1
|
Kotb E, Al-Abdalall AH, Ababutain I, AlAhmady NF, Aldossary S, Alkhaldi E, Alghamdi AI, Alzahrani HAS, Almuhawish MA, Alshammary MN, Ahmed AA. Anticandidal Activity of a Siderophore from Marine Endophyte Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mgrv7. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:347. [PMID: 38667023 PMCID: PMC11047651 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
An endophytic symbiont P. aeruginosa-producing anticandidal siderophore was recovered from mangrove leaves for the first time. Production was optimal in a succinate medium supplemented with 0.4% citric acid and 15 µM iron at pH 7 and 35 °C after 60 h of fermentation. UV spectra of the acidic preparation after purification with Amberlite XAD-4 resin gave a peak at 400 nm, while the neutralized form gave a peak at 360 nm. A prominent peak with RP-HPLC was obtained at RT 18.95 min, confirming its homogeneity. It was pH stable at 5.0-9.5 and thermally stable at elevated temperatures, which encourages the possibility of its application in extreme environments. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against Candida spp. Were in the range of 128 µg/mL and lower. It enhanced the intracellular iron accumulation with 3.2-4.2-fold (as judged by atomic absorption spectrometry) with a subsequent increase in the intracellular antioxidative enzymes SOD and CAT. Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration due to cellular lipid peroxidation increased to 3.8-fold and 7.3-fold in C. albicans and C. tropicalis, respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed cellular damage in the form of roughness, malformation, and production of defensive exopolysaccharides and/or proteins after exposure to siderophore. In conclusion, this anticandidal siderophore may be a promising biocontrol, nonpolluting agent against waterborne pathogens and pathogens of the skin. It indirectly kills Candida spp. by ferroptosis and mediation of hyperaccumulation of iron rather than directly attacking the cell targets, which triggers the activation of antioxidative enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira H. Al-Abdalall
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam Ababutain
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada F. AlAhmady
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Aldossary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida Alkhaldi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azzah I. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind A. S. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mashael A. Almuhawish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moudhi N. Alshammary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-A.); (I.A.); (N.F.A.); (A.I.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Asmaa A. Ahmed
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Al-Azhar University, Cairo P.O. Box 11751, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Webb RJ, Rush C, Berger L, Skerratt LF, Roberts AA. Glutathione is required for growth and cadmium tolerance in the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Biochimie 2023; 220:22-30. [PMID: 38104714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a lethal amphibian pathogen, partly due to its ability to evade the immune system of susceptible frog species. In many pathogenic fungi, the antioxidant glutathione is a virulence factor that helps neutralise oxidative stressors generated from host immune cells, as well as other environmental stressors such as heavy metals. The role of glutathione in stress tolerance in Bd has not been investigated. Here, we examine the changes in the glutathione pool after stress exposure and quantify the effect of glutathione depletion on cell growth and stress tolerance. Depletion of glutathione repressed growth and release of zoospores, suggesting that glutathione is essential for life cycle completion in Bd. Supplementation with <2 mM exogenous glutathione accelerated zoospore development, but concentrations >2 mM were strongly inhibitory to Bd cells. While hydrogen peroxide exposure lowered the total cellular glutathione levels by 42 %, glutathione depletion did not increase the sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Exposure to cadmium increased total cellular glutathione levels by 93 %. Glutathione-depleted cells were more sensitive to cadmium, and this effect was attenuated by glutathione supplementation, suggesting that glutathione plays an important role in cadmium tolerance. The effects of heat and salt were exacerbated by the addition of exogenous glutathione. The impact of glutathione levels on Bd stress sensitivity may help explain differences in host susceptibility to chytridiomycosis and may provide opportunities for synergistic therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Webb
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | | | - Lee Berger
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Begum N, Lee S, Portlock TJ, Pellon A, Nasab SDS, Nielsen J, Uhlen M, Moyes DL, Shoaie S. Integrative functional analysis uncovers metabolic differences between Candida species. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1013. [PMID: 36163459 PMCID: PMC9512779 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a dominant constituent of the human mycobiome and associated with the development of several diseases. Understanding the Candida species metabolism could provide key insights into their ability to cause pathogenesis. Here, we have developed the BioFung database, providing an efficient annotation of protein-encoding genes. Along, with BioFung, using carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) analysis, we have uncovered core and accessory features across Candida species demonstrating plasticity, adaption to the environment and acquired features. We show a greater importance of amino acid metabolism, as functional analysis revealed that all Candida species can employ amino acid metabolism. However, metabolomics revealed that only a specific cluster of species (AGAu species—C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. auris) utilised amino acid metabolism including arginine, cysteine, and methionine metabolism potentially improving their competitive fitness in pathogenesis. We further identified critical metabolic pathways in the AGAu cluster with biomarkers and anti-fungal target potential in the CAZyme profile, polyamine, choline and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. This study, combining genomic analysis, and validation with gene expression and metabolomics, highlights the metabolic diversity with AGAu species that underlies their remarkable ability to dominate they mycobiome and cause disease. Metabolic differences between Candida species are uncovered using the BioFung database alongside genomic and metabolic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Begum
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Theo John Portlock
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Shervin Dokht Sadeghi Nasab
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Kemivägen 10, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK. .,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Role of the Glutathione System in Stress Adaptation, Morphogenesis and Virulence of Pathogenic Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810645. [PMID: 36142553 PMCID: PMC9500636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and stress adaptation are key attributes that allow fungal pathogens to thrive and infect human hosts. During infection, many fungal pathogens undergo morphological changes, and this ability is highly linked to virulence. Furthermore, pathogenic fungi have developed multiple antioxidant defenses to cope with the host-derived oxidative stress produced by phagocytes. Glutathione is a major antioxidant that can prevent cellular damage caused by various oxidative stressors. While the role of glutathione in stress detoxification is known, studies of the glutathione system in fungal morphological switching and virulence are lacking. This review explores the role of glutathione metabolism in fungal adaptation to stress, morphogenesis, and virulence. Our comprehensive analysis of the fungal glutathione metabolism reveals that the role of glutathione extends beyond stressful conditions. Collectively, glutathione and glutathione-related proteins are necessary for vitality, cellular development and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamli MR, Sabir JSM, Malik MA, Ahmad A. Human β defensins-1, an antimicrobial peptide, kills Candida glabrata by generating oxidative stress and arresting the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113569. [PMID: 35988423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the most frequently isolated non-albicans Candida species in clinical samples and is known to develop resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. Human β defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides of immune systems and are active against a broad range of pathogens including Candida species. Herein, the antifungal effect of hBD-1 and its mechanism of action in C. glabrata was studied. The antifungal susceptibility of hBD-1 against C. glabrata was calculated by broth microdilution assay. To study the mechanism of antifungal action, the impact of hBD-1 on cell cycle, expression of oxidative stress enzymes, and membrane disintegration were assessed. The susceptibility results confirmed that hBD-1 possessed the minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.12 µg/mL and prevented the growth and caused yeast cell death to various extents. The peptide at subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations blocked the cell cycle in C. glabrata in G0/G1 phase and disturbed the activity of primary and secondary antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, at higher concentrations disruption of membrane integrity was observed. Altogether, hBD-1 showed candidicidal activity against C. glabrata and was able to induce oxidative stress and arrested cell cycle in C. auris and therefore has a potential to be developed as an antifungal drug against C. glabrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rather IA, Sabir JSM, Asseri AH, Ali S. Antifungal Activity of Human Cathelicidin LL-37, a Membrane Disrupting Peptide, by Triggering Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Arrest in Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:204. [PMID: 35205958 PMCID: PMC8875705 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, an evolving multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast, is known for causing severe invasive infections associated with high mortality rates in hospitalized individuals. Distinct from other Candida species, C. auris can persist for longer periods on different surfaces and is resistant to all of the major classes of antifungal drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antimycotic drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. The development of new antifungals based on antimicrobial peptides from various sources is considered a promising alternative. In this study, we examined the in vitro anti-yeast activity of the human cathelicidin peptides LL-37 against clinical strains of C. auris alone and in combination with different antifungal drugs by broth microdilution assay. To understand the antifungal mechanism of action, cell envelopes, cell cycle arrest, and effect on oxidative stress enzymes were studied using standard protocols. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of cathelicidin LL-37 ranged from 25-100 and 50-200 µg/mL, respectively. A combination interaction in a 1:1 ratio (cathelicidin LL-37: antifungal drug) resulted in 70% synergy with fluconazole and 100% synergy with amphotericin B and caspofungin. Assessment of the C. auris membrane by using propidium iodide assay after exposure to cathelicidin LL-37 linked membrane permeabilization with inhibition of C. auris cell growth and viability. These results were backed up by scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrating that exposure with cathelicidin LL-37 caused C. auris cells to undergo extensive surface changes. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that cathelicidin LL-37 caused oxidative stress in C. auris, as is evident from the significant increase in the activity of primary antioxidant enzymes. In addition, cathelicidin LL-37 inhibited the cell cycle and accumulated cells in the S phase. Therefore, these results specify the potential of cathelicidin LL-37 for developing a new and effective anti-Candida agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 385541, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ismail M, Srivastava V, Marimani M, Ahmad A. Carvacrol modulates the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in Candida auris. Res Microbiol 2021; 173:103916. [PMID: 34863882 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks associated with Candida auris has notably increased around the globe. Being newly discovered, the evolutionary characteristics of this fungus are unexplored. The crucial feature associated with this pathogen is its multidrug resistance against the available antifungals, which renders a crucial need for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Activation of the antioxidant defence system has been reported as a common mechanism used by pathogens to escape drug toxicity. This system has also recently been recognized as an emerging antifungal drug target. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the anti-Candida activity of carvacrol on the growth and survival of C. auris, gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the effect on lipid peroxidation (LPO). The antifungal activity of carvacrol was determined using the microdilution method whereby the proliferation of C. auris was inhibited at an MIC range of 125-500μg/mL. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that carvacrol caused an adequate amount of oxidative stress which was clearly demonstrated by the significant increase in the activity and gene expression of primary antioxidant enzymes as well as LPO. This is the first study involving the antioxidant defence system of C. auris and provide attestation of oxidative stress induced by carvacrol in this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishka Ismail
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musa Marimani
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wani MY, Ahmad A, Aqlan FM, Al-Bogami AS. Citral derivative activates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis signaling pathways in Candida albicans by generating oxidative stress. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105260. [PMID: 34399319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For combating life-threatening infections caused by Candida albicans there is an urgent requirement of new antifungal agents with a targeted activity and low host cytotoxicity. Manipulating the mechanistic basis of cell death decision in yeast may provide an alternative approach for future antifungal therapeutics. Herein, the effect of an active citral derivative (Cd1) over the physiology of cell death in C. albicans was assessed. The viability of C. albicans SC5314 cells was determined by broth microdilution assay. The crucial morphological changes and apoptotic markers in Cd1-exposed yeast cells were analyzed. Subsequently the results confirmed that Cd1 arrested growth and caused death in yeast cells. Furthermore, this molecule inhibited antioxidant enzymes that resulted in production of reactive oxygen species. DNA fragmentation and condensation, phosphatidylserine exposure at the outer leaflet of cell membrane, mitochondrial disintegration as well as accumulation of cells at G2/M phase of the cell cycle were recorded. Altogether, this derivative induced apoptotic-type cell death in C. albicans SC5314.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Younus Wani
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Faisal Mohammed Aqlan
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maras B, Maggiore A, Mignogna G, D’Erme M, Angiolella L. Hyperexpression of CDRs and HWP1 genes negatively impacts on Candida albicans virulence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252555. [PMID: 34061886 PMCID: PMC8168907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is a commensal organism present in the human microbiome of more than 60% of the healthy population. Transition from commensalism to invasive candidiasis may occur after a local or a general failure of host’s immune system. This transition to a more virulent phenotype may reside either on the capacity to form hyphae or on an acquired resistance to antifungal drugs. Indeed, overexpression of genes coding drug efflux pumps or adhesins, cell wall proteins facilitating the contact between the fungus and the host, usually marks the virulence profile of invasive Candida spp. In this paper, we compare virulence of two clinical isolates of C. albicans with that of laboratory-induced resistant strains by challenging G. mellonella larvae with these pathogens along with monitoring transcriptional profiles of drug efflux pumps genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and the adhesin genes ALS1 and HWP1. Although both clinical isolates were found resistant to both fluconazole and micafungin they were found less virulent than laboratory-induced resistant strains. An unexpected behavior emerged for the former clinical isolate in which three