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Meruvu S, Ding Z, Choudhury M. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces trophoblast hypoxia and mitochondrial dysfunction through HIF-1α-miR-210-3p axis in HTR-8/SVneo cell line. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 7:100188. [PMID: 39175913 PMCID: PMC11338994 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The exposure to the ubiquitous phthalate metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is connected to dysregulated trophoblast function and placenta health; however, the underlying mechanisms preluding this scenario remain to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the hypoxemic effects of MEHP on a human placental first-trimester trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/Svneo). MEHP-treated trophoblast cells displayed significantly increased levels of oxidative stress and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) attributed by the induction of hypoxia. Further, HIF-1α exhibited higher DNA binding activity and upregulated gene expression of its downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The hypoxia-induced microRNA miR-210-3p was also significantly increased upon MEHP treatment followed by disrupted mitochondrial ATP generation and membrane potential. This was identified to possibly be facilitated by lowered mitochondrial DNA copy number and inhibited expression of electron transport chain subunits, such as mitochondrial complex-IV. These results suggest potential adverse effects of MEHP exposure in a trophoblast cell line mediated by HIF-1α and the epigenetic modulator miR-210-3p. Chronic placental hypoxia and oxidative stress have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. As we've revealed genetic and epigenetic factors underscoring a potential mechanism induced by MEHP, this brings to light another significant implication of phthalate exposure on maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Meruvu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-0000, USA
| | - Zehuan Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-0000, USA
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-0000, USA
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2
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Puche-Juarez M, Toledano JM, Moreno-Fernandez J, Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Rivas A, Diaz-Castro J, Ochoa JJ. The Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Gestation and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4657. [PMID: 37960310 PMCID: PMC10648368 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances widely disseminated both in the environment and in daily-life products which can interfere with the regulation and function of the endocrine system. These substances have gradually entered the food chain, being frequently found in human blood and urine samples. This becomes a particularly serious issue when they reach vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, whose hormones are more unstable and vulnerable to EDCs. The proper formation and activity of the placenta, and therefore embryonic development, may get seriously affected by the presence of these chemicals, augmenting the risk of several pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus, among others. Additionally, some of them also exert a detrimental impact on fertility, thus hindering the reproductive process from the beginning. In several cases, EDCs even induce cross-generational effects, inherited by future generations through epigenetic mechanisms. These are the reasons why a proper understanding of the reproductive and gestational alterations derived from these substances is needed, along with efforts to establish regulations and preventive measures in order to avoid exposition (especially during this particular stage of life).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Puche-Juarez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. Toledano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (J.J.O.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), 18016 Granada, Spain;
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Liang HW, Snyder N, Wang J, Xun X, Yin Q, LeWinn K, Carroll KN, Bush NR, Kannan K, Barrett ES, Mitchell RT, Tylavsky F, Adibi JJ. A study on the association of placental and maternal urinary phthalate metabolites. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:264-272. [PMID: 36114292 PMCID: PMC10101560 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure in pregnancy is typically estimated using maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Our aim was to evaluate the association of urinary and placental tissue phthalates, and to explore the role of maternal and pregnancy characteristics that may bias estimates. METHODS Fifty pregnancies were selected from the CANDLE Study, recruited from 2006 to 2011 in Tennessee. Linear models were used to estimate associations of urinary phthalates (2nd, 3rd trimesters) and placental tissue phthalates (birth). Potential confounders and modifiers were evaluated in categories: temporality (time between urine and placenta sample), fetal sex, demographics, social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, nutrition and adiposity. Molar and quantile normalized phthalates were calculated to facilitate comparison of placental and urinary levels. RESULTS Metabolites detectable in >80% of both urine and placental samples were MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MECPP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MEHP. MEP was most abundant in urine (geometric mean [GM] 7.00 ×102 nmol/l) and in placental tissue (GM 2.56 ×104 nmol/l). MEHP was the least abundant in urine (GM 5.32 ×101 nmol/l) and second most abundant in placental