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Yesildagli B, Göktaş RK, Ayaz T, Olgun B, Dokumacı EN, Özkaleli M, Erdem A, Yurtsever M, Doğan G, Yurdakul S, Yılmaz Civan M. Phthalate ester levels in agricultural soils of greenhouses, their potential sources, the role of plastic cover material, and dietary exposure calculated from modeled concentrations in tomato. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133710. [PMID: 38364582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Soil samples collected from 50 greenhouses (GHs) cultivated with tomatoes (plastic-covered:24, glass-covered:26), 5 open-area tomato growing farmlands, and 5 non-agricultural areas were analyzed in summer and winter seasons for 13 PAEs. The total concentrations (Σ13PAEs) in the GHs ranged from 212 to 2484 ng/g, wheeas the concentrations in open-area farm soils were between 240 and 1248 ng/g. Σ13PAE in non-agricultural areas was lower (35.0 - 585 ng/g). PAE exposure through the ingestion of tomatoes cultivated in GH soils and associated risks were estimated with Monte Carlo simulations after calculating the PAE concentrations in tomatoes using a partition-limited model. DEHP was estimated to have the highest concentrations in the tomatoes grown in both types of GHs. The mean carcinogenic risk caused by DEHP for tomato grown in plastic-covered GHs, glass-covered GHs, and open-area soils were 2.4 × 10-5, 1.7 × 10-5 and 1.1 × 10-5, respectively. Based on Positive Matrix Factorization results, plastic material usage in GHs (including plastic cover material source for plastic-GHs) was found to be the highest contributing source in both types of GHs. Microplastic analysis indicated that the ropes and irrigation pipes inside the GHs are important sources of PAE pollution. Pesticide application is the second highest contributing source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Yesildagli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Tuğba Ayaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bihter Olgun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ebru Nur Dokumacı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Merve Özkaleli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ayça Erdem
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Meral Yurtsever
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Güray Doğan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mihriban Yılmaz Civan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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Feng Y, Li J, Ai Y, Cheng Y, Yang L, Han L, Chen M. Exposure risk assessment of representative phthalate acid esters and associated plastic debris under the agricultural land use in typical Chinese regions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141059. [PMID: 38163469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are frequently detected in the global environment and can cause potential health hazards. In this study, quantitative exposure risk assessment was undertaken to derive soil generic assessment criteria (GAC) for six representative PAEs under the agricultural land use in the evaluated Chinese regions, which coupled multi-media transport and human exposure models based on multiple exposure pathways including vegetables consumption, dermal absorption, ingestion of soil and dust, and the exposure from non-soil sources. It is identified that the PAEs in agricultural soil are dominated by DEHP and DnBP representing 72-96% of the total PAEs. The GAC for BBP and DEHP, calculated on the basis of region-specific exposure parameters and soil properties in various locations, are stringent, signifying greater potential health risks from exposure to them, warranting more rigorous contamination management. The proposed soil GAC for plastic debris are 100, 107, 73 and 88 mg kg-1 for Heilongjiang Province, Beijing City, Jiangsu and Guangdong Provinces respectively. Additionally, the potential risks of 1.68 × 10-6 and 7 × 10-6 are identified for BBP and DEHP in Guangdong Province as indicated by the exceedance of target risk level of 1 × 10-6, with the consumption of vegetables being the dominant contributor to the total estimated PAEs exposure. Overall, this methodology based on the coupled contaminant transport and exposure models incorporating region-specific data provides a technical framework to derive science-based soil GAC for representative PAEs for maintaining and assessing soil quality and food safety under the agricultural land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Jinghongze Environmental Technology Co Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yulu Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yikang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Mengfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Liu T, Ning L, Mei C, Li S, Zheng L, Qiao P, Wang H, Hu T, Zhong W. Synthetic bacterial consortia enhanced the degradation of mixed priority phthalate ester pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116666. [PMID: 37453507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) are hazardous chemicals listed as priority pollutants that disrupt endocrine systems. According to available reports, these six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) are considered the most polluting; however, no studies have been conducted on the efficient remediation of these PAEs. We therefore designed and constructed a synthetic bacterial consortium capable of the simultaneous and efficient degradation of six priority PAEs in minimal inorganic salt medium (MSM) and soil. The consortium comprised Glutamicibacter sp. ZJUTW, which demonstrates priority for degrading short-chain PAEs; Cupriavidus sp. LH1, which degrades phthalic acid (PA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), intermediates of the PAE biodegradation process; and Gordonia sp. GZ-YC7, which efficiently degrades long-chain priority PAEs, including DEHP and DOP. In MSM containing the six mixed PAEs (250 mg/L each), the ZJUTW + YC + LH1 consortium completely degraded the four short-chain PAEs within 48 h, and DEHP (100%) and DOP (62.5%) within 72 h. In soil containing the six mixed PAEs (DMP, DEP, BBP, and DOP, 400 mg/kg each; DBP and DEHP, 500 mg/kg, each), the ZJUTW + YC + LH1 consortium completely degraded DMP, DEP, BBP, and DBP within 6 days, and 70.84% of DEHP and 66.24% of DOP within 2 weeks. The consortium efficiently degraded the six mixed PAEs in both MSM and soil. We thus believe that this synthetic microbial consortium is a strong candidate for the bioremediation of environments contaminated with mixed PAE pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lixiao Ning
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyu Mei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianbao Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, Zhejiang, China.
