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Xu YX, Pu SD, Zhang YT, Tong XW, Sun XT, Shan YY, Gao XY. Insulin resistance is associated with the presence and severity of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:63-77. [PMID: 38130181 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the relationship between novel insulin resistance (IR) indices and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study involving 2211 patients. The study outcomes were DR events. The study exposures were IR indices including estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), natural logarithm of glucose disposal rate (lnGDR), metabolic insulin resistance score (METS-IR), triglyceride glucose index-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride glucose index-waist-to-hip ratio (TyG-WHR), and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(TG/HDL-c ratio). We used binary and multivariate ordered logistic regression models to estimate the association between different IR indices and the presence and severity of DR. Subject work characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive power of different IR indices for DR. RESULTS DR was present in 25.4% of participants. After adjusting for all covariates, per standard deviation (SD) increases in eGDR (ratio [OR] 0.38 [95% CI 0.32-0.44]), lnGDR (0.34 [0.27-0.42]) were negatively associated with the presence of DR. In contrast, per SD increases in METS-IR (1.97 [1.70-2.28]), TyG-BMI (1.94 [1.68-2.25]), TyG-WHR (2.34 [2.01-2.72]) and TG/HDL-c ratio (1.21 [1.08-1.36]) were positively associated with the presence of DR. eGDR was strongly associated with severity of DR. Of all variables, eGDR had the strongest diagnostic value for DR (AUC = 0.757). CONCLUSIONS Of the six IR indices, eGDR was significantly associated with the presence and severity of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes. eGDR has a good predictive value for DR. Thus, eGDR maybe a stronger marker of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Dan Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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2
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Jiang Y, Liu L, Li H, Wang JM, Steinle JJ. Insulin Signal Transduction is Impaired in the Type 2 Diabetic Retina. JOURNAL OF DIABETES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 2:12-15. [PMID: 32432228 PMCID: PMC7236787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rates of type 2 diabetes are reaching epidemic levels. Yet, the tissue specific alterations due to insulin resistance are only recently being investigated. The goal of the present study was to evaluate retinal insulin signal transduction in a common mouse model of type 2 diabetes, the db/db mouse. Retinal lysates from five month old male db/db and db/+ (control) mice were collected and processed for Western blotting or ELISA analyses for insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), Akt, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and caspase 3 levels. Data demonstrate increased TNFα and IRS-1 phosphorylation on serine 307. This led to decreased Akt phosphorylation on serine 473 and increased cleavage of caspase 3. Taken together, the data suggest dysfunctional insulin signaling in the retina of the db/db mouse. insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youde Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Hainan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jie-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jena J. Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Jena J. Steinle;
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3
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Albini A, Bassani B, Baci D, Dallaglio K, Gallazzi M, Corradino P, Bruno A, Noonan DM. Nutraceuticals and "Repurposed" Drugs of Phytochemical Origin in Prevention and Interception of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:973-987. [PMID: 28933290 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920144130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic, degenerative diseases are often characterized by inflammation and aberrant angiogenesis. For these pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, current therapies have limited efficacy. OBJECTIVES The validation of novel (chemo)preventive and interceptive approaches, and the use of new or repurposed agents, alone or in combination with registered drugs, are urgently required. RESULTS Phytochemicals (triterpenoids, flavonoids, retinoids) and their derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin) as well as biguanides (metformin and phenformin) originally developed from phytochemical backbones, are multi-target agents showing antiangiogenic and anti-anti-inflammatory proprieties. Many of them target AMPK and metabolic pathways such as the mTOR axis. We summarize the beneficial effects of several compounds in conferring protection and supporting therapy, and as a paradigm, we present data on terpenoids & biquanides on beer hop xanthohumol and hydroxytryrosol from olive mill waste waters. CONCLUSIONS These molecules could be employed for combinatorial chemoprevention and interception approaches or chemoprevention/therapy regimens for cancer and other chronic complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassani
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Denisa Baci
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Dallaglio
- Laboratory of Translational Research, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Corradino
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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4
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Zhu X, Li H, Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang G, Wang W. lncRNA MEG3 promotes hepatic insulin resistance by serving as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-214 to regulate ATF4 expression. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:345-357. [PMID: 30431065 PMCID: PMC6257836 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-214 has been demonstrated to suppress gluconeogenesis by targeting activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which regulates gluconeogenesis by affecting the transcriptional activity of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1). Our previous study revealed that the upregulation of maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a long noncoding RNA, enhanced hepatic insulin resistance via increased FoxO1 expression. The present study aimed to explore whether miR-214 and ATF4 were involved in the MEG3-mediated increase of FoxO1 expression. MEG3, miR-214 and ATF4 expression were examined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The interaction among MEG3, miR-214 and ATF4 was analysed using the luciferase reporter assay. MEG3-targeting small interference RNAs were injected into high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice to verify the role of MEG3 in hepatic insulin resistance in vivo. MEG-3 and ATF4 were demonstrated to be upregulated and miR-214 was indicated to be downregulated in the livers of HFD-fed and ob/ob mice. In mouse primary hepatocytes, palmitate time-dependently increased MEG3 and ATF4 but decreased miR-214 expression levels. Furthermore, MEG3 served as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-214 to facilitate ATF4 expression, while miR-214 inhibition and ATF4 overexpression reversed the MEG3 knockdown-mediated decrease in the expression of FoxO1 and FoxO1-downstream targets phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. In HFD-fed mice, MEG3 knockdown substantially improved impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, while down-regulating HFD-induced ATF4 expression and upregulating HFD-suppressed miR-214 expression. In conclusion, MEG3 promoted hepatic insulin resistance by serving as a ceRNA of miR-214 to facilitate ATF4 expression. These data provide insight into the molecular mechanism of MEG3 involvement in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Zhou W, Ye S. Rapamycin improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes rats through activation of autophagy. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1282-1291. [PMID: 29908010 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to explore the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), on IR in T2DM rats, and to validate whether the underlying mechanism was associated with autophagy. In this study, the model of T2DM rats was established by feeding the animals with a high-fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic rats were randomly divided into model of T2DM control group (DM-C, n = 15), metformin group (DM-M, n = 15), rapamycin group (DM-Rapa, n = 15), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (DM-3-MA, n = 15), and rapamycin + 3-MA group (DM-Rapa-3-MA, n = 15). Rats in different treatment groups were given by corresponding therapy from gastric tube. Meanwhile, normal control group was established (n = 10). As expected, HFD- and STZ- induced T2DM rats exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia, aggravated hepatic steatosis, enhanced hepatic inflammation, elevated p-mTOR, and suppressed hepatic autophagy. Importantly, rapamycin and metformin significantly ameliorated IR, relieved disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced inflammatory level, inhibited mTOR, and promoted autophagy. Importantly, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA significantly reversed the effects exerted by rapamycin. Collectively, our study suggests that rapamycin improved IR and hepatic steatosis in T2DM rats via activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Shandong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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Jiang Y, Liu L, Steinle JJ. miRNA15a regulates insulin signal transduction in the retinal vasculature. Cell Signal 2018; 44:28-32. [PMID: 29339083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) could inhibit insulin signal transduction in retinal cells. We recently found that miR15a/16 also reduced TNFα in retinal endothelial cells (REC) and in vascular specific miR15a/16 knockout mice. Since in silico programs suggested that miR15a could directly bind the insulin receptor, we wanted to determine whether miR15a altered insulin signal transduction. We used a luciferase-based binding assay to determine whether miR15a directly bound the insulin receptor. We then used Western blotting, ELISA, and qPCR to investigate whether miR15a altered insulin signaling proteins in REC and in both miR15a/16 endothelial cell knockout and overexpressing mice. We also treated some REC with resveratrol to determine if resveratrol could increase miR15a expression, since resveratrol is protective to the diabetic retina. We found that miR15a directly bound the 3'UTR of the insulin receptor. Treatment with resveratrol increased miR15a expression in REC grown in high glucose. While total insulin receptor levels were not altered, insulin signal transduction was reduced in REC grown in high glucose and was restored with treatment with resveratrol. miR15a knockout mice had reduced insulin receptor phosphorylation and Akt2 levels, with increased insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation on serine 307, a site known to inhibit insulin signaling. In contrast, overexpression of miR15a increased insulin signal transduction. Taken together, these data suggest that miR15a binds the insulin receptor and indirectly regulates insulin receptor actions. It also offers an additional mechanism by which resveratrol is protective to the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youde Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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7
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HuoXueJieDu Formula Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats by Inhibiting SOCS3-STAT3 and TIMP1-A2M Pathways. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:4832125. [PMID: 29318137 PMCID: PMC5727685 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4832125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HuoXueJieDu (HXJD) formula exerts protective effects against diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rats, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, the diabetic rats were established using streptozocin. The administration of HXJD was initiated at 20 weeks after diabetes induction and continued for 12 weeks. Whole genome expression profiles in rat retinas were examined using microarray technology. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the microarray data, with validation through real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that 170 genes and several IPA canonical pathways related to inflammation, matrix metabolism, and phototransduction were regulated by HXJD. PCR validation of selected genes, including SOCS3, STAT3, TIMP1, and A2M, confirmed the gene expression changes influenced by HXJD. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining results suggested that critical members of the SOCS3-STAT3 pathway were also affected by HXJD. Taken together, these results indicated that SOCS3-STAT3 and TIMP1-A2M pathways might mediate the alleviation of HXJD activities in rats with diabetic retinopathy.
