1
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Lam WY, Mackereth RW, Mitchell CPJ. Mercury concentrations and export from small central Canadian boreal forest catchments before, during, and after forest harvest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168691. [PMID: 37996028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Northern boreal forests are a strong sink for mercury (Hg), a global contaminant of significant concern to wildlife and human health. Mercury stored in forest soils can be mobilized via runoff and erosion, and under suitable conditions can be methylated to its much more bioaccumulative form, methylmercury. Forest harvesting can affect the mobilization and methylation of Hg, though the direction and magnitude of the impact is unclear or conflicting across previous studies. This study examined 5 harvested and 2 reference watersheds in northwestern Ontario, Canada, before, during, and after harvest to quantify changes in stream total and methylmercury concentration and loads and identified potential landscape and management factors that contribute to differences in stream response. In watersheds where streams were buffered by natural vegetation (≥30 m), no significant changes in total Hg or methylmercury concentrations or loads were observed. Significant increases in methylmercury concentrations and loads were observed downstream of a stream crossing in a watershed where the relatively small stream was unmapped and therefore only buffered by a 3 m machine exclusion zone. These results show that when current best management practices that minimize soil and water disturbance are followed, harvest can have a minimal impact on total and methylmercury loads, even in extensively harvested watersheds. However, there is a need for improved mapping of small streams to ensure best management practices are applied adequately across the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Lam
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R W Mackereth
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - C P J Mitchell
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Luo Y, Gessler A, D'Odorico P, Hufkens K, Stocker BD. Quantifying effects of cold acclimation and delayed springtime photosynthesis resumption in northern ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:984-1002. [PMID: 37583086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Land carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal ecosystems are sensitive to environmental change. Accurately simulating gross primary productivity (GPP) and its seasonality is key for reliable carbon cycle projections. However, significant biases have been found in early spring GPP simulations of northern forests, where observations often suggest a later resumption of photosynthetic activity than predicted by models. Here, we used eddy covariance-based GPP estimates from 39 forest sites that differ by their climate and dominant plant functional types. We used a mechanistic and an empirical light use efficiency (LUE) model to investigate the magnitude and environmental controls of delayed springtime photosynthesis resumption (DSPR) across sites. We found DSPR reduced ecosystem LUE by 30-70% at many, but not all site-years during spring. A significant depression of LUE was found not only in coniferous but also at deciduous forests and was related to combined high radiation and low minimum temperatures. By embedding cold-acclimation effects on LUE that considers the delayed effects of minimum temperatures, initial model bias in simulated springtime GPP was effectively resolved. This provides an approach to improve GPP estimates by considering physiological acclimation and enables more reliable simulations of photosynthesis in northern forests and projections in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Luo
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Petra D'Odorico
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Koen Hufkens
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8902, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Futter MN, Dirnböck T, Forsius M, Bäck JK, Cools N, Diaz-Pines E, Dick J, Gaube V, Gillespie LM, Högbom L, Laudon H, Mirtl M, Nikolaidis N, Poppe Terán C, Skiba U, Vereecken H, Villwock H, Weldon J, Wohner C, Alam SA. Leveraging research infrastructure co-location to evaluate constraints on terrestrial carbon cycling in northern European forests. AMBIO 2023; 52:1819-1831. [PMID: 37725249 PMCID: PMC10562320 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrated long-term, in-situ observations are needed to document ongoing environmental change, to "ground-truth" remote sensing and model outputs and to predict future Earth system behaviour. The scientific and societal value of in-situ observations increases with site representativeness, temporal duration, number of parameters measured and comparability within and across sites. Research Infrastructures (RIs) can support harmonised, cross-site data collection, curation and publication. Integrating RI networks through site co-location and standardised observation methods can help answers three questions about the terrestrial carbon sink: (i) What are present and future carbon sequestration rates in northern European forests? (ii) How are these rates controlled? (iii) Why do the observed patterns exist? Here, we present a conceptual model for RI co-location and highlight potential insights into the terrestrial carbon sink achievable when long-term in-situ Earth observation sites participate in multiple RI networks (e.g., ICOS and eLTER). Finally, we offer recommendations to promote RI co-location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn N. Futter
