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Ng I, Bellwood DR, Strugnell JM, Parravicini V, Siqueira AC. The rise of dietary diversity in coral reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241004. [PMID: 39191284 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet has been identified as a major driver of reef fish lineage diversification, producing one of the most speciose vertebrate assemblages today. Yet, there is minimal understanding of how, when and why diet itself has evolved. To address this, we used a comprehensive gut content dataset, alongside a recently developed phylogenetic comparative method to assess multivariate prey use across a diverse animal assemblage, coral reef fishes. Specifically, we investigated the diversification, transitions and phylogenetic conservatism of fish diets through evolutionary time. We found two major pulses of diet diversification: one at the end-Cretaceous and one during the Eocene, suggesting that the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction probably provided the initial ecological landscape for fish diets to diversify. The birth of modern families during the Eocene then provided the foundation for a second wave of dietary expansion. Together, our findings showcase the role of extinction rebound events in shaping the dietary diversity of fishes on present-day coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ng
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, University of Perpignan , Perpignan 66860, France
- Institut Universitaire de France , Paris, France
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
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2
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Wisniewski AL, Nations JA, Slater GJ. Bayesian Prediction of Multivariate Ecology from Phenotypic Data Yields New Insights into the Diets of Extant and Extinct Taxa. Am Nat 2023; 202:192-215. [PMID: 37531278 DOI: 10.1086/725055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMorphology often reflects ecology, enabling the prediction of ecological roles for taxa that lack direct observations, such as fossils. In comparative analyses, ecological traits, like diet, are often treated as categorical, which may aid prediction and simplify analyses but ignores the multivariate nature of ecological niches. Furthermore, methods for quantifying and predicting multivariate ecology remain rare. Here, we ranked the relative importance of 13 food items for a sample of 88 extant carnivoran mammals and then used Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess whether those rankings could be predicted from dental morphology and body size. Traditional diet categories fail to capture the true multivariate nature of carnivoran diets, but Bayesian regression models derived from living taxa have good predictive accuracy for importance ranks. Using our models to predict the importance of individual food items, the multivariate dietary niche, and the nearest extant analogs for a set of data-deficient extant and extinct carnivoran species confirms long-standing ideas for some taxa but yields new insights into the fundamental dietary niches of others. Our approach provides a promising alternative to traditional dietary classifications. Importantly, this approach need not be limited to diet but serves as a general framework for predicting multivariate ecology from phenotypic traits.
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3
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Influence of historical changes in tropical reef habitat on the diversification of coral reef fishes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20731. [PMID: 34671048 PMCID: PMC8528860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Past environmental changes are expected to have profoundly impacted diversity dynamics through time. While some previous studies showed an association between past climate changes or tectonic events and important shifts in lineage diversification, it is only recently that past environmental changes have been explicitly integrated in diversification models to test their influence on diversification rates. Here, we used a global reconstruction of tropical reef habitat dynamics during the Cenozoic and phylogenetic diversification models to test the influence of (i) major geological events, (ii) reef habitat fragmentation and (iii) reef area on the diversification of 9 major clades of tropical reef fish (Acanthuridae, Balistoidea, Carangoidea, Chaetodontidae, Haemulinae, Holocentridae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae). The diversification models revealed a weak association between paleo-habitat changes and diversification dynamics. Specifically, the fragmentation of tropical reef habitats over the Cenozoic was found to be a driver of tropical reef fish diversification for 2 clades. However, overall, our approach did not allow the identification of striking associations between diversification dynamics and paleo-habitat fragmentation in contrast with theoretical model's predictions.
