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Soleimani Z, Azimi P, Haghshenas R, Farzi Y, Taherkhani A, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Naserinjad M, Behnoush AH, Parizad M, Keyvani M, Hajebi A, Gorgani F, Mirzaei S, Handy RD, Mesdaghinia A, Farzadfar F. Exposure assessment of metal(loids) in indoor air and biomonitoring in six urban residential areas in Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174169. [PMID: 38917899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to metal(loid)s can cause adverse health effects. This study evaluated the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead in particulate matter <10 μm (PM10) and in the urine of 100 participants from urban residential areas in Iran. A total of 100 residential buildings (one adult from each household) in six cities across Iran were recruited for this study. The levels of metal(loid)s in PM10 and the urine of participants were measured using acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average (±SE) PM10 concentration in the buildings was 51.7 ± 3.46 μg/m3. Aluminum and cadmium had the highest and lowest concentrations among the metal(loid)s, averaging 3.74 ± 1.26 μg/m3 and 0.01 ± 0.001 μg/m3, respectively. In 85 % of the samples, the concentration of metal(loid)s in indoor air exceeded WHO air quality standards. Cadmium and lead had the highest and lowest numbers of indoor air samples exceeding the recommended standards, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the concentration of metal(loid)s in urine samples and indoor PM10 levels, as well as the wealth index of participants. There was also a significant direct relationship between the concentrations of nickel, arsenic, lead, and mercury in urine and the age of participants. Factors such as building location, type of cooling systems, use of printers at home, and natural ventilation influenced the concentration and types of metal(loid)s in the indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soleimani
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosa Haghshenas
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yosef Farzi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taherkhani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naserinjad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Behnoush
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzeih Parizad
- Health and work environment group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Keyvani
- Environmental Health Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirali Hajebi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gorgani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saham Mirzaei
- Institute of methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council Potenza, Italy
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Soleimani Z, Haghshenas R, Farzi Y, Taherkhani A, Shokri Varniab Z, Naserinjad M, Abedinjad P, Salehyan S, Maeiyat A, Gorgani F, Mirzaei S, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Mesdaghina A, Farzadfar F. Reference values for metal(loid)s concentrations in the urine samples of healthy Iranian adults: Results from the first nationally representative human biomonitoring study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127424. [PMID: 38507981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study measured the concentrations of arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in the urine samples of the Iranian adult population. METHODS This nationally representative study was conducted on 490 participants in six provinces of Iran who were selected based on the clustering method. Participants included healthy Iranian adults aged above 25 years without a history of illness and non-smokers. Fasting urine sampling, body composition, and demographic measurements were performed for each participant. Urine samples were analyzed by acid digesting method using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using Python programming language. RESULTS The geometrical mean (with corresponding reference values, µg/l) concentrations of metal(loid)s in urine for women, men, and both were 198.2 (625.3), 163.5 (486.1), and 192.5(570.4) for Al, 15.6(51.7), 28.8(71.1), and 21.9 (61.64) for As, 18.5(55.2), 20.7(56.5), and 19.22(55.75) for Pb, 17.9(57.6), 17.9 (53.9), and 17.9(56) for Ni, 13.95(47.5), 20.3(62.2) and 16(51.6) for Cr, 3.5(12.2), 2.9(11.5), and 3.3(12) for Hg, 0.74(2.7), 0.95 (3.6), and 0.81(3.1) for Cd. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of metal(loid)s and demographic indicators and body composition (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the concentration of As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb with age and wealth index (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The concentrations found could be used as the reference range for As, Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb for human biomonitoring studies on the Iranian adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soleimani
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosa Haghshenas
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Farzi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taherkhani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shokri Varniab
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naserinjad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Abedinjad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samet Salehyan
- Health and Work Environment Group, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abdullah Maeiyat
- Environmental Health Group, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gorgani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saham Mirzaei
- Institute of methodologies for Environmetal Analysis, Italian National Research Council, 85050 Potenza, Italy
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Altunay N, Hazer B, Lanjwani MF, Tuzen M. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Cadmium in Food and Water by Flame-AAS after a New Polyvinyl Benzyl Xanthate as an Adsorbent Based Vortex Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction: Multivariate Optimization. Foods 2023; 12:3620. [PMID: 37835273 PMCID: PMC10572459 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a very toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal even at low levels and it is naturally present in water as well as in food. Methods: A new polyvinyl benzyl xanthate (PvbXa) was synthesized and used as a new adsorbent in this work. It contains pendant sulfide groups on the main polystyryl chain. Using this new adsorbent, PvbXa, a vortex-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction (VA-dSPµE) procedure was developed for the determination of cadmium from food and water samples via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Synthesized PvbXa was characterized by 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The different parameters of pH, sample volume, mixing type and time, sorbent amount, and eluent time were optimized using standard analytical methods. Results: The optimized method for assessment of Cd in food and water samples shows good reliability. The optimum conditions were found to be a 0.20-150 µg L-1 linear range, 0.06 µg L-1 LOD, 0.20 µg L-1 LOQ, 4.3 RSD %, and a preconcentration factor of 160. Conclusions: The statistically experimental variables were utilized using a central composite design (CCD). The present method is a low-cost, simple, sensitive, and very effective tool for the recovery of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Altunay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey;
| | - Baki Hazer
- Department of Aircraft Airframe Engine Maintenance, Kapadokya University, 50420 Nevşehir, Turkey
- Departments of Chemistry/Nano Technology Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250 Tokat, Turkey; (M.F.L.); (M.T.)
- Dr M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Tuzen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250 Tokat, Turkey; (M.F.L.); (M.T.)
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Marini HR, Bellone F, Catalano A, Squadrito G, Micali A, Puzzolo D, Freni J, Pallio G, Minutoli L. Nutraceuticals as Alternative Approach against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Damage: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:722. [PMID: 37367879 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) represents a public health risk due to its non-biodegradability and long biological half-life. The main target of Cd is the kidney, where it accumulates. In the present narrative review, we assessed experimental and clinical data dealing with the mechanisms of kidney morphological and functional damage caused by Cd and the state of the art about possible therapeutic managements. Intriguingly, skeleton fragility related to Cd exposure has been demonstrated to be induced both by a direct Cd toxic effect on bone mineralization and by renal failure. Our team and other research groups studied the possible pathophysiological molecular pathways induced by Cd, such as lipid peroxidation, inflammation, programmed cell death, and hormonal kidney discrepancy, that, through further molecular crosstalk, trigger serious glomerular and tubular injury, leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moreover, CKD is associated with the presence of dysbiosis, and the results of recent studies have confirmed the altered composition and functions of the gut microbial communities in CKD. Therefore, as recent knowledge demonstrates a strong connection between diet, food components, and CKD management, and also taking into account that gut microbiota are very sensitive to these biological factors and environmental pollutants, nutraceuticals, mainly present in foods typical of the Mediterranean diet, can be considered a safe therapeutic strategy in Cd-induced kidney damage and, accordingly, could help in the prevention and treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Ryan Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Bellone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - José Freni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Qing Y, Zheng J, Tang T, Li S, Cao S, Luo Y, Chen Y, He W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Xu C, Zhang W, Ping S, Jiang M, Li D, Ji Y, Yang S, Du J, Li Y. Risk assessment of combined exposure to lead, cadmium, and total mercury among the elderly in Shanghai, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114874. [PMID: 37054469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and total mercury (THg) are toxic heavy metals (THMs) that are widely present in the environment and can cause substantial health problems. However, previous risk assessment studies have rarely focused on the elderly population and have usually targeted a single heavy metal, which might underestimate the long-term accumulative and synergistic effects of THMs in humans. Based on the food frequency questionnaire and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, this study assessed external and internal exposures to Pb, Cd and THg in 1747 elderly people in Shanghai. Probabilistic risk assessment with the relative potential factor (RPF) model was used to assess the neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity risks of combined THMs exposures. The mean external exposures of Pb, Cd and THg in Shanghai elderly were 46.8, 27.2 and 4.9 μg/day, respectively. Plant-based foods are the main source of Pb and THg exposure, while Cd is mainly from animal-based foods. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and THg were 23.3, 1.1 and 2.3 μg/L in the whole blood, and 6.2, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/L in the morning urine, respectively. Combined exposure to THMs leading to 10.0 % and 7.1 % of Shanghai elderly at risk of neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The results of this study have important implications for understanding the profiles of Pb, Cd and THg exposure in the elderly living in Shanghai and provide data support for risk assessment and control of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity from combined THMs exposure in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201300, China; Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | | | - TianRan Tang
- Guizhou Meteorological Observatory, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Shichun Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shiyu Cao
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yingyi Luo
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Wenting He
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Siyuan Ping
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yunhe Ji
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yanfei Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201300, China.