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Eugenio Diaz-Pines
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Dick
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lauren M. Gillespie
- Institute of Soil Research (IBF), Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Högbom
- Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ute Skiba
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB UK
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agropshere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich Gmbh, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Villwock
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James Weldon
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Syed Ashraful Alam
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Balivada S, Grant G, Zhang X, Ghosh M, Guha S, Matamala R. A Wireless Underground Sensor Network Field Pilot for Agriculture and Ecology: Soil Moisture Mapping Using Signal Attenuation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3913. [PMID: 35632322 PMCID: PMC9145698 DOI: 10.3390/s22103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) that collect geospatial in situ sensor data are a backbone of internet-of-things (IoT) applications for agriculture and terrestrial ecology. In this paper, we first show how WUSNs can operate reliably under field conditions year-round and at the same time be used for determining and mapping soil conditions from the buried sensor nodes. We demonstrate the design and deployment of a 23-node WUSN installed at an agricultural field site that covers an area with a 530 m radius. The WUSN has continuously operated since September 2019, enabling real-time monitoring of soil volumetric water content (VWC), soil temperature (ST), and soil electrical conductivity. Secondly, we present data collected over a nine-month period across three seasons. We evaluate the performance of a deep learning algorithm in predicting soil VWC using various combinations of the received signal strength (RSSI) from each buried wireless node, above-ground pathloss, the distance between wireless node and receive antenna (D), ST, air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and precipitation as input parameters to the model. The AT, RH, and precipitation were obtained from a nearby weather station. We find that a model with RSSI, D, AT, ST, and RH as inputs was able to predict soil VWC with an R2 of 0.82 for test datasets, with a Root Mean Square Error of ±0.012 (m3/m3). Hence, a combination of deep learning and other easily available soil and climatic parameters can be a viable candidate for replacing expensive soil VWC sensors in WUSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Balivada
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.B.); (G.G.); (M.G.); (S.G.)
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
| | - Gregory Grant
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.B.); (G.G.); (M.G.); (S.G.)
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- The Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monisha Ghosh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.B.); (G.G.); (M.G.); (S.G.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.B.); (G.G.); (M.G.); (S.G.)
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
| | - Roser Matamala
- The Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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5
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Barros N, Rodríguez-Añon JA, Proupín J, Pérez-Cruzado C. The effect of extreme temperatures on soil organic matter decomposition from Atlantic oak forest ecosystems. iScience 2021; 24:103527. [PMID: 34917901 PMCID: PMC8668988 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work designs a heatwave with a calorimeter to analyze the response of soils from oak forest ecosystems to increasing temperature from 20°C to 60°C and to cooling from 60°C to 20°C. Calorimetry measures the heat rate of the soil organic matter decomposition and the response to increasing and decreasing temperatures directly. It was applied to soil samples representing different soil horizons with organic matter at different degree of decomposition given by their heat of combustion, calculated by differential scanning calorimetry. Results showed temperature-dependent decomposition rates from 20°C to 40°C or 50°C typical for enzymatic activity. From 40°C to 60°C, changes in the rates are less predictable. Data analysis during cooling showed that all samples suffered losses of their enzymatic capacity and that only those with the heat of combustion values close to that of carbohydrates resisted the heat wave. SOM from different soil horizons is subjected to an extreme calorimetric heat wave Soil samples are from Atlantic oak forests LF soil horizon resists the heat wave Mineral soil samples do not resist the heat wave
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Barros
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Proupín
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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6