tissue (2.04 ×104 nmol/l). In aggregate, MEHP differed the most between urine and placenta (2.21 log units), and MEHHP differed the least (0.07 log units). MECPP was positively associated between urine and placenta (regression coefficient: 0.31 95% CI 0.09, 0.53). Other urine-placenta metabolite associations were modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity. CONCLUSION Phthalates were ubiquitous in 50 full-term placental samples, as has already been shown in maternal urine. MEP and MEHP were the most abundant. Measurement and comparison of urinary and placental phthalates can advance knowledge on phthalate toxicity in pregnancy and provide insight into the validity and accuracy of relying on maternal urinary concentrations to estimate placental exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT This is the first report of correlations/associations of urinary and placental tissue phthalates in human pregnancy. Epidemiologists have relied exclusively on maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations to assess exposures in pregnant women and risk to their fetuses. Even though it has not yet been confirmed empirically, it is widely assumed that urinary concentrations are strongly and positively correlated with placental and fetal levels. Our data suggest that may not be the case, and these associations may vary by phthalate metabolite and associations may be modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Fran Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Lapehn S, Houghtaling S, Ahuna K, Kadam L, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, LeWinn KZ, Myatt L, Sathyanarayana S, Paquette AG. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces transcriptomic changes in placental cells based on concentration, fetal sex, and trophoblast cell type. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:831-847. [PMID: 36695872 PMCID: PMC9968694 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous plasticizer chemicals found in consumer products. Exposure to phthalates during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and differences in placental gene expression in human studies. The objective of this research was to evaluate global changes in placental gene expression via RNA sequencing in two placental cell models following exposure to the phthalate metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). HTR-8/SVneo and primary syncytiotrophoblast cells were exposed to three concentrations (1, 90, 180 µM) of MEHP for 24 h with DMSO (0.1%) as a vehicle control. mRNA and lncRNAs were quantified using paired-end RNA sequencing, followed by identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), significant KEGG pathways, and enriched transcription factors (TFs). MEHP caused gene expression changes across all concentrations for HTR-8/SVneo and primary syncytiotrophoblast cells. Sex-stratified analysis of primary cells identified different patterns of sensitivity in response to MEHP dose by sex, with male placentas being more responsive to MEHP exposure. Pathway analysis identified 11 KEGG pathways significantly associated with at least one concentration in both cell types. Four ligand-inducible nuclear hormone TFs (PPARG, PPARD, ESR1, AR) were enriched in at least three treatment groups. Overall, we demonstrated that MEHP differentially affects placental gene expression based on concentration, fetal sex, and trophoblast cell type. This study confirms prior studies, as enrichment of nuclear hormone receptor TFs were concordant with previously published mechanisms of phthalate disruption, and generates new hypotheses, as we identified many pathways and genes not previously linked to phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lapehn
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Jack R. MacDonald Building, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Scott Houghtaling
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Jack R. MacDonald Building, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Kylia Ahuna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Leena Kadam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Alison G. Paquette
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Jack R. MacDonald Building, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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5
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Role of microRNA in Endocrine Disruptor-Induced Immunomodulation of Metabolic Health. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111034. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of poor metabolic health is growing exponentially worldwide. This condition is associated with complex comorbidities that lead to a compromised quality of life. One of the contributing factors recently gaining attention is exposure to environmental chemicals, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Considerable evidence suggests that EDCs can alter the endocrine system through immunomodulation. More concerning, EDC exposure during the fetal development stage has prominent adverse effects later in life, which may pass on to subsequent generations. Although the mechanism of action for this phenomenon is mostly unexplored, recent reports implicate that non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRs), may play a vital role in this scenario. MiRs are significant contributors in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Studies demonstrating the immunomodulation of EDCs via miRs in metabolic health or towards the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Hypothesis are still deficient. The aim of the current review was to focus on studies that demonstrate the impact of EDCs primarily on innate immunity and the potential role of miRs in metabolic health.
