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Sanzhaeva U, Boyd-Pratt H, Bender PTR, Saravanan T, Rhodes SB, Guan T, Billington N, Boye SE, Cunningham CL, Anderson CT, Ramamurthy V. TUBB4B is essential for the cytoskeletal architecture of cochlear supporting cells and motile cilia development. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1146. [PMID: 39277687 PMCID: PMC11401917 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are essential for various cellular processes. The functional diversity of microtubules is attributed to the incorporation of various α- and β-tubulin isotypes encoded by different genes. In this work, we investigated the functional role of β4B-tubulin isotype (TUBB4B) in hearing and vision as mutations in TUBB4B are associated with sensorineural disease. Using a Tubb4b knockout mouse model, our findings demonstrate that TUBB4B is essential for hearing. Mice lacking TUBB4B are profoundly deaf due to defects in the inner and middle ear. Specifically, in the inner ear, the absence of TUBB4B lead to disorganized and reduced densities of microtubules in pillar cells, suggesting a critical role for TUBB4B in providing mechanical support for auditory transmission. In the middle ear, Tubb4b-/- mice exhibit motile cilia defects in epithelial cells, leading to the development of otitis media. However, Tubb4b deletion does not affect photoreceptor function or cause retinal degeneration. Intriguingly, β6-tubulin levels increase in retinas lacking β4B-tubulin isotype, suggesting a functional compensation mechanism. Our findings illustrate the essential roles of TUBB4B in hearing but not in vision in mice, highlighting the distinct functions of tubulin isotypes in different sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urikhan Sanzhaeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Helen Boyd-Pratt
- Clinical Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Philip T R Bender
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Thamaraiselvi Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott B Rhodes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tongju Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Visvanathan Ramamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Li X, Wang Y, Li X, Kong L, Díez JJ, Wang H, Zhang D. A comprehensive pan-cancer analysis revealing SPAG6 as a novel diagnostic, prognostic and immunological biomarker in tumor. Gland Surg 2024; 13:999-1015. [PMID: 39015705 PMCID: PMC11247597 DOI: 10.21037/gs-24-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Background There have been studies on the role of sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) in cytoskeleton formation and growth cone stability, but it is also unknown how spag6 affect tumor growth and development. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of SPAG6 in pan-cancer, with some findings about thyroid carcinoma (THCA) validated through experiments. Methods We examined the role of SPAG6 in pan-cancer, with the data being collected from databases. Further analysis was conducted to assess its correlations with prognosis, gene heterogeneity, stemness, and tumor immunity. The interacting proteins of SPAG6 were also identified, and gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed to determine its biological function. We preliminarily confirmed the role of SPAG6 via in vitro experiments and immunofluorescence staining. Results This study found that SPAG6 expression was differentially expressed in cancers and at various tumor stages and grades. In stomach and esophageal carcinoma (STES), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), SPAG6 expression was correlated with gender. SPAG6 expression was also found to be correlated with prognostic value, with low expression being associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, SPAG6 expression was positively linked with immune-related cells in HNSC, chemokine receptors in LUSC, and immune checkpoint genes in THCA. Furthermore, SPAG6 overexpression suppressed the malignant phenotypes of THCA cells, manifested by slower proliferation and decreased migration. The different SPAG6 expression in THCA led to different malignant phenotypes, which are involved in the upregulation of DNA repair, MYC targets, peroxisome, and G2M checkpoint. Conclusions SPAG6 plays a significant role as an oncogene and can be used as a marker to predict the prognosis of cancer. SPAG6 influences both the tumor immune infiltration and microenvironment, making it a promising immunotherapeutic target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Vertigo & Dizziness Medical Center, Jinan, China