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Meng J, Li W, Diao C, Li Z, Zhao J, Haider G, Zhang H, Xu J, Hu M, Shan S, Chen H. Microplastics drive microbial assembly, their interactions, and metagenomic functions in two soils with distinct pH and heavy metal availability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131973. [PMID: 37406526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as widely existing global environmental concerns in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanisms that how MPs are affecting soil microbes and their metagenomic functioning is currently uncertain. Herein, we investigated the response mechanisms of bacterial and fungal communities as well as the metagenomic functions to the addition of MPs in two soils with distinct pH and heavy metals. In this study, the acidic soil (Xintong) and the neutral soil (Huanshan) contaminated by heavy metals were incubated with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) MPs at ratios of 2.5% and 5% on 60 and 120 days. We aimed to evaluate the responding, assembly, and interactions of the metagenomic taxonomy and function. Results showed that only in the acidic soil, PVC MPs significantly increased soil pH and decreased CaCl2-extractable heavy metals, and also reduced bacterial alpha diversity and interaction networks. The relative proportions of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota in bacteria, and Mortierellomycota in fungi, were increased, but Chloroflexi and Acidobacteriota in bacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in fungi, were significantly decreased by PVC MPs. Metagenomic functions related to C cycling were repressed but the nutrient cycles were enriched with PVC MPs. In conclusion, our study suggests that the addition of PVC MPs could shift soil microbial community and metagenomic functioning, as well as increasing soil pH and reduced heavy metal availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chengmei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zhangtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Ghulam Haider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Minjun Hu
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Shengdao Shan
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-Treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Huaihai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Sun S, Wang M, Yang X, Xu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in agricultural soil of the Yellow River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53370-53380. [PMID: 36856996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 100 agricultural soil samples, collected in the Yellow River Delta, China, were analyzed for six U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority phthalate esters (PAEs), focusing on the characteristics of PAEs contamination and potential health risks. The detection frequencies of ∑6PAEs were 100%, where the concentration ranged from 1.087 to 14.391 mg·kg-1, with a mean value of 4.149 mg·kg-1. The most abundant PAEs were di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). The areas with higher contents of ∑6PAEs are distributed in the western and central parts of the Yellow River Delta region and around Laizhou Bay. PAEs in the Yellow River Delta agricultural soil were attributed to pollutant emissions from petrochemical industries, plasticizers or additives, fertilizers, and pesticides. The non-carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAEs in agricultural soils is relatively low, but the non-carcinogenic risk is higher in children than in adults, and children are a sensitive group. Under the dietary route, both DEHP and ∑2PAEs (BBP, and DEHP) pose some degree of carcinogenic risk to both local adults and children. Efforts must be made to enhance the prevention and control of PAEs contamination of agricultural soils in the Yellow River Delta region to reduce the potential risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengchao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- College of Economics and Management, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Stojić N, Pezo L, Lončar B, Pucarević M, Filipović V, Prokić D, Ćurčić L, Štrbac S. Prediction of the Impact of Land Use and Soil Type on Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Phthalates in Soil Based on Model Simulation. TOXICS 2023; 11:269. [PMID: 36977034 PMCID: PMC10057983 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to determine the possibility of predicting the impact of land use and soil type on concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) and phthalates (PAEs) in soil based on an artificial neural network model (ANN). Qualitative analysis of HMs was performed with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) and Direct Mercury Analyzer. Determination of PAEs was performed with gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS). An ANN, based on the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) iterative algorithm, for the prediction of HM and PAE concentrations, based on land use and soil type parameters, showed good prediction capabilities (the coefficient of determination (r2) values during the training cycle for HM concentration variables were 0.895, 0.927, 0.885, 0.813, 0.883, 0.917, 0.931, and 0.883, respectively, and for PAEs, the concentration variables were 0.950, 0.974, 0.958, 0.974, and 0.943, respectively). The results of this study indicate that HM and PAE concentrations, based on land use and soil type, can be predicted using ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Stojić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (N.S.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Biljana Lončar
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.L.); (V.F.)
| | - Mira Pucarević
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (N.S.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Vladimir Filipović
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.L.); (V.F.)
| | - Dunja Prokić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (N.S.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Ljiljana Ćurčić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (N.S.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Snežana Štrbac
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Maddela NR, Ramakrishnan B, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Chemicals/materials of emerging concern in farmlands: sources, crop uptake and potential human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2217-2236. [PMID: 36444949 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals/materials that are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been widely detected in water bodies and terrestrial systems worldwide while other CECs occur at undetectable concentrations. The primary sources of CECs in farmlands are agricultural inputs, such as wastewater, biosolids, sewage sludge, and agricultural mulching films. The percent increase in cropland area during 1950-2016 was 30 and the rise in land use for food crops during 1960-2018 was 100-500%, implying that there could be a significant CEC burden in farmlands in the future. In fact, the alarming concentrations (μg kg-1) of certain CECs such as PBDEs, PAEs, and PFOS that occur in farmlands are 383, 35 400 and 483, respectively. Also, metal nanoparticles are reported even at the mg kg-1 level. Chronic root accumulation followed by translocation of CECs into plants results in their detectable concentrations in the final plant produce. Thus, there is a continuous flow of CECs from farmlands to agricultural produce, causing a serious threat to the terrestrial food chain. Consequently, CECs find their way to the human body directly through CEC-laden plant produce or indirectly via the meat of grazing animals. Thus, human health could be at the most critical risk since several CECs have been shown to cause cancers, disruption of endocrine and cognitive systems, maternal-foetal transfer, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Overall, this comprehensive review provides updated information on contamination of chemicals/materials of concern in farmlands globally, sources for their entry, uptake by crop plants, and their likely impact on the terrestrial food chain and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | | | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Procesos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Av. Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Huang B, Chen Z, Zhong M, Lu Q, Fan Y, Liu X, Ji Q. Phthalate pollution and migration in soil-air-vegetable systems in typical plastic agricultural greenhouses in northwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151101. [PMID: 34688734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate pollution in plastic greenhouses (PGs) has aroused concerns. However, mechanisms and factors of vegetables planted in PGs (VPGs) accumulating phthalates from soil and air are unclear. To fill the gap, 19 PGs in Shaanxi, the largest vegetable production province in northwestern China, were selected to probe this issue. 35 soil samples, 48 air samples, and 26 VPG samples were collected in winter and summer. Medians of sum of 7 phthalate concentrations (∑7 PAEs) in PG soil, air, and VPGs were 73.9 μg kg-1, 5300 ng m-3, and 1053 μg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. ∑7 PAE concentrations in PG environmental media in winter were higher than summer, with the significant difference in VPGs. Sum concentrations of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) accounted for 76.8% and 82.3% of the ∑7 PAEs in soil and VPGs. DnBP and DEHP concentrations in VPGs were significantly correlated to those in air and soil, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.89 and 0.96 to air and 0.68 and 0.59 to soil. Log-transformed soil-air partition coefficient (log KSA) and fugacity fraction (log ff) of DnBP decreased while log KSA and log ff of DEHP increased from winter to summer, though DnBP in soil volatilized to air while DEHP in air sank to soil within the year. These issues were caused by air temperature changes and the application of plastic films. Furthermore, DnBP concentrations in VPGs were positively correlated to KSA values of DnBP (R = 0.87) while those of DEHP were negative (R = -0.82). Therefore, VPGs could uptake more phthalates from air than from soil, especially for edible parts of leafy and solanaceous VPGs. Applying phthalates free agricultural films and precision management such as adjusting air temperature in PGs could be considered to ensure VPG safeties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhikun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, China; School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ya'nan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qingsong Ji
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Wittig M, Biller J, Nitsopoulos A, Friedle A. De novo formation of phthalimide from ubiquitous phthalic acid derivatives during the drying process of tea (Camellia sinensis) and selected herbal infusions. Food Chem 2021; 374:131544. [PMID: 34915368 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that under some circumstances phthalimide, a known degradation product of the fungicide folpet, can be formed as an artifact during gas chromatographic analysis. This fact explains one phthalimide source, but does not explain a great number of positive findings in the group of dried plant commodities obtained with an artifact-free analysis. Therefore, in the framework of this study, herbal and tea plants were grown in a glasshouse under the best possible protection against external environmental influences and ensuring the exclusion of the use of folpet. It was demonstrated that relevant amounts of phthalimide are formed during the drying process as part of the routine production of tea and herbals and in the absence of folpet. In this context, the presence of the widespread environmental chemical phthalic anhydride and its impact was investigated. We conclude that phthalimide is no reliable indicator for the active use of folpet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wittig
- Tea & Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE), Sonninstraße 28, 20097 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Biller
- Tea & Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE), Sonninstraße 28, 20097 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Albrecht Friedle
- Labor Friedle GmbH, Von-Heyden-Straße 11, 93105 Tegernheim, Germany.