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6
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Toro-Román V, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Maynar-Mariño M. Sex differences in cadmium and lead concentrations in different biological matrices in athletes. Relationship with iron status. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 99:104107. [PMID: 36914057 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to analyse sex differences in cadmium and lead concentrations in plasma, urine, platelets and erythrocytes and to relate these concentrations to biomarkers of iron status. METHODS A total of 138 soccer players divided according to sex: men (n = 68) and women (n = 70) participated in the present study. All participants resided in the city of Cáceres (Spain). Erythrocyte, haemoglobin, platelet, plateletcrit, ferritin and serum iron values were determined. Cadmium and lead concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS The women had lower haemoglobin, erythrocyte, ferritin and serum iron values (p < 0.01). Regarding cadmium, the women showed higher concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets (p < 0.05). As for lead, they also showed higher concentrations in plasma, relative values of erythrocytes and relative values of platelets (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between cadmium and lead concentrations with biomarkers of iron status. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium and lead concentrations are different between sexes. Biological differences between sexes and iron status could influence cadmium and lead concentrations. Lower serum iron concentrations and markers of Fe status increase Cd and Pb concentrations. Ferritin and serum iron have been directly related to increased Cd and Pb excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, Hoyo de Manzanares, 28248 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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7
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Flores-Collado G, Mérida-Ortega Á, Ramirez N, López-Carrillo L. Urinary cadmium concentrations and intake of nutrients, food groups and dietary patterns in women from Northern Mexico. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:247-261. [PMID: 36649226 PMCID: PMC10431751 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2157050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal found in some foods. There is limited evidence about the relationship of Cd exposure with nutrient and food groups consumption, and almost no information regarding dietary patterns. The objective was to evaluate the association between diet and urinary Cd, and to explore whether metal concentrations vary according to the intake of some nutrients. Urinary Cd concentrations of 891 female residents of northern Mexico were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. We obtained food consumption through a food frequency questionnaire and we used previously defined food groups and estimated dietary patterns by factor analysis. We found positive associations between Cd and daily consumption of non-starchy vegetables (ß = 0.067, 95% CI 0.030, 0.1023), legumes (ß = 0.139, 95% CI 0.065, 0.213) and processed meats (ß = 0.163, 95% CI 0.035.0.291), as well as the Western (ß = 0.083, 95% CI: 0.027.0.139) and Prudent dietary patterns (ß = 0.035, 95% CI: -0.020, 0.091). In contrast, we observed a negative association with the vegetable oil group (ß = -0.070, 95% CI -0.125, -0.014). In addition, we found higher concentrations of Cd in women under 50 years of age with a lower iron intake than recommended. Food is a source of exposure to this metal and at the same time provides nutrients that modulate its metabolism. It is important to generate dietary guidelines to reduce the health effects of Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Flores-Collado
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional,
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100
| | - Ángel Mérida-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional,
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100
| | - Natalia Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional,
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta,
GA 30322, USA
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional,
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100
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8
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Shan Q. Trend analysis of the association of urinary metals and obesity in children and adolescents. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135617. [PMID: 35820478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study investigated whether the association between urinary trace metals and obesity changes with age. A multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the association between metals and obesity. We built models based on rolling window data with a seven-year time interval to investigate the trend of odd ratios (ORs) in metals. Finally, an application was built to show the trend of the ORs of metals with age. We found that obesity was positively associated with barium but negatively associated with cobalt, cadmium, and lead among children and adolescents. The trend analysis shows that different metals have different trends. Both barium and cobalt showed an age-related trend, and the younger the age, the greater the effect; the former and the latter were positively and negatively correlated with obesity, respectively. Lead showed no trend. The length of the confidence interval of barium's ORs decreased with age, whereas the confidence interval lengths for cobalt's OR values did not show significant changes across age groups. Our results indicate that: 1. The body mass index (BMI) of younger children is more susceptible to certain metals. 2. Barium's effect on young children is highly volatile. 3. The effects of cobalt on children of different ages are less volatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Shan
- Department of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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9
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Urbano T, Filippini T, Wise LA, Lasagni D, De Luca T, Sucato S, Polledri E, Malavolti M, Rigon C, Santachiara A, Pertinhez TA, Baricchi R, Fustinoni S, Vinceti M. Associations of urinary and dietary cadmium with urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and blood biochemical parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112912. [PMID: 35150710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal with established adverse effects on human health, namely on bone, liver and kidney function and the cardiovascular system. We assessed cadmium exposure and its correlation with biomarkers of toxicity. We recruited 137 non-smoking blood donors without a history of chronic disease or cancer who resided in the Northern Italy province of Reggio Emilia (mean age 47 years, range 30-60 years) in the 2017-2019 period. We used a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary cadmium intake and urine samples to assess concentrations of urinary cadmium and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Median urinary cadmium and 8-oxodG concentrations were 0.21 μg/L (interquartile range (IQR): 0.11-0.34 μg/L) and 3.21 μg/g creatinine (IQR: 2.21-4.80 μg/g creatinine), respectively, while median dietary cadmium intake was 6.16 μg/day (IQR: 5.22-7.93 μg/day). We used multivariable linear and spline regression models to estimate mean differences exposure concentrations. Dietary and urinary cadmium were positively correlated, and both were positively and linearly correlated with 8-oxodG. We found a positive association of urinary cadmium with blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. We also observed a positive association with triglycerides, in both linear (beta regression coefficient = 77.03, 95% confidence interval 32.27-121.78) and non-linear spline regression analyses. Despite the positive correlation between dietary and urinary cadmium estimates, dietary cadmium intake showed inconsistent results with the study endpoints and generally weaker associations, suggesting a decreased capacity to reflect actual cadmium exposure. Overall, these findings suggest that even low levels of cadmium exposure may adversely alter hematological and biochemical variables and induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Urbano
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Lasagni
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tiziana De Luca
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sucato
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Rigon
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Baricchi
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Blanco Muñoz J, Lope V, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Gómez-Ariza JL, Dierssen-Sotos T, Fernández-Tardón G, Aragonés N, Amiano P, Gómez-Acebo I, Tardón A, Grau-Pérez M, García-Barrera T, Kogevinas M, Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B. Levels and determinants of urinary cadmium in general population in Spain: Metal-MCC-Spain study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112959. [PMID: 35189102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a ubiquitous and persistent metal, associated with different harmful health effects and with increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding the main sources of exposure is essential to identify at risk populations and to design public health interventions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate cadmium exposure in a random-sample of general adult population from three regions of Spain, assessed by the urinary cadmium (U-Cd) concentration, and to identify its potential determinants and sex-specific differences, including sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured U-Cd (μg/g creatinine) in single urine spot samples from 1282 controls enrolled in the multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) with inductively coupling plasma-mass spectrometry equipped with an octopole reaction systems (ICP-ORS-MS). The association between sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics and U-Cd concentrations was evaluated using geometric mean ratios (GMR) estimated by multiple log-linear regression models. RESULTS Overall, geometric mean U-Cd concentration was 0.40 (95%CI: 0.38, 0.41) μg/g creatinine. Levels were higher in women than in men (GMR]: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.32), and increased with age in males (ptrend< 0.001). Cigarette smoking was clearly associated to U-Cd levels (GMRformer vs non-smokers: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.29; GMRcurrent vs non-smokers: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.26, 1.60); the relationship with secondhand tobacco exposure in non-smokers, was restricted to women (pinteraction = 0.02). Sampling season and region also seemed to influence U-Cd concentrations, with lower levels in summer (GMRsummer vs average: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.71, 0.88), and higher levels in North-Spain Asturias (GMRAsturias vs average: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.23). Regarding diet, higher U-Cd concentration was associated with eggs consumption only in men (pinteraction = 0.04), just as rice intake was associated in women (pinteraction = 0.03). CONCLUSION These results confirmed that tobacco exposure is the main modifiable predictor of U-Cd concentrations, and remark that the role of dietary/sociodemographic factors on U-Cd levels may differ by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blanco Muñoz