- Shandong Medical Health Key Laboratory of Vertigo & Vestibular Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Vertigo & Dizziness Medical Center, Jinan, China
- Shandong Medical Health Key Laboratory of Vertigo & Vestibular Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ligang Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Vertigo & Dizziness Medical Center, Jinan, China
- Shandong Medical Health Key Laboratory of Vertigo & Vestibular Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Juan J. Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Vertigo & Dizziness Medical Center, Jinan, China
- Shandong Medical Health Key Laboratory of Vertigo & Vestibular Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Vertigo & Dizziness Medical Center, Jinan, China
- Shandong Medical Health Key Laboratory of Vertigo & Vestibular Medicine, Jinan, China
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Yap YT, Li W, Zhou Q, Haj-Diab S, Chowdhury DD, Vaishnav A, Harding P, Williams DC, Edwards BF, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. The Ancient and Evolved Mouse Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 Genes Have Different Biologic Functions In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:336. [PMID: 35159146 PMCID: PMC8834003 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) is the mammalian orthologue of Chlamydomonas PF16, an axonemal central pair protein involved in flagellar motility. In mice, two Spag6 genes have been identified. The ancestral gene, on mouse chromosome 2, is named Spag6. A related gene originally called Spag6, localized on mouse chromosome 16, evolved from the ancient Spag6 gene. It has been renamed Spag6-like (Spag6l). Spag6 encodes a 1.6 kb transcript consisting of 11 exons, while Spag6l encodes a 2.4 kb transcript which contains an additional non-coding exon in the 3'-end as well as the 11 exons found in Spag6. The two Spag6 genes share high similarities in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Unlike Spag6l mRNA, which is widely expressed, Spag6 mRNA expression is limited to a smaller number of tissues, including the testis and brain. In transfected mammalian cells, SPAG6/GFP is localized on microtubules, a similar localization as SPAG6L. A global Spag6l knockout mouse model was generated previously. In addition to a role in modulating the ciliary beat, SPAG6L has many unexpected functions, including roles in the regulation of ciliogenesis/spermatogenesis, hearing, and the immunological synapse, among others. To investigate the role of the ancient Spag6 gene, we phenotyped global Spag6 knockout mice. All homozygous mutant mice were grossly normal, and fertility was not affected in both males and females. The homozygous males had normal sperm parameters, including sperm number, motility, and morphology. Examination of testis histology revealed normal spermatogenesis. Testicular protein expression levels of selected SPAG6L binding partners, including SPAG16L, were not changed in the Spag6 knockout mice, even though the SPAG16L level was significantly reduced in the Spag6l knockout mice. Structural analysis of the two SPAG6 proteins shows that both adopt very similar folds, with differences in a few amino acids, many of which are solvent-exposed. These differences endow the two proteins with different functional characteristics, even though both have eight armadillo repeats that mediate protein-protein interaction. Our studies suggest that SPAG6 and SPAG6L have different functions in vivo, with the evolved SPAG6L protein being more important. Since the two proteins have some overlapping binding partners, SPAG6 could have functions that are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian Yap
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Y.T.Y.); (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (S.H.-D.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Y.T.Y.); (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (S.H.-D.)
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Y.T.Y.); (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (S.H.-D.)
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sarah Haj-Diab
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Y.T.Y.); (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (S.H.-D.)
| | - Dipanwita Dutta Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (D.D.C.); (A.V.); (B.F.E.)
| | - Asmita Vaishnav
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (D.D.C.); (A.V.); (B.F.E.)
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - David C. Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Brian F. Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (D.D.C.); (A.V.); (B.F.E.)
| | - Jerome F. Strauss
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Y.T.Y.); (W.L.); (Q.Z.); (S.H.-D.)
