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Vishwakarma S, Srivastava SK, Khare NK, Chaubey S, Chaturvedi V, Trivedi P, Khan S, Khan F. Synthesis and Structural Activity Relationship Study of Ursolic Acid Derivatives as Antitubercular Agent. Med Chem 2024; 20:630-645. [PMID: 37946341 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064256660231027042758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemical transformation of ursolic acid (UA) into novel C-3 aryl ester derivatives and in vitro and silico assessment of their antitubercular potential. BACKGROUND UA is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid with many pharmacological properties. Semisynthetic UA analogs have demonstrated enhanced anticancer, antimalarial, and antifilarial properties in our previous studies. METHODS The C-30 carboxylic group of previously isolated UA was protected, and various C-3 aryl ester derivatives were semi-synthesized. The agar dilution method was used to evaluate the in vitro antitubercular efficacy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Ra. In silico docking studies of the active derivative were carried out against Mtb targets, catalase peroxidase (PDB: 1SJ2), dihydrofolate reductase (PDB: 4M2X), enoyl-ACP reductase (PDB: 4TRO), and cytochrome bc1 oxidase (PDB: 7E1V). RESULTS The derivative 3-O-(2-amino,3-methyl benzoic acid)-ethyl ursolate (UA-1H) was the most active among the eight derivatives (MIC1 2.5 μg/mL) against Mtb H37Ra. Also, UA-1H demonstrated significant binding affinity in the range of 10.8-11.4 kcal/mol against the antiTb target proteins, which was far better than the positive control Isoniazid, Ethambutol, and co-crystallized ligand (HEM). Moreover, the predicted hit UA-1H showed no inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), suggesting its potential for favorable metabolism in Phase I clinical studies. CONCLUSION The ursolic acid derivative UA-1H possesses significant in vitro antitubercular potential with favorable in silico pharmacokinetics. Hence, further in vivo assessments are suggested for UA-1H for its possible development into a secure and efficient antitubercular drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Vishwakarma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Santosh K Srivastava
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Naveen K Khare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shiwa Chaubey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Vinita Chaturvedi
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Priyanka Trivedi
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
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Ahmed H, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S, Ahmad KS, Afzal MS, Farrakh S, Safdar W, Pervaiz F, Liaqat S, Zhang J, Cao J. An Inventory of Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010131. [PMID: 36678480 PMCID: PMC9866317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of novelties and significant developments in the field of veterinary science to treat helminth parasites by using natural plant products have been assessed in recent years. To the best of our knowledge, to date, there has not been such a comprehensive review of 19 years of articles on the anthelmintic potential of plants against various types of helminths in different parts of the world. Therefore, the present study reviews the available information on a large number of medicinal plants and their pharmacological effects, which may facilitate the development of an effective management strategy against helminth parasites. An electronic search in four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was performed for articles published between January 2003 and April 2022. Information about plant species, local name, family, distribution, plant tissue used, and target parasite species was tabulated. All relevant studies meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed, and 118 research articles were included. In total, 259 plant species were reviewed as a potential source of anthelmintic drugs. These plants can be used as a source of natural drugs to treat helminth infections in animals, and their use would potentially reduce economic losses and improve livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig 23119, Turkey
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Khawaja Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12350, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Farrakh
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Safdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Liaqat
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jing Zhang
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (J.C.)
