1
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Rietmann SJ, Lange A, Soto S, Thom N, Manz E, Jagannathan V, Mayer U, Leeb T. KRT5 in-frame deletion in a family of German Shepherd dogs with split paw pad disease resembling localized epidermolysis bullosa simplex in human patients. Anim Genet 2024; 55:692-696. [PMID: 38742646 DOI: 10.1111/age.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Split paw pad disease is a scarcely defined phenotype characterized by skin lesions on the paw pads of dogs. We studied a family of German Shepherd dogs, in which four dogs developed intermittent paw pad lesions and lameness. The paw pads of two of the affected dogs were biopsied and demonstrated cleft formation in the stratum spinosum and stratum corneum, the outermost layers of the epidermis. Whole genome sequencing data from an affected dog revealed a private heterozygous 18 bp in frame deletion in the KRT5 gene. The deletion NM_001346035.1:c.988_1005del or NP_001332964.1:p.(Asn330_Asp335del) is predicted to lead to a loss of six amino acids in the L12 linker domain of the encoded keratin 5. KRT5 variants in human patients lead to various subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Localized EBS is the mildest of the KRT5-related human diseases and may be caused by variants affecting the L12 linker domain of keratin 5. We therefore think that the detected KRT5 deletion in dogs represents a candidate causal variant for the observed skin lesions in dogs. However, while the clinical phenotype of KRT5-mutant dogs of this study closely resembles human patients with localized EBS, there are differences in the histopathology. EBS is defined by cleft formation within the basal layer of the epidermis while the cleft formation in the dogs described herein occurred in the outermost layers, a hallmark of split paw pad disease. Our study provides a basis for further studies into the exact relation of split paw pad disease and EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Rietmann
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Lange
- Anicura Kleintierspezialisten Augsburg GmbH, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sara Soto
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Thom
- Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Mayer
- Anicura Kleintierspezialisten Augsburg GmbH, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Kechagia Z, Eibauer M, Medalia O. Structural determinants of intermediate filament mechanics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102375. [PMID: 38850681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are integral to the cell cytoskeleton, supporting cellular mechanical stability. Unlike other cytoskeletal components, the detailed structure of assembled IFs has yet to be resolved. This review highlights new insights, linking the complex IF hierarchical assembly to their mechanical properties and impact on cellular functions. While we focus on vimentin IFs, we draw comparisons to keratins, showcasing the distinctive structural and mechanical features that underlie their unique mechanical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanetta Kechagia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Tsilafakis K, Mavroidis M. Are the Head and Tail Domains of Intermediate Filaments Really Unstructured Regions? Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:633. [PMID: 38790262 PMCID: PMC11121635 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are integral components of the cytoskeleton which provide cells with tissue-specific mechanical properties and are involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Unfortunately, due to their intricate architecture, the 3D structure of the complete molecule of IFs has remained unresolved. Even though most of the rod domain structure has been revealed by means of crystallographic analyses, the flanked head and tail domains are still mostly unknown. Only recently have studies shed light on head or tail domains of IFs, revealing certainsecondary structures and conformational changes during IF assembly. Thus, a deeper understanding of their structure could provide insights into their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsilafakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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4
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Hafner R, Wolfgramm N, Klein P, Urbassek HM. Adsorption of Diclofenac and PFBS on a Hair Keratin Dimer. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:45-55. [PMID: 38154791 PMCID: PMC10788924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by man-made toxic and persistent organic compounds, found throughout the world in surface and groundwater, has various negative effects on aquatic life systems and even humans. Therefore, it is important to develop and improve water treatment technologies capable of removing such substances from wastewater and purifying drinking water. The two substances investigated are the widely used painkiller diclofenac and a member of the class of "forever chemicals", perfluorobutanesulfonate. Both are known to have serious negative effects on living organisms, especially under long-term exposure, and are detectable in human hair, suggesting adsorption to a part of the hair fiber complex. In this study, a human hair keratin dimer is investigated for its ability to absorb diclofenac and perfluorobutanesulfonate. Initial predictions for binding sites are obtained via molecular docking and subjected to molecular dynamics simulations for more than 1 μs. The binding affinities obtained by the linear interaction energy method are high enough to motivate further research on human hair keratins as a sustainable, low-cost, and easily allocatable filtration material.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hafner