- Department of Environmental Health. Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Virginia Lope
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva. Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva, Av. del Tres de Marzo, 3, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Cantabria - IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA)/University of Oviedo, 03301, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division, Department of Health of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. C/San Martín de Porres, 6, 28035, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Cantabria - IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA)/University of Oviedo, 03301, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Grau-Pérez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/ IdiPAZ, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva. Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva, Av. del Tres de Marzo, 3, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Koch W, Czop M, Iłowiecka K, Nawrocka A, Wiącek D. Dietary Intake of Toxic Heavy Metals with Major Groups of Food Products-Results of Analytical Determinations. Nutrients 2022; 14:1626. [PMID: 35458187 PMCID: PMC9029343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food contains a complex matrix of various substances, including essential nutrients, non-nutritive substances, and toxins, including metals. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of major groups of food products to an overall intake of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, and Ni) using a combination of the 24-dietary recall technique, the ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry) method, and chemometric tools. The obtained results reveal that there is a high potential risk of developing nephrotoxicity through the dietary intake of Pb in the case of both genders. The dietary intake determined for other elements (Cd, Hg, and Ni) was far below the limits established by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) supported analytical determinations and revealed that cereals and vegetables were major contributors to a total intake of Cd (39.6 and 17.4% of the total exposure, respectively), Ni (40.4 and 19.3%), and Hg (16.8 and 19.6%), while water and beverages were major dietary sources of Pb (31% of the total daily intake). In contrast, eggs, fats and oils, and milk and dairy products provided the smallest amounts of Cd, Pb, and Ni. Despite containing high amounts of Hg, considering very low consumption, fish were not found to be an important source of this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Czop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłłowska Str., 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Iłowiecka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Doświadczalna Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wiącek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Doświadczalna Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Poulsen AH, Sears CG, Harrington J, Howe CJ, James KA, Roswall N, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Wellenius GA, Meliker J, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Urinary cadmium and stroke - a case-cohort study in Danish never-smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111394. [PMID: 34062200 PMCID: PMC8403651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Purpose: Cadmium has been associated with risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke. Human cadmium exposure occurs primarily through diet and tobacco smoke. Recent cohort studies have found an association with stroke, but residual confounding from smoking, could not be ruled out. We therefore conducted a case-cohort study to evaluate whether cadmium is associated with stroke in never-smokers. METHODS The Danish Diet Cancer and Health cohort consists of Danes 50-64 years old, recruited in 1993-1997. From never-smoking cohort members without previous cancer or stroke we sampled a sub-cohort of 1200 persons. We also identified all (n = 534) cases in the cohort with a validated stroke diagnosis between baseline and 2009. We quantified cadmium and creatinine concentrations from baseline urine samples and used cadmium per creatinine as our main exposure metric. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with age as time scale and adjusting for BMI, education and urinary cotinine with and without stratification by sex. RESULTS The median urinary cadmium concentration was 0.21 μg cadmium/g creatinine in cases and 0.19 μg/g in the sub-cohort. The majority (83%) of stroke cases were diagnosed with ischemic stroke. The HR for stroke in the highest quartile of exposure (median 0.44 μg/g creatinine) was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.79-1.54) compared with the lowest quartile (median 0.10 μg/g creatinine). The HR per inter quartile range (IQR, 0.19 μg/g creatinine) was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.92-1.12). Among men, the HR per IQR higher levels of cadmium (0.16 μg/g creatinine) was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.92-1.52), and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.89-1.12) among women. Adjusting for creatinine or using osmolality instead of creatinine standardization generally attenuated observed relationships. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support that low levels of cadmium exposure among never-smokers are strongly associated with risk of stroke, although results varied somewhat by sex and method of accounting for urinary dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - James Harrington
- Center for Analytical Science, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chanelle J Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katherine A James
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen. Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaymie Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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13
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Andersson EM, Sandsveden M, Forsgard N, Sallsten G, Manjer J, Engström G, Barregard L. Is Cadmium a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer - Results from a Nested Case-Control Study Using Data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1744-1752. [PMID: 34244159 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have shown that cadmium (Cd) is associated with breast cancer risk. One hypothesis is that Cd has estrogen-like properties. This case-control study investigated the association between breast cancer risk and blood Cd (BCd) levels. METHODS All breast cancers in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort were identified through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry, baseline (1991-1996) through 2014. Two controls per case were selected from the same cohort. BCd was analyzed at baseline. Associations were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Mean BCd was 0.51 μg/L among 1,274 cases and 0.46 among 2,572 controls. There was an overall increased risk of breast cancer [OR, 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.36] per μg/L of BCd. An increased risk was, however, only found at high BCd [OR, 1.34 (95% CI, 1.05-1.73)] for BCd more than 1.20 μg/L. The group with the highest BCd was mainly smokers. A spline indicated that at BCd less than 1.0 μg/L, the OR was not increased. The association with BCd was stronger in current smokers and at body mass index (BMI) above 25, while no modification due to receptor status was found. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated increased risk of breast cancer only for high Cd exposure, which occurred mainly among smokers. This made it difficult to disentangle the effects of smoking and Cd, despite inclusion of smoking habits in the models. IMPACT This study provides support for reducing Cd exposure through smoking cessation and dietary choice. On the population level, preventive measures against Cd pollution are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malte Sandsveden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Forsgard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Qing Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zheng W, Wu M, He G. Dose-response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards. Environ Health 2021; 20:75. [PMID: 34193170 PMCID: PMC8247151 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal that mainly causes renal damage. There is a lack of research on the large-scale and systematic evaluation of the association between urinary Cd (U-Cd) and various effect biomarkers among Chinese residents. METHODS Based on the establishment process of dietary Cd limit standards by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and four biomarkers, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), N-acetyl-β-glucosidase (NAG), microalbumin (mALB), and retinol binding Protein (RBP) were explored, respectively. Toxicokinetic model was used to derive the dietary Cd exposure limit for Chinese residents after critical U-Cd concentration was calculated. RESULTS As the sensitive biomarkers of renal injury, β2-MG and NAG were selected to estimate the 95% confidence interval lower limit of the U-Cd benchmark dose (BMDL5) to be 3.07 and 2.98 μg/g Cr, respectively. Dietary Cd exposure limit was calculated to be 0.28 μg/kg bw/day (16.8 μg/day, based on the body weight of 60 kg), which was lower than the average Chinese Cd exposure (30.6 μg/day) by the China National Nutrient and Health Survey. CONCLUSION This study established an overall association between U-Cd and renal injury biomarkers, and explored the Chinese dietary Cd exposure limits, which helps improve Chinese Cd exposure risk assessment and provides a reference basis for formulating reasonable exposure standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanshen Zhu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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15