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10
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Liu B, Jiang T, Li Z, Ge W, Wu J, Song N, Chai C. Phthalate esters in surface sediments from fishing ports in Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112782. [PMID: 34358790 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, distribution, and possible sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface sediments from fishing ports in the Circum-Bohai-Sea region were investigated. The potential ecological risks of PAEs on three sensitive aquatic organisms (algae, crustacean, and fish) were assessed based on the risk quotient. The concentrations of 16 PAEs were in the range of 8.53-86.13 μg/g. Six PAEs, which were considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were main congeners. Fishing ports with high PAE concentration were located near the eastern area of the Shandong Peninsula, the southern area of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the estuary of the Yellow River. Wastewater, atmospheric deposition, plastic, and rubber products were possible sources of PAEs. The PAEs showed medium to high ecological risks on the three aquatic organisms, and the ecological risks were attributed to four PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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11
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Li Y, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang S. Occurrence, health risks and soil-air exchange of phthalate acid esters: A case study in plastic film greenhouses of Chongqing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128821. [PMID: 33189390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The residue of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in plastic film greenhouses had become a global concern environmental pollution problem. However, few studies have focused on the occurrence and fate of PAEs in the soil-air interface of the greenhouses. In this study, the occurrence, health risks, and soil-air exchange of PAEs from ten soil samples and four air samples of different greenhouses were investigated by a case study. The concentrations of total PAEs and individual PAEs congeners between two seasons were significantly different in the greenhouse soil and atmosphere. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1.04 mg kg-1) and diisobutyl phthalate (0.16 mg kg-1) were the predominant PAE congeners of soil in spring and autumn, respectively. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the major PAE congeners in the greenhouse atmosphere both of spring (0.03 μg m-3) and autumn (1.32 μg m-3). Health risks assessment showed that the predominant exposure route for adults was dietary intake, and the total carcinogenic risk level of PAEs was acceptable. Besides, fugacity model analysis indicated that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate tended to deposit from air to soil with mean deposition flux of 175.1 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in autumn and 11.9 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in spring. On the contrary, diethyl phthalate escaped from soil with mean volatilization flux of 0.005 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in autumn and 0.025 kg (h⋅km2)-1 in spring. Other PAE congeners have tried to establish an equilibrium status through recycling continuously between the soil and air, and the source-sink relationships depended on their concentrations and hydrophobicity. This study showed that the distribution and movement of PAEs in the soil-air interface might be principally caused by temperature and their chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Anhui Tongyuan Environment Energy Saving Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Shan Yang
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Soil and Groundwater Green Sustainable Remediation Center, Research Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, PR China
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12
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Tao H, Wang Y, Liang H, Zhang X, Liu X, Li J. Pollution characteristics of phthalate acid esters in agricultural soil of Yinchuan, northwest China, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:4313-4326. [PMID: 31900822 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-nine agricultural surface soil samples from different types of land of Yinchuan were collected and detected for sixteen phthalate acid ester (PAE) compounds; the pollution characteristics and pollution distribution were analyzed. In addition, the potential health risk exposures to local resident of six priority control phthalates by the US EPA were assessed. All soil samples were contaminated with PAEs, the total concentrations of Σ16PAEs were between 0.391 and 11.924 mg kg-1, and the mean concentrations were 4.427 mg kg-1 in soil. Among the sixteen PAE congeners, DMP was the most abundant component, which accounted for average 44.64% of the total PAEs, then DnBP and DEHP, which accounted for the average contribution rate, were 21.25% and 23.34%, respectively, and DpHP was not detected in all soil samples. Risk assessment indicated that the risk of non-carcinogenesis in this study was within the acceptable range; however, the carcinogenic risk of DEHP through intake dietary significantly exceeded the carcinogenic level recommended by the US EPA (1 × 10-6) and therefore presented a potential carcinogenic risk. More considerable attention should be given to the PAEs contamination status in soils and potential effects on local resident health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tao
- School of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Haohua Liang
- School of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jiaoling Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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13
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Zeng LJ, Huang YH, Chen XT, Chen XH, Mo CH, Feng YX, Lü H, Xiang L, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Wong MH. Prevalent phthalates in air-soil-vegetable systems of plastic greenhouses in a subtropical city and health risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140755. [PMID: 32758841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wide use of plastic greenhouses for vegetable production increases human exposure to phthalate (PAEs) through vegetable intake. However, little information is available about distribution of PAEs in air-soil-vegetable systems of plastic greenhouses and PAE estrogenic effects. This study was designed to investigate PAE distributions and corresponding health risk in plastic greenhouses in Guangzhou, a subtropical city in South China. PAEs were prevalent in plastic greenhouses, with sum concentrations of 16 PAE compounds (∑16PAEs) up to 5.76 mg/kg in soils, 5.27 mg/kg in vegetables and 4393 ng/m3 in air. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate were predominant compounds. Average concentrations and bioconcentration factor of ∑16PAEs and the predominant PAE compounds in vegetables of greenhouses were higher than those of open fields. Plastic greenhouses exhibited significantly higher air PAE levels than those of open fields due to higher indoor temperature, which enhanced PAE accumulation by vegetables. Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs via dietary and non-dietary exposures for farmers decreased with an order of vegetable > air > soil. Consumption of vegetables from greenhouses resulted in significantly higher estrogenic effects compared to those from open field cultivation. This study emphasizes highly potential health risks of PAEs in air-soil-vegetable systems of plastic greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Wu RL, He W, Li YL, Li YY, Qin YF, Meng FQ, Wang LG, Xu FL. Residual concentrations and ecological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in the soils of tomato and cucumber greenhouses in Shouguang, Shandong Province, East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140248. [PMID: 32806369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are the most widely used insecticides in China and worldwide. Continuous use of NNIs can lead to their accumulation in soil, causing potential ecological risks due to their relatively long half-life. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the residual levels of nine neonicotinoids in greenhouse soils in Shouguang, East China, at different soil depths and with different crops (tomato and cucumber) after varying periods of cultivation. Seven neonicotinoids were detected in the soils of the tomato greenhouses and six were detected in the soils of the cucumber greenhouses, with total concentrations ranging from 0.731 to 11.383 μg kg-1 and 0.363 to 19.224 μg kg-1, respectively. In all samples, the neonicotinoid residues in the soils cultivated for 8-9 years were lower than in those cultivated for 2 years and 14-17 years. In the tomato greenhouse soils, the residual levels of NNIs were highest in the topsoil, with progressively lower concentrations found with depth. Under cucumber cultivation, the NNI residue levels were also highest in the topsoil but there was little difference between the middle and lower soil layers. Total organic carbon (TOC) decreased with soil depth while pH showed the opposite trend, showing a significant negative correlation in both types of soils (tomato soils ρ = -0.900, p = .001; cucumber soils ρ = -0.883, p = .002). Furthermore, TOC was significantly positively correlated, and pH was negatively correlated, with total NNI concentrations in both types of soils (TOC: tomato soils ρ = 0.800, p = .010; cucumber soils ρ = 0.881, p = .004; pH: tomato soils ρ = -0.850, p = .004; cucumber soils ρ = -0.643, p = .086). The results of an ecological risk analysis showed that acetamiprid represents a particularly high toxicity risk in these soils. Based on our analysis, NNI residues in the soils of tomato greenhouses and their associated ecological risks deserve more attention than those of cucumber greenhouse soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan-Qiao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Gang Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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15