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Mishra A, Kumar V, Singh A. Deciphering the anti-filarial potential of bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum: a combined experimental and computational study. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2237-2252. [PMID: 36415158 PMCID: PMC9704100 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2132030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The anthelminthic effect of Ocimum species (Lamiaceae) has been reported, however, its anti-filarial effect has not been explored to date. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) against lymphatic filarial parasites. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ethanol extract of OS (EOS) leaves was tested for anti-filarial activity against Setaria cervi. Equal size and number (n = 10) of adult female S. cervi worms were incubated in 125, 250 or 375 μg/mL EOS extract for 6 h at 37 °C. The OS bioactive components were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and subjected to docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation against filarial antioxidant proteins. RESULTS The EOS significantly inhibited the motility of adult female S. cervi after 6 h of incubation. The motility was found to be reduced by 53.7% in 375 µg/mL and 43.8% in 250 µg/mL EOS after 6 h of treatment. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of ethanol extract of O. sanctum revealed the presence of 13 bioactive compounds. The docking analysis showed eight OS bioactive compounds to have high binding affinity (> 4.8 kcal/mol) towards antioxidant proteins of filarial parasites. Additionally, MD simulation studies showed significant impact of (RMSD ≤ 10 Å) chlorogenic acid, luteolin and ursolic acid on filarial antioxidant enzymes/proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-filarial activity of Ocimum sanctum. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The effect of EOS and OS bioactive components on human filarial parasites can be further evaluated for the development of new anti-filarial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anchal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Mohan A, Shaji S, Padmanabhan S, Naisam S, Sreekumar N. The potentials of Calotropis procera against filarial elephantiasis: an in-silico approach. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:384-394. [PMID: 35692472 PMCID: PMC9177934 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is one of the major diseases that belong to the category of neglected tropical illness. Filarial nematodes are the cause of the disease and are transmitted to humans via blood-feeding arthropod vectors. Drugs such as Albendazole, Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine are administered either individually or in combination to overcome the progress of the lymphatic filariasis. These drugs have some minor side effects like temporary hair loss, dizziness, nausea etc. The filarial parasites have multifunctional proteins including the Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzyme. This study aims at the identification of a natural molecule that has the potential to bind with the GST enzyme, which plays a major role in detoxification of endogenous electrophilic compounds. Thus the binding interrupts the detoxification process within the filarial parasite, Brugia malayi. A medicinal plant Calotropis procera, owing to its anthelmintic properties was searched for the presence of potential phytocompounds. The phytocompounds were docked against the homology modeled GST enzyme using the MOE software. The results were screened and analyzed based on the Lipinski rule of 5. N-octanoate was the phytocompound obtained based on molecular docking, subjected to molecular dynamics. These results require further in vitro and in vivo validation to consider n-octanoate as a potential drug candidate for lymphatic filariasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Mohan
- Dept. of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala India
| | - Shanitha Shaji
- Dept. of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala India
| | - Sunitha Padmanabhan
- Dept. of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala India
| | - Shahanas Naisam
- Accubits Invent Pvt. Ltd, The Pirates Square, Trivandrum, Kerala India
| | - Nidhin Sreekumar
- Accubits Invent Pvt. Ltd, The Pirates Square, Trivandrum, Kerala India
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Immunolocalization of Disorganized Muscle Protein-1 in Different Life Stages of Human Lymphatic Filariid, Brugia malayi. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:990-994. [PMID: 32500507 PMCID: PMC7271955 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We recently identified disorganized muscle protein-1 of Brugia malayi (DIM-1bm) as a vaccine candidate for human lymphatic filariasis. The present study was aimed at investigating the localization of DIM-1bm in the life-stages of B. malayi to identify the tissue target of vaccine action. Methods Recombinant DIM-1bm (rDIM-1bm) was prepared and antibodies were raised in BALB/c mice. Immunoblots of SDS-PAGE resolved B. malayi infective 3rd stage larvae (L3) and adult worm antigens and rDIM-1bm were prepared and reacted with anti-rDIM-1bm sera. Sections of adult female worms and whole-mount preparations of L3 and microfilariae (mf) were stained by immunofluorescence using rDIM-1bm antibodies and Alexa Fluor 488 labeled secondary antibodies, and examined under a confocal microscope. Results Immunofluorescence staining showed that DIM-1bm is localized mainly in the subcuticular muscle layer in the L3 and the adult worms; no fluorescent signal could be detected in mf. Conclusion The localization of DIM-1bm in the parasites’ muscle layer suggests that the immunoprophylactic efficacy of DIM-1 is evidently due to immobilization of the parasite and its subsequent immune elimination.
