1
|
Le KT, Stevenson MA, Isoda N, Nguyen LT, Chu DH, Nguyen TN, Nguyen LV, Tien TN, Le TT, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y. A systematic approach to illuminate a new hot spot of avian influenza virus circulation in South Vietnam, 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e831-e844. [PMID: 34734678 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In South Vietnam, live bird markets (LBMs) are key in the value chain of poultry products and spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) although they may not be the sole determinant of AIV prevalence. For this reason, a risk analysis of AIV prevalence was conducted accounting for all value chain factors. A cross-sectional study of poultry flock managers and poultry on backyard farms, commercial (high biosecurity) farms, LBMs and poultry delivery stations (PDSs) in four districts of Vinh Long province was conducted between December 2016 and August 2017. A total of 3597 swab samples were collected from birds from 101 backyard farms, 50 commercial farms, 58 sellers in LBMs and 19 traders in PDSs. Swab samples were submitted for AIV isolation. At the same time a questionnaire was administered to flock managers asking them to provide details of their knowledge, attitude and practices related to avian influenza. Multiple correspondence analysis and a mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression model were developed to identify enterprise and flock manager characteristics that increased the risk of AIV positivity. A total of 274 birds were positive for AIV isolation, returning an estimated true prevalence of 7.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8%-8.5%]. The odds of a bird being AIV positive if it was from an LBM or PDS were 45 (95% CI: 3.4-590) and 25 (95% CI: 1.4-460), respectively, times higher to the odds of a bird from a commercial poultry farm being AIV positive. The odds of birds being AIV positive for respondents with a mixed (uncertain or inconsistent) level and a low level of knowledge about AI were 5.0 (95% CI: 0.20-130) and 3.5 (95% CI: 0.2-62), respectively, times higher to the odd of birds being positive for respondents with a good knowledge of AI. LBMs and PDSs should receive specific emphasis in AI control programs in Vietnam. Our findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that incomplete respondent knowledge of AI and AIV spread mechanism were associated with an increased risk of AIV positivity. Delivery of education programs specifically designed for those in each enterprise will assist in this regard. The timing and frequency of delivery of education programs are likely to be important if the turnover of those working in LBMs and PDSs is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trung Le
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Long Van Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Tien
- Regional Animal Health Office VII, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tung Thanh Le
- Sub-Departments of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vinh Long, Vietnam
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chakma S, Osmani MG, Akwar H, Hasan Z, Nasrin T, Karim MR, Samad MA, Giasuddin M, Sly P, Islam Z, Debnath NC, Brum E, Magalhães RS. Risk Areas for Influenza A(H5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2399-2408. [PMID: 34424170 PMCID: PMC8386803 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.204447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. By using Bernoulli generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression models, we quantified LBM-level factors associated with market work zone–specific influenza A(H5) virus contamination patterns. Results showed higher environmental contamination in LBMs that have wholesale and retail operations compared with retail-only markets (relative risk 0.69, 95% 0.51–0.93; p = 0.012) and in March compared with January (relative risk 2.07, 95% CI 1.44–2.96; p<0.001). Influenza A(H5) environmental contamination remains a public health problem in most LBMs in Dhaka, which underscores the need to implement enhanced biosecurity interventions in LBMs in Bangladesh.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu G, Kang M, Wei X, Tang T, Liu T, Xiao J, Song T, Ma W. Different intervention strategies toward live poultry markets against avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: Model-based assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110465. [PMID: 33220247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different interventions targeting live poultry markets (LPMs) are applied in China for controlling avian influenza A (H7N9), including LPM closure and "1110" policy (i.e., daily cleaning, weekly disinfection, monthly rest day, zero poultry stock overnight). However, the interventions' effectiveness has not been comprehensively assessed. METHODS Based on the available data (including reported cases, domestic poultry volume, and climate) collected in Guangdong Province between October 2013 and June 2017, we developed a new compartmental model that enabled us to infer H7N9 transmission dynamics. The model incorporated the intrinsic interplay among humans and poultry as well as the impacts of absolute humidity and LPM intervention, in which intervention strategies were parameterized and estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo method. RESULTS There were 258 confirmed human H7N9 cases in Guangdong during the study period. If without interventions, the number would reach 646 (95%CI, 575-718) cases. Temporal, seasonal and permanent closures of LPMs can substantially reduce transmission risk, which might respectively reduce human infections by 67.2% (95%CI, 64.3%-70.1%), 75.6% (95%CI, 73.8%-77.5%), 86.6% (95%CI, 85.7-87.6%) in total four epidemic seasons, and 81.9% (95%CI, 78.7%-85.2%), 91.5% (95%CI, 89.9%-93.1%), 99.0% (95%CI, 98.7%-99.3%) in the last two epidemic seasons. Moreover, implementing the "1110" policy from 2014 to 2017 would reduce the cases by 34.1% (95%CI, 20.1%-48.0%), suggesting its limited role in preventing H7N9 transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our study quantified the effects of different interventions and execution time toward LPMs for controlling H7N9 transmission. The results highlighted the importance of closing LPMs during epidemic period, and supported permanent closure as a long-term plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Zhu
- School of Mathematics and Computing Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Xueli Wei
- School of Mathematics and Computing Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Tie Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guinat C, Tago D, Corre T, Selinger C, Djidjou-Demasse R, Paul M, Raboisson D, Nguyen Thi Thanh T, Inui K, Pham Thanh L, Padungtod P, Vergne T. Optimizing the early detection of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus in live bird markets. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210074. [PMID: 33947269 PMCID: PMC8097223 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, surveillance at live bird markets (LBMs) has been identified as crucial for detecting avian influenza viruses (AIV) and reducing the risk of human infections. However, the design of effective surveillance systems in LBMs remains complex given the rapid turn-over of poultry. We developed a deterministic transmission model to provide guidance for optimizing AIV surveillance efforts. The model was calibrated to fit one of the largest LBMs in northern Vietnam at high risk of low pathogenic H7N9 virus introduction from China to identify the surveillance strategy that optimizes H7N9 detection. Results show that (i) using a portable diagnostic device would slightly reduce the number of infected birds leaving the LBM before the first detection, as compared to a laboratory-based diagnostic strategy, (ii) H7N9 detection could become more timely by sampling birds staying overnight, just before new susceptible birds are introduced at the beginning of a working day, and (iii) banning birds staying overnight would represent an effective intervention to reduce the risk of H7N9 spread but would decrease the likelihood of virus detection if introduced. These strategies should receive high priority in Vietnam and other Asian countries at risk of H7N9 introduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathilde Paul