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4
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Tang KL, Stiassny MLJ, Mayden RL, DeSalle R. Systematics of Damselfishes. ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1643/i2020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Tang
- University of Michigan–Flint, Department of Biology, 303 East Kearsley St., Flint, Michigan 48502; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Melanie L. J. Stiassny
- American Museum of Natural History, Department of Ichthyology, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, New York 10024;
| | - Richard L. Mayden
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63103;
| | - Robert DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, New York 10024;
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5
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Rincon-Sandoval M, Duarte-Ribeiro E, Davis AM, Santaquiteria A, Hughes LC, Baldwin CC, Soto-Torres L, Acero P A, Walker HJ, Carpenter KE, Sheaves M, Ortí G, Arcila D, Betancur-R R. Evolutionary determinism and convergence associated with water-column transitions in marine fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33396-33403. [PMID: 33328271 PMCID: PMC7777220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006511117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeatable, convergent outcomes are prima facie evidence for determinism in evolutionary processes. Among fishes, well-known examples include microevolutionary habitat transitions into the water column, where freshwater populations (e.g., sticklebacks, cichlids, and whitefishes) recurrently diverge toward slender-bodied pelagic forms and deep-bodied benthic forms. However, the consequences of such processes at deeper macroevolutionary scales in the marine environment are less clear. We applied a phylogenomics-based integrative, comparative approach to test hypotheses about the scope and strength of convergence in a marine fish clade with a worldwide distribution (snappers and fusiliers, family Lutjanidae) featuring multiple water-column transitions over the past 45 million years. We collected genome-wide exon data for 110 (∼80%) species in the group and aggregated data layers for body shape, habitat occupancy, geographic distribution, and paleontological and geological information. We also implemented approaches using genomic subsets to account for phylogenetic uncertainty in comparative analyses. Our results show independent incursions into the water column by ancestral benthic lineages in all major oceanic basins. These evolutionary transitions are persistently associated with convergent phenotypes, where deep-bodied benthic forms with truncate caudal fins repeatedly evolve into slender midwater species with furcate caudal fins. Lineage diversification and transition dynamics vary asymmetrically between habitats, with benthic lineages diversifying faster and colonizing midwater habitats more often than the reverse. Convergent ecological and functional phenotypes along the benthic-pelagic axis are pervasive among different lineages and across vastly different evolutionary scales, achieving predictable high-fitness solutions for similar environmental challenges, ultimately demonstrating strong determinism in fish body-shape evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rincon-Sandoval
- Department of Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Caribe, Centro de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar (CECIMAR), Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | | | - Aaron M Davis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | | | - Lily C Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Carole C Baldwin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Luisángely Soto-Torres
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan Puerto Rico, 00931
| | - Arturo Acero P
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Caribe, Centro de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar (CECIMAR), Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - H J Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244
| | | | - Marcus Sheaves
- Marine Data Technology Hub, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK
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6
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Siqueira AC, Morais RA, Bellwood DR, Cowman PF. Trophic innovations fuel reef fish diversification. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2669. [PMID: 32472063 PMCID: PMC7260216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef fishes are an exceptionally speciose vertebrate assemblage, yet the main drivers of their diversification remain unclear. It has been suggested that Miocene reef rearrangements promoted opportunities for lineage diversification, however, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we assemble near-complete reef fish phylogenies to assess the importance of ecological and geographical factors in explaining lineage origination patterns. We reveal that reef fish diversification is strongly associated with species' trophic identity and body size. Large-bodied herbivorous fishes outpace all other trophic groups in recent diversification rates, a pattern that is consistent through time. Additionally, we show that omnivory acts as an intermediate evolutionary step between higher and lower trophic levels, while planktivory represents a common transition destination. Overall, these results suggest that Miocene changes in reef configurations were likely driven by, and subsequently promoted, trophic innovations. This highlights trophic evolution as a key element in enhancing reef fish diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Siqueira
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Renato A Morais
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Peter F Cowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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7