- The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Li X, Zhang D, Xu L, Liu W, Zhang N, Strauss JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Sperm-associated antigen 6 (Spag6) mutation leads to vestibular dysfunction in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:325-330. [PMID: 34663514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spag6 encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein that is required for normal flagellar and cilia motility. Recent findings suggest that Spag6 plays a role in hearing and planar cell polarity (PCP) in the cochlea of the inner ear. However, a role for Spag6 in the vestibule has not yet been explored. In the present study, the function of Spag6 in the vestibule of the inner ear was examined using Spag6-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate a vestibular disorder in the Spag6 mutants, associated with abnormal ultrastructures of vestibular hair cells and Scarpa's ganglion cells, including swollen stereocilia, decreased crista in mitochondria and swollen Scarpa's ganglion cells. Immunostaining data suggests existence of caspase-dependent apoptosis in vestibular sensory epithelium and Scarpa's ganglion cells. Our observations reveal new functions for Spag6 in vestibular function and apoptosis in the mouse vestibule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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Li X, Zhang D, Xu L, Han Y, Liu W, Li W, Fan Z, Costanzo RM, Strauss Iii JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Planar cell polarity defects and hearing loss in sperm-associated antigen 6 ( Spag6)-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C132-C141. [PMID: 33175573 PMCID: PMC7846974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spag6 encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein that is required for normal flagellar and cilia motility. Recent findings suggest that Spag6 also plays a role in ciliogenesis, orientation of cilia basal feet, and planar polarity. Sensory cells of the inner ear display unique structural features that underlie their mechanosensitivity. They represent a distinctive form of cellular polarity, known as planar cell polarity (PCP). However, a role for Spag6 in the inner ear has not yet been explored. In the present study, the function of Spag6 in the inner ear was examined using Spag6-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate hearing loss in the Spag6 mutants, associated with abnormalities in cellular patterning, cell shape, stereocilia bundles, and basal bodies, as well as abnormally distributed Frizzled class receptor 6 (FZD6), suggesting that Spag6 participates in PCP regulation. Moreover, we found that the subapical microtubule meshwork was disrupted. Our observations suggest new functions for Spag6 in hearing and PCP in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome F Strauss Iii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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McKenzie CW, Lee L. Genetic interaction between central pair apparatus genes CFAP221, CFAP54, and SPEF2 in mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12337. [PMID: 32704025 PMCID: PMC7378221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome that results from defects in motile cilia. The ciliary axoneme has a 9 + 2 microtubule structure consisting of nine peripheral doublets surrounding a central pair apparatus (CPA), which plays a critical role in regulating proper ciliary function. We have previously shown that mouse models with mutations in CPA genes CFAP221, CFAP54, and SPEF2 have a PCD phenotype with defects in ciliary motility. In this study, we investigated potential genetic interaction between these CPA genes by generating each combination of double heterozygous and double homozygous mutants. No detectable cilia-related phenotypes were observed in double heterozygotes, but all three double homozygous mutant lines exhibit early mortality and typically develop severe PCD-associated phenotypes of hydrocephalus, mucociliary clearance defects in the upper airway, and abnormal spermatogenesis. Double homozygous cilia are generally intact and display a normal morphology and distribution. Spermiogenesis is aborted in double homozygotes, with an absence of mature flagella on elongating spermatids and epididymal sperm. These findings identify genetic interactions between CPA genes and genetic mechanisms regulating the CPA and motile cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W McKenzie
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th Street N., Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th Street N., Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
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Giese APJ, Ali S, Isaiah A, Aziz I, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Genomics of Otitis Media (OM): Molecular Genetics Approaches to Characterize Disease Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32391049 PMCID: PMC7191070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an infective and inflammatory disorder known to be a major cause of hearing impairment across all age groups. Both acute and chronic OM result in substantial healthcare utilization related to antibiotic prescription and surgical procedures necessary for its management. Although several studies provided evidence of genetics playing a significant role in the susceptibility to OM, we had limited knowledge about the genes associated with OM until recently. Here we have summarized the known genetic factors that confer susceptibility to various forms of OM in mice and in humans and their genetic load, along with associated cellular signaling pathways. Spotlighted in this review are fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OM. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of OM-associated genes may provide potential opportunities for its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saadat Ali
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ishrat Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Santos-Cortez RLP, Bhutta MF, Earl JP, Hafrén L, Jennings M, Mell JC, Pichichero ME, Ryan AF, Tateossian H, Ehrlich GD. Panel 3: Genomics, precision medicine and targeted therapies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109835. [PMID: 32007292 PMCID: PMC7155947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the most recent advances in human and bacterial genomics as applied to pathogenesis and clinical management of otitis media. DATA SOURCES PubMed articles published since the last meeting in June 2015 up to June 2019. REVIEW METHODS A panel of experts in human and bacterial genomics of otitis media was formed. Each panel member reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The panel met at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2019, discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. CONCLUSION Trans-disciplinary approaches applying pan-omic technologies to identify human susceptibility to otitis media and to understand microbial population dynamics, patho-adaptation and virulence mechanisms are crucial to the development of novel, personalized therapeutics and prevention strategies for otitis media. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In the future otitis media prevention strategies may be augmented by mucosal immunization, combination vaccines targeting multiple pathogens, and modulation of the middle ear microbiome. Both treatment and vaccination may be tailored to an individual's otitis media phenotype as defined by molecular profiles obtained by using rapidly developing techniques in microbial and host genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Joshua P. Earl
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8A, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael E. Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Ave., Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Allen F. Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hilda Tateossian
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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The Emerging Role of Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 Gene in the Microtubule Function of Cells and Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:101-107. [PMID: 31660426 PMCID: PMC6807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) gene has multiple biological functions. It maintains the normal function of a variety of cells including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. Moreover, SPAG6 is found to be critically involved in auditory transduction and the fibroblast life cycle. Furthermore, SPAG6 plays an essential role in immuno-regulation. Notably, SPAG6 has been demonstrated to participate in the occurrence and progression of a variety of human cancers. New evidence shows that SPAG6 gene regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the physiological function and mechanism of SPAG6 in human normal cells and cancer cells. We also highlight that SPAG6 gene may be an effective biomarker for the diagnosis of human cancer. Taken together, targeting SPAG6 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of human diseases including cancer.