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Boniface PK, Elizabeth FI. An Insight into the Discovery of Potent Antifilarial Leads Against Lymphatic Filariasis. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 21:657-680. [PMID: 31800381 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191204152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with filarial worms that are transmitted through mosquito bites. Globally, 120 million people are infected, with nearly 40 million people disfigured and disabled by complications such as severe swelling of the legs (elephantiasis) or scrotum (hydrocele). Current treatments (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine) have limited effects on adult parasites and produce side effects; therefore, there is an urgent to search for new antifilarial agents. Numerous studies on the antifilarial activity of pure molecules have been reported accross the recent literature. The present study describes the current standings of potent antifilarial compounds against lymphatic filariasis. METHODS A literature search was conducted for naturally occurring and synthetic antifilarial compounds by referencing textbooks and scientific databases (SciFinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, and Springer, among others) from their inception until September 2019. RESULTS Numerous compounds have been reported to exhibit antifilarial acitivity in adult and microfilariae forms of the parasites responsible for lymphatic filariasis. In silico studies of active antifilarial compounds (ligands) showed molecular interactions over the protein targets (trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, thymidylate synthase, among others) of lymphatic filariasis, and supported the in vitro results. CONCLUSION With reference to in vitro antifilarial studies, there is evidence that natural and synthetic products can serve as basic scaffolds for the development of antifilarial agents. The optimization of the most potent antifilarial compounds can be further performed, followed by their in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira Igne Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tyagi R, Verma S, Mishra S, Srivastava M, Alam S, Khan F, Srivastava SK. In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as Anti- Filarial Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1191-1200. [PMID: 31210109 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190618141450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis is one of the chronic diseases in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics of the world despite the use of standard drugs diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin because they kill microfilaries and not the adult parasites. Therefore, new leads with activity on adult parasites are highly desirable. OBJECTIVE Anti-filarial lead optimization by semi-synthetic modification of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). METHODS The GA was first converted into 3-O-acyl derivative, which was further converted into 12 amide derivatives. All these derivatives were assessed for their antifilarial potential by parasite motility assay. The binding affinity of active GA derivatives on trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Bm-TPP) was assessed by molecular docking studies. RESULTS Among 15 GA derivatives, GAD-2, GAD-3, and GAD-4 were found more potent than the GA and standard drug DEC. These derivatives reduced the motility of Brugia malayi adult worms by up to 74% while the GA and DEC reduced only up to 49%. Further, GA and most of its derivatives exhibited two times more reduction in MTT assay when compared to the standard drug DEC. These derivatives also showed 100% reduction of microfilariae and good interactions with Bm-TPP protein. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that 3-O-acyl and linear chain amide derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid may be potent leads against B. malayi microfilariae and adult worms. These results might be helpful in developing QSAR model for optimizing a new class of antifilarial lead from a very common, inexpensive, and non toxic natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Tyagi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Surjeet Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shikha Mishra
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Metabolic & Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Metabolic & Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
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In-vitro and in silico efficacy of isolated alkaloid compounds from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi: a drug discovery approach. J Parasit Dis 2018; 43:103-112. [PMID: 30956453 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioassay guided isolation from the leaves of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. resulted in the isolation and characterization of three compounds of alkaloid in nature namely, Curan-17-oic acid (F1); 18, 19-Secoyohimban (F2) and Reserpiline (F3). Macrofilaricidal activity of three compounds was tested against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi using in vitro assays and supported by in silico docking analysis on glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme of Wuchereria bancrofti. All the molecules inhibited GST enzyme to some extent 35.78%, 78.22% and 64.21% respectively. Results were supported by molecular docking studies, which showed docking scores for compound F1 (- 5.14), compound F2 (- 7.19) and compound F3 (- 7.2) on GST enzyme. Thus, in conclusion the in vitro and in silico studies indicated that isolated compounds are promising, inexpensive and widely available natural leads, which can be designed and developed into the macrofilaricidal drugs.