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Sears CG, Poulsen AH, Eliot M, Howe CJ, James KA, Harrington JM, Roswall N, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Wellenius GA, Meliker J. Urine cadmium and acute myocardial infarction among never smokers in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106428. [PMID: 33571817 PMCID: PMC7940585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium exposure has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smoking is a key source of cadmium exposure and thus a potential confounder in observational studies of environmental cadmium and cardiovascular disease that include tobacco smokers. We leveraged up to 20 years of follow-up in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort to test the hypothesis that cadmium exposure is associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among people who never smoked. Between 1993 and 1997, 19,394 never-smoking participants (ages 50-64 years) were enrolled and provided a urine sample. From this sample, we randomly selected a subcohort of 600 males and 600 females. We identified 809 AMI cases occurring between baseline and the end of 2015 using the Danish National Patient Registry. We quantified cadmium, creatinine, and osmolality in baseline urine samples. Using an unweighted case-cohort approach, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for AMI in Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time axis. Participants had relatively low concentrations of urinary cadmium, as expected for never smokers (median = 0.20; 25th, 75th = 0.13, 0.32 μg cadmium/g creatinine). We did not find strong evidence to support an association between higher urinary cadmium and AMI when comparing the highest versus lowest quartile (aHR = 1.16; 95% CI: 0.86 - 1.56) and per IQR increment in cadmium concentration (aHR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.93 - 1.12). Results were not materially different across strata defined by sex. Results were generally similar using creatinine or osmolality to account for differences in urine dilution. While cadmium exposure has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, we did not find strong evidence that urinary cadmium at relatively low-levels is associated with AMI among people who have never smoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Melissa Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chanelle J Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katherine A James
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
| | - James M Harrington
- Center for Analytical Science, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaymie Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Wang X, Cui W, Wang M, Liang Y, Zhu G, Jin T, Chen X. The association between life-time dietary cadmium intake from rice and chronic kidney disease. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111933. [PMID: 33493722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The association between internal cadmium exposure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been investigated before. However, few studies have shown the association between dietary cadmium intake and CKD. In this study, we show the association between life-time dietary cadmium intake and CKD based on a follow-up study. At baseline, we collected blood and urine samples for assays of cadmium and renal effect biomarkers. A questionnaire and food survey was given to each subject to collect diet and lifestyle information for the estimation of cadmium intake. Dietary cadmium, cadmium in blood and urine were regarded as exposure markers. Life-time dietary cadmium intake was estimated based on an individual's daily cadmium intake and exposure time. At follow-up, 467 persons (163 men and 304 women) were finally included. CKD at follow-up was considered if the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The eGFR level in subjects in the highest quartile of total dietary cadmium intake (>9.34 g) was significantly lower than in those with a moderate or low intake (p < 0.01). eGFR was negatively associated with total dietary cadmium intake (β = -0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.77 to -0.07) after adjustment with confounders. Logistic regression further showed that the risk of CKD in subjects with a high total dietary cadmium intake (>2.2 g) was higher than in those with a low intake (odds ratio (OR) = 18.16, 95%CI: 1.75-188.85). A similar association was found between the baseline urinary albumin (UALB) level and CKD incidence. A predictive model based on UALB and life-time dietary cadmium intake showed an acceptable performance (the area under the curve was 0.77 (95%CI: 0.65-0.88)). Our data show that high dietary cadmium exposure was associated with CKD after controlling for renal tubular dysfunction and internal cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Dennis KK, Judd SE, Alvarez JA, Kahe K, Jones DP, Hartman TJ. Plant food intake is associated with lower cadmium body burden in middle-aged adults. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3365-3374. [PMID: 33615415 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary intake is a primary source of cadmium (Cd) exposure in the non-smoking population. Plant foods containing metal-binding plant compounds such as polyphenols, phytates, and phytochelatins may reduce Cd bioavailability and result in lower Cd body burden. In this study, we investigated the association between plant food intake and urinary creatinine-adjusted Cd (uCd), a well-established marker of Cd body burden. METHODS Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 1901 adults in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Dietary intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. We created a 12-point plant food score (PFS) based on reported intake across seven categories (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, whole grains, tea, and wine). Higher scores indicated higher consumption and diversity of plant food intake. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between PFS and uCd. Due to the influence of age and smoking on Cd status, stratified analyses were conducted. RESULTS Mean PFS was 5.4 (SD 2.2) and mean uCd was 0.53 µg/g creatinine (SD 0.39). In adjusted models, PFS was not associated with uCd (p > 0.05). In stratified analyses, PFS was inversely associated with uCd (p = 0.047) with a 1-point higher PFS associated with 0.018 µg/g lower uCd among middle-aged (45-59) adults. No significant association was observed between PFS and uCd in older (≥ 60) adults. The association of PFS and uCd did not differ by smoking status. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest higher plant food intake is associated with lower Cd body burden in middle-aged but not older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine K Dennis
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ka Kahe
- Epidemiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Xu C, Weng Z, Zhang L, Xu J, Dahal M, Basnet TB, Gu A. HDL cholesterol: A potential mediator of the association between urinary cadmium concentration and cardiovascular disease risk. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111433. [PMID: 33068977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from previous studies has shown that exposure to metals is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between metal mixtures and CVD risk and the potential mechanisms in epidemiologic studies remain unclear. The data of 14,795 adults who participated in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2016 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the associations between urinary metal levels and CVDs. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was performed to examine the effects of mixed metals on CVDs. Multivariate linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted to explore the associations between metals and blood lipids. Urinary cadmium (Cd) was significantly associated with an increased total CVD risk and with individual CVD risk. The odds ratio (OR) for CVD in the highest quartile of the WQS index was 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 1.71). One augmented urinary Cd concentration unit (Log10) was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL decrease in HDL cholesterol, a 1.34 mg/dL increase in LDL cholesterol and a 1.30 mg/dL increase in total cholesterol in the fully adjusted model. Mediation analysis showed that HDL cholesterol mediated 4.91% of the association between urinary Cd and the prevalence of CVD. Our findings suggest that urinary Cd and metal mixtures were significantly and positively associated with CVD. The downregulation of HDL cholesterol might play a significant role in mediating Cd exposure-associated CVD risk increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maginsh Dahal
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Til Bahadur Basnet