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Landau CA, Hager AG, Tranel PJ, Davis AS, Martin NF, Williams MM. Future efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides in corn (Zea mays) is threatened by more variable weather. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2683-2689. [PMID: 33512060 PMCID: PMC8248441 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 2050, weather is expected to become more variable with a shift towards higher temperatures and more erratic rainfall throughout the U.S. Corn Belt. The effects of this predicted weather change on pre-emergence (PRE) herbicide efficacy have been inadequately explored. Using an extensive database, spanning 252 unique weather environments, the efficacy of atrazine, acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and mesotrione, applied PRE alone and in combinations, was modeled on common weed species in corn (Zea mays L.). RESULTS Adequate rainfall to dissolve the herbicide into soil water solution so that it could be absorbed by developing weed seedlings within the first 15 days after PRE application was essential for effective weed control. Across three annual weed species, the probability of effective control increased as rainfall increased and was maximized when rainfall was 10 cm or more. When rainfall was less than 10 cm, increasing soil temperatures had either a positive or negative effect on the probability of effective control, depending on the herbicide(s) and weed species. Herbicide combinations required less rainfall to maximize the probability of effective control and had higher odds of successfully controlling weeds compared with the herbicides applied individually. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study highlight the importance of rainfall following PRE herbicide application. As rainfall becomes more variable in future, the efficacy of common PRE herbicides will likely decline. However, utilizing combinations of PRE herbicides along with additional cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods will create a more sustainable integrated weed management system and help U.S. corn production adapt to more extreme weather. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron G Hager
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | | | - Adam S Davis
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
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7
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Ogunjo ST, Fuwape I, Babatunde Rabiu A, Oluyamo SS. Multifractal analysis of air and soil temperatures. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:033110. [PMID: 33810740 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air and soil temperatures are important agrometeorological variables with several applications. Understanding the complex behavior of air and soil temperatures, as well as their interaction, will help in agricultural planning. Multifractal detrended fluctuation and multifractal cross-correlation analysis of air and soil temperatures were carried out in three locations (Akure, Abuja, and Bauchi) within a tropical country, Nigeria. Monthly and annual air and soil temperatures measured at 5 min intervals for a period of 1 year were obtained and analyzed for multifractality. There is evidence of seasonal dependence in the multifractal behavior of monthly soil temperature. Monthly temperatures (air and soil) were found to have higher degrees of multifractality than annual temperatures. Furthermore, latitudinal dependence was observed in the multifractal behavior of air and soil temperatures. The cross-correlation between air and soil temperatures also shows multifractality with persistence at the monthly scale and anti-persistence at the annual scale. This work has shed light on the complex relationship between air and soil temperatures, and the results will be useful in modeling the two variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Toluwalope Ogunjo
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ibiyinka Fuwape
- Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Ughelli 333105, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - A Babatunde Rabiu
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, National Space Research and Development Agency, Anyigba, Kogi State 272101, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Samuel Oluyamo
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria
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8
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El Masri B, Schwalm C, Huntzinger DN, Mao J, Shi X, Peng C, Fisher JB, Jain AK, Tian H, Poulter B, Michalak AM. Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Terrestrial Ecosystem Models under Changing Climate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14680. [PMID: 31604972 PMCID: PMC6789101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems carbon and water cycles are tightly coupled through photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. The ratios of carbon stored to carbon uptake and water loss to carbon gain are key ecophysiological indicators essential to assess the magnitude and response of the terrestrial plant to the changing climate. Here, we use estimates from 10 terrestrial ecosystem models to quantify the impacts of climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and nitrogen (N) deposition on water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon use efficiency (CUE). We find that across models, WUE increases over the 20th Century particularly due to CO2 fertilization and N deposition and compares favorably to experimental studies. Also, the results show a decrease in WUE with climate for the last 3 decades, in contrasts with up-scaled flux observations that demonstrate a constant WUE. Modeled WUE responds minimally to climate with modeled CUE exhibiting no clear trend across space and time. The divergence between simulated and observationally-constrained WUE and CUE is driven by modeled NPP and autotrophic respiration, nitrogen cycle, carbon allocation, and soil moisture dynamics in current ecosystem models. We suggest that carbon-modeling community needs to reexamine stomatal conductance schemes and the soil-vegetation interactions for more robust modeling of carbon and water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil El Masri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.