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11
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Li W, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang S, Pin G, Song S, Ray PF, Arnoult C, Cho C, Garcia-Reyes B, Knippschild U, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. The sperm-associated antigen 6 interactome and its role in spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2019; 158:181-197. [PMID: 31146259 PMCID: PMC7368494 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SPAG6, the orthologue of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF16, is a component of the central apparatus of the '9 + 2' axoneme that controls ciliary/flagellar motility, including sperm motility. Recent studies revealed that SPAG6 has functions beyond its role in the central apparatus. Hence, we reexamined the role of SPAG6 in male fertility. In wild-type mice, SPAG6 was present in cytoplasmic vesicles in spermatocytes, the acrosome of round and elongating spermatids and the manchette of elongating spermatids. Spag6-deficient testes showed abnormal spermatogenesis, with abnormalities in male germ cell morphology consistent with the multi-compartment pattern of SPAG6 localization. The armadillo repeat domain of mouse SPAG6 was used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and several proteins with diverse functions appeared multiple times, including Snapin, SPINK2 and COPS5. Snapin has a similar localization to SPAG6 in male germ cells, and SPINK2, a key protein in acrosome biogenesis, was dramatically reduced in Spag6-deficient mice which have defective acrosomes. SPAG16L, another SPAG6-binding partner, lost its localization to the manchette in Spag6-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate that SPAG6 is a multi-functional protein that not only regulates sperm motility, but also plays roles in spermatogenesis in multiple cellular compartments involving multiple protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
| | - Yuhong Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Junpin Liu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Guanglun Pin
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Shizhen Song
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Balbina Garcia-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jerome F. Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
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12
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Alciaturi J, Anesetti G, Irigoin F, Skowronek F, Sapiro R. Distribution of sperm antigen 6 (SPAG6) and 16 (SPAG16) in mouse ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:189-202. [PMID: 30911868 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells serve many functions, exhibiting remarkable conservation of both structure and molecular composition in widely divergent eukaryotic organisms. SPAG6 and SPAG16 are the homologous in the mice to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF16 and PF20. Both proteins are associated with the axonemal central apparatus and are essential for ciliary and flagellar motility in mammals. Recent data derived from high-throughput studies revealed expression of these genes in tissues that do not contain motile cilia. However, the distribution of SPAG6 and SPAG16 in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues is not completely understood. In this work, we performed a quantitative analysis of the expression of Spag6 and Spag16 genes in parallel with the immune-localization of the proteins in several tissues of adult mice. Expression of mRNA was higher in the testis and tissues bearing motile cilia than in the other analyzed tissues. Both proteins were present in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. In the testis, SPAG6 was detected in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the sperm flagella whereas SPAG16 was found in spermatocytes and in the sperm flagella. In addition, both proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of cells from the brain, spinal cord, and ovary. A small isoform of SPAG16 was localized in the nucleus of germ cells and some neurons. In a parallel set of experiments, we overexpressed EGFP-SPAG6 in cultured cells and observed that the protein co-localized with a subset of acetylated cytoplasmic microtubules. A role of these proteins stabilizing the cytoplasmic microtubules of eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Alciaturi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Anesetti
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Irigoin
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Skowronek
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rossana Sapiro
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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13
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El-Diwany R, Soliman M, Sugawara S, Breitwieser F, Skaist A, Coggiano C, Sangal N, Chattergoon M, Bailey JR, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN, Ray SC, Wheelan SJ, Thomas DL, Balagopal A. CMPK2 and BCL-G are associated with type 1 interferon-induced HIV restriction in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat0843. [PMID: 30083606 PMCID: PMC6070316 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN) are critical for host control of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown which of the hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) restrict HIV in vivo. We sequenced RNA from cells that support HIV replication (activated CD4+ T cells) in 19 HIV-infected people before and after interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) injection. IFN-α2b administration reduced plasma HIV RNA and induced mRNA expression in activated CD4+ T cells: The IFN-α2b-induced change of each mRNA was compared to the change in plasma HIV RNA. Of 99 ISGs, 13 were associated in magnitude with plasma HIV RNA decline. In addition to well-known restriction factors among the 13 ISGs, two novel genes, CMPK2 and BCL-G, were identified and confirmed for their ability to restrict HIV in vitro: The effect of IFN on HIV restriction in culture was attenuated with RNA interference to CMPK2, and overexpression of BCL-G diminished HIV replication. These studies reveal novel antiviral molecules that are linked with IFN-mediated restriction of HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy El-Diwany