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Miyamoto K, Hosoi Y, Ono A, Kayama F. Exposure Assessment of Cadmium in Female Farmers in Cadmium-Polluted Areas in Northern Japan. TOXICS 2020; 8:E44. [PMID: 32560341 PMCID: PMC7356160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Akita prefecture is located in the northern part of Japan and has many cadmium-polluted areas. We herein performed an exposure assessment of cadmium in 712 and 432 female farmers in two adjacent cadmium-polluted areas (A and B, respectively), who underwent local health examinations from 2001-2004. We measured cadmium concentrations in 100 food items collected from local markets in 2003. We then multiplied the intake of each food item by its cadmium concentration in each subject to assess cadmium intake from food and summed cadmium intake from all food items to obtain the total cadmium intake. Median cadmium intake levels in areas A and B were 55.7 and 47.8 µg/day, respectively, which were both higher than that of the general population and were attributed to local agricultural products, particularly rice. We also calculated weekly cadmium intake per body weight and compared it to the previous provisional tolerable weekly intake reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WHO (World Health Organization) expert committee on food additives or current tolerable weekly intake in Japan of 7 µg/kg BW/week. Medians in areas A and B were 7.2 and 6.0 µg/kg BW/week, respectively. Similar estimated values were also obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. These results demonstrated that the cadmium exposure levels among the farmers were high enough to be approximately the tolerable weekly intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogo Horiguchi
- Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (E.O.); (A.O.)
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (Y.H.); (F.K.)
| | - Etsuko Oguma
- Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (E.O.); (A.O.)
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (Y.H.); (F.K.)
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Kayoko Miyamoto
- Department of Registered Dietitian, Koyo Nursing Nutrition College, Koyo Gakuen, Ibaraki 306-0013, Japan;
| | - Yoko Hosoi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (Y.H.); (F.K.)
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (E.O.); (A.O.)
- Environmental Promotion Department, The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd., Fukushima 972-8501, Japan
| | - Fujio Kayama
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (Y.H.); (F.K.)
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20
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Filippini T, Upson K, Adani G, Malagoli C, Baraldi C, Michalke B, Vinceti M. Comparison of Methodologies to Estimate Dietary Cadmium Intake in an Italian Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2264. [PMID: 32230925 PMCID: PMC7177715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a metal that is toxic to humans, and the major source of cadmium exposure in the non-smoking general population is diet. To identify major food sources and lower exposure from diet, an accurate estimate of dietary cadmium intake is needed. Hence, the objectives of this study are to develop a method to assess dietary cadmium intake using a biomarker measurement and to improve the estimation of dietary cadmium intake when using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In a random sample of an Italian population, we collected dietary habits by FFQ and measured cadmium in foods and beverages. These data were used to compute the estimated weekly dietary intake (WDI) of cadmium (µg) by kilogram (kg) of body weight (bw) (WDIFFQ). We also measured fasting serum cadmium levels by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We used these data to develop a model for the estimation of the biomarker-derived dietary cadmium intake (WDIbio). In the 51 subjects recruited, the median level of serum cadmium was 0.041 µg/L (interquartile range (IQR): 0.030-0.054). The median WDIFFQ and WDIbio were 1.34 µg/kg bw/week (IQR: 0.86-1.70) and 0.72 µg/kg bw/week (IQR: 0.55-1.11), respectively. The correlation between the two estimates was low-to-moderate (r = 0.291). In exploratory analyses, the correlation was slightly higher in women and participants ages <50 years, and markedly higher in participants with body mass index <25 kg/m2 and smokers. Our approach allows for the dietary contribution to be isolated from the overall cadmium exposure measured with a biomarker; the estimated dietary cadmium intake was roughly similar to that estimated using the FFQ, especially in select subgroups. Future refinements to the biomarker-derived dietary cadmium intake approach should take into consideration additional sources of cadmium exposure, as well as factors affecting its absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Kristen Upson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Giorgia Adani
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudia Baraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center—Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (G.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Department of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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21
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Ghoochani M, Dehghani MH, Rastkari N, Nodehi RN, Yunesian M, Mesdaghinia A, Houshiarrad A, Saraei M. Association Among Sources Exposure of Cadmium in the Adult Non-smoking General Population of Tehran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:27-33. [PMID: 30535673 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic exposure to cadmium can cause numerous health effects including poisoning, as well as, bone, liver, and kidney diseases. Cadmium competes with iron absorption in blood and can induce anemia. Cadmium body burden can be measured through urine and blood samples. Urine reflects chronic and blood indicates recent and cumulative exposures to cadmium. Dietary is considered as the main source of exposure to cadmium in non-smoking general population. The study was conducted to determine cadmium level in blood, urine, and in diet of 120 non-smoking adults in Tehran. Dietary components and consumption pattern of participants estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Next, the correlation investigated between them. Moreover, serum ferritin measured as a marker of iron storage in blood to determine its association with cadmium. The prediction of cadmium fate in the body is determined by toxicokinetic models. This study tried to evaluate one of these models' validity which is developed to predict urinary cadmium from dietary. Afterwards, the predicted urinary compared with the measured urinary cadmium. The correlation coefficient between dietary and blood cadmium equaled 0.66 which was statically significant, but the correlation between dietary and urinary cadmium was minimal and not statically significant (p > 0.05). An inverse and negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and blood cadmium. The mean predicted urinary cadmium calculated by the model was 2.5-fold higher than the measured value in the total population. Results of the present study revealed that blood cadmium reflected mainly acute exposure. There was no correlation between chronic and acute exposures to cadmium. The low serum ferritin level increased cadmium amount in blood. Moreover, the mean predicted urinary cadmium by the model was greater than the measured value. It can because of characteristics of populations and type of dietary exposure. Thus, it is suggested that the model coefficients are determined in each society based on their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Ghoochani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Houshiarrad
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Saraei
- Center for research on occupational disease, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moody EC, Coca SG, Sanders AP. Toxic Metals and Chronic Kidney Disease: a Systematic Review of Recent Literature. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 5:453-463. [PMID: 30338443 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous toxicants with evidence of adverse kidney impacts at high exposure levels. There is less evidence whether environmental exposure to As, Cd, or Pb plays a role in development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a systematic review to summarize the recent epidemiologic literature examining the relationship between As, Cd, or Pb with CKD. RECENT FINDINGS We included peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2013 and April 2018 for As and Cd, and all dates prior to April 2018 for Pb. We imposed temporality requirements for both the definition of CKD (as per NKF-KDOQI guidelines) and environmental exposures prior to disease diagnosis. Our assessment included cohort, case-control or cross-sectional study designs that satisfied 5 inclusion criteria. We included a total of eight articles of which three, two, and four studies examined the effects of As, Cd, or Pb, respectively. Studies of As exposure consistently reported positive association with CKD incidence; studies of Pb exposure were mixed. We found little evidence of association between Cd exposure and CKD. Additional well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed and we present recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Moody
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven G Coca
- Department of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics & Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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McElroy JA, Hunter MI. Cadmium: a new risk factor for endometrial cancer? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:355-358. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1596029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane A. McElroy
- Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Missouri University Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark I. Hunter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Columbia, MO, USA