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Baraf LM, Pratchett MS, Cowman PF. Ancestral biogeography and ecology of marine angelfishes (F: Pomacanthidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Siqueira AC, Bellwood DR, Cowman PF. The evolution of traits and functions in herbivorous coral reef fishes through space and time. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182672. [PMID: 30963846 PMCID: PMC6408896 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory by fishes has been identified as a key ecological process shaping coral reefs through time. Although taxonomically limited, herbivorous reef fishes display a wide range of traits, which results in varied ecosystem functions on reefs around the world. Yet, we understand little about how these trait combinations and functions in ecosystems changed through time and across biogeographic realms. Here, we used fossils and phylogenies in a functional ecological framework to reveal temporal changes in nominally herbivorous fish assemblages among oceanic basins in both trait space and lineage richness among functions. We show that the trait space occupied by extant herbivorous fishes in the Indo-Pacific resulted from an expansion of traits from the ancestral Tethyan assemblages. By contrast, trait space in the Atlantic is the result of lineage turnover, with relatively recent colonization by lineages that arose in the east Tethys/Indo-Pacific. From an ecosystem function perspective, the Atlantic supports a depauperate fauna, with few extant herbivorous reef fish lineages performing each function. Indo-Pacific fishes support both more functions and more lineages within each function, with a marked Miocene to Pleistocene expansion. These disparities highlight the importance of history in explaining global variation in fish functional composition on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C. Siqueira
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David R. Bellwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Peter F. Cowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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9
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Gajdzik L, Aguilar-Medrano R, Frédérich B. Diversification and functional evolution of reef fish feeding guilds. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:572-582. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gajdzik
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; FOCUS; Université de Liège; 4000 Liège Belgique
| | - Rosalia Aguilar-Medrano
- Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Peces; Departamento de Recursos del Mar; CINVESTAV, Mérida; Yucatán México 97310
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; FOCUS; Université de Liège; 4000 Liège Belgique
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10
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Reef fish functional traits evolve fastest at trophic extremes. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:191-199. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Campbell MA, Robertson DR, Vargas MI, Allen GR, McMillan WO. Multilocus molecular systematics of the circumtropical reef-fish genus Abudefduf (Pomacentridae): history, geography and ecology of speciation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5357. [PMID: 30128183 PMCID: PMC6097498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated a pantropical sub-family and genus of damselfishes, the sergeant-majors (Pomacentridae: Abudefdufinae: Abudefduf), to identify the tempo and mechanisms of speciation in the lineage. We examined sequence capture data from 500 loci and 20 species, with multiple individuals sampled from across the geographic ranges of widespread species. Utilizing a maximum likelihood framework, as well as a time-calibrated Bayesian phylogeny, the following key questions are addressed: What is the historical tempo of speciation? What are the relative contributions of vicariant, peripatric and parapatric speciation to sergeant-major diversity? How is speciation related to major variation in trophic ecology? The approximately 20 species of sergeant-majors fall into three main lineages. The ancestral condition appears to be benthivory, which is predominant in two lineages comprising six species. The remaining species of sergeant-majors, of which there are at least 15, fall within a clade composed entirely of planktivores. This clade is sister to a benthivore clade that included one species, Abudefduf notatus, in transition to planktivory. Most speciation of sergeant-majors, which appeared ∼24 million years ago, occurred in the last 10 million years. Present distributional patterns indicate vicariant speciation precipitated by the closure of land barriers between both sides of the Atlantic and the Pacific, and the emergence of land between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Within this backdrop, frequent oscillations in sea level over the last 10 million years also appear to have generated conditions suitable for both peripatric and vicariant speciation, and most speciation within the genus appears linked to these changes in sea level. Diversification within the genus has been concentrated in planktivorous seargeant-majors rather than benthivores. The root cause is unclear, but does not appear to be related to differences in dispersal potential, which is greater in the planktivorous species, due to the ability of their post-larval juveniles to raft with floating debris. This elevated speciation rate in planktivores and their propensity to form local endemics may reflect relaxation of selective pressures (e.g., on crypticity) that limit speciation in benthivorous sergeant-majors. Finally, our data allow us to clarify relationships of geminate sergeant-major species, indicating that there are subdivisions within the Atlantic for both benthivore and planktivore geminate pairs that may have misled previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Ross Robertson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Marta I Vargas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Gerald R Allen
- Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - W O McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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12