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LeWinn KZ, Karr CJ, Hazlehurst M, Carroll K, Loftus C, Nguyen R, Barrett E, Swan SH, Szpiro AA, Paquette A, Moore P, Spalt E, Younglove L, Sullivan A, Colburn T, Byington N, Sims Taylor L, Moe S, Wang S, Cordeiro A, Mattias A, Powell J, Johnson T, Norona-Zhou A, Mason A, Bush NR, Sathyanarayana S. Cohort profile: the ECHO prenatal and early childhood pathways to health consortium (ECHO-PATHWAYS). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064288. [PMID: 36270755 PMCID: PMC9594508 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures early in life, beginning in utero, have long-term impacts on mental and physical health. The ECHO prenatal and early childhood pathways to health consortium (ECHO-PATHWAYS) was established to examine the independent and combined impact of pregnancy and childhood chemical exposures and psychosocial stressors on child neurodevelopment and airway health, as well as the placental mechanisms underlying these associations. PARTICIPANTS The ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium harmonises extant data from 2684 mother-child dyads in three pregnancy cohort studies (CANDLE [Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood], TIDES [The Infant Development and Environment Study] and GAPPS [Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth]) and collects prospective data under a unified protocol. Study participants are socioeconomically diverse and include a large proportion of Black families (38% Black and 51% White), often under-represented in research. Children are currently 5-15 years old. New data collection includes multimodal assessments of primary outcomes (airway health and neurodevelopment) and exposures (air pollution, phthalates and psychosocial stress) as well as rich covariate characterisation. ECHO-PATHWAYS is compiling extant and new biospecimens in a central biorepository and generating the largest placental transcriptomics data set to date (N=1083). FINDINGS TO DATE Early analyses demonstrate adverse associations of prenatal exposure to air pollution, phthalates and maternal stress with early childhood airway outcomes and neurodevelopment. Placental transcriptomics work suggests that phthalate exposure alters placental gene expression, pointing to mechanistic pathways for the developmental toxicity of phthalates. We also observe associations between prenatal maternal stress and placental corticotropin releasing hormone, a marker of hormonal activation during pregnancy relevant for child health. Other publications describe novel methods for examining exposure mixtures and the development of a national spatiotemporal model of ambient outdoor air pollution. FUTURE PLANS The first wave of data from the unified protocol (child age 8-9) is nearly complete. Future work will leverage these data to examine the combined impact of early life social and chemical exposures on middle childhood health outcomes and underlying placental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marnie Hazlehurst
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kecia Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christine Loftus
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ruby Nguyen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison Paquette
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul Moore
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth Spalt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Younglove
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexis Sullivan
- Center for Health and Community, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Trina Colburn
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nora Byington
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lauren Sims Taylor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Moe
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Wang
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alana Cordeiro
- Center for Health and Community, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aria Mattias
- Department of Envrionmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Powell
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tye Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Norona-Zhou
- Center for Health and Community, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Zhang L, Zhang T, Yang Z, Cai C, Hao S, Yang L. Expression of nuclear factor kappa B in ovine maternal inguinal lymph nodes during early pregnancy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:266. [PMID: 35821130 PMCID: PMC9275262 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy-induced immunological changes contribute to the maternal immune tolerance. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway participates in regulating both innate and adaptive immunities, and lymph nodes play key roles in adaptive immune reaction. However, it is unclear whether early pregnancy changes the expression of NF-κB family in maternal lymph node in sheep. Methods In this study, the samples of inguinal lymph nodes were collected from ewes on day 16 of the estrous cycle, and on days 13, 16 and 25 of pregnancy, and expression of NF-κB family, including NF-κB p105 (NFKB1), NF-κB p100 (NFKB2), p65 (RELA), RelB (RELB) and c-Rel (REL), were analyzed through real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Results The expression levels of NF-κB p105 and c-Rel downregulated, but NF-κB p100 upregulated on day 25 of pregnancy. The expression levels of p65, RelB and c-Rel peaked at day 13 of pregnancy, and expression level of RelB was higher during early pregnancy comparing to day 16 of the estrous cycle. In addition, p65 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. Conclusion This paper reported for the first time that early pregnancy has effects on the expression of NF-κB family, which may contribute to the maternal immunoregulation through blood circulation and lymph circulation during early pregnancy in sheep. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03373-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Taipeng Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Chunjiang Cai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Shaopeng Hao
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, 056038, China.