genes, CDR1, CDR2 and HWP1, usually correlated with virulence, although hyperexpressed, conferred a less aggressive phenotype. On the contrary, in the other isolate, we observed a decreased expression of CDR1, CDR2 and HWP1as well as of MDR1 and ALS1 that may be consistent with the less aggressive performance observed in this strain. These altered gene expressions might directly influence Candida virulence or they might be an epiphenomenon of a vaster rearrangement occurred in these strains during the challenge with the host’s environment. An in-deepth comprehension of this scenario could be crucial for developing interventions able to counteract C. albicans invasiveness and lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Maras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche ‘‘A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita`di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maggiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche ‘‘A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita`di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mignogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche ‘‘A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita`di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria D’Erme
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche ‘‘A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita`di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- Dipartimento di Sanita`Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Universita`di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carolus H, Pierson S, Muñoz JF, Subotić A, Cruz RB, Cuomo CA, Van Dijck P. Genome-Wide Analysis of Experimentally Evolved Candida auris Reveals Multiple Novel Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance. mBio 2021; 12:e03333-20. [PMID: 33820824 PMCID: PMC8092288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03333-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is globally recognized as an opportunistic fungal pathogen of high concern, due to its extensive multidrug resistance (MDR). Still, molecular mechanisms of MDR are largely unexplored. This is the first account of genome-wide evolution of MDR in C. auris obtained through serial in vitro exposure to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. We show the stepwise accumulation of copy number variations and novel mutations in genes both known and unknown in antifungal drug resistance. Echinocandin resistance was accompanied by a codon deletion in FKS1 hot spot 1 and a substitution in FKS1 "novel" hot spot 3. Mutations in ERG3 and CIS2 further increased the echinocandin MIC. Decreased azole susceptibility was linked to a mutation in transcription factor TAC1b and overexpression of the drug efflux pump Cdr1, a segmental duplication of chromosome 1 containing ERG11, and a whole chromosome 5 duplication, which contains TAC1b The latter was associated with increased expression of ERG11, TAC1b, and CDR2 but not CDR1 The simultaneous emergence of nonsense mutations in ERG3 and ERG11 was shown to decrease amphotericin B susceptibility, accompanied with fluconazole cross-resistance. A mutation in MEC3, a gene mainly known for its role in DNA damage homeostasis, further increased the polyene MIC. Overall, this study shows the alarming potential for and diversity of MDR development in C. auris, even in a clade until now not associated with MDR (clade II), stressing its clinical importance and the urge for future research.IMPORTANCECandida auris is a recently discovered human fungal pathogen and has shown an alarming potential for developing multi- and pan-resistance toward all classes of antifungals most commonly used in the clinic. Currently, C. auris has been globally recognized as a nosocomial pathogen of high concern due to this evolutionary potential. So far, this is the first study in which the stepwise progression of multidrug resistance (MDR) in C. auris is monitored in vitro Multiple novel mutations in known resistance genes and genes previously not or vaguely associated with drug resistance reveal rapid MDR evolution in a C. auris clade II isolate. Additionally, this study shows that in vitro experimental evolution can be a powerful tool to discover new drug resistance mechanisms, although it has its limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carolus
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - José F Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Subotić
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita B Cruz
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metelytsia LO, Trush MM, Kovalishyn VV, Hodyna DM, Kachaeva MV, Brovarets VS, Pilyo SG, Sukhoveev VV, Tsyhankov SA, Blagodatnyi VM, Semenyuta IV. 1,3-Oxazole derivatives of cytisine as potential inhibitors of glutathione reductase of Candida spp.: QSAR modeling, docking analysis and experimental study of new anti-Candida agents. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 90:107407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Kamli MR, Srivastava V, Hajrah NH, Sabir JSM, Ali A, Malik MA, Ahmad A. Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag-Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in Candida auris by Generating Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:182. [PMID: 33513888 PMCID: PMC7910930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel green synthetic nanomedicines have been recognized as alternative therapies with the potential to be antifungal agents. Apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and activation of the antioxidant defense system in fungal cells have also gained attention as emerging drug targets. In this study, a facile and biodegradable synthetic route was developed to prepare Ag-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Beta vulgaris L. Surface plasmon resonance of Beta vulgaris-assisted AgNPs nanoparticles was not observed in the UV-visible region of Ag-Fe bimetallic NPs, which confirms the formation of Ag-Fe nanoparticles. Beta vulgaris-assisted Ag-Fe NPs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and TGA-DTG analysis for their structural and morphological properties. The as-prepared Ag-Fe NPs were well dispersed and spherical with the average particle size of 15 nm. The antifungal activity of these Ag-Fe NPs against clinical isolates of Candida auris was determined by broth microdilution and cell viability assays. For insights into mechanisms, induction of apoptosis and triggering cell cycle arrest were studied following standard protocols. Furthermore, analysis of antioxidant defense enzymes was determined spectrophotometrically. Antifungal susceptibility results revealed high antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 µg/mL. Further studies showed that Ag-Fe NPs were able to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and disturbances in primary and secondary antioxidant enzymes. This study presents the potential of Ag-Fe NPs to inhibit and potentially eradicate C. auris by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and increased levels of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Nahid H Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Infection Control Unit, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poopedi E, Marimani M, AlOmar SY, Aldahmash B, Ahmad A. Modulation of antioxidant defence system in response to berberine in Candida albicans. Yeast 2020; 38:157-169. [PMID: 33141949 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of multidrug resistant species of Candida is evolving, which advocates an urgent need for the development of new therapeutic strategies and antifungal drugs. Activation of antioxidant defence system in Candida albicans is known as forefront mechanism to escape drug toxicity. This study evaluated the role of antioxidant defence genes in the susceptibility to fluconazole in C. albicans and also determined the effect of berberine on growth, antioxidant enzymes and the expression of their genes in C. albicans isolates. Expression of major antioxidant genes was significantly increased in fluconazole-resistant isolates in comparison with the susceptible group. Antifungal susceptibility against berberine showed MIC values ranging from 125 to 500 μg/ml. Berberine treatment caused upregulation of mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of the targeted major antioxidants. Interestingly, C. albicans exhibited efficient antioxidant response at lower concentrations but could not sufficiently alleviate berberine-induced oxidative stress occurring at concentrations greater than 250 μg/ml. Therefore, berberine could serve as a potent Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-inducing agent, disrupting the antioxidant system especially in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans to overcome antifungal drug resistance. TAKE AWAYS: Evaluated the role of antioxidant enzymes in FLC resistance in C. albicans Studied the effect of berberine on growth of different C. albicans isolates Investigated the modulation of antioxidant enzymes by berberine in C. albicans Studied the effect of berberine on antioxidant gene expression in C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evida Poopedi
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Musa Marimani
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Doping Research, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Aldahmash
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.,Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chybowska AD, Childers DS, Farrer RA. Nine Things Genomics Can Tell Us About Candida auris. Front Genet 2020; 11:351. [PMID: 32351544 PMCID: PMC7174702 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing severe illness in hospitalized patients. C. auris is most closely related to a few environmental or rarely observed but cosmopolitan Candida species. However, C. auris is unique in the concern it is generating among public health agencies for its rapid emergence, difficulty to treat, and the likelihood for further and more extensive outbreaks and spread. To date, five geographically distributed and genetically divergent lineages have been identified, none of which includes isolates that were collected prior to 1996. Indeed, C. auris' ecological niche(s) and emergence remain enigmatic, although a number of hypotheses have been proposed. Recent genomic and transcriptomic work has also identified a variety of gene and chromosomal features that may have conferred C. auris with several important clinical phenotypes including its drug-resistance and growth at high temperatures. In this review we discuss nine major lines of enquiry into C. auris that big-data technologies and analytical approaches are beginning to answer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra D. Chybowska
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S. Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys A. Farrer