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Caini S, Bendinelli B, Masala G, Saieva C, Lundh T, Kyrtopoulos SA, Palli D. Predictors of erythrocyte cadmium levels in 454 adults in Florence, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:37-44. [PMID: 29980083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium bioaccumulates in the body and causes several adverse health effects. Understanding the primary sources of exposure is critical in order to implement effective prevention measures. METHODS We included 454 adults enrolled in the Florence cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) during 1992-98. At enrolment, information was collected on demographics, lifestyle and dietary habits using validated questionnaires; anthropometric measures were taken; and a blood sample was collected from each study participant. Information on the residential and occupational history prior to enrolment was reconstructed by phone interviews. Cadmium levels were measured in erythrocytes using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We used multiple linear regression models to investigate the main determinants of cadmium levels. RESULTS Median erythrocyte cadmium levels were 0.66 μg/L (inter-quartile range 0.43-1.07 μg/L). Cadmium levels were lowest in never smokers (0.50 μg/L) and highest in current smokers (1.38 μg/L). Smoking status and the number of pack-years were the strongest predictors of cadmium levels in multivariable analysis, together with erythrocyte levels of lead, and biking to work, while an inverse association emerged with consumption of red meat and dairy products and physical activity levels. Cadmium levels were higher among women than men (0.66 vs. 0.58 μg/L), and, among the former, positively associated with late menopause, nulliparity, and use of hormones for menopause. The predictors included in the multivariable model explained >40% of the variability in erythrocyte cadmium levels. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was the most important determinant of erythrocyte cadmium levels, which were also affected by dietary habits, physical activity levels, biking, and (among women) hormone-related variables. Our results are important to inform public health actions aimed at reducing the impact of potentially modifiable sources of exposure to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bendinelli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Soterios A Kyrtopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
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Ratelle M, Li X, Laird BD. Cadmium exposure in First Nations communities of the Northwest Territories, Canada: smoking is a greater contributor than consumption of cadmium-accumulating organ meats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1441-1453. [PMID: 30221302 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional food consumption among northern populations is associated with improved nutrition but occasionally can also increase contaminant exposure. High levels of cadmium in the organs of moose from certain regions of the Northwest Territories, Canada, led to the release of consumption notices. These notices recommended that individuals limit their consumption of kidney and liver from moose harvested from the Southern Mackenzie Mountain. A human biomonitoring project was designed to better characterize exposure and risks from contaminants, including cadmium, among Dene/Métis communities of the Northwest Territories Mackenzie Valley, Canada. The project included a dietary assessment (food frequency questionnaire) to estimate moose and caribou organ (kidney and liver) consumption, as well as urine and blood sampling for the measurement of cadmium concentration using mass spectrometry. For a subset of the samples, urine cotinine was also quantified. The results from this biomonitoring research show that cadmium levels in urine (GM = 0.32 μg L-1) and blood (GM = 0.58 μg L-1) are similar to those observed in other populations in Canada. For the 38% of participants reporting eating game organs, current traditional food consumption patterns were not associated with cadmium biomarker levels. Instead, smoking appeared to be the main determinant of cadmium exposure. These results are supporting ongoing efforts at the community and territorial level to identify health priorities and design follow up plans in response to environmental monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Ratelle
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo. 200 University Avenue West, Lyle Hallman North, Room LHN-1727, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
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Mezynska M, Brzóska MM. Environmental exposure to cadmium-a risk for health of the general population in industrialized countries and preventive strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3211-3232. [PMID: 29230653 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal belonging to the group of the main chemical pollutants of the natural and occupational environment in economically developed countries. The forecasts indicate that contamination of the environment with this toxic metal, and thus the exposure of the general population, will increase. Food (particularly plant products) is the main source of the general population exposure to this element. Moreover, an important, and often the main, source of intoxication with Cd is habitual tobacco smoking. Recent epidemiological studies have provided numerous evidence that even low-level environmental exposure to this toxic metal, nowadays occurring in numerous economically developed countries, creates a risk for health of the general population. The low-level lifetime exposure to this metal may lead to the damage to the kidneys, liver, skeletal system, and cardiovascular system, as well as to the deterioration of the sight and hearing. Moreover, it has been suggested that environmental exposure to this xenobiotic may contribute to the development of cancer of the lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, urinary bladder, and nasopharynx. Taking the above into account, the aim of this review article is to draw more attention to Cd as an environmental risk factor for the health of the general population and the need to undertake preventive actions allowing to reduce the risk of health damage due to a lifetime exposure to this toxic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mezynska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland.
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Lavado-García JM, Puerto-Parejo LM, Roncero-Martín R, Moran JM, Pedrera-Zamorano JD, Aliaga IJ, Leal-Hernández O, Canal-Macias ML. Dietary Intake of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Its Association with Bone Health in Healthy Premenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121437. [PMID: 29168740 PMCID: PMC5750856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The bone is one of the relevant target organs of heavy metals, and heavy metal toxicity is associated with several degenerative processes, such osteoporosis and bone mineral alterations, that could lead to fractures. We aimed to study a presumed relationship between bone density, evaluated by quantitative bone ultrasound (QUS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and the dietary intake of cadmium, lead and mercury in healthy premenopausal women. A total of 158 healthy, non-smoking, premenopausal women were incorporated into the study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered to assess intake during the preceding seven days. The median predicted dietary cadmium intake among the 158 women studied was 25.29 μg/day (18.62–35.00) and 2.74 μg/kg body weight/week (b.w./w) (1.92–3.83). Dietary lead intake was 43.85 μg/day (35.09–51.45) and 4.82 μg/kg b.w./w (3.67–6.13). The observed dietary mercury intake was 9.55 μg/day (7.18–13.57) and 1.02 μg/kg b.w./w (0.71–1.48). Comparisons, in terms of heavy metal intake, showed no significant results after further adjusting for energy intake. No statistically significant correlations between heavy metal intake and the QUS, DXA and pQCT parameters were observed. Levels of dietary exposure of cadmium, lead and mercury were mostly within the recommendations. We did not find associations between the QUS, DXA and pQCT parameters and the dietary intake of the studied heavy metals in healthy premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Lavado-García
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Luis M Puerto-Parejo
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Raul Roncero-Martín
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Jose M Moran
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Juan D Pedrera-Zamorano
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ignacio J Aliaga
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Olga Leal-Hernández
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Maria L Canal-Macias
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk: A large midwestern U.S. population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179360. [PMID: 28742092 PMCID: PMC5524364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-mimicking chemicals, such as cadmium, may be associated with increased susceptibility to hormone-dependent cancers, though supporting data are sparse, particularly for endometrial cancer. The Health and Environmental Exposure Research (HEER) study worked with the Arkansas Central Cancer Registry, Iowa Cancer Registry and Missouri Cancer Registry to obtain names of women diagnosed with endometrial cancer who were willing to be contacted for participation in our case control study. Voter registration lists from Iowa and Missouri were used to randomly select similarly aged women as represented in the case population. Participants were interviewed by telephone to obtain information on known or suspected endometrial risk factors. Urine kits were sent to participants for home collection and returned for analysis. Our case-control study consisted of 631 incident cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed from January 2010 to October 2012 and 879 age-matched population-based controls, ages 18-81 years (mean age 65 years). We quantified cadmium amounts in urine and standardized these values through creatinine adjustment. Using data from all survey completers, we developed a multivariable model for endometrial cancer. Creatinine-adjusted cadmium concentration was added to this model. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for endometrial cancer were calculated. After multivariable adjustment, higher creatinine-adjusted cadmium exposure was associated with a statistically significant increase of endometrial cancer risk (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03-1.44). Our results provide evidence that cadmium may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, possibly through estrogenic effects.