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8
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Barrett ES, Corsetti M, Day D, Thurston SW, Loftus CT, Karr CJ, Kannan K, LeWinn KZ, Smith AK, Smith R, Tylavsky FA, Bush NR, Sathyanarayana S. Prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) in the CANDLE cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107078. [PMID: 35007898 PMCID: PMC8821329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phthalates may disrupt maternal-fetal-placental endocrine pathways, affecting pregnancy outcomes and child development. Placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) is critical for healthy pregnancy and child development, but understudied as a target of endocrine disruption. OBJECTIVE To examine phthalate metabolite concentrations (as mixtures and individually) in relation to pCRH. DESIGN Secondary data analysis from a prospective cohort study. SETTING Prenatal clinics in Tennessee, USA. PATIENTS 1018 pregnant women (61.4% non-Hispanic Black, 32% non-Hispanic White, 6.6% other) participated in the CANDLE study and provided data. Inclusion criteria included: low-medical-risk singleton pregnancy, age 16-40, and gestational weeks 16-29. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma pCRH at two visits (mean gestational ages 23.0 and 31.8 weeks) and change in pCRH between visits (ΔpCRH). RESULTS In weighted quantile sums (WQS) regression models, phthalate mixtures were associated with higher pCRH at Visit 1 (β = 0.07, 95 %CI: 0.02, 0.11) but lower pCRH at Visit 2 (β = -0.08, 95 %CI: -0.14, -0.02). In stratified analyses, among women with gestational diabetes (n = 59), phthalate mixtures were associated with lower pCRH at Visit 1 (β = -0.17, 95 %CI: -0.35, 0.0006) and Visit 2 (β = -0.35, 95 %CI: -0.50, -0.19), as well as greater ΔpCRH (β = 0.16, 95 %CI: 0.07, 0.25). Among women with gestational hypertension (n = 102), phthalate mixtures were associated with higher pCRH at Visit 1 (β = 0.20, 95 %CI: 0.03, 0.36) and Visit 2 (β = 0.42; 95 %CI: 0.19, 0.64) and lower ΔpCRH (β = -0.17, 95 %CI: -0.29, -0.06). Significant interactions between individual phthalate metabolites and pregnancy complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS Phthalates may impact placental CRH secretion, with differing effects across pregnancy. Differences in results between women with and without gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension suggest a need for further research examining whether women with pregnancy complications may be more vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting effects of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Matthew Corsetti
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Drew Day
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sally W Thurston
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christine T Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roger Smith
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2300, Australia
| | - Frances A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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9
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Warner GR, Dettogni RS, Bagchi IC, Flaws JA, Graceli JB. Placental outcomes of phthalate exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:1-17. [PMID: 34015474 PMCID: PMC8260441 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper placental development and function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways that make the placenta susceptible to disruption by endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between phthalate exposures and dysfunctions of the development and function of the placenta, including morphology, physiology, and genetic and epigenetic effects. This review covers in vitro studies, in vivo studies in mammals, and studies in humans. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, the evidence indicates that toxicity to the placental and maternal-fetal interface is associated with exposure to phthalates. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms through which phthalates act in the placenta as well as additional human studies that assess placental disruption through pregnancy with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoa R Warner
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil
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10
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Mohammadi H, Ashari S. Mechanistic insight into toxicity of phthalates, the involved receptors, and the role of Nrf2, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35488-35527. [PMID: 34024001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide use of phthalates, as phthalates are used in the manufacturing of not only plastics but also many others goods, has become a main concern in the current century because of their potency to induce deleterious effects on organism health. The toxic effects of phthalates such as reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, teratogenicity, and tumor development have been widely indicated by previous experimental studies. Some of the important mechanisms of toxicity by phthalates are the induction and promotion of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Awareness of the involved molecular pathways of these mechanisms will permit the detection of exact molecular targets of phthalates to protect or treat their toxicity. Up to now, various transcription factors and signaling pathways have been associated with phthalate-induced toxicity which by influencing on nuclear surface and the expression of different genes can alter cell hemostasis. In different studies, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways in processes of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer has been shown following exposure to phthalates. In the present review, we aim to survey experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo) in order to show firstly the most involved receptors and also the importance and the role of the mentioned signaling pathways in phthalate-induced toxicity, and with considering this point, the future studies can focus on these molecular targets as a strategic method to reduce environmental chemicals-induced toxicity especially phthalates toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology/Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sorour Ashari
- Department of Toxicology/Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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11