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at The University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee SY, Chen HF, Yeh YC, Xue YP, Lan CY. The Transcription Factor Sfp1 Regulates the Oxidative Stress Response in Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E131. [PMID: 31091716 PMCID: PMC6560436 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal that inhabits the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Because of the increasing immunocompromised population and the limited classes of antifungal drugs available, C. albicans has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen with high mortality rates. During infection and therapy, C. albicans frequently encounters immune cells and antifungal drugs, many of which exert their antimicrobial activity by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, antioxidative capacity is important for the survival and pathogenesis of C. albicans. In this study, we characterized the roles of the zinc finger transcription factor Sfp1 in the oxidative stress response against C. albicans. A sfp1-deleted mutant was more resistant to oxidants and macrophage killing than wild-type C. albicans and processed an active oxidative stress response with the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1 and high CAP1 expression. Moreover, the sfp1-deleted mutant exhibited high expression levels of antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress, resulting in a higher total antioxidant capacity, glutathione content, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity than the wild-type C. albicans. Finally, the sfp1-deleted mutant was resistant to macrophage killing and ROS-generating antifungal drugs. Together, our findings provide a new understanding of the complex regulatory machinery in the C. albicans oxidative stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Fen Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chieh Yeh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Peng Xue
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thangamani S, Eldesouky HE, Mohammad H, Pascuzzi PE, Avramova L, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Ebselen exerts antifungal activity by regulating glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fungal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3002-3010. [PMID: 27712973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebselen, an organoselenium compound and a clinically safe molecule has been reported to possess potent antifungal activity, but its antifungal mechanism of action and in vivo antifungal activity remain unclear. METHODS The antifungal effect of ebselen was tested against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and C. gattii clinical isolates. Chemogenomic profiling and biochemical assays were employed to identify the antifungal target of ebselen. Ebselen's antifungal activity in vivo was investigated in a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. RESULTS Ebselen exhibits potent antifungal activity against both Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp., at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2μg/ml. Ebselen rapidly eradicates a high fungal inoculum within 2h of treatment. Investigation of the drug's antifungal mechanism of action indicates that ebselen depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thereby disturbs the redox homeostasis in fungal cells. Examination of ebselen's in vivo antifungal activity in two Caenorhabditis elegans models of infection demonstrate that ebselen is superior to conventional antifungal drugs (fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin) in reducing Candida and Cryptococcus fungal load. CONCLUSION Ebselen possesses potent antifungal activity against clinically relevant isolates of both Candida and Cryptococcus by regulating GSH and ROS production. The potent in vivo antifungal activity of ebselen supports further investigation for repurposing it for use as an antifungal agent. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study shows that ebselen targets glutathione and also support that glutathione as a potential target for antifungal drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Faculty in Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vitali A, Vavala E, Marzano V, Leone C, Castagnola M, Iavarone F, Angiolella L. Cell wall composition and biofilm formation of azoles-susceptible and -resistant Candida glabrata strains. J Chemother 2016; 29:164-172. [PMID: 27439026 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1199507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, three strains of Candida glabrata have been investigated to shed light on the mechanisms involved in azole resistance during adherence and biofilm formation. In particular, a clinical isolate, susceptible to azole-based drugs, DSY562 and two different resistant mutagenic strains deriving from DSY562, SFY114 and SFY115, have been analysed with different approaches for their cell wall composition and properties. A proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of six cell wall-related proteins and biofilm formation varied between the strains. The SFY114 and SFY115 strains resulted to be less hydrophobic than the susceptible parental counterpart DSY562, on the other hand they showed a higher amount in total cell wall polysaccharides fraction in the total cell wall. Accordingly to the results obtained from the hydrophobicity and adherence assays, in the resistant strain SFY115 the biofilm formation decreased compared to the parental strain DSY562. Finally, the total glucose amount in resistant SFY115 was about halved in comparison to other strains. Taken together all these data suggest that azole drugs may affect the cell wall composition of C. glabrata, in relation to the different pathogenic behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vitali
- a CNR-ICRM, c/o Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vavala
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , "Sapienza" University of Rome , P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00161 , Italy
| | - Valeria Marzano
- c Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Claudia Leone
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , "Sapienza" University of Rome , P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00161 , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- c Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- c Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , "Sapienza" University of Rome , P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00161 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|