| | - Christopher Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Deborah N Huntzinger
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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9
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Jones LM, Eves-van den Akker S, van-Oosten Hawle P, Atkinson HJ, Urwin PE. Duplication of hsp-110 Is Implicated in Differential Success of Globodera Species under Climate Change. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2401-2413. [PMID: 29955862 PMCID: PMC6188557 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the emergence and spread of crop pests and pathogens is essential for global food security. Understanding how organisms have adapted to their native climate is key to predicting the impact of climate change. The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are economically important plant pathogens that cause yield losses of up to 50% in potato. The two species have different thermal optima that may relate to differences in the altitude of their regions of origin in the Andes. Here, we demonstrate that juveniles of G. pallida are less able to recover from heat stress than those of G. rostochiensis. Genome-wide analysis revealed that while both Globodera species respond to heat stress by induction of various protective heat-inducible genes, G. pallida experiences heat stress at lower temperatures. We use C. elegans as a model to demonstrate the dependence of the heat stress response on expression of Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF-1). Moreover, we show that hsp-110 is induced by heat stress in G. rostochiensis, but not in the less thermotolerant G. pallida. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene and its promoter was duplicated in G. rostochiensis and acquired thermoregulatory properties. We show that hsp-110 is required for recovery from acute thermal stress in both C. elegans and in G. rostochiensis. Our findings point towards an underlying molecular mechanism that allows the differential expansion of one species relative to another closely related species under current climate change scenarios. Similar mechanisms may be true of other invertebrate species with pest status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jones
- Center for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Patricija van-Oosten Hawle
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Howard J Atkinson
- Center for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter E Urwin
- Center for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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10
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The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland. CLIMATE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cli7050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reliable high spatial resolution information on the variation of extreme wind speeds under frozen and unfrozen soil conditions can enhance wind damage risk management in forestry. In this study, we aimed to produce spatially detailed estimates for the 10-year return level of maximum wind speeds for frozen (>20 cm frost depth) and unfrozen soil conditions for dense Norway spruce stands on clay or silt soil, Scots pine stands on sandy soil and Scots pine stands on drained peatland throughout Finland. For this purpose, the coarse resolution estimates of the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds based on 1979–2014 ERA-Interim reanalysis were downscaled to 20 m grid by using the wind multiplier approach, taking into account the effect of topography and surface roughness. The soil frost depth was estimated using a soil frost model. Results showed that due to a large variability in the timing of annual maximum wind speed, differences in the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds between the frozen and unfrozen soil seasons are generally rather small. Larger differences in this study are mostly found in peatlands, where soil frost seasons are notably shorter than in mineral soils. Also, the high resolution of wind multiplier downscaling and consideration of wind direction revealed some larger local scale differences around topographic features like hills and ridgelines.