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nils Wolfgramm
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Klein
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Herbert M. Urbassek
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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5
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Yang Z, Xu Z, He R, Xiang X, Zhang B, Ma L. Clinical and genetic findings in 13 Chinese children with keratinopathic ichthyosis. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:168-176. [PMID: 37736367 PMCID: PMC10509410 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Keratinopathic ichthyosis (KPI) represents a group of predominantly autosomal dominant genodermatoses resulting from mutations in the KRT1, KRT2, or KRT10 genes. In KPI, the relationship between genotype and phenotype is complex. Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations and gene mutations in Chinese patients with KPI. Methods Clinical data were collected from 13 children diagnosed with KPI, and peripheral blood DNA samples were extracted from both the patients and their parents Next-generation sequencing was performed using a congenital ichthyosis multi-gene panel, and the selected variants in the patients and their parents were further validated using the Sanger sequencing method. Results Genetic analysis identified missense mutations in either KRT1 or KRT10 in ten patients exhibiting varying degrees of severity and distinct features of epidermolytic ichthyosis. A missense hotspot mutation in KRT2 was identified in one patient with superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis. Additionally, two truncation mutations in KRT10 were detected, leading to the development of generalized ichthyosiform erythroderma. Ear malformation and ectropion at birth, scalp involvement, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis were observed as early signs of ichthyosis with confetti. Interpretation We analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlations in KPI, revealing that the types and locations of different mutations are associated with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Oral acitretin could be considered a treatment option for severe patients at an appropriate dosage and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
- Department of DermatologyShunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Rui He
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
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6
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Ferro V, Leiva H, Cadena E, Valverde JL. Multiscale Conceptual Design of a Scalable and Sustainable Process to Dissolve and Regenerate Keratin from Chicken Feathers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:13324-13339. [PMID: 38356643 PMCID: PMC10863073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A multiscale strategy was used to conceptually design and economically analyze a scalable and sustainable process for dissolving and regenerating keratin from chicken feathers by using a sodium acetate-urea deep eutectic solvent as the reacting media. In this study, the recovery and recycling of the solvent were also considered. Moreover, molecular modeling of the solvent, keratin and its derivatives, property estimation of the corresponding mixtures, and simulation of the different process alternatives proposed, including the equipment sizing, estimation of energy needs, and economic analysis were presented. A quasi-planar cluster governed by H-bond interactions resulted in the most stable configuration of the deep eutectic solvent. Molecular models having molecular weights higher than 1.400 g/mol were created to represent the keratin species, where the most abundant amino acids in the feathers were included and conveniently ordered in the chain. Property estimations performed with the conductor-like screening model-real solvent succeeded in describing the main features of the interactions between the keratin derivatives and the solvents used. The process analysis performed on several alternatives showed that the process is technically and economically viable at the industrial scale, the costs being strongly dependent on the excess of both the solvent used to dissolve keratin and the water added for its regeneration. Several options to improve the process and reduce the costs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor
R. Ferro
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Leiva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erasmo Cadena
- Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent
University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - José Luis Valverde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de
Castilla la Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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7
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Raza R, Chhabra G, Bilal M, Ndiaye MA, Liaqat K, Nawaz S, Sgro JY, Rayment I, Ahmad W, Ahmad N. A Homozygous Missense Variant in K25 Underlying Overlapping Phenotype with Woolly Hair and Dental Anomalies. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:173-176.e3. [PMID: 35926655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Raza
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mary A Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Khurram Liaqat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jean-Yves Sgro
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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8