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ken Inui
- FAO, Department of Animal Health (DAH), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Du HX, Zhou HF, Yang JH, Lu YY, He Y, Wan HT. Preliminary study of Yinhuapinggan granule against H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice through inhibition of apoptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:979-991. [PMID: 32962483 PMCID: PMC7534346 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1818792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Yinhuapinggan granule (YHPG) is frequently used for treating fever, cough, and viral pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antiviral effects of YHPG in H1N1 influenza virus (IFV)-infected mice and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were intranasally infected with 10 LD50 viral dose of IFV and then oral administration of YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) or oseltamivir (positive control) once a day for 2 or 4 consecutive days, six mice in each group. The lung, spleen and thymus indexes of IFV-infected mice, the expression of viral loads and pathological changes in lung tissues were performed to evaluate the antiviral effects of YHPG. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were used to determine the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. RESULTS LD50 in mice was 10-3.5/0.02 mL. YHPG (6, 12, and 18 g/kg) dose-dependently decreased the lung index and viral load; the inhibition ratio of lung index was 5.31, 18.22, and 34.06%, respectively. Further detection revealed that YHPG (12 and 18 g/kg) significantly attenuated lung pathological changes, and increased the spleen and thymus indexes. Moreover, YHPG significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 in lung tissues of mice infected with IFV, and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS YHPG has significant antiviral effects in IFV-infected mice, partially by inhibiting influenza virus replication and regulating the occurrence of apoptosis induced by influenza virus infection, suggesting that YHPG may be a promising antiviral agent with potential clinical application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xia Du
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-fen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-hong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-yu Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-tong Wan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gomaa MR, El Rifay AS, Abu Zeid D, Elabd MA, Elabd E, Kandeil A, Shama NMA, Kamel MN, Marouf MA, Barakat A, Refaey S, Naguib A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Incidence and Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza in a Cohort of Backyard Poultry Growers, Egypt, August 2015-March 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2129-2136. [PMID: 32818403 PMCID: PMC7454077 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently enzootic avian influenza H5N1, H9N2, and H5N8 viruses were introduced into poultry in Egypt in 2006, 2011, and 2016, respectively. Infections with H5N1 and H9N2 were reported among poultry-exposed humans. We followed 2,402 persons from households raising backyard poultry from 5 villages in Egypt during August 2015-March 2019. We collected demographic, exposure, and health condition data and annual serum samples from each participant and obtained swab samples from participants reporting influenza-like illness symptoms. We performed serologic and molecular analyses and detected 4 cases of infection with H5N1 and 3 cases with H9N2. We detected very low seroprevalence of H5N1 antibodies and no H5N8 antibodies among the cohort; up to 11% had H9 antibodies. None of the exposure, health status, or demographic variables were related to being seropositive. Our findings indicate that avian influenza remains a public health risk in Eqypt, but infections may go undetected because of their mild or asymptomatic nature.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cleaning and disinfection of crates and trucks used for duck transport: field observations during the H5N8 avian influenza outbreaks in France in 2017. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2931-2936. [PMID: 32475427 PMCID: PMC7597542 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of infected birds is thought to play a key role in the spread of avian influenza (AI) on poultry farms during epizootic outbreaks. Ensuring efficient cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of equipment used for transport is needed to prevent the spread of AI. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy against the AI virus of C&D protocols applied on trucks and crates used for the transport of ducks during the H5N8 AI outbreaks in France in 2017. In 3 abattoirs, 16 transport vehicles and their crates were sampled by swabbing to detect the influenza type A genome by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Vehicles were tested before and after decontamination, which was carried out in accordance with the abattoirs' protocols. A total of 86 samples out of 299 collected before C&D were positive for AI (29%); 7 trucks out of 16 transported crates detected positive for AI. After C&D, the AI genome was detected in 56 samples out of 308 (18%). Ten trucks were loaded with a shipment of AI-positive crates. Eight vehicles were detected positive in the cabin, on the truck bed, and/or on the wheels. Despite reinforcement of C&D, the efficacy of decontamination was variable among slaughterhouses. The efficacy seemed to depend on the initial contamination load, C&D protocols, and how the protocol is implemented. Breaks in biosecurity measures led to frequent contamination of trucks after C&D. Observational studies during animal health crises are of interest to analyze practices in emergency conditions and to put forward measures aimed at increased preparedness.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Artois J, Wang X, Kucharski AJ, Pei Y, Tong X, Virlogeux V, Wu P, Cowling BJ, Gilbert M, Yu H. Effectiveness of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:891-901. [PMID: 32141425 PMCID: PMC7181931 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.190390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various interventions for live poultry markets (LPMs) have emerged to control outbreaks of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in mainland China since March 2013. We assessed the effectiveness of various LPM interventions in reducing transmission of H7N9 virus across 5 annual waves during 2013-2018, especially in the final wave. With the exception of waves 1 and 4, various LPM interventions reduced daily incidence rates significantly across waves. Four LPM interventions led to a mean reduction of 34%-98% in the daily number of infections in wave 5. Of these, permanent closure provided the most effective reduction in human infection with H7N9 virus, followed by long-period, short-period, and recursive closures in wave 5. The effectiveness of various LPM interventions changed with the type of intervention across epidemics. Permanent LPM closure should be considered to maintain sufficient effectiveness of interventions and prevent the recurrence of H7N9 epidemics.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng KL, Wu J, Shen WL, Wong AY, Guo Q, Yu J, Zhuang X, Su W, Song T, Peiris M, Yen HL, Lau EH. Avian Influenza Virus Detection Rates in Poultry and Environment at Live Poultry Markets, Guangdong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:591-595. [PMID: 31922954 PMCID: PMC7045814 DOI: 10.3201/eid2603.190888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of environmental samples to assess avian influenza virus activity in chickens at live poultry markets in China. Results of environmental and chicken samples correlate moderately well. However, collection of multiple environmental samples from holding, processing, and selling areas is recommended to detect viruses expected to have low prevalence.