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Ceretti-Junior W, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Mucci LF, de Castro Duarte AMR, Wilk-da-Silva R, Evangelista E, Barrio-Nuevo KM, Marrelli MT, Oliveira-Christe R. Analysis of diversity and an updated catalog of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area, São Paulo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2024; 49:R50-R60. [PMID: 39315961 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-49.2.r50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (EPA) is located in the southern part of the São Paulo city Green Belt. Since the 1950s, this region has been affected by uncontrolled urban sprawl, resulting in a change in the ecological habits of some vector mosquitoes. Over the last two decades, cases of autochthonous bromeliad malaria associated with the presence of anopheline mosquitoes in the EPA have been recorded. Anopheles cruzii, the primary vector of plasmodia in the region, is abundant and found naturally infected with both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. In light of this, the present study sought to update the catalog of mosquito fauna in this EPA, analyze mosquito diversity among sites with different degrees of conservation and compare species using different collection techniques. Field collections were carried out from March, 2015 to April, 2017. A total of 20,755 specimens were collected, distributed in 106 different taxa representing 16 genera. Analysis of the diversity among the sites based on the Shannon and Simpson indices showed that the most preserved of them had the lowest indices because of the dominance of An. cruzii. The results highlight the increase in the number of different taxa collected as different mosquito collection techniques were included, confirming the importance of using several strategies to ensure adequate sampling of a local mosquito fauna when exploring a greater number of ecotopes. Furthermore, the survey produced the most recent and complete list of mosquito species in the Capivari-Monos EPA, a refuge and shelter for native and introduced mosquito species where new biocenoses, including pathogens, vertebrate hosts, and vectors can form, allowing zoonotic outbreaks in the local human population to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo State Health Department, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo State Health Department, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Evangelista
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Beranek M, Torres C, Laurito M, Farías A, Contigiani M, Almirón W, Diaz A. Emergence of genotype III St. Louis encephalitis virus in the western United States potentially linked to a wetland in Argentina. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107088. [PMID: 38043673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is endemic in the Americas and its transmission networks involve Culex mosquitoes and avian species. In 2015, a human encephalitis outbreak took place in Arizona and California, indicating the re-emergence of this pathogen in the US. Viral strains isolated in that outbreak belong to genotype III SLEV previously detected only in South America. In this study, genotype III SLEV was detected in mosquitoes collected in Mar Chiquita Lagoon (Córdoba, Argentina), an overwintering site for numerous migratory bird species. The genotype III SLEV sequence detected in this site shares the closest known ancestor with those introduced in Arizona in 2015. Our results highlight the potential significance of wetlands as key sites for arbovirus maintenance and emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Beranek
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Magdalena Laurito
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, Chilecito, La Rioja 5360, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Adrián Farías
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Walter Almirón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Adrián Diaz
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina.
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3
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Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega M, Vargas-González D, Murillo DFB, Soto-Garita C, Francisco-Llamas J, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Jiménez C, Corrales-Aguilar E. Serosurvey in Two Dengue Hyperendemic Areas of Costa Rica Evidence Active Circulation of WNV and SLEV in Peri-Domestic and Domestic Animals and in Humans. Pathogens 2022; 12:7. [PMID: 36678356 PMCID: PMC9863573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Costa Rica harbors several flaviviruses, including Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). While DENV and ZIKV are hyperendemic, previous research indicates restricted circulation of SLEV and WNV in animals. SLEV and WNV seroprevalence and high transmission areas have not yet been measured. To determine the extents of putative WNV and SLEV circulation, we sampled peri-domestic and domestic animals, humans, and mosquitoes in rural households located in two DENV and ZIKV hyperendemic regions during the rainy and dry seasons of 2017-2018 and conducted plaque reduction neutralization test assay for serology (PRNT) and RT-PCR for virus detection. In Cuajiniquil, serological evidence of WNV and SLEV was found in equines, humans, chickens, and wild birds. Additionally, five seroconversion events were recorded for WNV (2 equines), SLEV (1 human), and DENV-1 (2 humans). In Talamanca, WNV was not found, but serological evidence of SLEV circulation was recorded in equines, humans, and wild birds. Even though no active viral infection was detected, the seroconversion events recorded here indicate recent circulation of SLEV and WNV in these two regions. This study thus provides clear-cut evidence for WNV and SLEV presence in these areas, and therefore, they should be considered in arboviruses differential diagnostics and future infection prevention campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piche-Ovares
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Romero-Vega
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Disease), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Diana Vargas-González
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | | | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- PIET (Tropical Disease Research Program), Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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Review of -omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus. Virus Res 2022; 307:198610. [PMID: 34718046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods (arthropod-borne virus) which can be mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods, in which their life cycle occurs before transmission to other hosts. Arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika, Saint Louis Encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Rocio and Murray Valley Encephalitis viruses are some of the arboviruses transmitted biologically among vertebrate hosts by blood-taking vectors, mainly Aedes and Culex sp., and are associated with neurological, viscerotropic, and hemorrhagic reemerging diseases, posing as significant health and socioeconomic concern, as they become more and more adaptive to new environments, to arthropods vectors and human hosts. One of the main families that include mosquito-borne viruses is Flaviviridae, and here, we review the case of the Flavivirus genus, which comprises the viruses cited above, using a variety of research approaches published in literature, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc., to better understand their structures as well as virus-host interactions, which are essential for development of future antiviral therapies.