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary Soliman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Florian Breitwieser
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alyza Skaist
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Candelaria Coggiano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neel Sangal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Chattergoon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Justin R. Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stuart C. Ray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah J. Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David L. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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14
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Bhutta MF, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, Kerschner JE, Cheeseman MT. Understanding the aetiology and resolution of chronic otitis media from animal and human studies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1289-1300. [PMID: 29125825 PMCID: PMC5719252 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear, known clinically as chronic otitis media, presents in different forms, such as chronic otitis media with effusion (COME; glue ear) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). These are highly prevalent diseases, especially in childhood, and lead to significant morbidity worldwide. However, much remains unclear about this disease, including its aetiology, initiation and perpetuation, and the relative roles of mucosal and leukocyte biology, pathogens, and Eustachian tube function. Chronic otitis media is commonly modelled in mice but most existing models only partially mimic human disease and many are syndromic. Nevertheless, these models have provided insights into potential disease mechanisms, and have implicated altered immune signalling, mucociliary function and Eustachian tube function as potential predisposing mechanisms. Clinical studies of chronic otitis media have yet to implicate a particular molecular pathway or mechanism, and current human genetic studies are underpowered. We also do not fully understand how existing interventions, such as tympanic membrane repair, work, nor how chronic otitis media spontaneously resolves. This Clinical Puzzle article describes our current knowledge of chronic otitis media and the existing research models for this condition. It also identifies unanswered questions about its pathogenesis and treatment, with the goal of advancing our understanding of this disease to aid the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Summary: Chronic middle ear inflammation is a common disease. Animal models, and in particular mouse models, have been used to elucidate some potential mechanisms, including dysfunction in immune signalling, mucociliary function or Eustachian tube function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, BN2 5BE, England .,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Office of the Dean, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH23 9RG, Scotland
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15
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Tucker AS. Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0483. [PMID: 27994124 PMCID: PMC5182415 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most amazing transitions and innovations during the evolution of mammals was the formation of a novel jaw joint and the incorporation of the original jaw joint into the middle ear to create the unique mammalian three bone/ossicle ear. In this review, we look at the key steps that led to this change and other unusual features of the middle ear and how developmental biology has been providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. This starts with an overview of the tympanic (air-filled) middle ear, and how the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and the cavity itself form during development in amniotes. This is followed by an investigation of how the ear is connected to the pharynx and the relationship of the ear to the bony bulla in which it sits. Finally, the novel mammalian jaw joint and versatile dentary bone will be discussed with respect to evolution of the mammalian middle ear.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27 Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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16
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Li X, Xu L, Sun G, Wu X, Bai X, Li J, Strauss JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Spag6 Mutant Mice Have Defects in Development and Function of Spiral Ganglion Neurons, Apoptosis, and Higher Sensitivity to Paclitaxel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8638. [PMID: 28819108 PMCID: PMC5561245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Sperm Associated Antigen 6 (SPAG6) is the orthologue of Chlamydomonas PF16, a protein localized in the axoneme central apparatus. Recent studies showed that Spag6 has a role in brain neuronal proliferation and differentiation. The mammalian spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are specialzed bipolar neurons in the inner ear. However, the role of SPAG6 in SGN has not been elucidated. Therefore, We hypothesized that a Spag6 knockout would affect the development and function of SGNs. We utilized Spag6-deficient mice and SGN explants to define the role of SPAG6. On postnatal day 30 (P30) mutant mice had lower SGN density compared to their wild-type littermates, and more apoptosis was evident in the mutants. Increased Bax expression, a disturbed distribution of cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 positive staining indicated that increased apoptosis involved a mitochondrial pathway. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in the ultrastructure of mutant SGNs as early as P7. In vitro, lack of SPAG6 affected the growth of neurites and growth cones. Additionally, SPAG6 deficiency decreased synapse density in SGN explants. Finally, Spag6 mutant SGNs were more sensitive to the microtubule stabilizing agent, paclitaxel. These findings suggest that Spag6 plays a crucial role in SGN development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xianmin Wu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China.