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiong FF, Liu XY, Gao FX, Luo J, Duan P, Tan WS, Chen Z. Protective efficacy of anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibodies against H7N9 influenza virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:78-87. [PMID: 31894728 PMCID: PMC6968527 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus has been circulating in China for more than six years. The neuraminidase (NA) has gained great concern for the development of antiviral drugs, therapeutic antibodies, and new vaccines. In this study, we screened seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and compared their protective effects against H7N9 influenza virus. The epitope mapping from escape mutants showed that all the seven mAbs could bind to the head region of the N9 NA close to the enzyme activity sites, and four key sites of N9 NA were reported for the first time. The mAbs D3 and 7H2 could simultaneously inhibit the cleavage of the sialic acid of fetuin protein with large molecular weight and NA-XTD with small molecule weight in the NA inhibition experiment, prevent the formation of virus plaque at a low concentration, and effectively protect the mice from the challenge of the lethal dose of H7N9 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-Xia Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Duan
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou X, Wang Y, Liu H, Guo F, Doi SA, Smith C, Clements ACA, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Effectiveness of Market-Level Biosecurity at Reducing Exposure of Poultry and Humans to Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1861-1875. [PMID: 29986030 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of market-level risk factors on avian influenza (AI) infection in poultry and humans and generate evidence that will inform AI prevention and control programs at live bird markets (LBMs). Methods We performed a systematic literature review in both English and Chinese search engines. We estimated the pooled odds ratios of biosecurity indicators relating to AI infections at market level using a quality effects (QE) meta-analysis model. Results Biosecurity measures effective at reducing AI market contamination and poultry infection at LBMs include smaller market size, selling single poultry species and separating different species, performing cleaning and disinfection and market closures, ban on overnight storage, and sourcing poultry from local areas. Our meta-analysis indicates that higher risk of exposure to AI infection occurs in workers at retail LBMs, female workers, and those who contact ducks, conduct cleaning, slaughtering, defeathering, or evisceration. Conclusions The most effective strategies to reduce AI market contamination identified in this study should target larger LBMs that are located at noncentral city areas and sell and slaughter multispecies of live poultry. Live bird market workers directly involved in cleaning and poultry processing tasks should participate in occupational health and safety programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok
| | - Suhail A Doi
- Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Murdoch University, Western Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang GL, Gray GC, Chen JM, Ma MJ. Will China's H7N9 Control Strategy Continue to Be Effective? Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz258. [PMID: 31263734 PMCID: PMC6592408 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in early 2013, several interventions to control the transmission of H7N9 virus from poultry to humans have been implemented. Temporarily closing live poultry markets reduced the risk of human infection to an extent, but it did not prevent the spread of the H7N9 virus among poultry, and this spread eventually led to more human cases. Nevertheless, the mass vaccination of poultry after September 2017 has been highly effective in preventing the H7N9 virus infection in both poultry and humans. In light of the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 and H7N2 viruses in unimmunized ducks, vaccination among poultry, especially for ducks, should be accompanied with continued surveillance of H7N9 variants and other avian influenza A viruses that could signal a heightened pandemic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, P. R. China
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lau SYF, Chen E, Wang M, Cheng W, Zee BCY, Han X, Yu Z, Sun R, Chong KC, Wang X. Association between meteorological factors, spatiotemporal effects, and prevalence of influenza A subtype H7 in environmental samples in Zhejiang province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:793-803. [PMID: 30738260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infection with the H7N9 virus has been reported recurrently since spring 2013. Given low pathogenicity of the virus in poultry, the outbreak cannot be noticed easily until a case of human infection is reported. Studies showed that the prevalence of influenza A subtype H7 in environmental samples is associated with the number of human H7N9 infection, with the latter associated with meteorological factors. Understanding the association between meteorological factors and the prevalence of H7 subtype in the environmental samples can shed light on how the virus propagates in the environment for disease control. METHOD Environmental samples and meteorological data (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and wind speed) collected in Zhejiang province, China, during 2013-2017 were used. A Bayesian hierarchical binomial logistic spatiotemporal model which captures spatiotemporal effects was adopted to model the prevalence of H7 subtype with the meteorological factors. RESULTS The monthly overall prevalence of H7 subtype in the environmental samples was usually <30%. Compared with the odds at median, moderately low precipitation (49.19-115.60 mm), moderately long sunshine duration (4.22-9.25 h) and low temperature (<9.33 °C) were statistically significantly associated with a higher adjusted odds of detecting an H7-positive sample, whereas moderately high precipitation (119.51-146.85 mm), short and moderately short sunshine duration (<1.77 h; 4.00-4.17 h), and high temperature (>23.09 °C) were statistically significantly associated with a lower adjusted odds. The adjusted odds increased multiplicatively by 1.11 per 1% increase in relative humidity. CONCLUSION Since the prevalence of H7 subtype in environmental samples was associated with meteorological conditions and the number of human H7N9 infection, an environmental surveillance program which incorporates meteorological conditions in planning allows for early detection of the spread of the virus in the environment and better preparation for the outbreak in the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Yuk-Fai Lau
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| | - Maggie Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, 2nd Yuexing Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Zhejiang Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| | - Benny Chung-Ying Zee
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, 2nd Yuexing Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaoran Han
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- Zhejiang Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| | - Riyang Sun