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11
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Buma B, Batllori E, Bisbing S, Holz A, Saunders SC, Bidlack AL, Creutzburg MK, DellaSala DA, Gregovich D, Hennon P, Krapek J, Moritz MA, Zaret K. Emergent freeze and fire disturbance dynamics in temperate rainforests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Buma
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Colorado, Denver; 1151 Arapahoe St. Denver Colorado 80204 USA
| | - Enric Batllori
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallòs Spain
| | - Sarah Bisbing
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science; University of Nevada - Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Andres Holz
- Department of Geography; Portland State University; Portland Oregon USA
| | - Sari C. Saunders
- Coast Area Research; BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development; Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - Allison L. Bidlack
- Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center; University of Alaska Southeast; Juneau Alaska USA
| | - Megan K. Creutzburg
- Institute for Natural Resources; Oregon State University; Portland Oregon USA
| | | | - Dave Gregovich
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game; Wildlife Conservation Division; Douglas Alaska USA
| | - Paul Hennon
- USDA Forest Service; PNW Research Station; Juneau Alaska USA
| | | | - Max A. Moritz
- Agriculture and Natural Resources Division; University of California Cooperative Extension; Santa Barbara California USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Kyla Zaret
- Department of Geography; Portland State University; Portland Oregon USA
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12
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Halim MA, Thomas SC. A proxy-year analysis shows reduced soil temperatures with climate warming in boreal forest. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16859. [PMID: 30443005 PMCID: PMC6237965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists unequivocally agree that winter air temperature (TA) in northern high latitudes will increase sharply with anthropogenic climate change, and that such increases are already pervasive. However, contrasting hypotheses and results exist regarding the magnitude and even direction of changes in winter soil temperature (TS). Here we use field and satellite data to examine the 'cold soil in a warm world' hypothesis for the first time in the boreal forest using a proxy year approach. In a proxy warm year with a mean annual temperature similar to that predicted for ~2080, average winter TS was reduced relative to the baseline year by 0.43 to 1.22 °C in open to forested sites. Similarly, average minimum and maximum winter TS declined, and the number of freeze-thaw events increased in the proxy warm year, corresponding to a reduction in the number of snow-covered days relative to the baseline year. Our findings indicate that early soil freezing as a result of delayed snowfall and reduced snow insulation from cold winter air are the main drivers of reduced winter active-layer TS (at ~2-cm depth) under warming conditions in boreal forest, and we also show that these drivers interact strongly with forest stand structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Halim
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada.
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Forestry and Environmental Science, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Sean C Thomas
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada
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Ferrari A, Hagedorn F, Niklaus PA. Disentangling effects of air and soil temperature on C allocation in cold environments: A 14C pulse-labelling study with two plant species. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7778-7789. [PMID: 30250662 PMCID: PMC6144959 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon cycling responses of ecosystems to global warming will likely be stronger in cold ecosystems where many processes are temperature-limited. Predicting these effects is difficult because air and soil temperatures will not change in concert, and will affect above and belowground processes differently. We disentangled above and belowground temperature effects on plant C allocation and deposition of plant C in soils by independently manipulating air and soil temperatures in microcosms planted with either Leucanthemopsis alpina or Pinus mugo seedlings. Daily average temperatures of 4 or 9°C were applied to shoots and independently to roots, and plants pulse-labelled with 14 CO 2. We traced soil CO 2 and 14 CO 2 evolution for 4 days, after which microcosms were destructively harvested and 14C quantified in plant and soil fractions. In microcosms with L. alpina, net 14C uptake was higher at 9°C than at 4°C soil temperature, and this difference was independent of air temperature. In warmer soils, more C was allocated to roots at greater soil depth, with no effect of air temperature. In P. mugo microcosms, assimilate partitioning to roots increased with air temperature, but only when soils were at 9°C. Higher soil temperatures also increased the mean soil depth at which 14C was allocated. Our findings highlight the dependence of C uptake, use, and partitioning on both air and soil temperature, with the latter being relatively more important. The strong temperature-sensitivity of C assimilate use in the roots and rhizosphere supports the hypothesis that cold limitation on C uptake is primarily mediated by reduced sink strength in the roots. We conclude that variations in soil rather than air temperature are going to drive plant responses to warming in cold environments, with potentially large changes in C cycling due to enhanced transfer of plant-derived C to soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Ferrari
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Department of Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Pascal Alex Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- University of Zurich Research Priority Program Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Terhonen E, Kovalchuk A, Zarsav A, Asiegbu FO. Biocontrol Potential of Forest Tree Endophytes. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Shine R, Wapstra E, Olsson M. Seasonal shifts along the oviparity–viviparity continuum in a cold‐climate lizard population. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:4-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - E. Wapstra
- School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - M. Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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16
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Sphingolipid accumulation causes mitochondrial dysregulation and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:2044-2053. [PMID: 28800132 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structural components of cell membranes that have signaling roles to regulate many activities, including mitochondrial function and cell death. Sphingolipid metabolism is integrated with numerous metabolic networks, and dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism is associated with disease. Here, we describe a monogenic yeast model for sphingolipid accumulation. A csg2Δ mutant cannot readily metabolize and accumulates the complex sphingolipid inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC). In these cells, aberrant activation of Ras GTPase is IPC-dependent, and accompanied by increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial mass. Survival or death of csg2Δ cells depends on nutritional status. Abnormal Ras activation in csg2Δ cells is associated with impaired Snf1/AMPK protein kinase, a key regulator of energy homeostasis. csg2Δ cells are rescued from ROS production and death by overexpression of mitochondrial catalase Cta1, abrogation of Ras hyperactivity or genetic activation of Snf1/AMPK. These results suggest that sphingolipid dysregulation compromises metabolic integrity via Ras and Snf1/AMPK pathways.