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Affolter VK, Kiener S, Jagannathan V, Nagle T, Leeb T. A de novo variant in the keratin 1 gene (KRT1) in a Chinese shar-pei dog with severe congenital cornification disorder and non-epidermolytic ichthyosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275367. [PMID: 36251712 PMCID: PMC9576078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-months old Chinese shar-pei puppy with ichthyosis was investigated. The dog showed generalized scaling, alopecia and footpad lesions. Histopathological examinations demonstrated a non-epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. The parents of the affected puppy did not show any skin lesions. A trio whole genome sequencing analysis identified a heterozygous de novo 3 bp deletion in the KRT1 gene in the affected dog. This variant, NM_001003392.1:c.567_569del, is predicted to delete a single asparagine from the conserved coil 1A motif within the rod domain of KRT1, NP_001003392.1:p.(Asn190del). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated normal levels of KRT1 expression in the epidermis and follicular epithelia. This might indicate that the variant possibly interferes with keratin dimerization or another function of KRT1. Missense variants affecting the homologous asparagine residue of the human KRT1 cause epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Histologically, the investigated Chinese shar-pei showed a non-epidermolytic ichthyosis. The finding of a de novo variant in an excellent functional candidate gene strongly suggests that KRT1:p.Asn190del caused the ichthyosis phenotype in the affected Chinese shar-pei. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a KRT1-related non-epidermolytic ichthyosis in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Terry Nagle
- Sacdermvet at Vista Veterinary Specialists, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Sharma P, Tiufekchiev S, Lising V, Chung SW, Suk JS, Chung BM. Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar21. [PMID: 34406791 PMCID: PMC8693971 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D3 regulates the G1/S transition and is frequently overexpressed in several cancer types including breast cancer, where it promotes tumor progression. Here we show that a cytoskeletal protein keratin 19 (K19) physically interacts with a serine/threonine kinase GSK3β and prevents GSK3β-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. The absence of K19 allowed active GSK3β to accumulate in the nucleus and degrade cyclin D3. Specifically, the head (H) domain of K19 was required to sustain inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β Ser9, prevent nuclear accumulation of GSK3β, and maintain cyclin D3 levels and cell proliferation. K19 was found to interact with GSK3β and K19–GSK3β interaction was mapped out to require Ser10 and Ser35 residues on the H domain of K19. Unlike wildtype K19, S10A and S35A mutants failed to maintain total and nuclear cyclin D3 levels and induce cell proliferation. Finally, we show that the K19–GSK3β-cyclin D3 pathway affected sensitivity of cells toward inhibitors to cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Overall, these findings establish a role for K19 in the regulation of GSK3β-cyclin D3 pathway and demonstrate a potential strategy for overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Sarah Tiufekchiev
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Victoria Lising
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Seung Woo Chung
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231
| | - Byung Min Chung
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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10
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Lazarus BS, Chadha C, Velasco-Hogan A, Barbosa JD, Jasiuk I, Meyers MA. Engineering with keratin: A functional material and a source of bioinspiration. iScience 2021; 24:102798. [PMID: 34355149 PMCID: PMC8319812 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a highly multifunctional biopolymer serving various roles in nature due to its diverse material properties, wide spectrum of structural designs, and impressive performance. Keratin-based materials are mechanically robust, thermally insulating, lightweight, capable of undergoing reversible adhesion through van der Waals forces, and exhibit structural coloration and hydrophobic surfaces. Thus, they have become templates for bioinspired designs and have even been applied as a functional material for biomedical applications and environmentally sustainable fiber-reinforced composites. This review aims to highlight keratin's remarkable capabilities as a biological component, a source of design inspiration, and an engineering material. We conclude with future directions for the exploration of keratinous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Lazarus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charul Chadha