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Ortiz DI, Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega LM, Wagman J, Troyo A. The Impact of Deforestation, Urbanization, and Changing Land Use Patterns on the Ecology of Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America. INSECTS 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 35055864 PMCID: PMC8781098 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases. In this article, we review the current knowledge and potential impacts of deforestation, urbanization, and other land use changes on mosquito-borne and tick-borne disease transmission in Central America and how these anthropogenic drivers could affect the risk for disease emergence and resurgence in the region. These issues are addressed in the context of other interconnected environmental and social challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Ortiz
- Biology Program, Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172, USA
| | - Marta Piche-Ovares
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Virología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica
| | - Luis M. Romero-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
| | - Joseph Wagman
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, Center for Malaria Control and Elimination, PATH, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Adriana Troyo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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Rivarola ME, Albrieu-Llinás G, Pisano MB, Tauro LB, Gorosito-Serrán M, Beccaria CG, Díaz LA, Vázquez A, Quaglia A, López C, Spinsanti L, Gruppi A, Contigiani MS. Tissue tropism of Saint Louis encephalitis virus: Histopathology triggered by epidemic and non-epidemic strains isolated in Argentina. Virology 2017; 505:181-192. [PMID: 28279829 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) reemerged in South America, and caused encephalitis outbreaks at the beginning of the 21st century. To enhance our knowledge about SLEV virulence, we performed comparative pathogenesis studies in Swiss albino mice inoculated with two different variants, the epidemic strain CbaAr-4005 and the non-epidemic strain CorAn-9275. Only the infection of mice with SLEV strain CbaAr-4005 resulted in high viremia, invasion of peripheral tissues including the lungs, kidney, and spleen, and viral neuroinvasion. This was associated with inflammatory pathology in the lungs, spleen, and brain as well as morbidity and mortality. In contrast, neither signs of desease nor viral replication were observed in mice infected with strain CorAn-9275. Interestingly, important loss of B cells and development of altered germinal centers (GC) were detected in the spleen of mice infected with strain CbaAr-4005, whereas mice infected with SLEV CorAn-9275 developed prominent GC with conserved follicular architecture, and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Rivarola
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Albrieu-Llinás
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Laura Beatriz Tauro
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Melisa Gorosito-Serrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cristian Gabriel Beccaria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Luis Adrián Díaz
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera de Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2.200. 28220 - Majadahonda (Madrid); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Agustín Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cristina López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Juan Filloy S/N. PC: 5000, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Spinsanti
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marta Silvia Contigiani
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Shi J, Hu S, Liu X, Yang J, Liu D, Wu L, Wang H, Hu Z, Deng F, Shen S. Migration, recombination, and reassortment are involved in the evolution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:109-117. [PMID: 27884653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV) has been identified as the etiological agent causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). SFTSV was reported in recent years as a newly emerging tick-borne virus in China, Japan and South Korea and is a novel member of the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, which is suspected to be transmitted by the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. The genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships between geographically distributed SFTSV strains are currently unclear. In this study we used extensive bioinformatics analyses to provide deep insight into the mechanisms of evolution and relationships among SFTSV strains. The genetic diversity of SFTSV was characterized and found to be generated through recombination and reassortment events. Further, potential correlations between the geographic distribution and migration pathways of SFTSV were subject to in-depth analysis. The potential of birds migration related to SFTSV migration were also discussed. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of evolution of SFTSV, which will be important in developing public-health interventions and strategies for SFTS disease control and prevention in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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