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Rivera-Núñez Z, Ashrap P, Barrett ES, Watkins DJ, Cathey AL, Vélez-Vega CM, Rosario Z, Cordero JF, Alshawabkeh A, Meeker JD. Association of biomarkers of exposure to metals and metalloids with maternal hormones in pregnant women from Puerto Rico. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106310. [PMID: 33321388 PMCID: PMC7856269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal(loid)s have been associated to adverse birth outcomes in experimental and epidemiological studies, but the underlying mechanism(s) are not well understood. Endocrine disruption may be a mechanism by which the metal(loid)s impact birth outcomes. METHODS Pregnant women were recruited through the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT). Urine, blood, demographic and pregnancy-related data were collected at recruitment and subsequent visits. Sixteen metal(loid)s were analyzed in urine and blood samples, while nine maternal hormones (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estriol (E3), progesterone, testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (fT4)) were measured in serum samples from 815 singleton pregnancies. Linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to examine associations between metal(loid)s in blood and urine with hormone concentrations. RESULTS Arsenic blood concentrations were significantly associated with increased levels in CRH (%Δ: 23.0, 95%CI: 8.4-39.6) and decreased levels in testosterone (%Δ: -16.3, 95%CI: -26.2--5.1). Cobalt, manganese, and lead blood concentrations were associated with small increases in SHBG (%Δ range: 3.3-4.2), E3 (%Δ range: 3.9-8.7) and progesterone (%Δ range: 4.1-6.3) levels, respectively. Nickel blood concentration was inversely associated with testosterone levels (%Δ -13.3, 95%CI: -18.7--7.6). Significant interactions were detected for the association between nickel and study visit in relation to CRH (p < 0.02) and testosterone levels (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests that metal(loid)s may act as endocrine disruptors by altering prenatal hormone levels. This disruption may depend on specific windows of exposure during pregnancy. Additionally, some essential metal(loid)s such as managense and cobalt may be contributors to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The study of metal(loid)s as endocrine disruptors is in the early stages of epidemiological research and future studies are needed to further investigate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health and Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Pahriya Ashrap
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health and Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carmen M Vélez-Vega
- Graduate Program of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Zaira Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - José F Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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12
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Martínez-Razo LD, Martínez-Ibarra A, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Cerbón M. The impact of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in placental development, function, and pathophysiology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106228. [PMID: 33157377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical widely distributed in the environment as is extensively used in the plastic industry. DEHP is considered an endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC) and humans are inevitably and unintentionally exposed to this EDC through several sources including food, beverages, cosmetics, medical devices, among others. DEHP exposure has been associated and may be involved in the development of various pathologies; importantly, pregnant women are a particular risk group considering that endocrine alterations during gestation may impact fetal programming leading to the development of several chronic diseases in adulthood. Recent studies have indicated that exposure to DEHP and its metabolite Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) may impair placental development and function, which in turn would have a negative impact on fetal growth. Studies performed in several trophoblastic and placental models have shown the negative impact of DEHP and MEHP in key processes related to placental development such as implantation, differentiation, invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, many alterations in placental functions like hormone signaling, metabolism, transfer of nutrients, immunomodulation and oxidative stress response have been reported. Moreover, clinical-epidemiological evidence supports the association between DEHP exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes and pathologies. In this review, we aim to summarize for the first time current knowledge about the impact of DEHP and MEHP exposure on placental development and pathophysiology, as well as the mechanisms involved. We also remark the importance of exploring DEHP and MEHP effects in different trophoblast cell populations and discuss new perspectives regarding this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Martínez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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13
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Gingrich J, Ticiani E, Veiga-Lopez A. Placenta Disrupted: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:508-524. [PMID: 32249015 PMCID: PMC7395962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that can interfere with normal endocrine signals. Human exposure to EDCs is particularly concerning during vulnerable periods of life, such as pregnancy. However, often overlooked is the effect that EDCs may pose to the placenta. The abundance of hormone receptors makes the placenta highly sensitive to EDCs. We have reviewed the most recent advances in our understanding of EDC exposures on the development and function of the placenta such as steroidogenesis, spiral artery remodeling, drug-transporter expression, implantation and cellular invasion, fusion, and proliferation. EDCs reviewed include those ubiquitous in the environment with available human biomonitoring data. This review also identifies critical gaps in knowledge to drive future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Gingrich
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elvis Ticiani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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14