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Zhang ZM, Zhang J, Zhang HH, Shi XZ, Zou YW, Yang GP. Pollution characteristics, spatial variation, and potential risks of phthalate esters in the water-sediment system of the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114913. [PMID: 32531649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variability in seawater, spatial variation in sediment, pollution characteristics, and risks related to 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent East China Sea. The total concentrations of ΣPAEs in surface water were 0.588-17.7 μg L-1 in summer, 2.63-22.9 μg L-1 in winter, and 1.93-20.7 μg L-1 in spring, with average values of 2.05, 10.2, and 4.89 μg L-1, respectively. PAE concentrations exhibited notable seasonal variations with the highest value in winter and the lowest value in summer. The seasonal variation in PAE concentrations may be influenced by runoff and diluted water from the Yangtze River. The chemical composition of PAEs showed that di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) had significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations than the other congeners and were the most abundant PAE species in sediment and seawater in all three seasons. In addition, DnBP and DiBP were the two main congeners in seawater, and DEHP concentrations were higher in sediment than in seawater. DEHP had higher potential risks to sensitive organisms in water environment than DnBP and DiBP, and DiBP and DnBP which presented high levels of risk in sedimentary environment. DMP and DEP in watery and sedimentary environments and DEHP in sedimentary environment showed no or low risks to sensitive organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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16
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Zhou B, Zhao L, Wang Y, Sun Y, Li X, Xu H, Weng L, Pan Z, Yang S, Chang X, Li Y. Spatial distribution of phthalate esters and the associated response of enzyme activities and microbial community composition in typical plastic-shed vegetable soils in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110495. [PMID: 32213368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of phthalate esters (PAEs) in plastic products has made them ubiquitous in environment. In this study, 93 soil samples were collected in 31 plastic-sheds from one of China's largest vegetable production bases, Shouguang City, Shandong Province, to investigate the pollution characteristics and composition of PAEs in soils. Eleven PAEs were detected in the soil samples with the total concentration of 756-1590 μg kg-1 dry soil. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bis (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the main pollutants with the highest concentrations. Moreover, soil properties, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC), soil enzyme activities, and soil microbial community characteristics, were monitored to explore the associated formation mechanisms. The concentration of PAEs in the plastic-shed vegetable soils was regionalized and the contamination degree in different regions was related to soil microbial characteristics and soil enzyme activities. Phthalate ester is positively correlated with catalase and sucrase, and negatively correlated with dehydrogenase and urease. Furthermore, some tolerant and sensitive bacteria were selected, which possibly could be used as potential indicators of PAE contamination in soil. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DBP also had greater effects on the soil microbial community than other PAEs. The results will provide essential data and support the control of PAEs in plastic-shed vegetable soils in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Yuebo Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Side Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xingping Chang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA /Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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17
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Li X, Liu W, Zhang C, Song P, Wang J. Fate of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Typical Greenhouse Soils of Different Cultivation Ages. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:301-306. [PMID: 31784767 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic-assisted extraction methodology coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analytical technique was used to determine concentration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in typical greenhouse soil. The results showed that the developed method has a reliable recovery rate (80.78%-112.89%) and a low detection limit (10- 4 mg/kg) which met the requirements of residue determination. The analysis of 32 soil samples revealed that except for dimethyl phthalate, the concentration of other five PAEs was detected and followed the sequence di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate > dibutyl phthalate > di-n-octyl phthalate > butylbenz phthalate > diethyl phthalate. Σ6PAEs concentrations ranged from 136.91 to 1121.74 µg/kg (mean 319.59 µg/kg). PAEs was closely correlated with soil pH and organic matter, but not with cultivation ages which indicates that the increase of cultivation age is not the main reason for the change of soil PAEs concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Peipei Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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18
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Xiang L, Zeng LJ, Du PP, Wang XD, Wu XL, Sarkar B, Lü H, Li YW, Li H, Mo CH, Wang H, Cai QY. Effects of rice straw biochar on sorption and desorption of di-n-butyl phthalate in different soil particle-size fractions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134878. [PMID: 31726350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of organic contaminants by biochar greatly affects their bioavailability and fate in soils. Nevertheless, very little information is available regarding the effects of biochar on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants in different soil particle-size fractions. In this study, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a prevalent organic contaminant in agricultural soils, was taken as a model contaminant. The effects of biochar on DBP sorption and desorption in six particle-size fractions (i.e., coarse sand, fine sand, coarse silt, fine silt, clay, and humic acid fractions) of paddy soil were investigated using batch sorption-desorption experiments. A straw-derived biochar with high specific surface area (116 m2/g) and high content of organic matter (OM) rich in aromatic carbon (67%) was prepared. Addition of this biochar (1% and 5%) significantly promoted the sorption and retention of DBP in all the paddy soil particle-size fractions at environmentally relevant DBP concentrations (2-12 mg/L) with 1.2-132-fold increase of the Kd values. With increasing addition rates of biochar, DBP retention by the biochar enhanced. The biochar's effectiveness was remarkably influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil particle-size fractions, especially, the OM contents and pore size showed the most striking effects. A parameter (rkd) reflecting the biochar's effectiveness showed negative and positive correlations with OM contents and pore size of the soil particle-size fractions, respectively. Accordingly, strong effect of the biochar was found in the soil fractions with low OM contents and high pore size. The findings of this study gave insight into the effects and influencing factors of biochar on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants in soils at scale of various particle-size factions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pei-Pei Du
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Wu