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, 2nd Yuexing Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Zhejiang Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Optimising the detectability of H5N1 and H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Vietnamese live-bird markets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1031. [PMID: 30705346 PMCID: PMC6355762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are major targets for avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance programmes. While sampling the LBM environment has become a widely used alternative to the labour-intensive sampling of live poultry, the design of surveillance programmes and the interpretation of their results are compromised by the lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of these sampling strategies. We used latent class models and a unique empirical dataset collated in Vietnamese LBMs to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of five different sample types for detecting AIVs subtypes H5N1 and H5N6: oropharyngeal duck samples, solid and liquid wastes, poultry drinking water and faeces. Results suggest that the sensitivity of environmental samples for detecting H5N1 viruses is equivalent to that of oropharyngeal duck samples; however, taking oropharyngeal duck samples was estimated to be more effective in detecting H5N6 viruses than taking any of the four environmental samples. This study also stressed that the specificity of the current surveillance strategy in LBMs was not optimal leading to some false positive LBMs. Using simulations, we identified 42 sampling strategies more parsimonious than the current strategy and expected to be highly sensitive for both viruses at the LBM level. All of these strategies involved the collection of both environmental and oropharyngeal duck samples.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu J, Ke C, Lau EH, Song Y, Cheng KL, Zou L, Kang M, Song T, Peiris M, Yen HL. Influenza H5/H7 Virus Vaccination in Poultry and Reduction of Zoonotic Infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017-18. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:116-118. [PMID: 30355435 PMCID: PMC6302570 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.181259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the detection frequency of avian influenza H7 subtypes at live poultry markets in Guangdong Province, China, before and after the introduction of a bivalent H5/H7 vaccine in poultry. The vaccine was associated with a 92% reduction in H7 positivity rates among poultry and a 98% reduction in human H7N9 cases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu J, Ke C, Lau EH, Song Y, Cheng KL, Zou L, Kang M, Song T, Peiris M, Yen HL. Influenza H5/H7 Virus Vaccination in Poultry and Reduction of Zoonotic Infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017–18. Emerg Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2501181259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Lei X, Jing S, Zeng X, Lin Y, Li X, Xing Q, Zhong X, Østbye T. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards avian influenza among live poultry market workers in Chongqing, China. Prev Vet Med 2019; 162:151-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
19
|
Wang N, Sun M, Wang W, Ouyang G, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Wu S, Huang J, Sun H, Liao M, Jiao P. Avian Influenza (H7N9) Viruses Co-circulating among Chickens, Southern China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2100-2102. [PMID: 29148388 PMCID: PMC5708235 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2017, three avian influenza (H7N9) viruses were isolated from chickens in southern China. Each virus had different insertion points in the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin protein compared to the first identified H7N9 virus. We determined that these viruses were double or triple reassortant viruses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bertran K, Clark A, Swayne DE. Mitigation strategies to reduce the generation and transmission of airborne highly pathogenic avian influenza virus particles during processing of infected poultry. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:893-900. [PMID: 29891217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Airborne transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has occurred among poultry and from poultry to humans during home or live-poultry market slaughter of infected poultry, and such transmission has been experimentally reproduced. In this study, we investigated simple, practical changes in the processing of H5N1 virus-infected chickens to reduce infectious airborne particles and their transmission. Our findings suggest that containing the birds during the killing and bleeding first step by using a disposable plastic bag, a commonly available cooking pot widely used in Egypt (halla), or a bucket significantly reduces generation of infectious airborne particles and transmission to ferrets. Similarly, lack of infectious airborne particles was observed when processing vaccinated chickens that had been challenged with HPAI virus. Moreover, the use of a mechanical defeatherer significantly increased total number of particles in the air compared to manual defeathering. This study confirms that simple changes in poultry processing can efficiently mitigate generation of infectious airborne particles and their transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Andrew Clark
- International Veterinary Consultant, USAID East Africa Region, 70787 SW Douglas Dr, 97801 Pendleton, OR, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Risk Factors for Avian Influenza H9 Infection of Chickens in Live Bird Retail Stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan 2009-2010. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5634. [PMID: 29618780 PMCID: PMC5884806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with AIV infections in live bird retail stalls (LBRS) in Lahore District, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of LBRS was conducted from December 2009-February 2010 using two-stage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. A total of 280 oropharyngeal swab sample pools were collected from 1400 birds in 8 clusters and tested by qRT-PCR for the matrix (M) gene of type A influenza virus and HA gene subtypes H9, H5 and H7. Thirty-four (34) samples were positive for the M gene, of which 28 were also positive for H9. No sample was found positive for H5 or H7. Data for 36 potential risk factors, collected by questionnaire, were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for H9 infection in LRBS, namely obtaining birds from mixed sources (OR 2.28, CI95%: 1.4–3.7), keeping birds outside cages (OR 3.10, CI95%: 1.4–7.0) and keeping chicken breeds other than broilers (OR 6.27, CI95%: 1.7–23.2). Sourcing birds from dealers/wholesalers, keeping birds inside cages and avoiding mixing different breeds in cages could reduce the risk of H9 infections in LRBS.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bertran K, Balzli C, Kwon YK, Tumpey TM, Clark A, Swayne DE. Airborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus during Processing of Infected Poultry. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1806-1814. [PMID: 29047426 PMCID: PMC5652435 DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infected poultry is a suspected cause of avian influenza (H5N1) virus infections in humans. We detected infectious droplets and aerosols during laboratory-simulated processing of asymptomatic chickens infected with human- (clades 1 and 2.2.1) and avian- (clades 1.1, 2.2, and 2.1) origin H5N1 viruses. We detected fewer airborne infectious particles in simulated processing of infected ducks. Influenza virus–naive chickens and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected chickens were processed became infected and died, suggesting that the slaughter of infected chickens is an efficient source of airborne virus that can infect birds and mammals. We did not detect consistent infections in ducks and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected ducks were processed. Our results support the hypothesis that airborne transmission of HPAI viruses can occur among poultry and from poultry to humans during home or live-poultry market slaughter of infected poultry.