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Ferguson KK, Rosen EM, Barrett ES, Nguyen RHN, Bush N, McElrath TF, Swan SH, Sathyanarayana S. Joint impact of phthalate exposure and stressful life events in pregnancy on preterm birth. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105254. [PMID: 31675562 PMCID: PMC6924167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary phthalate metabolites and psychosocial stress in pregnancy have each been associated with preterm birth (PTB), but no study has examined the joint impact of these two environmental exposures. We hypothesized that there would be stronger associations between phthalate exposure and PTB in mothers with higher stress in pregnancy compared to mothers with lower stress. METHODS We addressed this question using data from The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES), a prospective birth cohort conducted at four US sites (N = 783). We examined urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in samples collected from up to three trimesters of pregnancy. Mothers reported their exposure to stressful life events (SLE) in each trimester in a questionnaire administered in the third trimester. PTB was defined as delivery before 37 weeks completed gestation (n = 71, 9.1%). We examined associations between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations (individual time points and on average) and PTB using logistic regression models adjusted for maternal race, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, specific gravity, and gestational age at sample collection. In addition, we created models stratified by whether or not mothers were exposed to any or no SLE in pregnancy. RESULTS Summed di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (ΣDEHP) metabolites measured in urine samples from the third trimester, but not the first trimester, were associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of PTB (OR = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 1.95). In models stratified by SLE, associations between third trimester ΣDEHP concentrations and PTB were significant only for women experiencing one or more SLE during pregnancy (OR for ΣDEHP: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.37) but not for women with no SLE during pregnancy (OR for ΣDEHP: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.63) (p for interaction = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS We observed an association between urinary ΣDEHP levels and PTB that was modified by whether a mother was exposed to one or more psychosocial stressors during pregnancy. Additional research to understand the joint impacts of chemical and non-chemical exposures, with an emphasis on timing of exposure, is needed in order to advance the state of the science on how the environment influences pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Emma M Rosen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicole Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Strakovsky RS, Schantz SL. Using Experimental Models to Assess Effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phthalates on the Placenta: Challenges and Perspectives. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:250-268. [PMID: 30203063 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is critical for all aspects of fetal development. Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are endocrine disruptors with ubiquitous exposure in pregnant women-their effects on the placenta is an area of growing research interest. Therefore, our objectives were to (1) summarize research related to the effects BPA or phthalates on placental outcomes in animal and cell models, and (2) evaluate the challenges for using such models to study the impacts of these chemicals on placental endpoints. Overall, studies in cells and animal models suggest that BPA and phthalates impact placental hormones, some epigenetic endpoints, increase inflammation and oxidative stress, and decrease cell viability and nutrient transfer. However, few animal or cell studies have assessed these outcomes at concentrations relevant to humans. Furthermore, it is unclear whether effects of BPA/phthalates on the placenta in animal models mediate fetal outcomes, as most studies have dosed after the earliest stages of placental and fetal development. It is also unclear whether effects of these chemicals are sex-specific, as few studies have considered placental sex. Finally, while there is substantial evidence for effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (the major metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), on placental endpoints in cells, little is currently known about effects of other phthalates to which pregnant women are exposed. Moving forward, these limitations will need to be addressed to help us understand the precise mechanisms of action of these chemicals within the placenta, and how these reported perturbations impact fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2347 Beckman Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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16
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Increased glucocorticoid receptor activity and proliferation in metastatic colon cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11257. [PMID: 31375708 PMCID: PMC6677795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is regarded as the fatal hallmark for colon cancer, but molecular mechanisms responsible for it have remained poorly defined. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) within the tumor microenvironment mediates the effects of stress hormones which are used in clinics for their inflammation-modulatory and immunosuppressive properties. Further, epigenetic activation of GR promotes tumor heterogeneity and metastasis. Here, we sought to investigate the correlation between GR activation and proliferation and invasion in metastatic colon cancer microenvironment. We used proliferation/invasion assays, western blot, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining and quantitative methylation to study glucocorticoid-GR signaling, including the involvement of CDK1, in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines HT29 and T84 (a representative metastatic cell line). Nuclear expression levels of GR were significantly upregulated in metastatic T84 cells, and glucocorticoid derivative, dexamethasone (DEX) treatment caused increased proliferation and invasion in T84 cell, compared to HT29 cell. DEX treatment induced CDK1 expression which was accompanied by reduced CDK1 methylation, indicating epigenetic regulation. Depletion of GR suppressed proliferation of metastatic colon carcinoma cells and depletion of CDK1 had similar suppressing effects on proliferation as well as invasion of metastatic cells. Our study suggests that glucocorticoid-GR-CDK1 signaling induces proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells and therapies involving the use of glucocorticoids need to exercise caution and re-evaluation.