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Phylogenetic analysis of trophic niche evolution reveals a latitudinal herbivory gradient in Clupeoidei (herrings, anchovies, and allies). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Arcila D, Tyler JC. Mass extinction in tetraodontiform fishes linked to the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1771. [PMID: 29118135 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative evolutionary analyses based upon fossil and extant species provide a powerful approach for understanding past diversification events and for assessing the tempo of evolution across the Tree of Life. Herein, we demonstrate the importance of integrating fossil and extant species for inferring patterns of lineage diversification that would otherwise be masked in analyses that examine only one source of evidence. We infer the phylogeny and macroevolutionary history of the Tetraodontiformes (triggerfishes, pufferfishes and allies), a group with one of the most extensive fossil records among fishes. Our analyses combine molecular and morphological data, based on an expanded matrix that adds newly coded fossil species and character states. Beyond confidently resolving the relationships and divergence times of tetraodontiforms, our diversification analyses detect a major mass-extinction event during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), followed by a marked increase in speciation rates. This pattern is consistently obtained when fossil and extant species are integrated, whereas examination of the fossil occurrences alone failed to detect major diversification changes during the PETM. When taking into account non-homogeneous models, our analyses also detect a rapid lineage diversification increase in one of the groups (tetraodontoids) during the middle Miocene, which is considered a key period in the evolution of reef fishes associated with trophic changes and ecological opportunity. In summary, our analyses show distinct diversification dynamics estimated from phylogenies and the fossil record, suggesting that different episodes shaped the evolution of tetraodontiforms during the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - James C Tyler
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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Alhajeri BH, Steppan SJ. Ecological and Ecomorphological Specialization Are Not Associated with Diversification Rates in Muroid Rodents (Rodentia: Muroidea). Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-018-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Ecomorphological trajectories of reef fish sister species (Pomacentridae) from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Mayrinck D, Brito PM, Meunier FJ, Alvarado-Ortega J, Otero O. †Sorbinicharax verraesi: An unexpected case of a benthic fish outside Acanthomorpha in the Upper Cretaceous of the Tethyan Sea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183879. [PMID: 28846739 PMCID: PMC5573274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
†Sorbinicharax verraesi is a marine teleostean fish from the Upper Cretaceous of Nardò (Italy). It was first attributed to the otophysan order Characiformes, which represents potential evidence for the controversial marine origin of the clade. Through a review of all the available material, we demonstrate that this species is not an otophysan since it lacks key structures that would allow for its inclusion in this group. †Sorbinicharax has a body shape that recalls ground fishes classically assigned to Acanthomorpha. However, no unambiguous feature allows us to relate it to this clade. In fact, the presence of cellular bony tissue supports its exclusion from Eurypterygii. Since no feature permits the definitive attribution of †Sorbinicharax to any teleost group, it remains as Teleostei incertae sedis. We infer that the morphology of †Sorbinicharax indicates a benthic ecology. It displays: an anteriorly wide body with enlarged ribs; large pectoral fins, while anal and dorsal fins are reduced; a large head measuring ¼ of the total body length; and a mouth opening dorsally in a high position. Such morphology was so far undescribed in Nardo. It is surprisingly displayed by a non-eurypterygian teleost fish which means by a fish which does not belong to the clades that diversify since the upper Cretaceous and include the extant families that show ground ecomorphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Mayrinck
- Departamento de Ensino de Ciências e Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Paulo M. Brito
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - François J. Meunier
- UMR 7208 (CNRS–IRD–MNHN –UPMC), BOREA, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP026, Paris, France
| | - Jesus Alvarado-Ortega
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olga Otero
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie de Poitiers – UMR 7262 Bat B35 – TSA51106, Poitiers, France
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17
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Abstract
About half of the world's animal species are arthropods associated with plants, and the ability to consume plant material has been proposed to be an important trait associated with the spectacular diversification of terrestrial insects. We review the phylogenetic distribution of plant feeding in the Crustacea, the other major group of arthropods that commonly consume plants, to estimate how often plant feeding has arisen and to test whether this dietary transition is associated with higher species numbers in extant clades. We present evidence that at least 31 lineages of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans (including 64 families and 185 genera) have independently overcome the challenges of consuming plant material. These plant-feeding clades are, on average, 21-fold more speciose than their sister taxa, indicating that a shift in diet is associated with increased net rates of diversification. In contrast to herbivorous insects, most crustaceans have very broad diets, and the increased richness of taxa that include plants in their diet likely results from access to a novel resource base rather than host-associated divergence.