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Rodríguez-Ramos R, Socas-Rodríguez B, Santana-Mayor Á, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Nanomaterials as alternative dispersants for the multiresidue analysis of phthalates in soil samples using matrix solid phase dispersion prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124377. [PMID: 31548171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the application of different nanomaterials as dispersants in matrix solid phase dispersion has been evaluated for the extraction of fifteen phthalates from different environmental samples prior to their separation and quantification by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Within the evaluated nanomaterials, including graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate metal-organic framework, the last one showed the best results in terms of extraction capacity and sample clean-up. The effects of the different parameters affecting the sample pretreatment efficiency were exhaustively evaluated. The whole methodology was validated for agricultural soil and sand, using dibutyl phthalate-3,4,5,6-d4 as surrogate. Recovery values ranged from 70 to 120% for both matrices with RSD values lower than 20% and the limits of quantification of the method achieved were in the range 0.14-2.7 μg/kg dry weight. Finally, the analysis of soil samples from different locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was carried out finding the presence of BBP, DIBP and DBP in the range 5-52 μg/kg dry weight in agricultural soils, and DIPP, DNOP and DINP in the range 2-101 μg/kg dry weight in sand samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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20
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Effects of Phthalate Esters on Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Seedlings and the Soil Microbial Community Structure under Different Soil Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183489. [PMID: 31546793 PMCID: PMC6766064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are the most frequently utilized synthetic chemical compounds worldwide. They are typical emergent contaminants and are currently attracting considerable concern due to their risks to plants, animals, and public health. Determining the vital environmental factors that affect the toxicity of target pollutants in soil is important for vegetable production and the maintenance and control of soil productivity. We investigated the influence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) under different soil conditions on physiological changes in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) seedlings and the rhizosphere soil microbial community. Supported by our former experiments in which we determined the representative concentrations that caused the most pronounced toxic effects, three experimental concentrations were studied including control soils without PAEs and spiked soils with either 20 mg DBP or DEHP kg−1 soil. The soil at all the three PAE concentrations was then adjusted to test two soil pH values, three levels of soil organic matter (SOM) content, and three levels of soil moisture content; thus, we completed 12 treatments or conditions simulating different soil environment conditions in greenhouses. After 30 days of cultivation, we analyzed the toxicity effects of two target PAEs on plant growth and physiological factors, and on soil microbial community characteristics. The toxicity of soil DBP and DEHP to the physiology of water spinach was found to be most affected by the soil pH value, then by SOM content, and least of all by soil moisture. The results of the 454 high-throughput sequencing analysis of the soil microbial community indicated that the toxicity of target PAEs to soil microorganisms was most affected by SOM content and then by soil moisture, and no clear relationship was found with soil pH. Under different soil conditions, declines in leaf biomass, chlorophyll a content, and carotenoid content—as well as increases in free amino acid (FAA) content, superoxide anion free radical activity, and hydroxyl radical activity—occurred in response to DBP or DEHP. Heavy use of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and high humidity led to the special environmental conditions of greenhouse soil, constituting the main conditions considered in this study. The results indicate that under the special highly intensive production systems of greenhouses, soil conditions may directly influence the effects of pollutant phytotoxicity and may thus endanger the yield, nutrient content, and food safety of vegetables. The combined studies of the impacts on plants and rhizosphere microorganisms give a more detailed picture of the toxic effects of the pollutants under different soil conditions.
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Ma T, Zhou W, Chen L, Wu L, Christie P, Liu W. Toxicity of phthalate esters to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and the soil microbial community under different soil conditions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208111. [PMID: 30571793 PMCID: PMC6301558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are globally used plasticizers and typical endocrine disruptors that can readily accumulate in agricultural products and represent a substantial risk to human health via the food chain. The range of soil properties has an important influence on the expression of PAE toxicity, and the mechanisms by which soil physical and chemical properties affect the expression of toxicity of target PAEs to plants and microorganisms requires further investigation. Important soil factors affecting the eco-toxicological effects of two typical PAEs, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in a spiked soil were investigated in the present study. Soil at various pH values was spiked with three PAE concentrations (1, 5 and 20 mg DnBP or DEHP kg-1 soil), organic matter contents and water holding contents to simulate the greenhouse soil environment for 30 days. Their influence on the biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, various physiological changes and soil microbial communities was determined as endpoints. The toxicity to lettuce of DnBP was higher than that of DEHP in the soil and soil pH was the most important factor affecting their single toxicity, followed by soil organic matter content and soil moisture content in agreement with the Biolog test results. Under different soil conditions total protein, total soluble sugar and free amino acid contents were positively correlated with concentrations of the target PAEs, but leaf area, biomass, •O2- activity, vitamin C content and soil microbial diversity indices showed the opposite trend. Chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents were more inhibited by DnBP together with impacts on indices of soil microbial diversity. The results suggest that soil conditions in greenhouses directly explain the patterns of pollutant toxicity displayed and impact the quantity, quality and food safety of vegetables produced using highly intensive production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Safe-product, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hanjiang, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Like Chen
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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22
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Song Y, Xu M, Li X, Bian Y, Wang F, Yang X, Gu C, Jiang X. Long-Term Plastic Greenhouse Cultivation Changes Soil Microbial Community Structures: A Case Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8941-8948. [PMID: 30091910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) has been widely developed around the world and has resulted in great changes in soil properties and potential contamination by phthalate esters (PAEs). Using high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the succession and potential factors impacting soil microbial community structures over 20 years of PGVC. The results showed that the pH of soils under PGVC were significantly lower, while the nutrient contents of soils were higher, relative to those of open field soil. The residue concentrations of PAEs in soil under PGVC increased with increasing periods of PGVC. The fungal community diversity, rather than the bacterial community diversity, was significantly reduced in soils under PGVC. However, both the soil bacterial and fungal community structures were changed by long-term PGVC. Among the tested soil physicochemical properties, soil pH and clay were the top two factors affecting the soil bacterial community, while pH and phosphorus (P) mainly affected the soil fungal community structures. No relationship between the changes of microbial communities and PAE residues in soil was observed. This study indicates that the soil acidification and nutrient accumulation under PGVC mainly shifted the changes of soil microbial community structures, which could occur after only 5 years of PGVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 71 East Beijing Road , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210008 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Kong X, Jin D, Jin S, Wang Z, Yin H, Xu M, Deng Y. Responses of bacterial community to dibutyl phthalate pollution in a soil-vegetable ecosystem. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 353:142-150. [PMID: 29660700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a type of plasticizer that has aroused great concern due to their mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects, wherefore dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and other PAEs have been listed as priority pollutants. In this study, the impacts of DBP on a soil-vegetable ecosystem were investigated. The results showed that DBP could accumulate within vegetable tissues, and the accumulative effect was enhanced with higher levels of DBP contamination in soils. DBP accumulation also decreased vegetable quality in various ways, including decreased soluble protein content and increased nitrate content. The diversity of bacteria in soils gradually decreased with increasing DBP concentration, while no clear association with endophytic bacteria was observed. Also, the relative abundance, structure, and composition of soil bacterial communities underwent successional change during the DBP degradation period. The variation of bulk soil bacterial community was significantly associated with DBP concentration, while changes in the rhizosphere soil bacteria community were significantly associated with the properties of both soil and vegetables. The results indicated that DBP pollution could increase the health risk from vegetables and alter the biodiversity of indigenous bacteria in soil-vegetable ecosystems, which might further alter ecosystem functions in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Decai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shulan Jin