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Velasco-Hogan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Marc A. Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Weber MS, Eibauer M, Sivagurunathan S, Magin TM, Goldman RD, Medalia O. Structural heterogeneity of cellular K5/K14 filaments as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. eLife 2021; 10:70307. [PMID: 34323216 PMCID: PMC8360650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments are an essential and major component of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells. They form a stable yet dynamic filamentous network extending from the nucleus to the cell periphery, which provides resistance to mechanical stresses. Mutations in keratin genes are related to a variety of epithelial tissue diseases. Despite their importance, the molecular structure of keratin filaments remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the structure of keratin 5/keratin 14 filaments within ghost mouse keratinocytes by cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. By averaging a large number of keratin segments, we have gained insights into the helical architecture of the filaments. Two-dimensional classification revealed profound variations in the diameter of keratin filaments and their subunit organization. Computational reconstitution of filaments of substantial length uncovered a high degree of internal heterogeneity along single filaments, which can contain regions of helical symmetry, regions with less symmetry and regions with significant diameter fluctuations. Cross-section views of filaments revealed that keratins form hollow cylinders consisting of multiple protofilaments, with an electron dense core located in the center of the filament. These findings shed light on the complex and remarkable heterogenic architecture of keratin filaments, suggesting that they are highly flexible, dynamic cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Shamilov R, Robinson VL, Aneskievich BJ. Seeing Keratinocyte Proteins through the Looking Glass of Intrinsic Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157912. [PMID: 34360678 PMCID: PMC8348711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte proteins include many with an eccentric amino acid content (compositional bias), atypical ultrastructural fate (built-in protease sensitivity), or assembly visible at the light microscope level (cytoplasmic granules). However, when considered through the looking glass of intrinsic disorder (ID), these apparent oddities seem quite expected. Keratinocyte proteins with highly repetitive motifs are of low complexity but high adaptation, providing polymers (e.g., profilaggrin) for proteolysis into bioactive derivatives, or monomers (e.g., loricrin) repeatedly cross-linked to self and other proteins to shield underlying tissue. Keratohyalin granules developing from liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) show that unique biomolecular condensates (BMC) and proteinaceous membraneless organelles (PMLO) occur in these highly customized cells. We conducted bioinformatic and in silico assessments of representative keratinocyte differentiation-dependent proteins. This was conducted in the context of them having demonstrated potential ID with the prospect of that characteristic driving formation of distinctive keratinocyte structures. Intriguingly, while ID is characteristic of many of these proteins, it does not appear to guarantee LLPS, nor is it required for incorporation into certain keratinocyte protein condensates. Further examination of keratinocyte-specific proteins will provide variations in the theme of PMLO, possibly recognizing new BMC for advancements in understanding intrinsically disordered proteins as reflected by keratinocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambon Shamilov
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Victoria L. Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Brian J. Aneskievich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-486-3053
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13
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Post Zygotic, Somatic, Deletion in KERATIN 1 V1 Domain Generates Structural Alteration of the K1/K10 Dimer, Producing a Monolateral Palmar Epidermolytic Nevus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136901. [PMID: 34199056 PMCID: PMC8269197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) are characterized by thickness of stratum corneum and epidermal hyperkeratosis localized in palms and soles. PPKs can be epidermolytic (EPPK) or non epidermolytic (NEPPK). Specific mutations of keratin 16 (K16) and keratin 1 (K1) have been associated to EPPK, and NEPPK. Cases of mosaicism in PPKs due to somatic keratin mutations have also been described in scientific literature. We evaluated a patient presenting hyperkeratosis localized monolaterally in the right palmar area, characterized by linear yellowish hyperkeratotic lesions following the Blaschko lines. No other relatives of the patient showed any dermatological disease. Light and confocal histological analysis confirmed the presence of epidermolityic hyperkeratosis. Genetic analysis performed demonstrates the heterozygous deletion NM_006121.4:r.274_472del for a total of 198 nucleotides, in KRT1 cDNA obtained by a palmar lesional skin biopsy, corresponding to the protein mutation NP_006112.3:p.Gly71_Gly137del. DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes did not display the presence of the mutation. These results suggest a somatic mutation causing an alteration in K1 N-terminal variable domain (V1). The deleted sequence involves the ISIS subdomain, containing a lysine residue already described as fundamental for epidermal transglutaminases in the crosslinking of IF cytoskeleton. Moreover, a computational analysis of the wild-type and V1-mutated K1/K10 keratin dimers, suggests an unusual interaction between these keratin filaments. The mutation taster in silico analysis also returned a high probability for a deleterious mutation. These data demonstrate once again the importance of the head domain (V1) of K1 in the formation of a functional keratinocyte cytoskeleton. Moreover, this is a further demonstration of the presence of somatic mutations arising in later stages of the embryogenesis, generating a mosaic phenotype.