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18
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LoDuca ST, Bykova N, Wu M, Xiao S, Zhao Y. Seaweed morphology and ecology during the great animal diversification events of the early Paleozoic: A tale of two floras. GEOBIOLOGY 2017; 15:588-616. [PMID: 28603844 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-calcified marine macroalgae ("seaweeds") play a variety of key roles in the modern Earth system, and it is likely that they were also important players in the geological past, particularly during critical transitions such as the Cambrian Explosion (CE) and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). To investigate the morphology and ecology of seaweeds spanning the time frame from the CE through the GOBE, a carefully vetted database was constructed that includes taxonomic and morphometric information for non-calcified macroalgae from 69 fossil deposits. Analysis of the database shows a pattern of seaweed history that can be explained in terms of two floras: the Cambrian Flora and the Ordovician Flora. The Cambrian Flora was dominated by rather simple morphogroups, whereas the Ordovician Flora, which replaced the Cambrian Flora in the Ordovician and extended through the Silurian, mainly comprised comparatively complex morphogroups. In addition to morphogroup representation, the two floras show marked differences in taxonomic composition, morphospace occupation, functional-form group representation, and life habit, thereby pointing to significant morphological and ecological changes for seaweeds roughly concomitant with the GOBE and the transition from the Cambrian to Paleozoic Evolutionary Faunas. Macroalgal changes of a similar nature and magnitude, however, are not evident in concert with the CE, as the Cambrian Flora consists largely of forms established during the Ediacaran. The cause of such a lag in macroalgal morphological diversification remains unclear, but an intriguing possibility is that it signals a previously unknown difference between the CE and GOBE with regard to the introduction of novel grazing pressures. The consequences of the establishment of the Ordovician Flora for shallow marine ecosystems and Earth system dynamics remain to be explored in detail but could have been multifaceted and potentially include impacts on the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T LoDuca
- Department of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - N Bykova
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M Wu
- Department of Economics and Management, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - S Xiao
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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19
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Floeter SR, Bender MG, Siqueira AC, Cowman PF. Phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:131-151. [PMID: 28464469 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits have been fundamental to the evolution and diversification of entire fish lineages on coral reefs. Yet their relationship with the processes promoting speciation, extinction and the filtering of local species pools remains unclear. We review the current literature exploring the evolution of diet, body size, water column use and geographic range size in reef-associated fishes. Using published and new data, we mapped functional traits on to published phylogenetic trees to uncover evolutionary patterns that have led to the current functional diversity of fishes on coral reefs. When examining reconstructed patterns for diet and feeding mode, we found examples of independent transitions to planktivory across different reef fish families. Such transitions and associated morphological alterations may represent cases in which ecological opportunity for the exploitation of different resources drives speciation and adaptation. In terms of body size, reconstructions showed that both large and small sizes appear multiple times within clades of mid-sized fishes and that extreme body sizes have arisen mostly in the last 10 million years (Myr). The reconstruction of range size revealed many cases of disparate range sizes among sister species. Such range size disparity highlights potential vicariant processes through isolation in peripheral locations. When accounting for peripheral speciation processes in sister pairs, we found a significant relationship between labrid range size and lineage age. The diversity and evolution of traits within lineages is influenced by trait-environment interactions as well as by species and trait-trait interactions, where the presence of a given trait may trigger the development of related traits or behaviours. Our effort to assess the evolution of functional diversity across reef fish clades adds to the burgeoning research focusing on the evolutionary and ecological roles of functional traits. We argue that the combination of a phylogenetic and a functional approach will improve the understanding of the mechanisms of species assembly in extraordinarily rich coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Floeter
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Bender
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Peter F Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, U.S.A.,Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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20
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Cowman PF, Parravicini V, Kulbicki M, Floeter SR. The biogeography of tropical reef fishes: endemism and provinciality through time. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2112-2130. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville 4811 Australia
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, USR 3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Labex Corail, CRIOBE; 66860 Perpignan France
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR Entropie-Labex CORAIL; Université de Perpignan; 66000 Perpignan France
| | - Sergio R. Floeter
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis 88040-900 Brazil
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21
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Abstract
Biological networks pervade nature. They describe systems throughout all levels of biological organization, from molecules regulating metabolism to species interactions that shape ecosystem dynamics. The network thinking revealed recurrent organizational patterns in complex biological systems, such as the formation of semi-independent groups of connected elements (modularity) and non-random distributions of interactions among elements. Other structural patterns, such as nestedness, have been primarily assessed in ecological networks formed by two non-overlapping sets of elements; information on its occurrence on other levels of organization is lacking. Nestedness occurs when interactions of less connected elements form proper subsets of the interactions of more connected elements. Only recently these properties began to be appreciated in one-mode networks (where all elements can interact) which describe a much wider variety of biological phenomena. Here, we compute nestedness in a diverse collection of one-mode networked systems from six different levels of biological organization depicting gene and protein interactions, complex phenotypes, animal societies, metapopulations, food webs and vertebrate metacommunities. Our findings suggest that nestedness emerge independently of interaction type or biological scale and reveal that disparate systems can share nested organization features characterized by inclusive subsets of interacting elements with decreasing connectedness. We primarily explore the implications of a nested structure for each of these studied systems, then theorize on how nested networks are assembled. We hypothesize that nestedness emerges across scales due to processes that, although system-dependent, may share a general compromise between two features: specificity (the number of interactions the elements of the system can have) and affinity (how these elements can be connected to each other). Our findings suggesting occurrence of nestedness throughout biological scales can stimulate the debate on how pervasive nestedness may be in nature, while the theoretical emergent principles can aid further research on commonalities of biological networks.