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8
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Liu L, Jiang Y, Steinle JJ. Inhibition of HMGB1 protects the retina from ischemia-reperfusion, as well as reduces insulin resistance proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178236. [PMID: 28542588 PMCID: PMC5441648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in diabetic retinal amage is well accepted. While a number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators are responsible for these changes, upstream regulators are less well studied. Additionally, the role for these upstream mediators in retinal health is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) could restore normal insulin signaling in retinal endothelial cells (REC) grown in high glucose, as well as protect the retina against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced retinal damage. REC were grown in normal (5mM) or high glucose (25mM) and treated with Box A or glycyrrhizin, two different HMGB1 inhibitors. Western blotting was done for HMGB1, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. ELISA analyses were done for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and cleaved caspase 3. In addition, C57/B6 mice were treated with glycyrrhizin, both before and after ocular I/R. Two days following I/R, retinal sections were processed for neuronal changes, while vascular damage was measured at 10 days post-I/R. Results demonstrate that both Box A and glycyrrhizin reduced HMGB1, TLR4, and TNFα levels in REC grown in high glucose. This led to reduced cleavage of caspase 3 and IRS-1Ser307 phosphorylation, and increased insulin receptor and Akt phosphorylation. Glycyrrhizin treatment significantly reduced loss of retinal thickness and degenerate capillary numbers in mice exposed to I/R. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of HMGB1 can reduce retinal insulin resistance, as well as protect the retina against I/R-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Youde Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jena J. Steinle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
IRS proteins are cellular adaptor molecules that mediate many of the key metabolic actions of insulin. When tyrosine is phosphorylated by the activated insulin receptor, IRS proteins recruit downstream effectors, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase, in order to elicit cellular responses such as glucose uptake, lipid metabolism and cell proliferation. There are two main IRS proteins in humans (IRS1 and IRS2), both of which are widely expressed. Given their central role in the insulin signalling pathway, it is not surprising that male mice lacking Irs1 or Irs2 present with elevated blood glucose or type 2 diabetes, respectively. For reasons yet to be identified, female Irs2 (-/-) mice do not develop type 2 diabetes. A number of organs are affected by complications of diabetes; macrovascular complications include stroke and coronary artery disease, while nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy fall into the category of microvascular complications. Given the serious consequences of these complications on patient morbidity and mortality, it is essential to identify the molecular pathogenesis underlying diabetic complications, with a view to improving therapeutic intervention and patient outcomes. A number of recently published papers have converged on the hypothesis that the loss of insulin signalling and IRS proteins is instrumental to the development and/or progression of diabetic complications. This review will summarise some highlights from the published work in which this hypothesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P Lavin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Leng J, Chen MH, Zhou ZH, Lu YW, Wen XD, Yang J. Triterpenoids-Enriched Extract from the Aerial Parts ofSalvia miltiorrhizaRegulates Macrophage Polarization and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Fed Mice. Phytother Res 2016; 31:100-107. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Mei-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
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