- School of History Geography and Tourism, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334000, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhang ZM, Zhang HH, Zhang J, Wang QW, Yang GP. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of phthalate esters in the seawater and sediment of Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:93-102. [PMID: 29145058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 133 seawater samples and 17 sediment samples were collected from 81 sampling sites in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent area and were analyzed for 16 phthalate esters (PAEs). The Σ16 PAE concentrations in the seawater and sediment samples ranged from 180.3ng·L-1 to 3421ng·L-1 and from 0.48μg·g-1 to 29.94μg·g-1dry weight (dw), respectively, with mean values of 943.6ng·L-1 and 12.88μg·g-1. The distribution of ∑16PAE concentrations in the water column showed that PAE concentrations in the bottom samples were higher than those in the surface samples (except the transect C located inside the Changjiang River Estuary), with the maxima appearing in the bottom layer at the offshore stations. Among the 16 PAEs, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) dominated the PAEs, with 25.1%, 21.1%, and 18.9% of the Σ16PAEs in seawater, respectively. The comparison of ∑16PAEs and salinities in transects C and A6 suggested that the Changjiang River runoff was an important driving factor influencing the distribution of PAEs. DEHP concentrations in water samples and DEHP and DnBP concentrations in sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk levels (ERL), indicating their potential hazard to the ocean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qian-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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25
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Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Li Z, Zhu L, Li X. Phthalate esters and organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils and vegetables from fast-growing regions: a case study from eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34-42. [PMID: 27738865 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated phthalate esters (PAEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils and vegetables from eastern China. The concentrations of PAEs ranged from 109 to 5560 ng/g in soils and 60.1 to 2390 ng/g in cabbages, with average concentrations of 946 and 601 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs ranged from <0.1 to 662 ng/g in soils and <0.1 to 42.8 ng/g in cabbages, with average concentrations of 134 and 11.6 ng/g, respectively. OCPs were mainly in the 0-30 cm surface soil layers, while PAEs could infiltrate in deep soil profiles to 70-80 cm layer. Potential source analysis traced the occurrence of OCPs to both historical application and current usage, whereas building materials and agricultural plastic film were possible input sources of PAEs in the ambient environment. OCPs showed no apparent effect on soil microbial communities, whereas significant negative relationship was observed between PAEs and fungi in soils (R = -0.54, p < 0.01). Human health risk assessment data revealed marginal noncarcinogenic risks and low carcinogenic risks in these soils. Notably, PAEs posed a comparable or higher risk level compared with that of OCPs. This study suggests the need for better regulation on pollution control and management of PAE-elevated sites to protect soil quality and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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26
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Sun G, Liu K. Developmental toxicity and cardiac effects of butyl benzyl phthalate in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:165-170. [PMID: 28961509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), commonly called phthalates, have become ubiquitous environment pollutants. Studies have focused on reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, tumourigenesis, and mutagenesis of phthalates. However, relatively little is known about the phthalates effects on the heart. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), a member of PAEs, is classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a priority environmental pollutant. We studied the developmental toxicity of BBP, especially its effects on the heart development, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos at 4hr post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.6 and 1.2mg/L BBP until 72hpf. BBP caused abnormalities in embryo morphology, including yolk-sac edema, spinal curvature, tail deformity, uninflated swim bladder and cardiac defects. Exposure to 0.6mg/L BBP significantly increased the malformation rate, caused growth inhibition, increased the cardiac malformation rate as well as the distance between the sinus venosus (SV) and bulbus arteriosus (BA), and reduced the heart rate of embryos. Exposure to 1.2mg/L BBP significantly affected all endpoints, except survival rate at 24hpf. To preliminarily elucidate the potential mechanism of heart developmental toxicity caused by BBP, we examined the expression of two genes related to heart development, Nkx2.5 and T-box transcription factor 5, by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of the two genes was dose-dependently downregulated with BBP. BBP could induce developmental toxicity, with adverse effects on the heart development in zebrafish embryos, and alter the expression of genes related to heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijin Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China
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27
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Wang H, Liang H, Gao DW. Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils of the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19723-19732. [PMID: 28685330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study looks at the pollution status of six priority control phthalate esters (PAEs) under different cultivation of agricultural soils in the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. Results show the total concentration of PAEs ranged from 162.9 to 946.9 μg kg-1 with an average value of 369.5 μg kg-1. PAE concentrations in three types of cultivated soils exhibited decreasing order paddy field (532.1 ± 198.1 μg kg-1) > vegetable field (308.2 ± 87.5 μg kg-1) > bean field (268.2 ± 48.3 μg kg-1). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the most abundant PAEs congeners. Compared with previous studies, agricultural soils in the Sanjiang Plain showed relatively low contamination levels. Anthropogenic activities such as cultivation practices and industrial emissions were associated with the distribution pattern of PAEs. Furthermore, human health risks of PAEs were estimated and the non-cancer risk shown negligible but carcinogenic risk of DEHP exceeded the threshold limits value. PAE contaminants originated from cultivation practices and intense anthropogenic activities result in placing the agricultural soils under a potential risk to human health and also to ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain. Therefore, the contamination status of PAEs in agricultural soil and potential impacts on human health should attract considerable attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hong Liang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Da-Wen Gao
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Dong W, Sun B, Sun J, Zheng F, Sun X, Huang M, Li H. Matrix Effects in Detection of Phthalate Esters from Wheat by a Modified QuEChERS Method with GC/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wowkonowicz P, Kijeńska M. Phthalate release in leachate from municipal landfills of central Poland. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174986. [PMID: 28358912 PMCID: PMC5373626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate diesters (PAEs) are used as plasticizer additives to polymer chains to make the material more flexible and malleable. PAEs are bonded physically, not chemically, to the polymeric matrix and can migrate to and leach from the product surface, posing a serious danger to the environment and human health. There have been a number of studies on PAE concentrations in landfill leachate conducted in the EU and around the world, though few in Poland. In the present study, the leachate of five municipal landfills was analyzed for the presence of PAEs. Raw leachate was sampled four times over the period of one year in 2015/16. It was the first large study on this subject in Poland. PAEs were detected in the leachate samples on all of the landfills, thereby indicating that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The following PAEs were detected in at least one sample: Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Di-isobutylphthalate (DIBP). Out of all ten PAEs, DEHP was the most predominant, with concentrations up to 73.9 μg/L. DEHP was present in 65% of analyzed samples (in 100% of samples in spring, 80% in winter, and 40% in summer and autumn). In only 25% of all samples DEHP was below the acceptable UE limit for surface water (1.3 μg/L), while 75% was from 1.7 to 56 times higher than that value. On the two largest landfills DEHP concentrations were observed during samples from all four seasons, including on a landfill which has been remediated and closed for the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Wowkonowicz