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22
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Frédérich B, Marramà G, Carnevale G, Santini F. Non-reef environments impact the diversification of extant jacks, remoras and allies (Carangoidei, Percomorpha). Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161556. [PMID: 27807262 PMCID: PMC5124091 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors may impact the processes of diversification of a clade. In the marine realm, it has been shown that coral reef environments have promoted diversification in various fish groups. With the exception of requiem sharks, all the groups showing a higher level of diversity in reefs than in non-reef habitats have diets based predominantly on plankton, algae or benthic invertebrates. Here we explore the pattern of diversification of carangoid fishes, a clade that includes numerous piscivorous species (e.g. trevallies, jacks and dolphinfishes), using time-calibrated phylogenies as well as ecological and morphological data from both extant and fossil species. The study of carangoid morphospace suggests that reef environments played a role in their early radiation during the Eocene. However, contrary to the hypothesis of a reef-association-promoting effect, we show that habitat shifts to non-reef environments have increased the rates of morphological diversification (i.e. size and body shape) in extant carangoids. Piscivory did not have a major impact on the tempo of diversification of this group. Through the ecological radiation of carangoid fishes, we demonstrate that non-reef environments may sustain and promote processes of diversification of different marine fish groups, at least those including a large proportion of piscivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, AFFISH Research Center, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, MARE Center, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Marramà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carnevale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Francesco Santini
- Associazione Italiana per lo Studio della Biodiversità, Pisa 56100, Italy
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23
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Bellwood DR, Goatley CHR, Bellwood O. The evolution of fishes and corals on reefs: form, function and interdependence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:878-901. [PMID: 26970292 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are renowned for their spectacular biodiversity and the close links between fishes and corals. Despite extensive fossil records and common biogeographic histories, the evolution of these two key groups has rarely been considered together. We therefore examine recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and palaeoecology, and place the evolution of fishes and corals in a functional context. In critically reviewing the available fossil and phylogenetic evidence, we reveal a marked congruence in the evolution of the two groups. Despite one group consisting of swimming vertebrates and the other colonial symbiotic invertebrates, fishes and corals have remarkably similar evolutionary histories. In the Paleocene and Eocene [66-34 million years ago (Ma)] most modern fish and coral families were present, and both were represented by a wide range of functional morphotypes. However, there is little evidence of diversification at this time. By contrast, in the Oligocene and Miocene (34-5.3 Ma), both groups exhibited rapid lineage diversification. There is also evidence of increasing reef area, occupation of new habitats, increasing coral cover, and potentially, increasing fish abundance. Functionally, the Oligocene-Miocene is marked by the appearance of new fish and coral taxa associated with high-turnover fast-growth ecosystems and the colonization of reef flats. It is in this period that the functional characteristics of modern coral reefs were established. Most species, however, only arose in the last 5.3 million years (Myr; Plio-Pleistocene), with the average age of fish species being 5.3 Myr, and corals just 1.9 Myr. While these species are genetically distinct, phenotypic differences are often limited to variation in colour or minor morphological features. This suggests that the rapid increase in biodiversity during the last 5.3 Myr was not matched by changes in ecosystem function. For reef fishes, colour appears to be central to recent diversification. However, the presence of pigment patterns in the Eocene suggests that colour may not have driven recent diversification. Furthermore, the lack of functional changes in fishes or corals over the last 5 Myr raises questions over the role and importance of biodiversity in shaping the future of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bellwood
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Christopher H R Goatley
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Orpha Bellwood
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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24