Collapse
|
23
|
Contact reductions from live poultry market closures limit the epidemic of human infections with H7N9 influenza. J Infect 2018; 76:295-304. [PMID: 29406153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An early steep increase in the number of humans infected with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was observed in China, raising great public concern domestically and internationally. Little is known about the dynamics of the transmission contacts between poultry and human populations, although such understanding is essential for developing effective strategies to control this zoonosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of contact reductions from live poultry markets (LPMs) closures on the transmission of H7N9 virus during epidemics in Guangdong Province, China. A mathematical model of the poultry-to-person transmission dynamics of H7N9 virus was constructed. The parameters in the model were estimated from publicly available data on confirmed cases of human infection and information on LPMs closure during 2013-2017. By fitting the model, we measured the time-dependent contact quantity of the susceptible population to LPMs. The results showed that periodic intervention strategies can greatly reduce the magnitude of outbreaks, and the earlier interventions for policy are implemented, the smaller is the outbreak. The control efforts for LPMs to decrease the contact quantity are critical in preventing epidemics in the long term. This model should provide important insights for the development of a national intervention strategy for the long-term control of avian influenza virus epidemics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu J, Lu J, Faria NR, Zeng X, Song Y, Zou L, Yi L, Liang L, Ni H, Kang M, Zhang X, Huang G, Zhong H, Bowden TA, Raghwani J, He J, He X, Lin J, Koopmans M, Pybus OG, Ke C. Effect of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Guangdong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2104-2112. [PMID: 27869613 PMCID: PMC5189139 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since March 2013, three waves of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been detected in China. To investigate virus transmission within and across epidemic waves, we used surveillance data and whole-genome analysis of viruses sampled in Guangdong during 2013-2015. We observed a geographic shift of human A(H7N9) infections from the second to the third waves. Live poultry market interventions were undertaken in epicenter cities; however, spatial phylogenetic analysis indicated that the third-wave outbreaks in central Guangdong most likely resulted from local virus persistence rather than introduction from elsewhere. Although the number of clinical cases in humans declined by 35% from the second to the third waves, the genetic diversity of third-wave viruses in Guangdong increased. Our results highlight the epidemic risk to a region reporting comparatively few A(H7N9) cases. Moreover, our results suggest that live-poultry market interventions cannot completely halt A(H7N9) virus persistence and dissemination.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wei J, Zhou J, Cheng K, Wu J, Zhong Z, Song Y, Ke C, Yen HL, Li Y. Assessing the risk of downwind spread of avian influenza virus via airborne particles from an urban wholesale poultry market. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2018; 127:120-126. [PMID: 29479134 PMCID: PMC5822749 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies transmissions of avian influenza viruses (AIV) occur at the human-poultry interface, among which the live poultry markets (LPMs) are easily assessed by urban residents. Thousands of live poultry from different farms arrive daily at wholesale markets before being sold to retail markets. We assessed the risk of AIV downwind spread via airborne particles from a representative wholesale market in Guangzhou. Air samples were collected using the cyclone-based NIOSH bioaerosol samplers at different locations inside a wholesale market, and viral RNA and avian 18S RNA were quantified using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling was performed to investigate the AIV spread pattern. Viral RNA was readily detected from 19 out of 21 air sampling events, predominantly from particles larger than 1 µm. The concentration of viral RNA detected at the poultry holding area was 4.4 × 105 copies/m3 and was as high as 2.6 × 104 copies/m3 100 m downwind. A high concentration of avian 18S RNA (2.5 × 108 copies/m3) detected at the poultry holding area was used for assessing the potential spread of avian influenza virus during outbreak situations. CFD modeling indicated the combined effect of wind direction and surrounding buildings on the spread of virus and a slow decay rate of the virus in the air in the downwind direction. Because of the large volume of poultry trade daily, wholesale markets located in urban areas may pose considerable AIV infection risk to neighboring residents via wind spread, even in the absence of direct contact with poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kitling Cheng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingchao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Yuguo Li, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Tel: (852) 3917 2625, , Hui-Ling Yen, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Tel: (852) 3917 7529,
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Yuguo Li, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Tel: (852) 3917 2625, , Hui-Ling Yen, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Tel: (852) 3917 7529,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kang M, Lau EHY, Guan W, Yang Y, Song T, Cowling BJ, Wu J, Peiris M, He J, Mok CKP. Epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Guangdong, 2016 to 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22. [PMID: 28703705 PMCID: PMC5508330 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.27.30568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) based on poultry market environmental surveillance and laboratory-confirmed human cases (n = 9) in Guangdong, China. We also compare the epidemiology between human cases of high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) (n = 51) in Guangdong. Case fatality and severity were similar. Touching sick or dead poultry was the most important risk factor for HPAI A(H7N9) infections and should be highlighted for the control of future influenza A(H7N9) epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China.,MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Wenda Guan
- MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tie Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Development and application of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5, H7 and H9. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:49-56. [PMID: 29129489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV), especially subtypes H5, H7 and H9, has contributed to enormous economic losses and poses a potential pandemic threat to global human public health. Early screening of suspected cases is key to controlling the spread of AIVs. In this study, an accurate, rapid, and triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of AIV subtypes H5, H7 and H9. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR was at least 100 times higher than that of the conventional PCR, with a detection limit of 50 copies and an EID50 of 1 (50% egg infections dose) for the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes. The lack of cross-reaction with other avian respiratory viruses suggested that the real-time PCR assay was highly specific. The reproducibility of the assay was confirmed using plasmids containing targets genes. Furthermore, 362 clinical field samples were evaluated. Subtypes H5, H7 and H9 were detected in 102 (28.18%) samples by real-time PCR and in 35 (9.67%) samples by conventional virus isolation. These results indicate that the triplex real-time PCR assay has good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility and that it might be useful for laboratory surveillance and rapid diagnosis of the H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of influenza A viruses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tun Win Y, Gardner E, Hadrill D, Su Mon CC, Kyin MM, Maw MT, Claes F, von Dobschuetz S, Kalpravidh W, Wongsathapornchai K, Mon HH, Myint WW, Thein WZ, Mon PP. Emerging Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Detection in Myanmar: Surveillance Practices and Findings. Health Secur 2017; 15:483-493. [PMID: 29016219 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 2-season, risk-based, virological surveillance for zoonotic avian influenza in Myanmar and report the first detection of influenza A subtypes H5N6 and H9N2 in Myanmar. The study focused mainly on the live bird markets in border townships, where illegal poultry importation from China usually takes place. The objective was to enhance early warning for low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) incursion. The study followed the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for influenza A(H7N9) surveillance in uninfected countries. The sampling strategy was risk-based at all sampling levels. Sample collection and laboratory analysis were carried out with the government of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar. Laboratory testing was according to a previously published FAO laboratory protocol and algorithm designed to detect a range of influenza A subtypes. Challenges to implementation are outlined. The study provided evidence that the H7N9 subtype had not entered Myanmar but detected other subtypes, including H5N6 and H9N2. Although there were logistical difficulties associated with nation-related issues, the results highlight the importance and feasibility of this risk-based active surveillance, which should be urgently established in other countries, especially those located at the east-southeast influenza epicenter.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilson JR, Belser JA, DaSilva J, Guo Z, Sun X, Gansebom S, Bai Y, Stark TJ, Chang J, Carney P, Levine MZ, Barnes J, Stevens J, Maines TR, Tumpey TM, York IA. An influenza A virus (H7N9) anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibody protects mice from morbidity without interfering with the development of protective immunity to subsequent homologous challenge. Virology 2017; 511:214-221. [PMID: 28888111 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of A(H7N9) virus strains with resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors highlights a critical need to discover new countermeasures for treatment of A(H7N9) virus-infected patients. We previously described an anti-NA mAb (3c10-3) that has prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice lethally challenged with A(H7N9) virus when delivered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Here we show that intrananasal (i.n.) administration of 3c10-3 protects 100% of mice from mortality when treated 24h post-challenge and further characterize the protective efficacy of 3c10-3 using a nonlethal A(H7N9) challenge model. Administration of 3c10-3 i.p. 24h prior to challenge resulted in a significant decrease in viral lung titers and deep sequencing analysis indicated that treatment did not consistently select for viral variants in NA. Furthermore, prophylactic administration of 3c10-3 did not inhibit the development of protective immunity to subsequent homologous virus re-challenge. Taken together, 3c10-3 highlights the potential use of anti-NA mAb to mitigate influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; CNI Advantage, LLC, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Research&Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shane Gansebom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; CNI Advantage, LLC, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas J Stark
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessie Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou J, Wu J, Zeng X, Huang G, Zou L, Song Y, Gopinath D, Zhang X, Kang M, Lin J, Cowling BJ, Lindsley WG, Ke C, Peiris JSM, Yen HL. Isolation of H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in China, 2014 and 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30331. [PMID: 27608369 PMCID: PMC5015459 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.35.30331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human–poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. We assessed the potential for airborne and fomite transmission at live poultry markets in Guangzhou city and in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, during 2014 and 2015. Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N6, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 μm in diameter in the air sampled with cyclone-based bioaerosol samplers at the live poultry markets in Guangzhou. Influenza A(H9N2) viruses were ubiquitously isolated every month during the study period from air and environmental swabs, and different lineages of H9N2 virus were isolated from markets where chickens and minor land-based poultry were sold. The use of de-feathering devices increased the quantity of virus-laden airborne particles while market closure reduced the amount of such particles. The results highlight the possibility of airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses among poultry or from poultry to humans within such settings. This may explain epidemiological observations in which some patients with H7N9 infection reported being in markets but no direct contact with live poultry or poultry stalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015-2016 human influenza season. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42722. [PMID: 28256584 PMCID: PMC5335333 DOI: 10.1038/srep42722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li R, Bai Y, Heaney A, Kandula S, Cai J, Zhao X, Xu B, Shaman J. Inference and forecast of H7N9 influenza in China, 2013 to 2015. Euro Surveill 2017; 22. [PMID: 28230525 PMCID: PMC5322186 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.7.30462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of A(H7N9) avian influenza poses a significant challenge to public health in China and around the world; however, understanding of the transmission dynamics and progression of influenza A(H7N9) infection in domestic poultry, as well as spillover transmission to humans, remains limited. Here, we develop a mathematical model–Bayesian inference system which combines a simple epidemic model and data assimilation method, and use it in conjunction with data on observed human influenza A(H7N9) cases from 19 February 2013 to 19 September 2015 to estimate key epidemiological parameters and to forecast infection in both poultry and humans. Our findings indicate a high outbreak attack rate of 33% among poultry but a low rate of chicken-to-human spillover transmission. In addition, we generated accurate forecasts of the peak timing and magnitude of human influenza A(H7N9) cases. This work demonstrates that transmission dynamics within an avian reservoir can be estimated and that real-time forecast of spillover avian influenza in humans is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alex Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Sasikiran Kandula
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Jun Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sudden increase in human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China, September-December 2016. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2017; 8:6-14. [PMID: 28409054 PMCID: PMC5375094 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. The epidemiological characteristics of the recently reported confirmed H7N9 cases were analysed. The results suggested that although more cases were reported recently, most cases in the fifth epidemic were still highly sporadically distributed without any epidemiology links; the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. Interventions included live poultry market closures in several cities that reported more H7N9 cases recently.