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17
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Cathey AL, Watkins D, Rosario ZY, Vélez C, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Associations of Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements With CRH and Other Hormones Among Pregnant Women in Puerto Rico. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1127-1149. [PMID: 31093596 PMCID: PMC6510018 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may be associated with adverse birth outcomes. Dysregulation of maternal endocrine homeostasis could be a possible biological pathway between phthalates and birth outcomes. OBJECTIVE Examine associations between 19 maternal urinary phthalate or phthalate replacement metabolites and 9 serum hormones measured over two time points during pregnancy. DESIGN Longitudinal study conducted in the PROTECT pregnancy cohort. SETTING Puerto Rico. PATIENTS Six hundred seventy-seven women in the first trimester of pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES SERUM CRH, estriol, SHBG, progesterone, TSH, total T3, free T4, total T4, and testosterone. RESULTS T3 was significantly associated with most metabolites. CRH was inversely associated with mono carboxyisononyl phthalate [MCNP; percent change (%Δ), -4.08; 95% CI, -7.24, -0.804], mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP; %Δ, -5.25; 95% CI, -8.26, -2.14), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP; %Δ, -18.4; 95% CI, -30.4, -4.37), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP; %Δ, -13.4; 95% CI, -22.7, -2.92), and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP; %Δ, -12.7; 95% CI, -22.2, -2.20). Positive associations were found between numerous phthalate metabolites and free T4, T4, and the T3/T4 ratio. Testosterone was positively associated with mono hydroxybutyl phthalate (MHBP; %Δ, 4.71; 95% CI, 0.27, 9.35) and inversely associated with monoethyl phthalate (MEP; %Δ, -14.5; 95% CI, -24.3, -3.42), and relationships with MCNP and mono carboxyisooctyl phthalate (MCOP) were significantly modified by study visit. Finally, an inverse association was found between mono-2-ethyl-5-hydrohexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), a terephthalate metabolite, and progesterone at visit 3 only (%Δ, -13.1; 95% CI, -22.3, -2.75). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exposure to phthalates may differentially impact the maternal endocrine system at different points during pregnancy, and that exposures to phthalate replacement chemicals may be particularly important to consider in future human health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deborah Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zaira Y Rosario
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Vélez
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - José F Cordero
- College of Public Health, Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Shoaito H, Petit J, Chissey A, Auzeil N, Guibourdenche J, Gil S, Laprévote O, Fournier T, Degrelle SA. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP)-Mediated Cytotrophoblast Differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:27003. [PMID: 30810372 PMCID: PMC6752943 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are environmental contaminants commonly used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss. There is limited information about the possible mechanisms linking maternal phthalate exposure and placental development, but one such mechanism may be mediated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ). PPARγ belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates, in a ligand-dependent manner, the transcription of target genes. Studies of PPARγ-deficient mice have demonstrated its essential role in lipid metabolism and placental development. In the human placenta, PPARγ is expressed in the villous cytotrophoblast (VCT) and is activated during its differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the action of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on PPARγ activity during in vitro differentiation of VCTs. METHODS We combined immunofluorescence, PPARγ activity/hCG assays, western blotting, and lipidomics analyses to characterize the impacts of physiologically relevant concentrations of MEHP (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) on cultured VCTs isolated from human term placentas. RESULTS Doses of 0.1 and 1 μM MEHP showed significantly lower PPARγ activity and less VCT differentiation in comparison with controls, whereas, surprisingly, a 10 μM dose had the opposite effect. MEHP exposure inhibited hCG production and significantly altered lipid composition. In addition, MEHP had significant effects on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that MEHP has a U-shaped dose–response effect on trophoblast differentiation that is mediated by the PPARγ pathway and acts as an endocrine disruptor in the human placenta. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Shoaito