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment Department, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kijeńska
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment Department, Warsaw, Poland
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Ma T, Zhou W, Chen L, Wu L, Christie P, Zhang H, Luo Y. Toxicity effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate to Eisenia fetida at enzyme, cellular and genetic levels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173957. [PMID: 28319143 PMCID: PMC5358789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a dominant phthalic acid ester (PAE) that has aroused public concern due to its resistance to degradation and its toxicity as an endocrine-disrupting compound. Effects of different concentrations of DEHP on Eisenia fetida in spiked natural soil have been studied in the body of the earthworm by means of soil cultivation tests 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after exposure. The results indicated that, in general, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, metallothionein (MT) content, the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and all the tested geno-toxicity parameters are promoted as time elapses and with increasing concentration of DEHP. However, peroxidase (POD) activity, neutral red retention time (NRRT) and mitochondrial membrane potential difference values were found to decrease even at a low concentration of DEHP of 1 mg kg-1 soil (p<0.05). Clear toxic effects of DEHP on E. fetida have been generally recognized by means of the disturbance of antioxidant enzyme activity/content and critical proteins, cell membrane and organelle disorder and DNA damage estimated by length of tail, tail DNA ratio, and tail moment parameters. A concentration of DEHP of 3 mg kg-1 may be recommended as a precaution against the potential risk of PAEs in soils and for indicating suitable threshold values for other soil animals and soil micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- Institute of Hanjiang, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Li’ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hu W, Zhang Y, Huang B, Teng Y. Soil environmental quality in greenhouse vegetable production systems in eastern China: Current status and management strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 170:183-195. [PMID: 27988454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) has become an important source of public vegetable consumption and farmers' income in China. However, various pollutants can be accumulated in GVP soils due to the high cropping index, large agricultural input, and closed environment. Ecological toxicity caused by excessive pollutants' accumulation can then lead to serious health risks. This paper was aimed to systematically review the current status of soil environmental quality, analyze their impact factors, and consequently to propose integrated management strategies for GVP systems. Results indicated a decrease in soil pH, soil salinization, and nutrients imbalance in GVP soils. Fungicides, remaining nutrients, antibiotics, heavy metals, and phthalate esters were main pollutants accumulating in GVP soils comparing to surrounding open field soils. Degradation of soil ecological function, accumulation of major pollutants in vegetables, deterioration of neighboring water bodies, and potential human health risks has occurred due to the changes of soil properties and accumulation of pollutants such as heavy metals and fungicides in soils. Four dominant factors were identified leading to the above-mentioned issues including heavy application of agricultural inputs, outmoded planting styles with poor environmental protection awareness, old-fashion regulations, unreasonable standards, and ineffective supervisory management. To guarantee a sustainable GVP development, several strategies were suggested to protect and improve soil environmental quality. Implementation of various strategies not only requires the concerted efforts among different stakeholders, but also the whole lifecycle assessment throughout the GVP processes as well as effective enforcement of policies, laws, and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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32
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Li K, Ma D, Wu J, Chai C, Shi Y. Distribution of phthalate esters in agricultural soil with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula, East China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:314-321. [PMID: 27596820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The content of phthalate esters (PAEs) was investigated in 36 vegetable fields with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula, East China. Soils at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-40 cm were collected, and 16 PAEs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAEs were detected in all the analyzed samples. The total contents of the 16 PAEs (Σ16PAEs) ranged from 1.374 to 18.810 mg/kg, with an average of 6.470 mg/kg. Among the four areas of Shandong Peninsula, including Qingdao, Weihai, Weifang, and Yantai, the highest Σ16PAE in the soil was observed in Weifang district (9.786 mg/kg), which is famous for large-scale vegetable production. Despite the significant differences among the Σ16PAEs, the PAE compositions in soils with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula were comparable. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate, and di(4-methyl-2-pentyl) phthalate were present in all the samples, whereas di-n-hexyl phthalate was detected only in Qingdao (∼1%) and dicyclohexyl phthalate was observed only in Weifang (5.7-8.2%) in low proportions. The ratios of dimethyl phthalate, DEP, and di-n-butyl phthalate, which exceeded allowable concentrations, were 63.9-100% at different soil depths, indicating high PAE pollution. The concentration of butyl benzyl phthalate detected only in Weifang exceeded the recommended allowable soil concentration. Overall, the high PAE content in the soil with plastic film mulching in Shandong Peninsula is an issue of concern because of the large amounts of plastic film used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dong Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Chao Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxi Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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33
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Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Han P, Luan Y, Ma X, Lu A. Phthalate esters in soil, plastic film, and vegetable from greenhouse vegetable production bases in Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1037-1043. [PMID: 27318515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of plastic film in greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) could result in phthalate ester (PAE) contamination in vegetables. However, limited information is currently available on their occurrence and associated potential risks in GVP systems. The present study documents the occurrence and composition of 15 PAEs in soil, plastic film, and vegetable samples from eight large-scale GVP bases in Beijing, China. Results showed that PAEs are ubiquitous contaminants in these GVP bases. Total PAE concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 2.13mg/kg (mean 0.99mg/kg) in soils and from 0.15 to 6.94mg/kg (mean 1.49mg/kg) in vegetables. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and diisobutyl phthalate were the most abundant components, which accounted for >90% of the total PAEs. This investigation also indicated that the widespread application of plastic film in GVP systems may be the primary source of these PAEs. The non-cancer and carcinogenic risks of target PAEs were estimated based on the exposures of vegetable intake. The hazard quotients of PAE in all vegetable samples were lower than 1 and the carcinogenic risks were also at acceptable levels for consumers. The data in this study can provide valuable information to understand the status of potential pollutants, specifically PAEs, in GVP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ping Han
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yunxia Luan
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xupu Ma
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Key Technology of Smart Irrigation District in Hubei, Yichang 443002, China.