Collapse
|
34
|
Xiang N, Li X, Ren R, Wang D, Zhou S, Greene CM, Song Y, Zhou L, Yang L, Davis CT, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Li X, Iuliano AD, Havers F, Olsen SJ, Uyeki TM, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Trock S, Liu B, Sui H, Huang X, Zhang Y, Ni D, Feng Z, Shu Y, Li Q. Assessing Change in Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infections During the Fourth Epidemic - China, September 2015-August 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:1390-1394. [PMID: 27977644 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6549a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were first reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) in March 2013 (1), mainland China has experienced four influenza A(H7N9) virus epidemics. Prior investigations demonstrated that age and sex distribution, clinical features, and exposure history of A(H7N9) virus human infections reported during the first three epidemics were similar (2). In this report, epidemiology and virology data from the most recent, fourth epidemic (September 2015-August 2016) were compared with those from the three earlier epidemics. Whereas age and sex distribution and exposure history in the fourth epidemic were similar to those in the first three epidemics, the fourth epidemic demonstrated a greater proportion of infected persons living in rural areas, a continued spread of the virus to new areas, and a longer epidemic period. The genetic markers of mammalian adaptation and antiviral resistance remained similar across each epidemic, and viruses from the fourth epidemic remained antigenically well matched to current candidate vaccine viruses. Although there is no evidence of increased human-to-human transmissibility of A(H7N9) viruses, the continued geographic spread, identification of novel reassortant viruses, and pandemic potential of the virus underscore the importance of rigorous A(H7N9) virus surveillance and continued risk assessment in China and neighboring countries.
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiang N, Iuliano AD, Zhang Y, Ren R, Geng X, Ye B, Tu W, Li CA, Lv Y, Yang M, Zhao J, Wang Y, Yang F, Zhou L, Liu B, Shu Y, Ni D, Feng Z, Li Q. Comparison of the first three waves of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus circulation in the mainland of the People's Republic of China. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:734. [PMID: 27919225 PMCID: PMC5139097 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H7N9 human cases were first detected in mainland China in March 2013. Circulation of this virus has continued each year shifting to typical winter months. We compared the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics for the first three waves of virus circulation. METHODS The first wave was defined as reported cases with onset dates between March 31-September 30, 2013, the second wave was defined as October 1, 2013-September 30, 2014 and the third wave was defined as October 1, 2014-September 30, 2015. We used simple descriptive statistics to compare characteristics of the three distinct waves of virus circulation. RESULTS In mainland China, 134 cases, 306 cases and 219 cases were detected and reported in first three waves, respectively. The median age of cases was statistically significantly older in the first wave (61 years vs. 56 years, 56 years, p < 0.001) compared to the following two waves. Most reported cases were among men in all three waves. There was no statistically significant difference between case fatality proportions (33, 42 and 45%, respectively, p = 0.08). There were no significant statistical differences for time from illness onset to first seeking healthcare, hospitalization, lab confirmation, initiation antiviral treatment and death between the three waves. A similar percentage of cases in all waves reported exposure to poultry or live poultry markets (87%, 88%, 90%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of severe disease between the each of the first three waves of virus circulation. Twenty-one clusters were reported during these three waves (4, 11 and 6 clusters, respectively), of which, 14 were considered to be possible human-to-human transmission. CONCLUSION Though our case investigation for the first three waves found few differences between the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, there is continued international concern about the pandemic potential of this virus. Since the virus continues to circulate, causes more severe disease, has the ability to mutate and become transmissible from human-to-human, and there is limited natural protection from infection in communities, it is critical that surveillance systems in China and elsewhere are alert to the influenza H7N9 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nijuan Xiang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanping Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyi Geng
- Jinan Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Bili Ye
- Shenzhen Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxiao Tu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Ch Ao Li
- Tianjin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Lv
- Luan Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Xuancheng Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Daxin Ni
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Offeddu V, Cowling BJ, Peiris JM. Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: a systematic review. One Health 2016; 2:55-64. [PMID: 27213177 PMCID: PMC4871622 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Live poultry markets (LPMs) pose a threat to public health by promoting the amplification and dissemination of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and by providing the ideal setting for zoonotic influenza transmission. Objective This review assessed the impact of different interventions implemented in LPMs to control the emergence of zoonotic influenza. Methods Publications were identified through a systematic literature search in the PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies assessed the impact of different interventions, such as temporary market closure or a ban on holding poultry overnight, in reducing i) AIV-detection rates in birds and the market environment or ii) influenza incidence in humans. Unpublished literature, reviews, editorials, cross-sectional studies, theoretical models and publications in languages other than English were excluded. Relevant findings were extracted and critically evaluated. For the comparative analysis of findings across studies, standardized outcome measures were computed as i) the relative risk reduction (RRR) of AIV-detection in LPMs and ii) incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of H7N9-incidence in humans. Results A total of 16 publications were identified and reviewed. Collectively, the data suggest that AIV-circulation can be significantly reduced in the LPM-environment and among market-birds through (i) temporary LPM closure, (ii) periodic rest days (iii) market depopulation overnight and (iv) improved hygiene and disinfection. Overall, the findings indicate that the length of stay of poultry in the market is a critical control point to interrupt the AIV-replication cycle within LPMs. In addition, temporary LPM closure was associated with a significant reduction of the incidence of zoonotic influenza. The interpretation of these findings is limited by variations in the implementation of interventions. In addition, some of the included studies were of ecologic nature or lacked an inferential framework, which might have lead to cosiderable confounding and bias. Conclusions The evidence collected in this review endorses permanent LPM-closure as a long-term objective to reduce the zoonotic risk of avian influenza, although its economic and socio-political implications favour less drastic interventions, e.g. weekly rest days, for implementation in the short-term. •Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can infect humans. Bird-to-human transmission is particularly intense in live poultry markets. •Periodic rest days, overnight depopulation or sale bans of certain species significantly reduce AIV-circulation in the markets. •Market closure would lastingly reduce the risk of animal and human infection.