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Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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15
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Iqbal S, Walsh TR, Rodger A, Packer NH. Interaction between Polysialic Acid and the MARCKS-ED Peptide at the Molecular Level. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1944-1954. [PMID: 32412743 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly negatively charged linear homopolymer comprising α-2,8-linked sialic acids. It is abundant in the embryonic brain and modulates various functions such as differentiation and synaptic plasticity in the adult central nervous system by direct binding to its protein partners. One such example is the binding of polySia to myristoylated-alanine rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) to modulate neuritogenesis. To understand their interaction mechanism at the molecular level, we performed a binding assay which showed a direct binding of the MARCKS-ED peptide (KKKKKRFSFKKSFKLSGFSFKKNKK) with polySia in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that this binding is not exclusively dominated by electrostatics but can in part be attributed to the presence of near-regularly spaced Phe residues, that confer a compact 3D conformation based on pseudoglycine loop structures supported by Phe-Phe interactions. Our simulations, which are confirmed by circular dichroism measurements, also indicate that the peptide-polySia binding induces large-scale conformational rearrangement of polySia into coils at the binding site, whereas the peptide conformation is relatively unperturbed. As a consequence, we predict that each peptide can bind to a domain extending ∼14 polySia repeat units. Using the fluorescently tagged MARCKS-ED peptide on rat brainstem tissue sections, we demonstrate the ability of the peptide to detect polySia, similarly to polySia-specific antibody mAb735, especially in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the dorsal vagal complex. This study provides information about the interaction between polySia and its CNS protein binding partner, MARCKS, and provides a fundamental platform for further studies to explore the prospect of the MARCKS-ED as an effective polySia-binding peptide for bioimaging and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Iqbal
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Tiffany R. Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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16
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Malyshko EV, Murtazina AR, Tverdislov VA. Chirality as a Physical Basis of Hierarchical Periodization of Biomacromolecular Structures. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635092002013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Peng Z, Mao X, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J. Biotransformation of keratin waste to amino acids and active peptides based on cell-free catalysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:61. [PMID: 32266007 PMCID: PMC7110813 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin is the primary constituent of the vertebrate epidermis and epidermal appendages, as well as the main waste product generated during poultry processing from feathers, hair, scales, nails, etc. Keratin is generally hard, stubborn and difficult to hydrolyze; however, it is also inexpensive and contains more than 85% protein. Currently, tens of millions of tons of keratin waste are produced each year worldwide; however, no effective methods for the recovery of keratin waste have been reported thus far, making such research urgent. Keratinase has been reported to be useful for keratin waste recovery; however, nearly all keratinases are unable to hydrolyze keratin after they are detached from living cell systems. This may be due to low keratinase activity and lack of synergistic factors. RESULTS Herein, the keratinase gene from Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600, allowing for improved activity of the recombinant keratinase KerZ1 to 45.14 KU/mL via promoter substitution and screening of the ribosome-binding sites. Further, real-time control of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and feed strategy allowed the activity of KerZ1 to reach 426.60 KU/mL in a 15-L fermenter, accounting for a 3552-fold increase compared to the wild-type keratinase (120.1 U/mL). Most importantly, we proposed a method based on the synergistic action of keratinase KerZ1 and sodium sulfite, to hydrolyze feathers into amino acids. In specific, 100 g/L of feather waste can be successfully converted into 56.6% amino acids within 12 h, while supporting the production of dozens of bioactive peptides. CONCLUSIONS The activity of recombinant keratinase can be greatly enhanced via transcription and translational regulation in Bacillus subtilis. The synergistic action of keratinase and sulfite can rapidly degrade feather waste and produce amino acids and polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xinzhe Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 China