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Zhao D, Liu RY, Xiang P, Juhasz AL, Huang L, Luo J, Li HB, Ma LQ. Applying Cadmium Relative Bioavailability to Assess Dietary Intake from Rice to Predict Cadmium Urinary Excretion in Nonsmokers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6756-6764. [PMID: 28490173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary Cd intake is often estimated without considering Cd bioavailability. Measured urinary Cd for a cohort of 119 nonsmokers with rice as a staple was compared to predicted values from rice-Cd intake with and without considering Cd relative bioavailability (RBA) in rice based on a steady state mouse kidney bioassay and toxicokinetic model. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary Cd and β2-microglobulin was 1.08 and 234 μg g-1 creatinine. Applying Cd-RBA in foods to aggregate Cd intake (41.5 ± 12.4, 48.0 ± 9.3, 48.8 ± 21.3% for rice, wheat, and vegetables), rice was the largest contributor (71%). For 63 participants providing paired urine and rice samples, the predicted GM of urinary Cd at 4.14 μg g-1 based on total Cd in rice was 3.5 times that of measured value at 1.20 μg g-1, while incorporating Cd-RBA to assess rice-Cd intake made the two closer with GM at 1.07 μg g-1. The cohort findings were extended to a national scale, with urinary Cd for nonsmokers from rice Cd intake was mapped at province/city levels after considering rice Cd-RBA. Therefore, incorporating Cd bioavailability to assess dietary Cd intake is a valuable tool to accurately estimate human Cd exposure and associated health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. Current health risk assessment practice for dietary cadmium: Data from different countries. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:430-445. [PMID: 28602857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant with high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This makes exposure to Cd through the food-chain contamination a public health concern. Cd accumulates in kidneys, and the most frequently reported adverse effect of long-term Cd intake is injury to kidneys. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives established a tolerable dietary intake level and a threshold to safeguard population health. The FAO/WHO tolerable intake was set at 25 μg per kg body weight per month (58 μg per day for a 70-kg person) with urinary Cd threshold at 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Worldwide population data indicate that urinary Cd excretion reflects cumulative Cd exposure or body burden more accurately than estimated Cd intake, derived from total diet study (TDS). For the adult population, TDS estimated Cd intake of 8-25 μg/day, while urinary Cd levels suggest higher intake levels (>30 μg/day). These Cd intake estimates are below the FAO/WHO intake guideline, but they exceed the levels that are associated with distinct pathologies in many organ systems. A wide diversity of Cd toxicity targets and Cd toxicity levels argue for a more restrictive dietary Cd intake guideline and the measures that minimize Cd levels in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- UQ Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David A Vesey
- UQ Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- UQ Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Porucznik CA, Cox KJ, Zhao Y, Ahn H, Harrington JM, Levine KE, Demple B, Marsit CJ, Gonzalez A, Luft B, Meliker JR. Temporal variability of urinary cadmium in spot urine samples and first morning voids. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:306-312. [PMID: 27168395 PMCID: PMC5461949 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a carcinogenic heavy metal. Urinary levels of cadmium are considered to be an indicator of long-term body burden, as cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and has a half-life of at least 10 years. However, the temporal stability of the biomarker in urine samples from a non-occupationally exposed population has not been rigorously established. We used repeated measurements of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) in spot urine samples and first morning voids from two separate cohorts, to assess the temporal stability of the samples. Urine samples from two cohorts including individuals of both sexes were measured for cadmium and creatinine. The first cohort (Home Observation of Perinatal Exposure (HOPE)) consisted of 21 never-smokers, who provided four first morning urine samples 2-5 days apart, and one additional sample roughly 1 month later. The second cohort (World Trade Center-Health Program (WTC-HP)) consisted of 78 individuals, including 52 never-smokers, 22 former smokers and 4 current smokers, who provided 2 spot urine samples 6 months apart, on average. Intra-class correlation was computed for groups of replicates from each individual to assess temporal variability. The median creatinine-adjusted U-Cd level (0.19 and 0.21 μg/g in the HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) was similar to levels recorded in the United States by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The intra-class correlation (ICC) was high (0.76 and 0.78 for HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) and similar between cohorts, irrespective of whether samples were collected days or months apart. Both single spot or first morning urine cadmium samples show good to excellent reproducibility in low-exposure populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and
Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Christina A. Porucznik
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Kyley J. Cox
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Hongshik Ahn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - James M. Harrington
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and
Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and
Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University,
Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer
Center, Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer
Center, Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Adam Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, USA
| | - Jaymie R. Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and
Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Shao W, Liu Q, He X, Liu H, Gu A, Jiang Z. Association between level of urinary trace heavy metals and obesity among children aged 6-19 years: NHANES 1999-2011. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11573-11581. [PMID: 28321702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Global prevalence of obesity has been increasing dramatically in all ages. Although traditional causes for obesity development have been studied widely, it is unclear whether environmental exposure of substances such as trace heavy metals affects obesity development among children and adolescents so far. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2011) were retrieved, and 6602 US children were analyzed in this study. Urinary level of nine trace heavy metals, including barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten, was analyzed for their association with the prevalence of obesity among children aged 6-19 years. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the associations adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, urinary creatinine, PIR, serum cotinine, and television, video game, and computer usage. A remarkable association was found between barium exposure (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.09-1.88; P < 0.001) and obesity in children aged 6-19 years. Negative association was observed between cadmium (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.33-0.64; P < 0.001), cobalt (OR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.41-0.76; P < 0.001), and lead (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.41-0.78; P = 0.018), and obesity. All the negative associations were stronger in the 6-12 years group than in the 13-19 years group. The present study demonstrated that barium might increase the occurrence of obesity, but cadmium, cobalt, and lead caused weight loss among children. The results imply that trace heavy metals may represent critical risk factors for the development of obesity, especially in the area that the state of metal contamination is serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 201200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China.
- , No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China.
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 201200, China.