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17
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Zhang H, Wang E, Zhou D, Luo Z, Zhang Z. Rising soil temperature in China and its potential ecological impact. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35530. [PMID: 27765953 PMCID: PMC5073247 DOI: 10.1038/srep35530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming influences a series of ecological processes and ecosystems' stability. Although comprehensive studies have been done to investigate responses of various ecosystem processes to rising air temperatures, less is known about changes in soil temperatures and their impact on below-ground processes, particularly in deep layers. Herein, we used 50 y of temperature data (1962-2011) from 360 sites in China to assess spatio-temporal changes in soil temperatures from the surface to a depth of 3.20 m. We determined, apparently for the first time, that soil surface temperature increased 31% more than air temperature, potentially leading to more carbon release to the atmosphere than predicted. Annual mean surface temperature increased by 2.07-4.04 and 0.66-2.21 °C in northern and southern China, respectively, with the greatest in winter. Warming occurred as deep as 3.20 m. The soil temperature rise was predicted to have increased soil respiration by up to 28%, reinforcing climate warming and extending the potential growing season by up to 20 d across China. However, use of only air temperature to estimate soil temperature changes would underestimate those impacts. In conclusion, these results highlighted the importance of soil warming and of using soil temperature to assess and predict soil processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.,CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Enli Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daowei Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Zhongkui Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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18
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Ivanov YV, Kartashov AV, Ivanova AI, Savochkin YV, Kuznetsov VV. Effects of copper deficiency and copper toxicity on organogenesis and some physiological and biochemical responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in hydroculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17332-17344. [PMID: 27225009 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of 6-week-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied under deficiency (1.2 nM) and chronic exposure to copper (0.32, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM CuSO4) in hydroculture. The deposit of copper in the seed allowed the seedlings to develop under copper deficiency without visible disruption of growth. The high sensitivity of Scots pine to the toxic effects of copper was shown, which manifested as a significant inhibition of growth and development. The loss of dominance of the main root and a strong inhibition of lateral root development pointed to a lack of adaptive reorganization of the root system architecture under copper excess. A preferential accumulation of copper in the root and a minor translocation in aerial organs confirmed that Scots pine belongs to a group of plants that exclude copper. Selective impairment in the absorption of manganese was discovered, under both deficiency and excess of copper in the nutrient solution, which was independent of the degree of development of the root system. Following 10 μM CuSO4 exposure, the absorption of manganese and iron from the nutrient solution was completely suppressed, and the development of seedlings was secured by the stock of these micronutrients in the seed. The absence of signs of oxidative stress in the seedling organs was shown under deficiency and excess of copper, as evidenced by the steady content of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals. Against this background, no changes in total superoxide dismutase activity in the organs of seedlings were revealed, and the increased content of low-molecular-weight antioxidants was observed in the roots under 1 μM and in the needles under 5 μM CuSO4 exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Ivanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- , Present address: ul. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Ivanova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury V Savochkin
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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19
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Gray SB, Brady SM. Plant developmental responses to climate change. Dev Biol 2016; 419:64-77. [PMID: 27521050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is multi-faceted, and includes changing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. Here, we focus on the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperature, and drought stress and their interaction on plant developmental processes in leaves, roots, and in reproductive structures. While in some cases these responses are conserved across species, such as decreased root elongation, perturbation of root growth angle and reduced seed yield in response to drought, or an increase in root biomass in shallow soil in response to elevated CO2, most responses are variable within and between species and are dependent on developmental stage. These variable responses include