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18
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Huang W, Yaraghi NA, Yang W, Velazquez-Olivera A, Li Z, Ritchie RO, Kisailus D, Stover SM, McKittrick J. A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:267-277. [PMID: 30951896 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules are found embedded in the intertubular matrix forming the hoof wall at the microscale. Both tubules and intertubular areas consist of keratin cells, in which keratin crystalline intermediate filaments (IFs) and amorphous keratin fill the cytoskeletons. Cell sizes, shapes and IF fractions are different between tubular and intertubular regions. The structural differences between tubular and intertubular areas are correlated to the mechanical behavior of this material tested in dry, fresh and fully hydrated conditions. The stiffness and hardness in the tubule areas are higher than that in the intertubular areas in the dry and fresh samples when loaded along the hoof wall; however, once the samples are fully hydrated, the intertubular areas become stiffer than the tubular areas due to higher water absorption in these regions. The compression behavior of hoof in different loading speed and directions are also examined, with the isotropy and strain-rate dependence of mechanical properties documented. In the hoof walls, mechanistically the tubules serve as a reinforcement, which act to support the entire wall and prevent catastrophic failure under compression and impact loading. Elastic buckling and cracking of the tubules are observed after compression along the hoof wall, and no shear-banding or severe cracks are found in the intertubular areas even after 60% compression, indicating the highly efficient energy absorption properties, without failure, of the hoof wall structure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The equine hoof wall is found to be an efficient energy absorbent natural polymer composite. Previous studies showed the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hoof wall in some perspective. However, the hierarchical structure of equine hoof wall from nano- to macro-scale as well as the energy absorption mechanisms at different strain rates and loading orientations remains unclear. The current study provides a thorough characterization of the hierarchical structure as well as the correlation between structure and mechanical behaviors. Energy dissipation mechanisms are also identified. The findings in the current research could provide inspirations on the designs of impact resistant and energy absorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wen Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Velazquez-Olivera
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zezhou Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Susan M Stover
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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19
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Lalor L, Titeux M, Palisson F, Fuentes I, Yubero MJ, Tasanen K, Huilaja L, Has C, Tadini G, Haggstrom AN, Hovnanian A, Lucky AW. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex-generalized severe type due to keratin 5 p.Glu477Lys mutation: Genotype-phenotype correlation and in silico modeling analysis. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:132-138. [PMID: 30515866 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of diseases caused by mutations in skin structural proteins. Availability of genetic sequencing makes identification of causative mutations easier, and genotype-phenotype description and correlation are important. We describe six patients with a keratin 5 mutation resulting in a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at position 477 (p.Glu477Lys) who have a distinctive, severe and sometimes fatal phenotype. We also perform in silico modeling to show protein structural changes resulting in instability. METHODS In this case series, we collected clinical data from six patients with this mutation identified from their national or local epidermolysis bullosa databases. We performed in silico modeling of the keratin 5-keratin 14 coil 2B complex using CCBuilder and rendered with Pymol (Schrodinger, LLC, New York, NY). RESULTS Features include aplasia cutis congenita, generalized blistering, palmoplantar keratoderma, onychodystrophy, airway and developmental abnormalities, and a distinctive reticulated skin pattern. Our in silico model of the keratin 5 p.Glu477Lys mutation predicts conformational change and modification of the surface charge of the keratin heterodimer, severely impairing filament stability. CONCLUSIONS Early recognition of the features of this genotype will improve care. In silico analysis of mutated keratin structures provides useful insights into structural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lalor