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Chen Z, Tian T, Gao L, Tian Y. Nutrients, heavy metals and phthalate acid esters in solar greenhouse soils in Round-Bohai Bay-Region, China: impacts of cultivation year and biogeography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13076-13087. [PMID: 26996919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solar greenhouse is a common facility type used for horticultural crop production in China. However, most solar greenhouse fields have been degraded due to continuous cropping and excessive fertilizer use. Therefore, we investigated solar greenhouse soils covering a wide range of cultivation years and environmental conditions in Round-Bohai Bay-Region to test the effects of cultivation year and biogeography on nutrients, heavy metals, and phthalate acid esters (PAEs). In general, soil pH decreased while soil electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), NO3 (-)-N, NH4 (+)-N, mineral nitrogen (MN), Olsen-P, and NH4OAc-K contents increased as time of cultivation increased. However, this trend was influenced by sampling sites. Among sampling sites, Jiangsu showed a relatively low soil pH and high Olsen-P content, while Hebei showed a relatively high soil EC value, NO3 (-)-N, NH4 (+)-N, MN, and NH4OAc-K contents. Liaoning was characterized by relatively high soil OM and TN contents. The nutrient level indexes in evaluation of soil quality on Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K exceeded the standard seriously. The maximum values of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, and Zn were 4.87, 2.78, and 1.15 times higher than the threshold values, respectively. There was a rising trend on the heavy metal contents with the increasing cultivation years, and this trend was significantly influenced by sampling sites. Both Cu and Zn had relative high heavy metal indexes in evaluation of soil pollution. The PAEs were not detected in almost all sampling soils. Overall, the excessive fertilizer application was an important cause of nutrient accumulation and heavy metal pollution, resulting in soil degradation in solar greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Round-Bohai Bay-Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Protected Vegetables, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Liaoning, 110866, China.
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sun J, Pan L, Zhan Y, Lu H, Tsang DCW, Liu W, Wang X, Li X, Zhu L. Contamination of phthalate esters, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:670-6. [PMID: 26674696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the pollution status associated with rapid urbanization and economic growth, extensive areas of agricultural soils (approximately 45,800 km(2)) in the Yangtze River Delta of China were investigated with respect to selected endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), including phthalate esters (PAEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The residues of sum of 15 PAEs, sum of 15 OCPs and sum of 13 PBDEs were in the range of 167-9370 ng/g, 1.0-3520 ng/g, and <1.0-382 ng/g, respectively. The OCPs residuals originated from both historical usage and recent input. Agricultural plastic film was considered to be an important source of PAEs. Discharge from furniture industry was potential major source of PBDEs in this region. The selected pollutants showed quite different spatial distributions within the studied region. It is worth noting that much higher concentrations of the EDCs were found on the borders between Shanghai and the two neighboring provinces, where agriculture and industry developed rapidly in recent years. Contaminants from both agricultural and industrial activities made this area a pollution hotspot, which should arouse more stringent regulation to safeguard the environment and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hainan Lu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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36
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Zhang Y, Liang Q, Gao R, Hou H, Tan W, He X, Zhang H, Yu M, Ma L, Xi B, Wang X. Contamination of Phthalate Esters (PAEs) in Typical Wastewater-Irrigated Agricultural Soils in Hebei, North China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137998. [PMID: 26360905 PMCID: PMC4567052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wangyang River (WYR) basin is a typical wastewater irrigation area in Hebei Province, North China. This study investigated the concentration and distribution of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) in the agricultural soils in this area. Thirty-nine soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected along the WYR to assess the PAE residues in soils. Results showed that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants in the topsoil obtained from the irrigation area. The concentrations of Σ6PAEs range from 0.191 μg g-1 dw to 0.457 μg g-1 dw with an average value of 0.294 μg g-1 dw. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) are the dominant PAE species in the agricultural soils. Among the DEHP concentrations, the highest DEHP concentration was found at the sites close to the villages; this result suggested that dense anthropogenic activities and random garbage disposal in the rural area are possible sources of PAEs. The PAE concentrations were weakly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities; thus, these factors can affect the distribution of PAEs. This study further showed that only dimethyl phthalate (DMP) concentrations exceeded the recommended allowable concentrations; no remediation measures are necessary to control the PAEs in the WYR area. However, the PAEs in the topsoil may pose a potential risk to the ecosystem and human health in this area. Therefore, the exacerbating PAE pollution should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technique in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rutai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Minda Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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37
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Ma TT, Wu LH, Chen L, Zhang HB, Teng Y, Luo YM. Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12018-28. [PMID: 25874428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of phthalate esters (PAEs) has become a potential threat to the environment and human health because they could be easily released as plasticizers from the daily supply products, especially in polyethylene films. Concentration levels of total six PAEs, nominated as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in soils and vegetables from four greenhouse areas in suburbs of Nanjing, East China. Total PAEs concentration ranged from 930 ± 840 to 2,450 ± 710 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (DW)) in soil and from 790 ± 630 to 3,010 ± 2,130 μg kg(-1) in vegetables. Higher concentrations of PAEs were found in soils except in Suo Shi (SS) area and in vegetables, especially in potherb mustard and purple tsai-tai samples. Risk assessment mainly based on the exposures of soil ingestion and daily vegetable intake indicated that bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the samples from Gu Li (GL) and Hu Shu (HS) exhibited the highest hazard to children less than 6-year old. Therefore, the human health risk of the PAEs contamination in soils and vegetables should greatly be of a concern, especially for their environmental estrogen analog effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Wang J, Chen G, Christie P, Zhang M, Luo Y, Teng Y. Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:129-137. [PMID: 25863503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are suspected of having adverse effects on human health and have been frequently detected in soils and vegetables. The present study investigated their occurrence and composition in plastic film greenhouse soil-vegetable systems and assessed their potential health risks to farmers exposed to these widespread pollutants. Six priority control phthalates, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), were determined in 44 plastic film greenhouse vegetables and corresponding soils. Total PAEs ranged from 0.51 to 7.16mgkg(-1) in vegetables and 0.40 to 6.20mgkg(-1) in soils with average concentrations of 2.56 and 2.23mgkg(-1), respectively. DnBP, DEHP and DnOP contributed more than 90% of the total PAEs in both vegetables and soils but the proportions of DnBP and DnOP in vegetables were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in soils. The average concentrations of PAEs in pot herb mustard, celery and lettuce were >3.00mgkg(-1) but were <2.50mgkg(-1) in the corresponding soils. Stem and leaf vegetables accumulated more PAEs. There were no clear relationships between vegetable and soil PAEs. Risk assessment indicates that DnBP, DEHP and DnOP exhibited elevated non-cancer risk with values of 0.039, 0.338 and 0.038, respectively. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP was about 3.94×10(-5) to farmers working in plastic film greenhouses. Health risks were mainly by exposure through vegetable consumption and soil ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gangcai Chen
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Manyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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