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Yin J, Liu C, Shen Y, Zhang H, Cao J. Efficacy of ursolic acid against Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in a murine infection model. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:58. [PMID: 29368624 PMCID: PMC5784668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis is a global public health problem; however, the drugs (albendazole and mebendazole) currently recommended by WHO for its treatment, have limited efficacy. Therefore, novel drugs are required to provide more choices for the treatment of this disease. METHODS The anthelmintic effects of ursolic acid (UA) were tested on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, germinal cells and metacestodes in vitro. The in vivo efficacy of UA was investigated in mice following secondary infection with E. granulosus. Furthermore, the corresponding ultrastructural damage induced by UA was evaluated by electron microscopy. RESULTS In vitro, 45.95 ± 5.30% of protoscoleces were killed by UA at 40 μg/ml, while the growth of more than 90% of germinal cells was inhibited by UA at 10 to 40 μg/ml. The same effect was observed in metacestodes 7 days after treatment with UA at 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml, and more than 50% of metacestodes showed loss of integrity at the end of the experiment. In vivo, metacestode weight was significantly reduced following oral administration of UA at 200 and 100 mg/kg (39.5 and 38.3%, respectively). Additionally, ultrastructural damage, such as alternations in germinal cell morphology and formation of vacuoles and lipid granules were observed in parasites treated with UA in vitro, while detachment of the germinal layer from the laminated layer was also seen in metacestodes in vivo. CONCLUSIONS UA was demonstrated to exert parasiticidal activity against E. granulosus in vitro and in vivo, thus implicating UA as a potential anti-echinococcosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Congshan Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Haobing Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Abstract
In the last 2 decades, renewed attention to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has spurred the development of antiparasitic agents, especially in light of emerging drug resistance. The need for new drugs has required in vitro screening methods using parasite culture. Furthermore, clinical laboratories sought to correlate in vitro susceptibility methods with treatment outcomes, most notably with malaria. Parasites with their various life cycles present greater complexity than bacteria, for which standardized susceptibility methods exist. This review catalogs the state-of-the-art methodologies used to evaluate the effects of drugs on key human parasites from the point of view of drug discovery as well as the need for laboratory methods that correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Senathilake KS, Karunanayake EH, Samarakoon SR, Tennekoon KH, de Silva ED, Adhikari A. Oleanolic acid from antifilarial triterpene saponins of Dipterocarpus zeylanicus induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in filarial parasite Setaria digitata in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:13-21. [PMID: 28351683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Absence of a drug that kills adult filarial parasites remains the major challenge in eliminating human lymphatic filariasis (LF); the second leading cause of long-term and permanent disability. Thus, the discovery of novel antifilarial natural products with potent adulticidal activity is an urgent need. In the present study, methanol extracts of leaves, bark and winged seeds of Dipterocarpus zeylanicus (Dipterocarpaceae) were investigated for macro and microfilaricidal activity. Two antifilarial triterpene saponins were isolated from winged seed extracts by bioactivity guided chromatographic separation and identified using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and mass spectroscopic analysis as oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (1) (IC50 = 20.54 μM for adult worms, 19.71 μM for microfilariae ) and oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (2) (IC50 = 29.02 μM for adult worms, 25.99 μM for microfilariae). Acid hydrolysis of both compounds yielded oleanolic acid (3) which was non or least toxic to human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (Selectivity index = >10) while retaining similar macrofilaricidal (IC50 = 38.4 μM) and microfilaricidal (IC50 = 35.6 μM) activities. In adult female worms treated with 50 and 100 μM doses of oleanolic acid, condensation of nuclear DNA, apoptotic body formation and tissue damage was observed by using Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining respectively. A dose dependent increase in caspase 3/CED3 activity and decrease in total protein content were also observed in these parasites. A dose dependant DNA fragmentation was observed in adult parasites and microfilariae. Decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and elevated levels of glutathione S transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also observed in parasites treated with oleanolic acid indicating an oxidative stress mediated apoptotic event. Compound 3/oleanolic acid was thus identified as a potent and safe antifilarial compound in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Senathilake
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - E H Karunanayake
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - S R Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - K H Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - E D de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - A Adhikari
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Sangshetti JN, Shinde DB, Kulkarni A, Arote R. Two decades of antifilarial drug discovery: a review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is one of the oldest, most debilitating, disabling, and disfiguring neglected tropical diseases with various clinical manifestations and a low rate of mortality, but has a high morbidity rate, which results in social stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rohidas Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- School of Dentistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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13
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Singh Y, Srinivas A, Gangwar M, Meher JG, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Chourasia MK. Subcutaneously Administered Ultrafine PLGA Nanoparticles Containing Doxycycline Hydrochloride Target Lymphatic Filarial Parasites. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2084-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Singh
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Adepu Srinivas
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Mamta Gangwar
- Parasitology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Jaya Gopal Meher
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | | | - Manish K. Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
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14
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Lee SY, Kim YJ, Chung SO, Park SU. Recent studies on ursolic acid and its biological and pharmacological activity. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:221-8. [PMID: 27231476 PMCID: PMC4874314 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science and Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sun Ok Chung
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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