species-specific thresholds that arrest development of reproductive structures, reduce root growth rate and the rate of leaf initiation and expansion in response to elevated temperature. Leaf developmental responses to elevated CO2 vary by cell type and by species. Variability also exists between C3 and C4 species in response to elevated CO2, especially in terms of growth and seed yield stimulation. At the molecular level, significantly less is understood regarding conservation and variability in molecular mechanisms underlying these traits. Abscisic acid-mediated changes in cell wall expansion likely underlie reductions in growth rate in response to drought, and changes in known regulators of flowering time likely underlie altered reproductive transitions in response to elevated temperature and CO2. Genes that underlie most other organ or tissue-level responses have largely only been identified in a single species in response to a single stress and their level of conservation is unknown. We conclude that there is a need for further research regarding the molecular mechanisms of plant developmental responses to climate change factors in general, and that this lack of data is particularly prevalent in the case of interactive effects of multiple climate change factors. As future growing conditions will likely expose plants to multiple climate change factors simultaneously, with a sum negative influence on global agriculture, further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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20
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Ivanov YV, Kartashov AV, Ivanova AI, Savochkin YV, Kuznetsov VV. Effects of zinc on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in hydroculture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 102:1-9. [PMID: 26897114 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The 6-week-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) showed high sensitivity to chronic exposure to zinc in hydroculture, which manifested in a significant inhibition of growth. Changes in the architecture of the root system and the suppression of its growth were shown to be the most striking effects of the toxic effect of zinc. Based on the data relating to the accumulation of zinc predominantly in the root system (by up to 35 times at 300 μM ZnSO4) and to the reduction in its translocation into the aerial organs, we concluded that P. sylvestris is related to a group of plants that exclude zinc. The seedlings developed a manganese deficiency (revealed by a reduction in Mn content in the roots and needles of up to 3.5 times at 300 μM ZnSO4) but not an iron deficiency (revealed by an increase in iron content of up to 23.7% in the roots and up to 42.3% in the needles at average). The absence of signs of oxidative stress under the effect of the zinc was detected as evidenced by the reduction in the content of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals in the seedling organs. The leading role of low molecular weight antioxidants in the prevention of oxidative stress in the seedling organs was suggested. Under the influence of zinc, a significant increase in the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of ethanol extracts of the seedling organs was found, which was caused by an increase in the total content of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Ivanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Ivanova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury V Savochkin
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Laudon H, Kuglerová L, Sponseller RA, Futter M, Nordin A, Bishop K, Lundmark T, Egnell G, Ågren AM. The role of biogeochemical hotspots, landscape heterogeneity, and hydrological connectivity for minimizing forestry effects on water quality. AMBIO 2016; 45 Suppl 2:152-62. [PMID: 26744050 PMCID: PMC4705070 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protecting water quality in forested regions is increasingly important as pressures from land-use, long-range transport of air pollutants, and climate change intensify. Maintaining forest industry without jeopardizing sustainability of surface water quality therefore requires new tools and approaches. Here, we show how forest management can be optimized by incorporating landscape sensitivity and hydrological connectivity into a framework that promotes the protection of water quality. We discuss how this approach can be operationalized into a hydromapping tool to support forestry operations that minimize water quality impacts. We specifically focus on how hydromapping can be used to support three fundamental aspects of land management planning including how to (i) locate areas where different forestry practices can be conducted with minimal water quality impact; (ii) guide the off-road driving of forestry machines to minimize soil damage; and (iii) optimize the design of riparian buffer zones. While this work has a boreal perspective, these concepts and approaches have broad-scale applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lenka Kuglerová
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Ryan A Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Martyn Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Department of Earth Science, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Egnell
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anneli M Ågren
