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Požgajová M, Navrátilová A, Šebová E, Kovár M, Kačániová M. Cadmium-Induced Cell Homeostasis Impairment is Suppressed by the Tor1 Deficiency in Fission Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217847. [PMID: 33105893 PMCID: PMC7660220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium has no known physiological function in the body; however, its adverse effects are associated with cancer and many types of organ system damage. Although much has been shown about Cd toxicity, the underlying mechanisms of its responses to the organism remain unclear. In this study, the role of Tor1, a catalytic subunit of the target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2), in Cd-mediated effects on cell proliferation, the antioxidant system, morphology, and ionome balance was investigated in the eukaryotic model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Surprisingly, spectrophotometric and biochemical analyses revealed that the growth rate conditions and antioxidant defense mechanisms are considerably better in cells lacking the Tor1 signaling. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of Tor1-deficient cells upon Cd treatment represents approximately half of the wild-type content. The microscopic determination of the cell morphological parameters indicates the role for Tor1 in cell shape maintenance. The ion content, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), showed that the Cd uptake potency was markedly lower in Tor1-depleted compared to wild-type cells. Conclusively, we show that the cadmium-mediated cell impairments in the fission yeast significantly depend on the Tor1 signaling. Additionally, the data presented here suggest the yet-undefined role of Tor1 in the transport of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Požgajová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-37-641-4919
| | - Alica Navrátilová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Šebová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marek Kovár
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Baybay EK, Esposito E, Hauf S. Pomegranate: 2D segmentation and 3D reconstruction for fission yeast and other radially symmetric cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16580. [PMID: 33024177 PMCID: PMC7538417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of cells in microscopy images is crucial to accurately capture signals that extend across optical sections. Using brightfield images for segmentation has the advantage of being minimally phototoxic and leaving all other channels available for signals of interest. However, brightfield images only readily provide information for two-dimensional (2D) segmentation. In radially symmetric cells, such as fission yeast and many bacteria, this 2D segmentation can be computationally extruded into the third dimension. However, current methods typically make the simplifying assumption that cells are straight rods. Here, we report Pomegranate, a pipeline that performs the extrusion into 3D using spheres placed along the topological skeletons of the 2D-segmented regions. The diameter of these spheres adapts to the cell diameter at each position. Thus, Pomegranate accurately represents radially symmetric cells in 3D even if cell diameter varies and regardless of whether a cell is straight, bent or curved. We have tested Pomegranate on fission yeast and demonstrate its ability to 3D segment wild-type cells as well as classical size and shape mutants. The pipeline is available as a macro for the open-source image analysis software Fiji/ImageJ. 2D segmentations created within or outside Pomegranate can serve as input, thus making this a valuable extension to the image analysis portfolio already available for fission yeast and other radially symmetric cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erod Keaton Baybay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Eric Esposito
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Silke Hauf
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Fields C, Levin M. Multiscale memory and bioelectric error correction in the cytoplasm-cytoskeleton-membrane system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 21 Rue des Lavandiéres, 11160 Caunes Minervois; France
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University; Medford MA USA
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4
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Makushok T, Alves P, Huisman SM, Kijowski AR, Brunner D. Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains Define Fission Yeast Cell Polarity. Cell 2016; 165:1182-1196. [PMID: 27180904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is crucial for the functioning of all organisms. The cytoskeleton is central to the process but its role in symmetry breaking is poorly understood. We study cell polarization when fission yeast cells exit starvation. We show that the basis of polarity generation is de novo sterol biosynthesis, cell surface delivery of sterols, and their recruitment to the cell poles. This involves four phases occurring independent of the polarity factor cdc42p. Initially, multiple, randomly distributed sterol-rich membrane (SRM) domains form at the plasma membrane, independent of the cytoskeleton and cell growth. These domains provide platforms on which the growth and polarity machinery assembles. SRM domains are then polarized by the microtubule-dependent polarity factor tea1p, which prepares for monopolar growth initiation and later switching to bipolar growth. SRM polarization requires F-actin but not the F-actin organizing polarity factors for3p and bud6p. We conclude that SRMs are key to cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Makushok
- University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paulo Alves
- IGBMC, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Stephen Michiel Huisman
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Rafal Kijowski
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damian Brunner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abenza JF, Couturier E, Dodgson J, Dickmann J, Chessel A, Dumais J, Salas REC. Wall mechanics and exocytosis define the shape of growth domains in fission yeast. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8400. [PMID: 26455310 PMCID: PMC4618311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amazing structural variety of cells is matched only by their functional diversity, and reflects the complex interplay between biochemical and mechanical regulation. How both regulatory layers generate specifically shaped cellular domains is not fully understood. Here, we report how cell growth domains are shaped in fission yeast. Based on quantitative analysis of cell wall expansion and elasticity, we develop a model for how mechanics and cell wall assembly interact and use it to look for factors underpinning growth domain morphogenesis. Surprisingly, we find that neither the global cell shape regulators Cdc42-Scd1-Scd2 nor the major cell wall synthesis regulators Bgs1-Bgs4-Rgf1 are reliable predictors of growth domain geometry. Instead, their geometry can be defined by cell wall mechanics and the cortical localization pattern of the exocytic factors Sec6-Syb1-Exo70. Forceful re-directioning of exocytic vesicle fusion to broader cortical areas induces proportional shape changes to growth domains, demonstrating that both features are causally linked. Cell shape is determined by a combination of biochemical regulation and mechanical forces. By imaging the dynamic behaviour of growth regulatory proteins in fission yeast and integrating these data within a mechanical model, Abenza et al. find that exocytosis plays a dominant role in shaping growth domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Abenza
- Genetics Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Etienne Couturier
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James Dodgson
- Genetics Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Johanna Dickmann
- Genetics Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Anatole Chessel
- Genetics Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jacques Dumais
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2562307, Chile.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Rafael E Carazo Salas
- Genetics Department, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
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