Collapse
Key Words
- influenza a virus
- live poultry market
- a/h7n9
- a/h9n2
- closure
- rest day
- c/d, cleansing and disinfection
- glm, general linear model
- irr, incidence rate ratio
- lbm, live bird market
- lpm, live poultry market
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- or, odds ratio
- pue, pneumonia of unknown etiology
- rlpm, retail live poultry market
- rr, relative risk
- rrr, relative risk reduction
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- wlpm, wholesale live poultry market
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Offeddu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - J.S. Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Centre of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fournié G, Tripodi A, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen VT, Tran TT, Bisson A, Pfeiffer DU, Newman SH. Investigating poultry trade patterns to guide avian influenza surveillance and control: a case study in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29463. [PMID: 27405887 PMCID: PMC4942603 DOI: 10.1038/srep29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets are often the focus of surveillance activities monitoring avian influenza viruses (AIV) circulating in poultry. However, in order to ensure a high sensitivity of virus detection and effectiveness of management actions, poultry management practices features influencing AIV dynamics need to be accounted for in the design of surveillance programmes. In order to address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey was conducted through interviews with 791 traders in 18 Vietnamese live bird markets. Markets greatly differed according to the sources from which poultry was obtained, and their connections to other markets through the movements of their traders. These features, which could be informed based on indicators that are easy to measure, suggest that markets could be used as sentinels for monitoring virus strains circulating in specific segments of the poultry production sector. AIV spread within markets was modelled. Due to the high turn-over of poultry, viral amplification was likely to be minimal in most of the largest markets. However, due to the large number of birds being introduced each day, and challenges related to cleaning and disinfection, environmental accumulation of viruses at markets may take place, posing a threat to the poultry production sector and to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Tripodi
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Andrew Bisson
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott H Newman
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu J, Huang F, Zhang J, Tan L, Lu G, Zhang X, Zhang H. Characteristic amino acid changes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus PA protein enhance A(H7N9) viral polymerase activity. Virus Genes 2016; 52:346-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
39
|
Huang Y, Zhang H, Li X, Hu S, Cai L, Sun Q, Li W, Deng Z, Xiang X, Zhang H, Li F, Gao L. Detection and Genetic Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Hunan Province, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142584. [PMID: 26554921 PMCID: PMC4640513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly prevalent and of low pathogenicity in domestic poultry. These viruses show a high genetic compatibility with other subtypes of AIVs and have been involved in the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses causing severe infection in humans. The first case of human infection with H9N2 viruses in Hunan province of China have been confirmed in November 2013 and identified that H9N2 viruses from live poultry markets (LPMs) near the patient’s house could be the source of infection. However, the prevalence, distribution and genetic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in LPMs all over the province are not clear. We collected and tested 3943 environmental samples from 380 LPMs covering all 122 counties/districts of Hunan province from February to April, 2014. A total of 618 (15.7%) samples were H9 subtype positive and 200 (52.6%) markets in 98 (80.3%) counties/districts were contaminated with H9 subtype AIVs. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of eleven H9N2 isolates from environmental samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene sequences of the H9N2 AIVs exhibited high homology (94.3%-100%). All eleven viruses were in a same branch in the phylogenetic trees and belonged to a same genotype. No gene reassortment had been found. Molecular analysis demonstrated that all the viruses had typical molecular characteristics of contemporary avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Continued surveillance of AIVs in LPMs is warranted for identification of further viral evolution and novel reassortants with pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianlai Sun
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengjiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu J, Lau EHY, Xing Q, Zou L, Zhang H, Yen HL, Song Y, Zhong H, Lin J, Kang M, Cowling BJ, Huang G, Ke C. Seasonality of avian influenza A(H7N9) activity and risk of human A(H7N9) infections from live poultry markets. J Infect 2015; 71:690-3. [PMID: 26365221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qinbin Xing
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lirong Zou
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- The Department of Medical Research, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinchao Song
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Haojie Zhong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Min Kang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guofeng Huang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance, Research and Training of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| |
Collapse
|