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17
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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18
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Lin J, Hafrén H, Kerschner J, Jian-Dong L, Brown S, Zheng QY, Preciado D, Nakamura Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y. Panel 3: Genetics and Precision Medicine of Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:S41-S50. [PMID: 28372532 PMCID: PMC6211190 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816685559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature up to 2015 on the genetics and precision medicine relevant to otitis media. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Two subpanels were formed comprising experts in the genetics and precision medicine of otitis media. Each of the panels reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The entire panel met at the 18th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2015 and discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. Conclusion Many genes relevant to otitis media have been identified in the last 4 years in advancing our knowledge regarding the predisposition of the middle ear mucosa to commensals and pathogens. Advances include mutant animal models and clinical studies. Many signaling pathways are involved in the predisposition of otitis media. Implications for Practice New knowledge on the genetic background relevant to otitis media forms a basis of novel potential interventions, including potential new ways to treat otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hena Hafrén
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Kerschner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Li Jian-Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Qing Y. Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Preciado
- Shiekh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Qiuhong Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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19
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Sakamoto A, Kuroda Y, Kanzaki S, Matsuo K. Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117786 PMCID: PMC5408703 DOI: 10.3791/55054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine;
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20
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Teves ME, Nagarkatti-Gude DR, Zhang Z, Strauss JF. Mammalian axoneme central pair complex proteins: Broader roles revealed by gene knockout phenotypes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:3-22. [PMID: 26785425 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The axoneme genes, their encoded proteins, their functions and the structures they form are largely conserved across species. Much of our knowledge of the function and structure of axoneme proteins in cilia and flagella is derived from studies on model organisms like the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The core structure of cilia and flagella is the axoneme, which in most motile cilia and flagella contains a 9 + 2 configuration of microtubules. The two central microtubules are the scaffold of the central pair complex (CPC). Mutations that disrupt CPC genes in Chlamydomonas and other model organisms result in defects in assembly, stability and function of the axoneme, leading to flagellar motility defects. However, targeted mutations generated in mice in the orthologous CPC genes have revealed significant differences in phenotypes of mutants compared to Chlamydomonas. Here we review observations that support the concept of cell-type specific roles for the CPC genes in mice, and an expanded repertoire of functions for the products of these genes in cilia, including non-motile cilia, and other microtubule-associated cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - David R Nagarkatti-Gude
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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21
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Impaired immunological synapse in sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25840. [PMID: 27169488 PMCID: PMC4864328 DOI: 10.1038/srep25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), a component of the central apparatus of the “9 + 2” axoneme, plays a central role in ciliary and flagellar motility; but, its contribution to adaptive immunity and immune system development is completely unknown. While immune cells lack a cilium, the immunological synapse is a surrogate cilium as it utilizes the same machinery as ciliogenesis including the nucleation of microtubules at the centrosome. This prompted our hypothesis that SPAG6 critically regulates the formation and function of immunological synapses. Using bone marrow reconstitution studies of adult WT mice, we demonstrate that SPAG6 is expressed in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, is associated with the centrosome in lymphocytes, and its deficiency results in synapse disruption due to loss of centrosome polarization and actin clearance at the synaptic cleft. Improper synapse formation in Spag6KO mice was associated with defective CTL functions and impaired humoral immunity as indicated by reduced germinal centers reactions, follicular CD4 T cells, and production of class-switched antibody, together with expansion of B1 B cells. This novel report demonstrates the requirement of SPAG6 for optimal synapse formation and function, its direct role in immune cell function, and provides a novel mechanism for infertility disorders related to SPAG6.