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Adaptation of Forest Management Regimes in Southern Sweden to Increased Risks Associated with Climate Change. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Ferrari A, Hagedorn F, Niklaus PA. Experimental soil warming and cooling alters the partitioning of recent assimilates: evidence from a 14C-labelling study at the alpine treeline. Oecologia 2015; 181:25-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Kristensen T, Ohlson M, Bolstad P, Nagy Z. Spatial variability of organic layer thickness and carbon stocks in mature boreal forest stands--implications and suggestions for sampling designs. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:521. [PMID: 26205281 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate field measurements from inventories across fine spatial scales are critical to improve sampling designs and to increase the precision of forest C cycling modeling. By studying soils undisturbed from active forest management, this paper gives a unique insight in the naturally occurring variability of organic layer C and provides valuable references against which subsequent and future sampling schemes can be evaluated. We found that the organic layer C stocks displayed great short-range variability with spatial autocorrelation distances ranging from 0.86 up to 2.85 m. When spatial autocorrelations are known, we show that a minimum of 20 inventory samples separated by ∼5 m is needed to determine the organic layer C stock with a precision of ±0.5 kg C m(-2). Our data also demonstrates a strong relationship between the organic layer C stock and horizon thickness (R (2) ranging from 0.58 to 0.82). This relationship suggests that relatively inexpensive measurements of horizon thickness can supplement soil C sampling, by reducing the number of soil samples collected, or to enhance the spatial resolution of organic layer C mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Kristensen
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA,
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25
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Hedwall PO, Skoglund J, Linder S. Interactions with successional stage and nutrient status determines the life-form-specific effects of increased soil temperature on boreal forest floor vegetation. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:948-60. [PMID: 25750720 PMCID: PMC4338976 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The boreal forest is one of the largest terrestrial biomes and plays a key role for the global carbon balance and climate. The forest floor vegetation has a strong influence on the carbon and nitrogen cycles of the forests and is sensitive to changes in temperature conditions and nutrient availability. Additionally, the effects of climate warming on forest floor vegetation have been suggested to be moderated by the tree layer. Data on the effects of soil warming on forest floor vegetation from the boreal forest are, however, very scarce. We studied the effects on the forest floor vegetation in a long-term (18 years) soil warming and fertilization experiment in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden. During the first 9 years, warming favored early successional species such as grasses and forbs at the expense of dwarf shrubs and bryophytes in unfertilized stands, while the effects were smaller after fertilization. Hence, warming led to significant changes in species composition and an increase in species richness in the open canopy nutrient limited forest. After another 9 years of warming and increasing tree canopy closure, most of the initial effects had ceased, indicating an interaction between forest succession and warming. The only remaining effect of warming was on the abundance of bryophytes, which contrary to the initial phase was strongly favored by warming. We propose that the suggested moderating effects of the tree layer are specific to plant life-form and conclude that the successional phase of the forest may have a considerable impact on the effects of climate change on forest floor vegetation and its feedback effects on the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and thus on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Ola Hedwall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre PO Box 49, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Sune Linder
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre PO Box 49, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
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26
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Nakamura M, Nakaji T, Muller O, Hiura T. Different initial responses of the canopy herbivory rate in mature oak trees to experimental soil and branch warming in a soil-freezing area. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakamura
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; JP-053-0035 Tomakomai Japan
- Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; Otoineppu JP-098-2501 Nakagawa Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakaji
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; JP-053-0035 Tomakomai Japan
| | - Onno Muller
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; JP-053-0035 Tomakomai Japan
| | - Tsutom Hiura
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido Univ.; JP-053-0035 Tomakomai Japan
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