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, MCW Department of Dermatology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthias Titeux
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Francis Palisson
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genetica y Genomica, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - María J Yubero
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Department of Dermatology, Pedego Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Huilaja
- Department of Dermatology, Pedego Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Tadini
- Pediatric Dermatology, Fondazione IRCC Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita N Haggstrom
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Anne W Lucky
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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20
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Fang HC, Wu BQ, Hao YL, Luo Y, Zhao HL, Zhang WY, Zhang ZL, Liang JJ, Liu W, Chen XH. KRT1 gene silencing ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the activation of the Notch signaling pathway in mouse models. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3634-3646. [PMID: 30191968 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI) includes major drawbacks, such as excessive formation of free radicals and also overload of calcium, which lead to cell death, tissue scarring, and remodeling. The current study aims to explore whether KRT1 silencing may ameliorate MIRI via the Notch signaling pathway in mouse models. Myocardial tissues were used for the determination of the positive rate of KRT1 protein expression, apoptosis of myocardial cells, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, expression of related biomarkers as well as myocardial infarction area. The transfected myocardial cells were treated with KRT1-siRNA, Jagged1, and DAPT (inhibitor of Notch-1 signaling pathway). The expression of KRT1, NICD, Hes1, Bcl-2, and Bax protein was detected. The MTT assay was applied for cell proliferation and flow cytometry was used for cell apoptosis. Mice with MIRI had a higher positive rate of KRT1 protein expression, apoptosis of myocardial cells, CK and LDH expression, myocardial infarction area, increased expression of MDA, NO, SDH, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, KRT1, Bax protein, CK, and LDH, and decreased expression of SOD, NICD, Hes1, and Bcl-2. The downregulation of KRT1 led to decreased expression of KRT1 and Bax protein, increased expression of NICD, Hes1, and Bcl-2, decreased cell apoptosis, and improved cell proliferation. The inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway leads to reduced expression of Bax, increased expression of NICD, Hes1, and Bcl 2, and also decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. Our data conclude that KRT1 silencing is able to make MIRI better by activating the Notch signaling pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Cheng Fang
- Shenzhen Baoan Shajing People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bao-Quan Wu
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Ling Hao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Jie Liang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xie-Hui Chen
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Role of the keratin 1 and keratin 10 tails in the pathogenesis of ichthyosis hystrix of Curth Macklin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195792. [PMID: 29689068 PMCID: PMC5918167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichthyosis Hystrix of Curth-Macklin (IH-CM) is a rare manifestation of epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) that is characterised by generalised spiky or verrucous hyperkeratosis. The disorder is further distinguished by the presence of binucleated cells in the affected skin, whereas epidermolysis and clumping of tonofilaments, as seen in EI, are absent. While IH-CM is associated with mutations in the keratin 1 (KRT1) gene, reports to date have indicated that mutations in the KRT1 gene result in an aberrant and truncated protein tail, essentially affecting the function of the V2 domain. Here, we studied a female sporadic patient who was born with diffused erythrodermic hyperkeratosis and who presented at the age of 13 months with an intense and widespread hyperkeratosis with a papillomatous appearance and typical palmoplantar keratoderma. Genetic analysis demonstrated a “de novo” mutation in the keratin 10 gene (KRT10) consisting of a three-base-pair deletion, resulting in the substitution of amino acids p.Glu445 and p.Ile446 by Asp at the end of the 2B domain of the protein. We performed structural and functional studies showing that this mutation modifies the structure of the paired 2B and V2 K1/10 domains, leading to the disease phenotype. Our results highlight the importance and complexity of the KRT1/10 V2 domain in keratin dimer formation and the potential consequences of its alteration.