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Li W, Mukherjee A, Wu J, Zhang L, Teves ME, Li H, Nambiar S, Henderson SC, Horwitz AR, Strauss JF, Fang X, Zhang Z. Sperm Associated Antigen 6 (SPAG6) Regulates Fibroblast Cell Growth, Morphology, Migration and Ciliogenesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16506. [PMID: 26585507 PMCID: PMC4653743 DOI: 10.1038/srep16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Spag6 is the orthologue of Chlamydomonas PF16, which encodes a protein localized in the axoneme central apparatus, and regulates flagella/cilia motility. Most Spag6-deficient mice are smaller in size than their littermates. Because SPAG6 decorates microtubules, we hypothesized that SPAG6 has other roles related to microtubule function besides regulating flagellar/cilia motility. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were isolated from Spag6-deficient and wild-type embryos for these studies. Both primary and immortalized Spag6-deficient MEFs proliferated at a much slower rate than the wild-type MEFs, and they had a larger surface area. Re-expression of SPAG6 in the Spag6-deficient MEFs rescued the abnormal cell morphology. Spag6-deficient MEFs were less motile than wild-type MEFs, as shown by both chemotactic analysis and wound-healing assays. Spag6-deficient MEFs also showed reduced adhesion associated with a non-polarized F-actin distribution. Multiple centrosomes were observed in the Spag6-deficient MEF cultures. The percentage of cells with primary cilia was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type MEFs, and some Spag6-deficient MEFs developed multiple cilia. Furthermore, SPAG6 selectively increased expression of acetylated tubulin, a microtubule stability marker. The Spag6-deficient MEFs were more sensitive to paclitaxel, a microtubule stabilizer. Our studies reveal new roles for SPAG6 in modulation of cell morphology, proliferation, migration, and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Abir Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Hongfei Li
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Shanti Nambiar
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Scott C Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
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23
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Abstract
Sperm motility is driven by motile cytoskeletal elements in the tail, called axonemes. The structure of axonemes consists of 9 + 2 microtubules, molecular motors (dyneins), and their regulatory structures. Axonemes are well conserved in motile cilia and flagella through eukaryotic evolution. Deficiency in the axonemal structure causes defects in sperm motility, and often leads to male infertility. It has been known since the 1970s that, in some cases, male infertility is linked with other symptoms or diseases such as Kartagener syndrome. Given that these links are mostly caused by deficiencies in the common components of cilia and flagella, they are called "immotile cilia syndrome" or "primary ciliary dyskinesia," or more recently, "ciliopathy," which includes deficiencies in primary and sensory cilia. Here, we review the structure of the sperm flagellum and epithelial cilia in the human body, and discuss how male fertility is linked to ciliopathy.
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24
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Bartlett JA, Meyerholz DK, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Naumann PW, Salzman NH, McCray PB. Increased susceptibility to otitis media in a Splunc1-deficient mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:501-8. [PMID: 25765466 PMCID: PMC4415896 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) is one of the most common diseases of early childhood. Susceptibility to otitis is influenced by a number of factors, including the actions of innate immune molecules secreted by the epithelia lining the nasopharynx, middle ear and Eustachian tube. The SPLUNC1 (short palate, lung, nasal epithelial clone 1) protein is a highly abundant secretory product of the mammalian nasal, oral and respiratory mucosa that is thought to play a multifunctional role in host defense. In this study we investigated Splunc1 expression in the ear of the mouse, and examined whether this protein contributes to overall host defense in the middle ear and/or Eustachian tube. We found that Splunc1 is highly expressed in both the surface epithelium and in submucosal glands in these regions in wild-type mice. In mice lacking Splunc1, we noted histologically an increased frequency of otitis media, characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes (neutrophils with scattered macrophages), proteinaceous fluid and mucus in the middle ear lumens. Furthermore, many of these mice had extensive remodeling of the middle ear wall, suggesting a chronic course of disease. From these observations, we conclude that loss of Splunc1 predisposes mice to the development of otitis media. The Splunc1−/− mouse model should help investigators to better understand both the biological role of Splunc1 as well as host defense mechanisms in the middle ear. Summary: We document expression of the innate immune factor Splunc1 in the murine middle ear and Eustachian tube, and describe spontaneous development of otitis media in mice lacking functional Splunc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Paul W Naumann
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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