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Friedman ST, Price SA, Hoey AS, Wainwright PC. Ecomorphological convergence in planktivorous surgeonfishes. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:965-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Friedman
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - S. A. Price
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - A. S. Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - P. C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis CA USA
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25
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Fanti F, Minelli D, Conte GL, Miyashita T. An exceptionally preserved Eocene shark and the rise of modern predator-prey interactions in the coral reef food web. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:9. [PMID: 27042332 PMCID: PMC4818435 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best documented in the earliest teleost-dominated coral reef assemblage of Pesciara di Bolca, northern Italy, from near the end of the Eocene Climatic Optimum. Its rich fauna shows similarities with that of the modern Great Barrier Reef in niche exploitation by and morphological disparity among teleost primary consumers. However, such paleoecological understanding has not transcended trophic levels above primary consumers, particularly in carcharhiniform sharks. RESULTS We report an exceptionally preserved fossil school shark (Galeorhinus cuvieri) from Pesciara di Bolca. In addition to the spectacular preservation of soft tissues, including brain, muscles, and claspers, this male juvenile shark has stomach contents clearly identifiable as a sphyraenid acanthomorph (barracuda). This association provides evidence that a predator-prey relationship between Galeorhinus and Sphyraena in the modern coral reefs has roots in the Eocene. A growth curve of the living species of Galeorhinus fitted to G. cuvieri suggests that all specimens of G. cuvieri from the lagoonal deposits of Bolca represent sexually and somatically immature juveniles. CONCLUSION The modern trophic association between higher-degree consumers (Galeorhinus and Sphyraena) has a counterpart in the Eocene Bolca, just as Bolca and the Great Barrier Reef show parallels among teleost primary consumers. Given the age of Bolca, trophic networks among consumers observed in modern coral reefs arose by the exit from the Climatic Optimum. The biased representation of juveniles suggests that the Bolca Lagerstätte served as a nursery habitat for G. cuvieri. Ultraviolet photography may be useful in probing for exceptional soft tissue preservation before common acid preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fanti
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, Bologna, 40126 Italy
- />Museo Geologico Giovanni Capellini, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 63, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Daniela Minelli
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Gabriele Larocca Conte
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, Bologna, 40126 Italy
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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26
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Cowman PF. Historical factors that have shaped the evolution of tropical reef fishes: a review of phylogenies, biogeography, and remaining questions. Front Genet 2014; 5:394. [PMID: 25431581 PMCID: PMC4230204 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity patterns across the marine tropics have intrigued evolutionary biologists and ecologists alike. Tropical coral reefs host 1/3 of all marine species of fish on 0.1% of the ocean's surface. Yet our understanding of how mechanistic processes have underpinned the generation of this diversity is limited. However, it has become clear that the biogeographic history of the marine tropics has played an important role in shaping the diversity of tropical reef fishes we see today. In the last decade, molecular phylogenies and age estimation techniques have provided a temporal framework in which the ancestral biogeographic origins of reef fish lineages have been inferred, but few have included fully sampled phylogenies or made inferences at a global scale. We are currently at a point where new sequencing technologies are accelerating the reconstruction and the resolution of the Fish Tree of Life. How will a complete phylogeny of fishes benefit the study of biodiversity in the tropics? Here, I review the literature concerning the evolutionary history of reef-associated fishes from a biogeographic perspective. I summarize the major biogeographic and climatic events over the last 65 million years that have regionalized the tropical marine belt and what effect they have had on the molecular record of fishes and global biodiversity patterns. By examining recent phylogenetic trees of major reef associated groups, I identify gaps to be filled in order to obtain a clearer picture of the origins of coral reef fish assemblages. Finally, I discuss questions that remain to be answered and new approaches to uncover the mechanistic processes that underpin the evolution of biodiversity on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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