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. Health Risk Assessment of Dietary Cadmium Intake: Do Current Guidelines Indicate How Much is Safe? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:284-288. [PMID: 28248635 PMCID: PMC5332171 DOI: 10.1289/ehp108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd), a food-chain contaminant, is a significant health hazard. The kidney is one of the primary sites of injury after chronic Cd exposure. Kidney-based risk assessment establishes the urinary Cd threshold at 5.24 μg/g creatinine, and tolerable dietary intake of Cd at 62 μg/day per 70-kg person. However, cohort studies show that dietary Cd intake below a threshold limit and that tolerable levels may increase the risk of death from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE We evaluated if the current tolerable dietary Cd intake guideline and urinary Cd threshold limit provide sufficient health protection. DISCUSSION Staple foods constitute 40-60% of total dietary Cd intake by average consumers. Diets high in shellfish, crustaceans, mollusks, spinach, and offal add to dietary Cd sources. Modeling studies predict the current tolerable dietary intake corresponding to urinary Cd of 0.70-1.85 μg/g creatinine in men and 0.95-3.07 μg/g creatinine in women. Urinary Cd levels of < 1 μg/g creatinine were associated with progressive kidney dysfunction and peripheral vascular disease. A urinary Cd of 0.37 μg/g creatinine was associated with breast cancer, whereas dietary Cd of 16-31.5 μg/day was associated with 25-94% increase in risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. CONCLUSION Modeling shows that dietary intake levels for Cd exceed the levels associated with kidney damage and many other adverse outcomes. Thus, the threshold level of urinary Cd should be re-evaluated. A more restrictive dietary intake guideline would afford enhanced health protection from this pervasive toxic metal. Citation: Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. 2017. Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake: do current guidelines indicate how much is safe? Environ Health Perspect 125:284-288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. Kidney Cadmium Toxicity, Diabetes and High Blood Pressure: The Perfect Storm. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:65-87. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
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Moynihan M, Peterson KE, Cantoral A, Song PXK, Jones A, Solano-González M, Meeker JD, Basu N, Téllez-Rojo MM. Dietary predictors of urinary cadmium among pregnant women and children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1255-1262. [PMID: 27707662 PMCID: PMC5433527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a toxic metal with modifiable exposure sources including diet. In pregnant women and children, unique dietary habits may contribute to DCd, and the relationship of diet to overall cadmium exposure can depend on specific factors during these transitional time periods. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify and quantify food sources of DCd, describe the distribution of UCd, and determine the relationship of DCd and intake of specific foods with UCd, stratified by maternal smoking history, among pregnant women and children in a well-characterized Mexico City birth cohort. METHODS Our sample included 192 pregnant women (third trimester) and 223 children (7-15years). DCd was calculated using FFQ and the U.S. TDS. We also measured UCd, maternal history of smoking, and additional covariates. RESULTS Pregnant women and children had geometric mean UCd concentrations of 0.19±0.78μg/L and 0.14±0.60μg/L, respectively. On average, estimated daily DCd intake was 9.3±3.5μg for women and 12.2±5.4μg for children. Adjusted linear regression models showed a positive association between DCd and UCd among women (p=0.03) and children (p=0.03) without a maternal history of smoking. Intake of fruit and vegetables among women and potato consumption among children were positively associated with UCd. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women and their children are exposed to cadmium at dietary and urinary levels similar to those previously reported. Higher estimated DCd for children than for women could be attributed to the different FFQs or related to dietary pattern changes between age groups. DCd contributed to UCd in those without a maternal smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Moynihan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Peter X K Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Jain RB. Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of urinary cadmium among children and nonsmoker adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2515-2526. [PMID: 27822689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999-2012 were used to evaluate factors that affect observed levels of urine cadmium (UCd) among children aged 6-11 years and nonsmoker adolescents aged 12-19 years. Adjusted UCd levels were found to be statistically significantly higher for female nonsmoker adolescents than male nonsmoker adolescents (p < 0.01). Non-Hispanic white (NHW) participants had statistically significantly lower adjusted levels of UCd (<0.01) than non-Hispanic black (NHB) participants for both children (p < 0.01) and adolescents (p < 0.01). Dietary intake of cadmium was not found to affect the levels of UCd. While unadjusted levels of UCd for nonsmoker adolescents declined (p < 0.01) over 1999-2012 by 28.3%, no statistically significant trend was observed for adjusted levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- , 2959 Estate View Ct, Dacula, GA, 30019, USA.
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Kruse D, Harrington J, Levine K, Meliker JR. Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:450-458. [PMID: 27696280 PMCID: PMC5453507 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a naturally-occurring element, and humans are exposed from cigarettes, food, and industrial sources. Following exposure, cadmium accumulates in the kidney and is slowly released into the urine, usually proportionally to the levels found in the kidneys. Cadmium levels in a single spot urine sample have been considered indicative of long-term exposure to cadmium; however, such a potentially exceptional biomarker requires careful scrutiny. In this review, we report good to excellent temporal stability of urinary cadmium (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.66-0.81) regardless of spot urine or first morning void sampling. Factors such as changes in smoking habits and diseases characterized by increased excretion of proteins may produce short-term changes in urinary cadmium levels. We recommend that epidemiologists use this powerful biomarker in prospective studies stratified by smoking status, along with thoughtful consideration of additional factors that can influence renal physiology and cadmium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Danielle Kruse
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - James Harrington
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and Development RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Keith Levine
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and Development RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jaymie R Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Eriksen KT, McElroy JA, Harrington JM, Levine KE, Pedersen C, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Meliker JR, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Urinary Cadmium and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Danish Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 109:djw204. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Filippini T, Michalke B, Malagoli C, Grill P, Bottecchi I, Malavolti M, Vescovi L, Sieri S, Krogh V, Cherubini A, Maffeis G, Modenesi M, Castiglia P, Vinceti M. Determinants of serum cadmium levels in a Northern Italy community: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:219-226. [PMID: 27309722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and a serious environmental hazard to humans. Some uncertainties still exist about major sources of Cd exposure in non-occupationally exposed subjects in addition to cigarette smoking, such as diet and outdoor air pollution. We sought to determine the influence of these sources on a biomarker of exposure, serum Cd concentration. METHODS We recruited 51 randomly selected residents from an Italian urban community, from whom we obtained detailed information about dietary habits and smoking habits, and a blood sample for serum Cd determination. We also assessed outdoor air Cd exposure, by modeling outdoor air levels of particulate matter ≤10µm (PM10) from motorized traffic at geocoded subjects' residence. RESULTS In crude analysis, regression beta coefficients for dietary Cd, smoking and PM10 on serum Cd levels were 0.03 (95% CI -0.83 to 0.88), 6.96 (95% CI -0.02 to 13.95) and 0.62 (95% CI -0.19 to 1.43), respectively. In the adjusted analysis, regression beta coefficients were -0.34 (95% CI -1-40 to 0.71), 5.81 (95% CI -1.43 to 13.04) and 0.47 (95% CI -0.35 to 1.29), respectively. CONCLUSION Cigarette smoking was the most important factor influencing serum Cd in our non-occupationally exposed population, as expected, while dietary Cd was not associated with this biomarker. Outdoor air pollution, as assessed through exposure to particulate matter generated by motorized traffic, was an additional source of Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Peter Grill
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilaria Bottecchi
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezia 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezia 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Castiglia
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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