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julia Petit
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
| | - Audrey Chissey
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
- Inovarion, Paris, France
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19
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Adibi JJ, Zhao Y, Zhan LV, Kapidzic M, Larocque N, Koistinen H, Huhtaniemi IT, Stenman UH. An Investigation of the Single and Combined Phthalate Metabolite Effects on Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Expression in Placental Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:107010. [PMID: 29089286 PMCID: PMC5933420 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have reported associations between maternal phthalate levels and adverse outcomes at birth and in the health of the child. Effects on placental function have been suggested as a biologic basis for these findings. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of phthalates on placental function in vitro by measuring relevant candidate genes and proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human trophoblast progenitor cells were isolated at 7-14 wk of pregnancy (two female and three male concepti), and villous cytotrophoblast cells (vCTBs) were isolated at 15-20 wk (three female and four male concepti). Cells were cultured in vitro with four phthalate metabolites and their combination at concentrations based on levels found previously in the urine of pregnant women: mono-n-butyl (MnBP, 200 nM), monobenzyl (MBzP, 3μM), mono-2-ethylhexyl (MEHP, 700 nM), and monoethyl (MEP, 1.5μM) phthalates. mRNA levels of CGA, CGB, PPARG, CYP19A1, CYP11A1, PTGS2, EREG, and the intracellular β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGβ) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were measured in the cellular extracts, and protein levels for four forms of secreted hCG were measured in the conditioned media. RESULTS Previously reported associations between maternal phthalates and placental gene expression were reproduced experimentally: MnBP with CGA, MBzP with CYP11A1, and MEHP with PTGS2. CGB and hCGβ were up-regulated by MBzP. In some cases, there were marked, even opposite, differences in response by sex of the cells. There was evidence of agonism in female cells and antagonism in male cells of PPARγ by simultaneous exposure to multiple phthalates. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of MnBP, MBzP and MEHP similar to those found in the urine of pregnant women consistently altered hCG and PPARγ expression in primary placental cells. These findings provide evidence for the molecular basis by which phthalates may alter placental function, and they provide a preliminary mechanistic hypothesis for opposite responses by sex. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lei V Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mirhan Kapidzic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Larocque
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Yang G, Gao X, Jiang L, Sun X, Liu X, Chen M, Yao X, Sun Q, Wang S. 6-Gingerol prevents MEHP-induced DNA damage in human umbilical vein endothelia cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:1177-1185. [PMID: 28988496 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116681650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the principal metabolite of di (2-etylhexyl) phthalate, which is widely used as a plasticizer, especially in medical devices. MEHP has toxic effects on cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that 6-gingerol may inhibit the oxidative DNA damage of MEHP in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the potential mechanism. The comet assay was used to monitor DNA strand breaks. We have shown that 6-gingerol significantly reduced the DNA strand breaks caused by MEHP. MEHP increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, decreased the level of glutathione and activity of superoxide dismutase, and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, DNA damage-associated proteins (p53 and p-Chk2 (T68)) were significantly increased by the treatment of MEHP. Those effects can all be protected by 6-gingerol. The results firmly indicate that 6-gingerol may have a strong protective ability against the DNA damage caused by MEHP in HUVECs, and the mechanism may relate to the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- 1 Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Gao
- 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - L Jiang
- 3 Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Sun
- 3 Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Liu
- 1 Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - M Chen
- 1 Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - X Yao
- 3 Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Q Sun
- 4 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S Wang
- 2 Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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