this study show that the human peripheral nerves have access to the autophagy machinery, and this pathway may be regulated differently in type 1 and type 2 diabetes; insulin, presence of extensive neuropathy, and/or other factors such as duration of diabetes and HbA1c level may underlie this differential regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A M Osman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
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