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22
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Guzenko D, Strelkov SV. CCFold: rapid and accurate prediction of coiled-coil structures and application to modelling intermediate filaments. Bioinformatics 2017; 34:215-222. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Guzenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergei V Strelkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Balmer P, Bauer A, Pujar S, McGarvey KM, Welle M, Galichet A, Müller EJ, Pruitt KD, Leeb T, Jagannathan V. A curated catalog of canine and equine keratin genes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180359. [PMID: 28846680 PMCID: PMC5573215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins represent a large protein family with essential structural and functional roles in epithelial cells of skin, hair follicles, and other organs. During evolution the genes encoding keratins have undergone multiple rounds of duplication and humans have two clusters with a total of 55 functional keratin genes in their genomes. Due to the high similarity between different keratin paralogs and species-specific differences in gene content, the currently available keratin gene annotation in species with draft genome assemblies such as dog and horse is still imperfect. We compared the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (dog annotation release 103, horse annotation release 101) and Ensembl (release 87) gene predictions for the canine and equine keratin gene clusters to RNA-seq data that were generated from adult skin of five dogs and two horses and from adult hair follicle tissue of one dog. Taking into consideration the knowledge on the conserved exon/intron structure of keratin genes, we annotated 61 putatively functional keratin genes in both the dog and horse, respectively. Subsequently, curators in the RefSeq group at NCBI reviewed their annotation of keratin genes in the dog and horse genomes (Annotation Release 104 and Annotation Release 102, respectively) and updated annotation and gene nomenclature of several keratin genes. The updates are now available in the NCBI Gene database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Balmer
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anina Bauer
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shashikant Pujar
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. McGarvey
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Monika Welle
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J. Müller
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Clinic for Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kim D. Pruitt
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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24
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The X-Ray Crystal Structure of the Keratin 1-Keratin 10 Helix 2B Heterodimer Reveals Molecular Surface Properties and Biochemical Insights into Human Skin Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:142-150. [PMID: 27595935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratins 1 (K1) and 10 (K10) are the primary keratins expressed in differentiated epidermis. Mutations in K1/K10 are associated with human skin diseases. We determined the crystal structure of the complex between the distal (2B) helices of K1 and K10 to better understand how human keratin structure correlates with function. The 3.3 Å resolution structure confirms many features inferred by previous biochemical analyses, but adds unexpected insights. It demonstrates a parallel, coiled-coil heterodimer with a predominantly hydrophobic intermolecular interface; this heterodimer formed a higher order complex with a second K1-K10-2B heterodimer via a Cys401K10 disulfide link, although the bond angle is unanticipated. The molecular surface analysis of K1-K10-2B identified several pockets, one adjacent to the disulfide linkage and conserved in K5-K14. The solvent accessible surface area of the K1-K10 structure is 20-25% hydrophobic. The 2B region contains mixed acidic and basic patches proximally (N-terminal), whereas it is largely acidic distally (C-terminal). Mapping of conserved and nonconserved residues between K1-K10 and K5-K14 onto the structure demonstrated the majority of unique residues align along the outer helical ridge. Finally, the structure permitted a fresh analysis of the deleterious effects caused by K1/K10 missense mutations found in patients with phenotypic skin disease.
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Zernov NV, Skoblov MY, Marakhonov AV, Shimomura Y, Vasilyeva TA, Konovalov FA, Abrukova AV, Zinchenko RA. Autosomal Recessive Hypotrichosis with Woolly Hair Caused by a Mutation in the Keratin 25 Gene Expressed in Hair Follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1097-1105. [PMID: 26902920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypotrichosis is an abnormal condition characterized by decreased hair density and various defects in hair structure and growth patterns. In particular, in woolly hair, hypotrichosis is characterized by a tightly curled structure and abnormal growth. In this study, we present a detailed comparative examination of individuals affected by autosomal-recessive hypotrichosis (ARH), which distinguishes two types of ARH. Earlier, we demonstrated that exon 4 deletion in the lipase H gene caused an ARH (hypotrichosis 7; MIM: 604379) in populations of the Volga-Ural region of Russia. Screening for this mutation in all affected individuals revealed its presence only in the group with the hypotrichosis 7 phenotype. Other patients formed a separate group of woolly hair-associated ARH, with a homozygous missense mutation c.712G>T (p.Val238Leu) in a highly conserved position of type I keratin KRT25 (K25). Haplotype analysis indicated a founder effect. An expression study in the HaCaT cell line demonstrated a deleterious effect of the p.Val238Leu mutation on the formation of keratin intermediate filaments. Hence, we have identified a previously unreported missense mutation in the KRT25 gene causing ARH with woolly hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Zernov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Y Skoblov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia; The Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Marakhonov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia; Regenerative and Genetic Medical Center of the Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatyana A Vasilyeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor A Konovalov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia; Regenerative and Genetic Medical Center of the Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Abrukova
- Ministry of Health and Social Development of Chuvash Republic, Presidential Perinatal Center, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, Russia
| | - Rena A Zinchenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics," Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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