1
|
Wang X, Zhu L, Wei Z, Gu M, Yang M, Zhou X, Bai C, Su G, Liu X, Yang L, Li G. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Dehydrogenase Fat-1 Regulates Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism by Altering DNA Methylation in Isolated Cells of Transgenic Cattle. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:857491. [PMID: 35517863 PMCID: PMC9061993 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.857491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid dehydrogenase fat-1 gene, derived from Caenorhabditis elegans, encodes n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dehydrogenase (Δ15 desaturase) and catalyzes the 18–20-carbon n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) to generate corresponding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Subsequently, fat-1 can influence the n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio in fat-1 transgenic cells. This study aimed to explore which processes of energy metabolism are affected exogenous fat-1 transgene and the relationship between these effects and DNA methylation. Compared with the wild-type group, the n-3 PUFA content in fat-1 transgenic bovine fetal fibroblasts was significantly increased, and the n-6 PUFA content and the n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio decreased. In the context of energy metabolism, the increase of exogenous fat-1 transgene decreased ATP synthesis by 39% and reduced the activity and expression of key rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, thus weakening the cells’ capacity for ATP production. DNA methylation sequencing indicated that this inhibition of gene expression may be due to altered DNA methylation that regulates cell energy metabolism. Exogenous fat-1 transgenic cells showed changes in the degree of methylation in the promoter region of genes related to energy metabolism rate-limiting enzymes. We suggest that alters the balance of n-6/n-3 PUFA could regulate altered DNA methylation that affect mitochondrial energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingjuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guanghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monzani PS, Adona PR, Long SA, Wheeler MB. Cows as Bioreactors for the Production of Nutritionally and Biomedically Significant Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:299-314. [PMID: 34807448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy and beef cattle make a vital contribution to global nutrition, and since their domestication, they have been continuously exposed to natural and artificial selection to improve production characteristics. The technologies of transgenesis and gene editing used in cattle are responsible for generating news characteristics in bovine breeding, such as alteration of nutritional components of milk and meat enhancing human health benefits, disease resistance decreasing production costs and offering safe products for human food, as well as the recombinant protein production of biomedical significance. Different methodologies have been used to generate transgenic cattle as bioreactors. These methods include the microinjection of vectors in pronuclear, oocyte or zygote, sperm-mediate transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Gene editing has been applied to eliminate unwanted genes related to human and animal health, such as allergy, infection, or disease, and to insert transgenes into specific sites in the host genome. Methodologies for the generation of genetically modified cattle are laborious and not very efficient. However, in the last 30 years, transgenic animals were produced using many biotechnological tools. The result of these modifications includes (1) the change of nutritional components, including proteins, amino acids and lipids for human nutrition; (2) the removal allergic proteins milk; (3) the production of cows resistant to disease; or (4) the production of essential proteins used in biomedicine (biomedical proteins) in milk and blood plasma. The genetic modification of cattle is a powerful tool for biotechnology. It allows for the generation of new or modified products and functionality that are not currently available in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Monzani
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Aquática Continental, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.
| | - P R Adona
- Saúde e Produção de Ruminantes, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, PR, Brasil
| | - S A Long
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M B Wheeler
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Czogała W, Czogała M, Kwiecińska K, Bik-Multanowski M, Tomasik P, Hałubiec P, Łazarczyk A, Miklusiak K, Skoczeń S. The Expression of Genes Related to Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders in Children before and after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation-A Prospective Observational Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3614. [PMID: 34298827 PMCID: PMC8306759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are poorly characterized. However, it is known that dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are particularly common in these patients. We conducted a prospective study of 27 patients treated with HSCT to assess the possibility of predicting these abnormalities. We measured gene expressions using a microarray technique to identify differences in expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism before and after HSCT. In patients treated with HSCT, total cholesterol levels were significantly higher after the procedure compared with the values before HSCT. Microarray analysis revealed statistically significant differences in expressions of three genes, DPP4, PLAG1, and SCD, after applying the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (pBH < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression, the increase of DPP4 gene expression before HCST (as well as its change between pre- and post-HSCT status) was associated with dyslipidemia. In children treated with HSCT, the burden of lipid disorders in short-term follow-up seems to be lower than before the procedure. The expression pattern of DPP4 is linked with dyslipidemia after the transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czogała
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Czogała
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Kwiecińska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mirosław Bik-Multanowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (K.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (K.M.)
| | - Karol Miklusiak
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (K.M.)
| | - Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
fat-1 transgenic zebrafish are protected from abnormal lipid deposition induced by high-vegetable oil feeding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7355-7365. [PMID: 32676712 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High dietary concentration of vegetable oil, particularly those rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), can induce negative physiological effects including excessive lipid deposition in teleost fish. Omega-3 desaturase (Fat-1) of Caenorhabditis elegans is able to convert n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs and thus induces a low n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio alleviating lipid deposition. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary n-6 PUFAs on lipid metabolism of fat-1 transgenic zebrafish (Tg:fat-1), to explore the role of fat-1 in fish lipid metabolism. We first generated Tg:fat-1 zebrafish and assayed the effects of a low-fat diet (LFD) and a high-fat diet (HFD) prepared from soybean oil. Wild type zebrafish (WT) fed with HFD (HFD-WT) exhibited increased obesity and lipid deposition, especially in the abdominal cavity and liver. These defects were absent from HFD-Tg:fat-1. For each diet group, Tg:fat-1 exhibited significantly decreased levels of almost all hepatic lipid classes compared with WT. Expression levels of lipid synthesis-related genes and lipid deposition-related genes were markedly lower in the liver of HFD-Tg:fat-1 compared with HFD-WT. In contrast, the steatolysis-related genes significantly upregulated in HFD-Tg:fat-1. Then expression profiles of mitochondrial energy metabolism-related genes and ATP contents in the livers from LFD-WT, LFD-Tg:fat-1, HFD-WT, and HFD-Tg:fat-1 were determined. Our findings suggest that fat-1 protects fish from abnormal lipid deposition induced by high-vegetable oil feeding, through endogenously converting n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs. KEY POINTS: • fat-1 transgenic zebrafish (Tg:fat-1) can endogenously convert n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs. • Tg:fat-1 avoid serious abnormal lipid deposition induced by high-vegetable oil feeding. • fat-1 transgenosis effectively improved lipid metabolism and mitochondrial energy metabolism in zebrafish.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun HZ, Zhao K, Zhou M, Chen Y, Guan LL. Landscape of multi-tissue global gene expression reveals the regulatory signatures of feed efficiency in beef cattle. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:1712-1719. [PMID: 30329014 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Feed efficiency is an important trait for sustainable beef production that is regulated by the complex biological process, but the mode of action behinds it has not been clearly defined. Here, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of this trait through studying the landscape of the genome-wide gene expression of rumen, liver, muscle and backfat tissues, the key ones involved in the energy metabolism. RESULTS The transcriptome of 189 samples across four tissues from 48 beef steers with varied feed efficiency were generated using Illumina HiSeq4000. The analysis of global gene expression profiles of four tissues, functional analysis of tissue-shared and -unique genes, co-expressed network construction of tissue-shared genes, weighted correlations analysis between gene modules and feed efficiency-related traits in each tissue were performed. Among four tissues, the transcriptome of muscle tissue was distinctive from others, while those of rumen and backfat tissues were similar. The associations between co-expressed genes and feed efficiency related traits at single or all tissues level exhibited that the gene expression in the rumen, liver, muscle and backfat were the most correlated with feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, average daily gain and residual feed intake, respectively. The 19 overlapped genes identified from the strongest module-trait relationships in four tissues are potential generic gene markers for feed efficiency. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The distribution of gene expression data can be accessed at https://www.cattleomics.com/transcriptome. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zeng Sun
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song L, Yang L, Wang J, Liu X, Bai L, Di A, Li G. Generation of Fad2 and Fad3 transgenic mice that produce n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Open Biol 2019; 9:190140. [PMID: 31640475 PMCID: PMC6833225 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (18 : 2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18 : 3, n-3) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for mammalian health, development and growth. However, the majority of mammals, including humans, are incapable of synthesizing n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. Mammals must obtain n-6 and n-3 PUFAs from their diet. Fatty acid desaturase (Fad) plays a critical role in plant PUFA biosynthesis. Therefore, we generated plant-derived Fad3 single and Fad2–Fad3 double transgenic mice. Compared with wild-type mice, we found that PUFA levels were greatly increased in the single and double transgenic mice by measuring PUFA levels. Moreover, the concentration of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the Fad2–Fad3 double transgenic mice were greater than in the Fad3 single transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that the plant-derived Fad2 and Fad3 genes can be expressed in mammals. To clarify the mechanism for Fad2 and Fad3 genes in transgenic mice, we measured the PUFAs synthesis-related genes. Compared with wild-type mice, these Fad transgenic mice have their own n-3 and n-6 PUFAs biosynthetic pathways. Thus, we have established a simple and efficient method for in vivo synthesis of PUFAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lige Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Di
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xin X, Liu X, Li X, Ding X, Yang S, Jin C, Li G, Guo H. Comparative muscle proteomics/phosphoproteomics analysis provides new insight for the biosafety evaluation of fat-1 transgenic cattle. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:625-638. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
8
|
Yang C, Shang X, Cheng L, Yang L, Liu X, Bai C, Wei Z, Hua J, Li G. DNMT 1 maintains hypermethylation of CAG promoter specific region and prevents expression of exogenous gene in fat-1 transgenic sheep. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171442. [PMID: 28158319 PMCID: PMC5291418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation is an important issue in gene expression regulation and also in the fields of genetics and reproduction. In this study, we created fat-1 transgenic sheep, investigated the fine-mapping and the modulatory mechanisms of promoter methylation. Sheep fetal fibroblasts were transfected by pCAG-fat1-IRES-EGFP. Monoclonal cell line was screened as nuclear donor and carried out nuclear transfer (441 transgenic cloned embryos, 52 synchronism recipient sheep). Six offsprings were obtained. Expressions of exogenous genes fat-1 and EGFP were detectable in 10 examined tissues and upregulated omega-3 fatty acid content. Interestingly, more or less EGFP negative cells were detectable in the positive transgenic fetal skin cells. EGFP negative and positive cells were sorted by flow cytometry, and their methylation status in the whole promoter region (1701 nt) were investigated by bisulphate sequencing. The fine-mapping of methylation in CAG promoter were proposed. The results suggested that exogenous gene expression was determined by the methylation status from 721–1346 nt and modulated by methylation levels at 101, 108 and 115 nt sites in CAG promoter. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of methylation, examination of four DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) demonstrated that hypermethylation of CAG promoter is mainly maintained by DNMT 1 in EGFP negative cells. Furthermore, investigation of the cell surface antigen CD34, CD45 and CD166 indicated that EGFP positive and negative cells belong to different types. The present study systematically clarified methylation status of CAG promoter in transgenic sheep and regulatory mechanism, which will provide research strategies for gene expression regulation in transgenic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Yang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reddy KE, Jeong J, Lee SD, Baek YC, Oh Y, Kim M, So KM, Kim DW, Kim JH, Park S, Lee HJ. Effect of different early weaning regimens for calves on adipogenic gene expression in Hanwoo loin at the fattening stage. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|